the garage log2 (august to october 2012)
TRANSCRIPT
The Garage Log2 (August to October 2012)
Martin Howse
02 November 2012
August 28 2012
Laser-based sonification of silver nitrate electrolysis (using graphite electrodesrefillable pencil leads)
track 147
1
Laser straight through our SN container (hotglued CD case) with photode-
2
tector on the other side bubbles ok but not much from crystal formation Inany case no direct light from laser should hit photodiode head (covered withtranslucent film)
For crystals 148wav use reflection (very sensitive to any feedbackmovements)Also added mirror on other side and galvanometer with copperzinc vinegarelectrolysis
August 29-31 2012
Simple mirror galvanometer
With salvaged HD coil chopstick tripod 2 small neodym magnets mirrorMagnets (with mirror glued to one side) sandwiched over thread hanging fromthe tripod Coil is just held upright by a peg Current passed through coildeflects mirror (laser bounceamp)
3
Thinking to combine this with CDROMcassette box case magnetometer
4
project (ref httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211 )
sulphuric acid electrolysis
Of piezos hard drive coilread head assemblies copper and zinc
5
Notes for performance
electrolysis of piezo (in sulphuric)
bull remember cap on piezo out 12v power supply
bull power to copper side gnd to signal side (track 150)
-also using copper and zinc (track 153)
and of HD coil
bull cap on signal from coil other to gnd
bull 12v power to silvermetal of coil holder and whole more or less immersed(track 155)
gstreamer and gst-launch
Webcam to audio Using now bare ps3 eye without lens and own homemadepinholes lenses
Some examples
6
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=441height=60framerate=101 ffmpegcolorspace
videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace audioparse audioconvert
audiox-raw-intrate=44100channels=1depth=16 alsasink -v
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=41 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=16depth=16rate=44100
alsasink
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=61
ffmpegcolorspace videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=8depth=8 alsasink -v
test webcam with
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 xvimagesink)
September 2 2012
Luminous fungi for inter-species communication
Towardsbioluminescence as a possible communications vector Culturing biolumis-
cent fungi such as Panellus Stipticus - recording and analysis of photon detectionover periods of time (analogue photographic materialschemistry photomulti-plierphotodiode detection) Possibly some kind of human-bio-feedback loopestablished - strobe lights
Using photomultiplier(below) and logging (dedicated scry with PSU)Fungi arePStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus) from httpmushroomboxcoukindexphpmain page=product infoampproducts id=36
Cultivationnotes
Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)httpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shopomlphalotus-olearius-jack-olantern-
mushroom-spawndowels-p-619htmlon logso ghost fungus (Omphalotus nidiformis)see httpspringbrookinforesearchluminous ghost fungushtm MYAo Honey mushroom (armillariella mellea)httpwwwcarolinacomproductbioluminescent+fungus+kitdokeyword=fungiampsortby=bestMatcheso Panellus stipticushttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-
p-448htmland
7
grow on woodchips Panellus Stipticus - contact httpwwwglowfungicomandhttpsporeworkscomPanellus-stipticus-Luminescent-Panellus-Culture-SyringehtmlThe mycelium can be grown on a wide variety of wood grains and agar
formulas under a wide range of temperatures Mushrooms grown on wholegrains or grain flours typically do not develop normally and abort at a smallsize Plug culture on logs or woodchipsawdust blocks are recommended forobserving normal fruiting
The images below show Panellus fruits produced using the Wood BasedMycoBag(TM) Decently formed fruits are easy to obtain when the substratematerial is removed from the bag and placed in a humidity chamber or tent withincreased air flow Odds of fully developed fruits increases if you are able to keepcolonized substrate block in outdoor environment without drying or exposureto excessively coolhot temps
o several species of MycenaRefsldquoA substance called luciferin reacts with an enzyme luciferase causing the
luciferin to oxidise with the consequent emission of light [ ] The functionin fungi is unknown It has been suggested that it attracts insects which thendisperse the sporesrdquoLuminous Fungi
httpwwwmykowebcomarticlesBioluminescentFungihtml
Photomultiplier and logging setup
Also have Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu (gold connector (signal)and black black red white orange)
red +15vdc black GND white HV control (0 to 5v) other vrefNotes for Burle 4526
See httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-31andhttp1010coukorgwv2htmlsec-45Questions for Burle
bull to find SHVBNC cable
bull where is signal
bull voltage divider for logging
bull what kind of cableadapter for Hamamatsu
8
Simple mirror galvanometercd case mod
Following maketorsion balance maghttpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211Modified with salvaged hard drive coil Sensitive to detect current flow when
we hold zinc and copper electrodes
September 4
track 15650 sulphuric dash of 95 hard drive coil electrolysis
scanner audio
scanimage -x 215 -y 297 --mode Gray --depth 8 --resolution 125 gt pipe
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b -c 1 ~pipe
9
September 5
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
On straw pellets soaked in boiling water - use of orignal bag (micropore) andmicrowavesteam bags (around 5050 grain to pellets)
10
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japon-icus)
On MYA and on wood chips (soaked in boiling water) MYA in CD cases(sealed) and petri dishes Wood chips in steam bags
MYA recipe
12 gms (042 oz) agar 12 gms (042 oz) light malt powder 1 gm ((0035 oz)nutritional yeast powder 1 litre water
(adjust for 500 ml)
September 14
Fungi update
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
Growing through well in both cases
11
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
Laser straight through our SN container (hotglued CD case) with photode-
2
tector on the other side bubbles ok but not much from crystal formation Inany case no direct light from laser should hit photodiode head (covered withtranslucent film)
For crystals 148wav use reflection (very sensitive to any feedbackmovements)Also added mirror on other side and galvanometer with copperzinc vinegarelectrolysis
August 29-31 2012
Simple mirror galvanometer
With salvaged HD coil chopstick tripod 2 small neodym magnets mirrorMagnets (with mirror glued to one side) sandwiched over thread hanging fromthe tripod Coil is just held upright by a peg Current passed through coildeflects mirror (laser bounceamp)
3
Thinking to combine this with CDROMcassette box case magnetometer
4
project (ref httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211 )
sulphuric acid electrolysis
Of piezos hard drive coilread head assemblies copper and zinc
5
Notes for performance
electrolysis of piezo (in sulphuric)
bull remember cap on piezo out 12v power supply
bull power to copper side gnd to signal side (track 150)
-also using copper and zinc (track 153)
and of HD coil
bull cap on signal from coil other to gnd
bull 12v power to silvermetal of coil holder and whole more or less immersed(track 155)
gstreamer and gst-launch
Webcam to audio Using now bare ps3 eye without lens and own homemadepinholes lenses
Some examples
6
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=441height=60framerate=101 ffmpegcolorspace
videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace audioparse audioconvert
audiox-raw-intrate=44100channels=1depth=16 alsasink -v
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=41 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=16depth=16rate=44100
alsasink
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=61
ffmpegcolorspace videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=8depth=8 alsasink -v
test webcam with
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 xvimagesink)
September 2 2012
Luminous fungi for inter-species communication
Towardsbioluminescence as a possible communications vector Culturing biolumis-
cent fungi such as Panellus Stipticus - recording and analysis of photon detectionover periods of time (analogue photographic materialschemistry photomulti-plierphotodiode detection) Possibly some kind of human-bio-feedback loopestablished - strobe lights
Using photomultiplier(below) and logging (dedicated scry with PSU)Fungi arePStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus) from httpmushroomboxcoukindexphpmain page=product infoampproducts id=36
Cultivationnotes
Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)httpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shopomlphalotus-olearius-jack-olantern-
mushroom-spawndowels-p-619htmlon logso ghost fungus (Omphalotus nidiformis)see httpspringbrookinforesearchluminous ghost fungushtm MYAo Honey mushroom (armillariella mellea)httpwwwcarolinacomproductbioluminescent+fungus+kitdokeyword=fungiampsortby=bestMatcheso Panellus stipticushttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-
p-448htmland
7
grow on woodchips Panellus Stipticus - contact httpwwwglowfungicomandhttpsporeworkscomPanellus-stipticus-Luminescent-Panellus-Culture-SyringehtmlThe mycelium can be grown on a wide variety of wood grains and agar
formulas under a wide range of temperatures Mushrooms grown on wholegrains or grain flours typically do not develop normally and abort at a smallsize Plug culture on logs or woodchipsawdust blocks are recommended forobserving normal fruiting
The images below show Panellus fruits produced using the Wood BasedMycoBag(TM) Decently formed fruits are easy to obtain when the substratematerial is removed from the bag and placed in a humidity chamber or tent withincreased air flow Odds of fully developed fruits increases if you are able to keepcolonized substrate block in outdoor environment without drying or exposureto excessively coolhot temps
o several species of MycenaRefsldquoA substance called luciferin reacts with an enzyme luciferase causing the
luciferin to oxidise with the consequent emission of light [ ] The functionin fungi is unknown It has been suggested that it attracts insects which thendisperse the sporesrdquoLuminous Fungi
httpwwwmykowebcomarticlesBioluminescentFungihtml
Photomultiplier and logging setup
Also have Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu (gold connector (signal)and black black red white orange)
red +15vdc black GND white HV control (0 to 5v) other vrefNotes for Burle 4526
See httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-31andhttp1010coukorgwv2htmlsec-45Questions for Burle
bull to find SHVBNC cable
bull where is signal
bull voltage divider for logging
bull what kind of cableadapter for Hamamatsu
8
Simple mirror galvanometercd case mod
Following maketorsion balance maghttpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211Modified with salvaged hard drive coil Sensitive to detect current flow when
we hold zinc and copper electrodes
September 4
track 15650 sulphuric dash of 95 hard drive coil electrolysis
scanner audio
scanimage -x 215 -y 297 --mode Gray --depth 8 --resolution 125 gt pipe
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b -c 1 ~pipe
9
September 5
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
On straw pellets soaked in boiling water - use of orignal bag (micropore) andmicrowavesteam bags (around 5050 grain to pellets)
10
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japon-icus)
On MYA and on wood chips (soaked in boiling water) MYA in CD cases(sealed) and petri dishes Wood chips in steam bags
MYA recipe
12 gms (042 oz) agar 12 gms (042 oz) light malt powder 1 gm ((0035 oz)nutritional yeast powder 1 litre water
(adjust for 500 ml)
September 14
Fungi update
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
Growing through well in both cases
11
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
tector on the other side bubbles ok but not much from crystal formation Inany case no direct light from laser should hit photodiode head (covered withtranslucent film)
For crystals 148wav use reflection (very sensitive to any feedbackmovements)Also added mirror on other side and galvanometer with copperzinc vinegarelectrolysis
August 29-31 2012
Simple mirror galvanometer
With salvaged HD coil chopstick tripod 2 small neodym magnets mirrorMagnets (with mirror glued to one side) sandwiched over thread hanging fromthe tripod Coil is just held upright by a peg Current passed through coildeflects mirror (laser bounceamp)
3
Thinking to combine this with CDROMcassette box case magnetometer
4
project (ref httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211 )
sulphuric acid electrolysis
Of piezos hard drive coilread head assemblies copper and zinc
5
Notes for performance
electrolysis of piezo (in sulphuric)
bull remember cap on piezo out 12v power supply
bull power to copper side gnd to signal side (track 150)
-also using copper and zinc (track 153)
and of HD coil
bull cap on signal from coil other to gnd
bull 12v power to silvermetal of coil holder and whole more or less immersed(track 155)
gstreamer and gst-launch
Webcam to audio Using now bare ps3 eye without lens and own homemadepinholes lenses
Some examples
6
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=441height=60framerate=101 ffmpegcolorspace
videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace audioparse audioconvert
audiox-raw-intrate=44100channels=1depth=16 alsasink -v
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=41 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=16depth=16rate=44100
alsasink
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=61
ffmpegcolorspace videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=8depth=8 alsasink -v
test webcam with
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 xvimagesink)
September 2 2012
Luminous fungi for inter-species communication
Towardsbioluminescence as a possible communications vector Culturing biolumis-
cent fungi such as Panellus Stipticus - recording and analysis of photon detectionover periods of time (analogue photographic materialschemistry photomulti-plierphotodiode detection) Possibly some kind of human-bio-feedback loopestablished - strobe lights
Using photomultiplier(below) and logging (dedicated scry with PSU)Fungi arePStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus) from httpmushroomboxcoukindexphpmain page=product infoampproducts id=36
Cultivationnotes
Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)httpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shopomlphalotus-olearius-jack-olantern-
mushroom-spawndowels-p-619htmlon logso ghost fungus (Omphalotus nidiformis)see httpspringbrookinforesearchluminous ghost fungushtm MYAo Honey mushroom (armillariella mellea)httpwwwcarolinacomproductbioluminescent+fungus+kitdokeyword=fungiampsortby=bestMatcheso Panellus stipticushttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-
p-448htmland
7
grow on woodchips Panellus Stipticus - contact httpwwwglowfungicomandhttpsporeworkscomPanellus-stipticus-Luminescent-Panellus-Culture-SyringehtmlThe mycelium can be grown on a wide variety of wood grains and agar
formulas under a wide range of temperatures Mushrooms grown on wholegrains or grain flours typically do not develop normally and abort at a smallsize Plug culture on logs or woodchipsawdust blocks are recommended forobserving normal fruiting
The images below show Panellus fruits produced using the Wood BasedMycoBag(TM) Decently formed fruits are easy to obtain when the substratematerial is removed from the bag and placed in a humidity chamber or tent withincreased air flow Odds of fully developed fruits increases if you are able to keepcolonized substrate block in outdoor environment without drying or exposureto excessively coolhot temps
o several species of MycenaRefsldquoA substance called luciferin reacts with an enzyme luciferase causing the
luciferin to oxidise with the consequent emission of light [ ] The functionin fungi is unknown It has been suggested that it attracts insects which thendisperse the sporesrdquoLuminous Fungi
httpwwwmykowebcomarticlesBioluminescentFungihtml
Photomultiplier and logging setup
Also have Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu (gold connector (signal)and black black red white orange)
red +15vdc black GND white HV control (0 to 5v) other vrefNotes for Burle 4526
See httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-31andhttp1010coukorgwv2htmlsec-45Questions for Burle
bull to find SHVBNC cable
bull where is signal
bull voltage divider for logging
bull what kind of cableadapter for Hamamatsu
8
Simple mirror galvanometercd case mod
Following maketorsion balance maghttpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211Modified with salvaged hard drive coil Sensitive to detect current flow when
we hold zinc and copper electrodes
September 4
track 15650 sulphuric dash of 95 hard drive coil electrolysis
scanner audio
scanimage -x 215 -y 297 --mode Gray --depth 8 --resolution 125 gt pipe
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b -c 1 ~pipe
9
September 5
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
On straw pellets soaked in boiling water - use of orignal bag (micropore) andmicrowavesteam bags (around 5050 grain to pellets)
10
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japon-icus)
On MYA and on wood chips (soaked in boiling water) MYA in CD cases(sealed) and petri dishes Wood chips in steam bags
MYA recipe
12 gms (042 oz) agar 12 gms (042 oz) light malt powder 1 gm ((0035 oz)nutritional yeast powder 1 litre water
(adjust for 500 ml)
September 14
Fungi update
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
Growing through well in both cases
11
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
Thinking to combine this with CDROMcassette box case magnetometer
4
project (ref httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211 )
sulphuric acid electrolysis
Of piezos hard drive coilread head assemblies copper and zinc
5
Notes for performance
electrolysis of piezo (in sulphuric)
bull remember cap on piezo out 12v power supply
bull power to copper side gnd to signal side (track 150)
-also using copper and zinc (track 153)
and of HD coil
bull cap on signal from coil other to gnd
bull 12v power to silvermetal of coil holder and whole more or less immersed(track 155)
gstreamer and gst-launch
Webcam to audio Using now bare ps3 eye without lens and own homemadepinholes lenses
Some examples
6
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=441height=60framerate=101 ffmpegcolorspace
videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace audioparse audioconvert
audiox-raw-intrate=44100channels=1depth=16 alsasink -v
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=41 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=16depth=16rate=44100
alsasink
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=61
ffmpegcolorspace videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=8depth=8 alsasink -v
test webcam with
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 xvimagesink)
September 2 2012
Luminous fungi for inter-species communication
Towardsbioluminescence as a possible communications vector Culturing biolumis-
cent fungi such as Panellus Stipticus - recording and analysis of photon detectionover periods of time (analogue photographic materialschemistry photomulti-plierphotodiode detection) Possibly some kind of human-bio-feedback loopestablished - strobe lights
Using photomultiplier(below) and logging (dedicated scry with PSU)Fungi arePStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus) from httpmushroomboxcoukindexphpmain page=product infoampproducts id=36
Cultivationnotes
Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)httpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shopomlphalotus-olearius-jack-olantern-
mushroom-spawndowels-p-619htmlon logso ghost fungus (Omphalotus nidiformis)see httpspringbrookinforesearchluminous ghost fungushtm MYAo Honey mushroom (armillariella mellea)httpwwwcarolinacomproductbioluminescent+fungus+kitdokeyword=fungiampsortby=bestMatcheso Panellus stipticushttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-
p-448htmland
7
grow on woodchips Panellus Stipticus - contact httpwwwglowfungicomandhttpsporeworkscomPanellus-stipticus-Luminescent-Panellus-Culture-SyringehtmlThe mycelium can be grown on a wide variety of wood grains and agar
formulas under a wide range of temperatures Mushrooms grown on wholegrains or grain flours typically do not develop normally and abort at a smallsize Plug culture on logs or woodchipsawdust blocks are recommended forobserving normal fruiting
The images below show Panellus fruits produced using the Wood BasedMycoBag(TM) Decently formed fruits are easy to obtain when the substratematerial is removed from the bag and placed in a humidity chamber or tent withincreased air flow Odds of fully developed fruits increases if you are able to keepcolonized substrate block in outdoor environment without drying or exposureto excessively coolhot temps
o several species of MycenaRefsldquoA substance called luciferin reacts with an enzyme luciferase causing the
luciferin to oxidise with the consequent emission of light [ ] The functionin fungi is unknown It has been suggested that it attracts insects which thendisperse the sporesrdquoLuminous Fungi
httpwwwmykowebcomarticlesBioluminescentFungihtml
Photomultiplier and logging setup
Also have Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu (gold connector (signal)and black black red white orange)
red +15vdc black GND white HV control (0 to 5v) other vrefNotes for Burle 4526
See httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-31andhttp1010coukorgwv2htmlsec-45Questions for Burle
bull to find SHVBNC cable
bull where is signal
bull voltage divider for logging
bull what kind of cableadapter for Hamamatsu
8
Simple mirror galvanometercd case mod
Following maketorsion balance maghttpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211Modified with salvaged hard drive coil Sensitive to detect current flow when
we hold zinc and copper electrodes
September 4
track 15650 sulphuric dash of 95 hard drive coil electrolysis
scanner audio
scanimage -x 215 -y 297 --mode Gray --depth 8 --resolution 125 gt pipe
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b -c 1 ~pipe
9
September 5
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
On straw pellets soaked in boiling water - use of orignal bag (micropore) andmicrowavesteam bags (around 5050 grain to pellets)
10
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japon-icus)
On MYA and on wood chips (soaked in boiling water) MYA in CD cases(sealed) and petri dishes Wood chips in steam bags
MYA recipe
12 gms (042 oz) agar 12 gms (042 oz) light malt powder 1 gm ((0035 oz)nutritional yeast powder 1 litre water
(adjust for 500 ml)
September 14
Fungi update
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
Growing through well in both cases
11
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
project (ref httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211 )
sulphuric acid electrolysis
Of piezos hard drive coilread head assemblies copper and zinc
5
Notes for performance
electrolysis of piezo (in sulphuric)
bull remember cap on piezo out 12v power supply
bull power to copper side gnd to signal side (track 150)
-also using copper and zinc (track 153)
and of HD coil
bull cap on signal from coil other to gnd
bull 12v power to silvermetal of coil holder and whole more or less immersed(track 155)
gstreamer and gst-launch
Webcam to audio Using now bare ps3 eye without lens and own homemadepinholes lenses
Some examples
6
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=441height=60framerate=101 ffmpegcolorspace
videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace audioparse audioconvert
audiox-raw-intrate=44100channels=1depth=16 alsasink -v
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=41 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=16depth=16rate=44100
alsasink
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=61
ffmpegcolorspace videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=8depth=8 alsasink -v
test webcam with
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 xvimagesink)
September 2 2012
Luminous fungi for inter-species communication
Towardsbioluminescence as a possible communications vector Culturing biolumis-
cent fungi such as Panellus Stipticus - recording and analysis of photon detectionover periods of time (analogue photographic materialschemistry photomulti-plierphotodiode detection) Possibly some kind of human-bio-feedback loopestablished - strobe lights
Using photomultiplier(below) and logging (dedicated scry with PSU)Fungi arePStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus) from httpmushroomboxcoukindexphpmain page=product infoampproducts id=36
Cultivationnotes
Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)httpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shopomlphalotus-olearius-jack-olantern-
mushroom-spawndowels-p-619htmlon logso ghost fungus (Omphalotus nidiformis)see httpspringbrookinforesearchluminous ghost fungushtm MYAo Honey mushroom (armillariella mellea)httpwwwcarolinacomproductbioluminescent+fungus+kitdokeyword=fungiampsortby=bestMatcheso Panellus stipticushttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-
p-448htmland
7
grow on woodchips Panellus Stipticus - contact httpwwwglowfungicomandhttpsporeworkscomPanellus-stipticus-Luminescent-Panellus-Culture-SyringehtmlThe mycelium can be grown on a wide variety of wood grains and agar
formulas under a wide range of temperatures Mushrooms grown on wholegrains or grain flours typically do not develop normally and abort at a smallsize Plug culture on logs or woodchipsawdust blocks are recommended forobserving normal fruiting
The images below show Panellus fruits produced using the Wood BasedMycoBag(TM) Decently formed fruits are easy to obtain when the substratematerial is removed from the bag and placed in a humidity chamber or tent withincreased air flow Odds of fully developed fruits increases if you are able to keepcolonized substrate block in outdoor environment without drying or exposureto excessively coolhot temps
o several species of MycenaRefsldquoA substance called luciferin reacts with an enzyme luciferase causing the
luciferin to oxidise with the consequent emission of light [ ] The functionin fungi is unknown It has been suggested that it attracts insects which thendisperse the sporesrdquoLuminous Fungi
httpwwwmykowebcomarticlesBioluminescentFungihtml
Photomultiplier and logging setup
Also have Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu (gold connector (signal)and black black red white orange)
red +15vdc black GND white HV control (0 to 5v) other vrefNotes for Burle 4526
See httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-31andhttp1010coukorgwv2htmlsec-45Questions for Burle
bull to find SHVBNC cable
bull where is signal
bull voltage divider for logging
bull what kind of cableadapter for Hamamatsu
8
Simple mirror galvanometercd case mod
Following maketorsion balance maghttpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211Modified with salvaged hard drive coil Sensitive to detect current flow when
we hold zinc and copper electrodes
September 4
track 15650 sulphuric dash of 95 hard drive coil electrolysis
scanner audio
scanimage -x 215 -y 297 --mode Gray --depth 8 --resolution 125 gt pipe
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b -c 1 ~pipe
9
September 5
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
On straw pellets soaked in boiling water - use of orignal bag (micropore) andmicrowavesteam bags (around 5050 grain to pellets)
10
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japon-icus)
On MYA and on wood chips (soaked in boiling water) MYA in CD cases(sealed) and petri dishes Wood chips in steam bags
MYA recipe
12 gms (042 oz) agar 12 gms (042 oz) light malt powder 1 gm ((0035 oz)nutritional yeast powder 1 litre water
(adjust for 500 ml)
September 14
Fungi update
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
Growing through well in both cases
11
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
Notes for performance
electrolysis of piezo (in sulphuric)
bull remember cap on piezo out 12v power supply
bull power to copper side gnd to signal side (track 150)
-also using copper and zinc (track 153)
and of HD coil
bull cap on signal from coil other to gnd
bull 12v power to silvermetal of coil holder and whole more or less immersed(track 155)
gstreamer and gst-launch
Webcam to audio Using now bare ps3 eye without lens and own homemadepinholes lenses
Some examples
6
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=441height=60framerate=101 ffmpegcolorspace
videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace audioparse audioconvert
audiox-raw-intrate=44100channels=1depth=16 alsasink -v
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=41 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=16depth=16rate=44100
alsasink
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=61
ffmpegcolorspace videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=8depth=8 alsasink -v
test webcam with
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 xvimagesink)
September 2 2012
Luminous fungi for inter-species communication
Towardsbioluminescence as a possible communications vector Culturing biolumis-
cent fungi such as Panellus Stipticus - recording and analysis of photon detectionover periods of time (analogue photographic materialschemistry photomulti-plierphotodiode detection) Possibly some kind of human-bio-feedback loopestablished - strobe lights
Using photomultiplier(below) and logging (dedicated scry with PSU)Fungi arePStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus) from httpmushroomboxcoukindexphpmain page=product infoampproducts id=36
Cultivationnotes
Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)httpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shopomlphalotus-olearius-jack-olantern-
mushroom-spawndowels-p-619htmlon logso ghost fungus (Omphalotus nidiformis)see httpspringbrookinforesearchluminous ghost fungushtm MYAo Honey mushroom (armillariella mellea)httpwwwcarolinacomproductbioluminescent+fungus+kitdokeyword=fungiampsortby=bestMatcheso Panellus stipticushttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-
p-448htmland
7
grow on woodchips Panellus Stipticus - contact httpwwwglowfungicomandhttpsporeworkscomPanellus-stipticus-Luminescent-Panellus-Culture-SyringehtmlThe mycelium can be grown on a wide variety of wood grains and agar
formulas under a wide range of temperatures Mushrooms grown on wholegrains or grain flours typically do not develop normally and abort at a smallsize Plug culture on logs or woodchipsawdust blocks are recommended forobserving normal fruiting
The images below show Panellus fruits produced using the Wood BasedMycoBag(TM) Decently formed fruits are easy to obtain when the substratematerial is removed from the bag and placed in a humidity chamber or tent withincreased air flow Odds of fully developed fruits increases if you are able to keepcolonized substrate block in outdoor environment without drying or exposureto excessively coolhot temps
o several species of MycenaRefsldquoA substance called luciferin reacts with an enzyme luciferase causing the
luciferin to oxidise with the consequent emission of light [ ] The functionin fungi is unknown It has been suggested that it attracts insects which thendisperse the sporesrdquoLuminous Fungi
httpwwwmykowebcomarticlesBioluminescentFungihtml
Photomultiplier and logging setup
Also have Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu (gold connector (signal)and black black red white orange)
red +15vdc black GND white HV control (0 to 5v) other vrefNotes for Burle 4526
See httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-31andhttp1010coukorgwv2htmlsec-45Questions for Burle
bull to find SHVBNC cable
bull where is signal
bull voltage divider for logging
bull what kind of cableadapter for Hamamatsu
8
Simple mirror galvanometercd case mod
Following maketorsion balance maghttpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211Modified with salvaged hard drive coil Sensitive to detect current flow when
we hold zinc and copper electrodes
September 4
track 15650 sulphuric dash of 95 hard drive coil electrolysis
scanner audio
scanimage -x 215 -y 297 --mode Gray --depth 8 --resolution 125 gt pipe
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b -c 1 ~pipe
9
September 5
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
On straw pellets soaked in boiling water - use of orignal bag (micropore) andmicrowavesteam bags (around 5050 grain to pellets)
10
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japon-icus)
On MYA and on wood chips (soaked in boiling water) MYA in CD cases(sealed) and petri dishes Wood chips in steam bags
MYA recipe
12 gms (042 oz) agar 12 gms (042 oz) light malt powder 1 gm ((0035 oz)nutritional yeast powder 1 litre water
(adjust for 500 ml)
September 14
Fungi update
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
Growing through well in both cases
11
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=441height=60framerate=101 ffmpegcolorspace
videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace audioparse audioconvert
audiox-raw-intrate=44100channels=1depth=16 alsasink -v
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=41 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=16depth=16rate=44100
alsasink
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 videoscale
videox-raw-yuvwidth=80height=80framerate=61
ffmpegcolorspace videox-raw-graybpp=8 ffmpegcolorspace
audioparse audioconvert audiox-raw-intchannels=1width=8depth=8 alsasink -v
test webcam with
gst-launch-010 v4l2src device=devvideo0 xvimagesink)
September 2 2012
Luminous fungi for inter-species communication
Towardsbioluminescence as a possible communications vector Culturing biolumis-
cent fungi such as Panellus Stipticus - recording and analysis of photon detectionover periods of time (analogue photographic materialschemistry photomulti-plierphotodiode detection) Possibly some kind of human-bio-feedback loopestablished - strobe lights
Using photomultiplier(below) and logging (dedicated scry with PSU)Fungi arePStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus) from httpmushroomboxcoukindexphpmain page=product infoampproducts id=36
Cultivationnotes
Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)httpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shopomlphalotus-olearius-jack-olantern-
mushroom-spawndowels-p-619htmlon logso ghost fungus (Omphalotus nidiformis)see httpspringbrookinforesearchluminous ghost fungushtm MYAo Honey mushroom (armillariella mellea)httpwwwcarolinacomproductbioluminescent+fungus+kitdokeyword=fungiampsortby=bestMatcheso Panellus stipticushttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-
p-448htmland
7
grow on woodchips Panellus Stipticus - contact httpwwwglowfungicomandhttpsporeworkscomPanellus-stipticus-Luminescent-Panellus-Culture-SyringehtmlThe mycelium can be grown on a wide variety of wood grains and agar
formulas under a wide range of temperatures Mushrooms grown on wholegrains or grain flours typically do not develop normally and abort at a smallsize Plug culture on logs or woodchipsawdust blocks are recommended forobserving normal fruiting
The images below show Panellus fruits produced using the Wood BasedMycoBag(TM) Decently formed fruits are easy to obtain when the substratematerial is removed from the bag and placed in a humidity chamber or tent withincreased air flow Odds of fully developed fruits increases if you are able to keepcolonized substrate block in outdoor environment without drying or exposureto excessively coolhot temps
o several species of MycenaRefsldquoA substance called luciferin reacts with an enzyme luciferase causing the
luciferin to oxidise with the consequent emission of light [ ] The functionin fungi is unknown It has been suggested that it attracts insects which thendisperse the sporesrdquoLuminous Fungi
httpwwwmykowebcomarticlesBioluminescentFungihtml
Photomultiplier and logging setup
Also have Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu (gold connector (signal)and black black red white orange)
red +15vdc black GND white HV control (0 to 5v) other vrefNotes for Burle 4526
See httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-31andhttp1010coukorgwv2htmlsec-45Questions for Burle
bull to find SHVBNC cable
bull where is signal
bull voltage divider for logging
bull what kind of cableadapter for Hamamatsu
8
Simple mirror galvanometercd case mod
Following maketorsion balance maghttpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211Modified with salvaged hard drive coil Sensitive to detect current flow when
we hold zinc and copper electrodes
September 4
track 15650 sulphuric dash of 95 hard drive coil electrolysis
scanner audio
scanimage -x 215 -y 297 --mode Gray --depth 8 --resolution 125 gt pipe
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b -c 1 ~pipe
9
September 5
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
On straw pellets soaked in boiling water - use of orignal bag (micropore) andmicrowavesteam bags (around 5050 grain to pellets)
10
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japon-icus)
On MYA and on wood chips (soaked in boiling water) MYA in CD cases(sealed) and petri dishes Wood chips in steam bags
MYA recipe
12 gms (042 oz) agar 12 gms (042 oz) light malt powder 1 gm ((0035 oz)nutritional yeast powder 1 litre water
(adjust for 500 ml)
September 14
Fungi update
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
Growing through well in both cases
11
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
grow on woodchips Panellus Stipticus - contact httpwwwglowfungicomandhttpsporeworkscomPanellus-stipticus-Luminescent-Panellus-Culture-SyringehtmlThe mycelium can be grown on a wide variety of wood grains and agar
formulas under a wide range of temperatures Mushrooms grown on wholegrains or grain flours typically do not develop normally and abort at a smallsize Plug culture on logs or woodchipsawdust blocks are recommended forobserving normal fruiting
The images below show Panellus fruits produced using the Wood BasedMycoBag(TM) Decently formed fruits are easy to obtain when the substratematerial is removed from the bag and placed in a humidity chamber or tent withincreased air flow Odds of fully developed fruits increases if you are able to keepcolonized substrate block in outdoor environment without drying or exposureto excessively coolhot temps
o several species of MycenaRefsldquoA substance called luciferin reacts with an enzyme luciferase causing the
luciferin to oxidise with the consequent emission of light [ ] The functionin fungi is unknown It has been suggested that it attracts insects which thendisperse the sporesrdquoLuminous Fungi
httpwwwmykowebcomarticlesBioluminescentFungihtml
Photomultiplier and logging setup
Also have Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu (gold connector (signal)and black black red white orange)
red +15vdc black GND white HV control (0 to 5v) other vrefNotes for Burle 4526
See httpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-31andhttp1010coukorgwv2htmlsec-45Questions for Burle
bull to find SHVBNC cable
bull where is signal
bull voltage divider for logging
bull what kind of cableadapter for Hamamatsu
8
Simple mirror galvanometercd case mod
Following maketorsion balance maghttpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211Modified with salvaged hard drive coil Sensitive to detect current flow when
we hold zinc and copper electrodes
September 4
track 15650 sulphuric dash of 95 hard drive coil electrolysis
scanner audio
scanimage -x 215 -y 297 --mode Gray --depth 8 --resolution 125 gt pipe
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b -c 1 ~pipe
9
September 5
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
On straw pellets soaked in boiling water - use of orignal bag (micropore) andmicrowavesteam bags (around 5050 grain to pellets)
10
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japon-icus)
On MYA and on wood chips (soaked in boiling water) MYA in CD cases(sealed) and petri dishes Wood chips in steam bags
MYA recipe
12 gms (042 oz) agar 12 gms (042 oz) light malt powder 1 gm ((0035 oz)nutritional yeast powder 1 litre water
(adjust for 500 ml)
September 14
Fungi update
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
Growing through well in both cases
11
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
Simple mirror galvanometercd case mod
Following maketorsion balance maghttpwww1010coukorggeophysicshtmlsec-211Modified with salvaged hard drive coil Sensitive to detect current flow when
we hold zinc and copper electrodes
September 4
track 15650 sulphuric dash of 95 hard drive coil electrolysis
scanner audio
scanimage -x 215 -y 297 --mode Gray --depth 8 --resolution 125 gt pipe
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b -c 1 ~pipe
9
September 5
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
On straw pellets soaked in boiling water - use of orignal bag (micropore) andmicrowavesteam bags (around 5050 grain to pellets)
10
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japon-icus)
On MYA and on wood chips (soaked in boiling water) MYA in CD cases(sealed) and petri dishes Wood chips in steam bags
MYA recipe
12 gms (042 oz) agar 12 gms (042 oz) light malt powder 1 gm ((0035 oz)nutritional yeast powder 1 litre water
(adjust for 500 ml)
September 14
Fungi update
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
Growing through well in both cases
11
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
September 5
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
On straw pellets soaked in boiling water - use of orignal bag (micropore) andmicrowavesteam bags (around 5050 grain to pellets)
10
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japon-icus)
On MYA and on wood chips (soaked in boiling water) MYA in CD cases(sealed) and petri dishes Wood chips in steam bags
MYA recipe
12 gms (042 oz) agar 12 gms (042 oz) light malt powder 1 gm ((0035 oz)nutritional yeast powder 1 litre water
(adjust for 500 ml)
September 14
Fungi update
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
Growing through well in both cases
11
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japon-icus)
On MYA and on wood chips (soaked in boiling water) MYA in CD cases(sealed) and petri dishes Wood chips in steam bags
MYA recipe
12 gms (042 oz) agar 12 gms (042 oz) light malt powder 1 gm ((0035 oz)nutritional yeast powder 1 litre water
(adjust for 500 ml)
September 14
Fungi update
Schopftintlingshaggy maneCoprimus comatus
Growing through well in both cases
11
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
PStipticus and Moonlight Mushroom (Lampteromyces japonicus)
On MYA both surrounded by blue mould one of Moonlight has peculierorange goo-like protusion No sign of luminescence in any case
On woodchips both slowly growing through
strange mould with orange fringe
Growing fast on discarded straw pellets Sprayed today with silver nitrate
Tabletop setup
Composed of
bull earth (Johannisthal forest)
bull Shaggy Mane mycelium
bull sprays (silver nitrate solution and distilled water) using skoda wasch-pumpe (relay or irf640 activation)
12
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
Note that inlet is straight out of bottom and outlet is to one side (and GNDis on same side as outlet)
bull shafts of light (what is controlling these what are they - strobe)
bull concrete trays with various chemistry
leached processors (in nitric acidsilver nitrate solutionrochelle saltferrous sulphate - from where as moss killer or acetoneiron woolsulphuric
- see httpwwwcrscientificcomferroussulfatehtml
bull HV pulses (again control or in performance)
potentially 2 or 3 relays
bull metal electrodesantennae
And activated in performance with
bull laserinterferometer setup on edges (light detection solar diode webcam)
13
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
bull hanging tripod magnetometerplugged in galvos (above)
bull other receiversdetektors (run through)
bull other detectors
ndash coils
ndash electrolyticcoil
ndash seismometer
ndash ultrasound
ndash earthbootmicro-voltage
ndash radio
Photomultiplier setup
Hamamatsu r1477-07 with c6270-21 psu wired as followsred to 15v both shields to GND white(control) and orange(VREF 5v) wired
togethersignal (chopped MMC connector) to op07 (question of positive and negative
supply not resolved) as transimpedance amplifier -+in to GND 50 ohm input( to -) to PMT signal powered by regulated 5v
1M or 100k feedback resistorWe get 43v in dim light 131 in black bag on multimeterTODO think on +- supply scope program logger and test
September 17
photomultiplier
Biasing + input of op-amp to 25v (test results )Own scope is too slow for potential 10-100mV 5nS wide pulses from photonsNote also oscilloscope probes (high impedance) provide load resistance
earthbootearthboot audio
(To program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
bull earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerialone in 2011 seems for earth measurement
bull earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthbootFor some reason we needed to ldquomake cleanrdquo both versions to get them run-
ning
14
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
ferrous sulphate
from link above
bull Degrease the steel wool by immersing it in acetone for half an hour Re-move it from the acetone and let it dry in a well-ventilated lab wherenobody can disturb it
bull Place the degreased dry steel wool in the glass beaker and pour in
enough 30-40 sulfuric acid to cover it completely Donrsquot use concentrated acidIf the steel wool is not fully submerged carefully push it down with a glass rodThe sulfuric acid will begin to dissolve the steel producing hydrogen gas Overthe course of several hours the steel wool will gradually disappear Carefullyadd more steel wool Repeat this a few times Reddish-brown insoluble ferriccompounds will form if you add too much steel wool
irf640
Now on arduino uno pin 7GDS in order from left Gate by 1k to arduino pin Drain is where we pull
through power from pump Source is GND (arduino and 12v PSU) 100k gateto GND
On pump power is nearest the exit pipe (which is the one on the side withstraight pipe on end as inlet)
earth measurement device
Red of cable connecting boards is away from USB endGain (on AD620 resistor between pins 1 and 8) is now 1k Gain=50xShould have switch no resistor(1x) 100ohm(500x) and 5k(10x) perhaps
DONE for 50x and 500x
October 4
Commencing research relating to Gent labfieldtrip
PersingerGod Helmet
What is the simple relationship between windingsthickness and re-sistanceinductance
The simplest inductor is a single turn of stiff wire with air in the centre (aircore) If a metal object is placed in the centre of the turn the inductance isincreased If additional turns are added the inductance is increased If thediameter of the turn is increased the inductance is DECREASED If the turnsare stretched apart the inductance of the coil DECREASES
15
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
RoughlyL (inductance) of an air core cylinder coil =(air permeabilitynumber of turnsarea of cross section)length of coilL for a multilayer coil with ferrite core =air perm ferrite perm N(number of windings) squared (arealength)Resistance is roughly lengthcross sectional area so thicker wires have less
resistanceSee also httpwwwepanoramanetdocumentscomponentscoilshtml
What is the relationship between windingsthickness inductance andmagnetic field densityflux
Faradayrsquos lawsFlux density= (inductancecurrent) (number of windings areacross sec-
tion)(So if we have thicker wire we have less windings in the given area and so
more flux but what of inductance)Current(I)=VR
Measuring the field
Using our gaussmeter Gauss is the unit of mag field (flux density) Relation ofgauss to tesla
1 tesla=10000 gauss 1 gauss=100 microTesla (uT)=00001 TeslaWe aim for around 1 uT=001 gauss = 10 milligauss (as in shakti)
Calculate the limiting resistor
If we pull 12v with the IRF640 through the coil
Refs
httpxxnorgukdokuphpid=brain writingcalculationsamps[]=wagnerhttpforumallaboutcircuitscomarchiveindexphpt-61749htmlhttpbooksgoogledebooksid=YeKleGrKwC4Camppg=PA29amplpg=PA29ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thicknessampsource=blampots=DZuf-
JyGQlampsig=MdPem9C1FY6EJPNGfKGQ4OaS5Psamphl=enampsa=Xampei=FcVsULipLJOHswa6wYDACAampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thicknessampf=falsehttpbrainmetacomforumindexphpshowtopic=13724ampst=30httpbooksgoogledebooksid=vOj GZ2-1dECamppg=PA177amplpg=PA177ampdq=tms+coil+wire+thickness+persingerampsource=blampots=uFVRERzsZqampsig=LnZJIR daKsgik3Mc5Uts1X2dqQamphl=enampsa=Xampei=SlJtUNCbMYbgtQadwYDQCQampredir esc=yv=onepageampq=tms20coil20wire20thickness20persingerampf=falsehttpwwwphysicsforumscomshowthreadphpt=358357
Plantearth measurements
Resistance and impedance
bull fingerearth resistance
Test and distinguish which wires are which
16
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
bull GSR mod (op07 or opa336 smd)
Could use psyche board with opa336 (also for ad5933)
bull Wheatstone bridge and mirror galvanometer
What could be test values on the bridge
If we have R1 and R2 as right and left at top and R4(variable) and Rx assame bottom
R1R2=RxR4
Rx=(R1xR4)R2
try R1 and R2 as 10K and R4 as 1M variable
bull AD5933
Based on psyche board
micro-voltagedifferential measurement
Options are
bull latest earth device based on AD620 instrumentation amp
Test again
bull further AD620 device
With AGND and ampfilter as in
httppeopleececornelledulandcoursesece4760FinalProjectss2012cwm55cwm55 mj294indexhtml
17
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
AD620
ndash resistor between pins 1 and 8 sets gain 1k=50x 100R=500
bull earthbootmega32u4 and onboard diff amp
Make a few more of these
GPSnew skry
With GPS to left power is bottom left connector with red on right
rendered audible
bull laptopsoftware a la earthboot
bull microcontroller and amplifier
bull analogue VCO (741 4046 555)
18
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
Photomultiplierbioluminescence
bull not glowing (more oxygen lower pH)
bull where to source P Stipticusother biolums
ordered log dowels (Jack OrsquoLantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius)) fromhttpwwwmrcashoporgmushroom shoppanellus-stipticus-luminescent-panellus-p-448html
but for this we need to find a log andPlease use hardwood (most suitable oak beech) Let the log dry for approx
4 5 weeks after felling For inoculation with the dowels the log have beenpreperated duck for 3 days in water (log should be complete coverd with water)After this let the log dry for approx 2 days in the sun We recommend to uselogs (with bark) diameter approx 20 -35 cm length 50 bis 80 cm
bull correct operation of Hamamatsu
bull do we need stretchcount pulses and if so how (if we use digital scopeI guess not)
what are designs for detectstretch pulsessee also httpugastroberkeleyeduay122 fall12PMTindexhtmlhttpwwwdiyphysicscom20120202home-built-radiac-radiation-detector-
and-meter-for-a-surplus-dt-590apdr-56f-scintillation-probe
bull cable and test other tube with amp
bull photodiode
19
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
October 5
earthcoding documentation
Preparation for earthcode evening Sept 20
20
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
21
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
22
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
Post-earthcode
23
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
24
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
25
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
26
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
27
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
28
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
October 8
Mirror galvanometer
Rebuilt with bottle top usual thread 02mm copper wire windings
29
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
Paper Wheatstone bridge
30
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
Working with multimeter and rough tests of finger resistance But not muchsign of any change with mirror galvo (although does shift the reflected laserbeam when we adjust the nulling potentiometer on fixed resistance setup (topof bridge 1k and 1k 100k poti) Could be that the resistance of galvo is nothigh enough (but if was higher we would lose current - test with smallish (say100 ohm) seriesshunt resistor
refhttparchiveorgstreammethodsmeasurin00nortgoogpagen19mode2uphttpelectron9physutkeduphys136ddistlablab7htm
Reviving old plantbio measurement box
Includes
bull HAL-4 one channel EEG attached to HID (order of inputs=EEG Wheat-stone differenz)
bull Wheatstone bridge with amplifier
bull Elektor CA3140 design - differenzverstaerker (Mai 1977)
Old EEG design
is the one following HAL-4 schematics (based on TL084)
31
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
So we have one channel here (differential pair - 2 jack sockets with shieldedcable and one jack socket for common ground on ear)
bull software used for first version of this
(Now it is attached to HIDearlier BYRON) was in c and read from par-allel port
filecollect2011psychtechniquebiologiceegoldeegincvxc
see eegtool below
software to log HID
hidtool is in rootcollect2011code refchidclient
hidtool read 5
Which reads analogue 10 bit values from channel 5 to STDOUT [first rmmodusbhid to detach driver]
(5 is diff 4 is wheat 3 i guess is EEG)Also included eegtool which appears to be version of oldeeg for HID
32
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
data logging on SD from ADC
On pin 7 of top header (ADC7)see (GSR example with averaging) rootxxxxx 2xxxxxtrunkmini skrymainc
October 9
E-S-E
Details on earth-substrate-earth device Green wires are electrodes with chang-ing flow of current purple as measurement
See Earth Resistivity Logger John Becker EPE Everyday Practical Elec-tronics AprilMay 2003
Here
33
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
2003-04pdf
290 Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003
electrically probing the soil in theirsearch for minerals and oil deposits(since 1946 says Robert Beck) it hasbeen found that there are better probingtechniques than just using two probesSome of these have been adopted byarchaeologists
Most of the favoured ones all use fourprobes ndash two for transmission (TX) andtwo for reception (RX) The righthand sec-tion of Fig2 shows one way in which thesecond pair of probes can be used AnthonyClark says that there are also some tech-niques that use five probes ndash with push-pullTX across two and the fifth becoming agrounded reference perhaps
There are several ways in which four
probes are used in relation to each otherand each with its own merits Their use isoutlined later but no quality judgement isoffered here on their appropriateness to
various survey situations ndash but it is worthnoting that Clark considers the Twin-Probetechnique to be the most favoured forarchaeological surveying although theWenner technique is said to provide moredetailed results Nick in his extensive useof the prototype adopted the Twin-Probetechnique
The Twin-Probe and Wenner techniqueswere outlined in Robert Beckrsquos article andwere used in the authorrsquos garden tests withthis Logger They will be discussed in Part2 in a bit more detail Suffice to say for themoment both involve placing in the soil areference probe that is connected to the cir-cuitrsquos 0V line (common ground) This isregarded as one half of the TX probes pair
To the other TX probe is fed the alter-nating voltage or current evenly swingingas a square wave above and below the 0Vreference value The function of the TXprobes is to set up a field of potential gra-dient in the soil which is then sampled bythe RX probes
The RX probes are positioned at dis-tances away from the TX probes as dictat-ed by the probing technique being usedThey are connected to the twin inputs of adifferential amplifier whose output signalamplitude is determined by the differencein the two input levels It is this signalwhich is then monitored by the controlcircuit
It is not even necessary to use specialprobes any metal object that does not cor-rode and can be inserted into the soil with
a wire attached willdo The probes donrsquoteven need to beinserted very far justenough to penetratethe soil to makeelectrical contactwith its moistness
It will be obviousof course that drysoil will be lesscapable of passing acurrent than moistsoil Keep in mindthat the surface ofthe soil can dry outfaster than thatbelow it and so areasonable amount
of penetration should be allowed RobertBeck allows 200mm with his probe struc-tures discussed in Part 2
With some sites it may be necessary toevenly damp the soil with water beforeadequate probing can begin
13The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
almost irrelevant to the main aspects of soilmonitoring So first letrsquos look at the powersupply requirements and the simple trans-mission circuit both illustrated in Fig3
As said in Table 1 the power can origi-nate from any dc source (eg battery)ranging between about 9V and 15V This isinput via diode D1 to the +5V voltage reg-ulator IC1 The diode prevents distress tothe circuit in the event of the battery beingconnected with the wrong polarity
The regulated +5V output from IC1powers the main PIC-controlled circuitwhich must not receive a supply signifi-cantly greater than +5V It also providesthe positive power to the TX and RX cir-cuits Both of these circuits additionallyneed an equivalent negative supply This isgenerated from the +5V line by the voltageinverting chip IC2 which outputs a voltageof close to ndash5V
Opamp IC3 is the device which feeds the
137Hz alternating signal to one TX probe(the ldquoactiverdquo TX probe) As previously said
the other TX probe is connected to the 0Vpower line IC3 is configured as a compara-tor whose inverting input (pin 2) is tied tothe potential divider chain formed by equal-value resistors R1 and R2 The resistors areconnected across the +5V and 0V lines andthe voltage at their junction is thus 2middot5V
The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC3 isconnected to one of the PIC microcon-trollerrsquos output pins (RA2) and is fed witha 137Hz square wave generated by thesoftware and which alternates between+5V and 0V As this square wave repeated-ly crosses above and below the 2middot5V refer-ence voltage IC3rsquos comparator actiontakes place and its output (pin 6) alternatesbetween the devicersquos upper and lower volt-age limits ie swinging between about+4V and ndash4V
Note that the opamp to which the TXprobes are connected (IC3) is short-circuitprotected internally and is unlikely to suf-fer if the probes accidentally come intocontact with each other while the power isswitched on However do not sustain suchcontact since it could cause regulator IC1to get hot and it will shorten the batterycharge life
Depending on the probing technique
used experienced geophysicists can deter-mine not only the subterranean density butalso its possible composition This isapparently achieved by pre-setting the cur-rent which flows between the two TXprobes
Robert discussed this in the rsquo97 textreferring to the technique as providing aldquoconstant currentrdquo It would appearthough that his circuit did not provide aconstant current in the literal sense ndash samecurrent flowing irrespective of resistiveconditions ndash but rather it provided a currentlimit It is the same limiting approach thathas been taken in this Logger design
The output from IC3 can be switched byS2 to the active TX probe via one of fivepaths These comprise a direct unlimitedpath and four limiting paths via resistorsR3 to R6 in order of 10 100 1k and10k
Readers are referred to the publicationslisted in Part 2 for information on resis-tive path use The field tests performed by
B19V
RESISTANCEOUTPUT
7660IC2 NC
NC
NC OUT
LV
OSC
+VE
C
GND
C+
NC
78L05IC1IN OUT
COM
+
+
+
ONOFF
S1
C122micro
C2100n
C3100na
kD1
1N4001
C422micro
C522micro
R2100k
SEE TEXT
R1100k
+IC3TL071
2
3
7
4
6
R610k
R51k
R4100Ω
R310Ω
TO RA2
S2TO SK2
(C1 WHITE)(FREQUENCY)
SK1(C2 BLACK)
0V
5V
+5V
2
4
1
8
7
6
5
3
Fig3 Power supply and transmission interface circuit for the Earth Resistivity Logger
LINES OFEQUAL POTENTIAL
CURRENT FLOWLINES
CURRENTSOURCE
A) B)
mA
MEASUREDPOTENTIAL
V
Fig2 How current flowing between two probes is detected bya second pair
34
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
2003-04pdf
the author and Nick Tile were carried outvia the direct TX path (Nick says he hasnot found the switchable resistance facil-ity to be useful) In this role the signalamplitude across the TX probes is pickedup by the RX probes simply as an alter-nating signal whose amplitude variesaccording to the soil density it has to passthrough
The receiving circuit is shown in Fig4
The twin RX probes and their received dccoupled signals are connected via bufferingresistors R7 and R8 to the respective inputsof the differential amplifier formed initial-ly around opamps IC4a and IC4b and hav-ing a gain of three The outputs from theseopamps are summed still as dc signalsby opamp IC4c which provides unity gain
The resulting signal represents thedifference between the two input signallevels It is now ac coupled via capacitor
C6 to the amplifying stage around IC4dHere the gain can be switched by S3between times1 times10 and times100 In the proto-typersquos garden tests the times1 gain wassatisfactory across the maximum probeseparation distance that the dense gardenflower beds would allow (11 metres) Nicksays he prefers the times10 setting
At this stage the signal is swingingabove and below 0V It has to be shifted sothat it only swings between 0V and +5V atthe maximum extremes to suit the PICmicrocontrollerrsquos limits This is achievedby ac coupling the signal via capacitor C7to the level-shifting potential dividerformed by resistors R22 and R23 DiodesD4 and D5 limit the maximum voltageswing then fed to the PIC preventing itfrom swinging above or below the PICrsquoslimits of acceptance
It will be seen that two additional signalpaths are provided from the output ofIC4ab and consist of resistors R16 and
R17 plus diodes D2 and D3 These are notpart of the required analogue processingcircuit but were included for use duringsoftware development Their function willbe described presently
The PIC-controlled processing circuit is
shown in Fig5 At its heart is a PIC16F876microcontroller IC5 manufactured byMicrochip It is run at 3middot6864MHz as setby crystal X1 The frequency may seemunusual but crystals tuned to it are stan-dard products Its choice provides greateraccuracy of the baud rate at which thelogged data is output to the computer
The software-generated 137Hz squarewave pulse train is output via pin RA2 andfed to the TX opamp IC3 in Fig3
Pin RA3 is the pin to which the level-shifted signal output from IC4d is inputThe pin is configured by the software as ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Everyday Practical Electronics April 2003 291
R71k
R81k
R10100k
R9100k
R11100k
R1610k
R1710k
R12100k
R14100k
R15100k
R13100k
R1810k
R211M
R20100k
R1910k
+
+
++
IC4aTL074
IC4bTL074
IC4cTL074 IC4d
TL074
9
10
8
11
5
6
7
4
2
3
1+C622micro
TO RA0
TO RA1
a aa
a
k kk
k
D21N4148
D31N4148
D51N4148
D41N4148
0V 0V
5V
+5V
TO SK3(P1 YELLOW)
TO SK4(P2 GREEN)
13
12
14
C7470n
R23100k
R22100k
VOUTTO RA3
GAIN
S3
Fig4 Differential amplifier that receives amplifies and conditions the RX probes signal prior to sending to the ADC input of thePIC microcontroller
RA0AN0
RA1AN1
RA2AN2VREF-
RA3AN3VREF+
RA4TOCK1
RA5AN4SS
OSC1CLKIN
OSC2CLKOUT
MCLRGND
+VE
GND
T1OSOT1CKIRC0
T1OSICCP2RC1
CCP1RC2
SCKSCLRC3
SDISDARC4
SDORC5
TXCKRC6
RXDTRC7
INTRB0
RB1
RB2
PGMRB3
RB4
RB5
PGCLKRB6
PGDARB7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28PIC16F876
14
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D7D7
D6D6
D5D5
D4D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EE
RWGND
+VE
+VE
CX
CX
X2LCD
MODULE
RSRS
A0
A1
A2
GND
+V
WP
SCL
SDA
IC624LC256
UP DOWN MODE DOWNLOAD
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
CONTRAST
S4 S5 S6 S7
SAVETEST
S9 S8
0V VPP DATA CLK
TO IC7 PIN 11RS232
NC
IC5
36864MHzX1
1N4148D6
0V
0V
TB1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R2810k
R3010k
R2910k
R2410k VR1
10k
k
a
C810p
C910p
R2610k
R2710k
R251k
+5V
0V
TO R16
T0 R17
F OUT
TO D4D5
TB2 PROGRAMMER
R3110k
Fig5 PIC-controlled processing display and data storage circuit
35
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
2003-05pdf
There are numerous archaeological websites with bulletin boards and ldquochat-zonesrdquoon-line if you search through the excellentwwwgooglecom or other quality internetsearch engines It is worth noting thoughthat Anthony Clark considers the Twin-Probe technique to be that most suitable toarchaeological work and is the one usedby Nick with his surveys
With all techniques the area to be sur-veyed is first marked out as a grid withtapes or similar to form squares havingsides of say one metre in length (this is acommonly quoted distance in this context)and probably forming a 20 times 20 matrixedarea see Fig8
Anthony Clark comments that plasticcovered clothes line is also useful for set-ting out a grid matrix He cautions thoughthat it can be difficult to untangle and onone site he knows of it had to be ldquoguardedin the presence of sheep by whom it wasregarded as a rare delicacyrdquo
The Twin-Probe technique is apparently
more suited to initial surveying of a siteestablishing whether or not it is worth car-rying out a more detailed survey
With this method the two probes C1 andP1 are inserted into the ground sufficientto make electrical contact with it (see earli-er) centrally to and somewhat outside thearea to be surveyed Anthony Clark dis-cusses the best distance in his book
Probe C1 is the transmitting probe con-nected to the comparator IC3 via switchS2 Probe P1 is one of the receiving probesconnected to the input of opamp IC4a
Probes C2 and P2 are inserted into theground to a similar depth at the far cor-ners of the first square to be monitored saytop left coordinate R0C0 (row 0 column0) Probe C2 is the 0V reference probe andP2 is connected to the input of opampIC4b The respective leads from the Logger
are then connected to the probes usingheavy duty crocodile clips seems theeasiest method
The Loggerrsquos storage coordinates are setto suit the square number ie to R0C0 inthis case and a reading saved to theLoggerrsquos serial EEPROM by pressingswitch S8
The C2P2 probes are then moved to thetop corners of the next square to the rightfor example to be monitored and its coor-dinates set into the Logger in this caseR0C1 Again a reading is stored to theEEPROM
The process continues fully across hori-zontally for the width of the marked surveyarea eg R0C19 (the final column of thisrow in a 20 times 20 grid) The probes are thenmoved down by one row and the processrepeated to the left this time back toR1C0 And then down by another row andso on for all 400 squares
1313Note that the relative order of all probe
connections must be maintained during thesurvey Differences in reading can result ifthe order is changed hence the earlier rec-ommendation that the plugs and crocodileclips should be colour-coded
In practice it does not matter in whichdirection you move the probes or whetheryou start the survey from the top of the gridor the bottom Note that the PC screenregards location 00 as being at top left ofthe screen
ldquoBe methodical and consistentrdquo seems tobe the key phrase though ndash this helps youto establish a routine that becomes secondnature which the author soon found whenstarting his own mini surveys
It was also soon found that it is not nec-essary to move both probes on each occa-sion Since one is already at the corner ofthe next square it is only necessary tomove the probe from the corner now
finished with putting it in the next squarersquosopposite top corner and swap the probeleads to retain the correct order
The author surveyed his garden severaltimes in different ways during designdevelopment and on each occasionbecame faster at doing so On the final sur-vey on an 11 times 7 grid (77 samples) it tookabout an hour and half
Of course during the process of doingthe test surveys several methods for speed-ing it were imagined For a solitary survey-or perhaps the most efficient in terms ofspeed would be to insert separate probes ateach corner of the matrix prior to takingreadings It would then only be required torepeatedly change the lead connections ndash aseemingly much faster ldquoconveyor beltrdquosystem No doubt though having an assis-tant would probably make the moving ofjust two probes a speedy alternative
A perhaps less practical method was(bizarrely) thought up too ndash using amotorised vehicle like a golf buggy withprobes attached to the wheels in Boadiceafashion This would then be driven backand forth across the grid the probes auto-matically inserting themselves and trigger-ing the storing of each reading at thecorrect coordinates (Well ndash a chap candream canrsquot he)
Another seemingly useful technique is
known as the Wenner configuration In thismethod the four probes are arranged in astraight line equally spaced apart say ametre between them Fig8b shows theorder of arrangement
This method is apparently better suitedto doing a more detailed survey of thematrixed grid site The principle is that theTX probes are the outer two The RXprobes are in line between them The cur-rent flows across the TX pair and is pickedup across the RX pair the received signalvalue varying with the resistance in serieswith the probes in a more direct fashionthan with the twin-probe technique
A variant of this technique theSchlumberger in which the probes are notequally spaced is discussed in AnthonyClarkrsquos book But he regards it as not ide-ally suited to archaeological surveying
Another method is known as the Square
Array in Anthony Clarkrsquos book With thismethod the TX and RX pairs are placed atthe corners of the one metre squares asshown in Fig8c The four probes aremoved as a set from square to square
The transmission signal flows betweenthe TX pair as before This time the RXpair pick up the radiated signal at the samedistance from the TX probes If the soilresistance between the TX and RX pairs isuniform so too will be the amplitude of thesignal received by both RX probes
Tests showed that because the probes areconnected to a differential amplifier if thetwo input amplitudes are the same theywill cancel each other out at the final com-bining stage (IC4c)
If on the other hand the amplitudes arenot the same the difference between themis that which will be finally output fromIC4c In this case what would be lookedfor is any difference values indicating theedge of a subterranean feature
364 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003
BASIC GRID LAYOUT ALSOSHOWING TWIN-PROBEEXAMPLE POSITIONS
THESE PROBES ARE MOVEDBETWEEN COORDINATE NODES
00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19ROWCOLUMN
C2 P2AT COORDINATES
R19C3
SEE TEXTFOR DISTANCE
C1 P1THESE PROBES REMAIN IN FIXED POSITION
A GRID MATRIX OF SQUARES IS COMMON TO ALL NORMAL SURVEY METHODSTHE ABOVE ALSO SHOWS EXAMPLE POSITIONS FOR PROBES IN THETWIN-PROBE TECHNIQUE
PLACING PROBES AT THE GRID INTERSECTIONS ASSISTS REGIMENTATIONOF THE SURVEY TECHNIQUE
SQUARES TYPICALLY HAVE SIDES MEASURING 1 METRE
C1
C1
P1
P1
P2
P2
C2
C2
WENNER ARRAY
SQUARE ARRAY
PROBES EQUIDISTANT
PROBES C1 AND P1 REMAIN IN FIXED POSITIONPROBES C2 AND P2 TRAVERSE THE GRID
Fig8 A 20 x 20 grid layout with Twin-Probe example positions and the positioningof the probes in Wenner and Square arrays
36
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
2003-05pdf
Everyday Practical Electronics May 2003 365
It is evident however that balanced(zero) readings when the two input valuesare equal would only indicate the unifor-mity of the terrain in that grid It would notindicate whether that uniformity was dueto a highly resistive feature or a highlyconductive one Nonetheless the detectionof only outlines might in itself be a desir-able situation
A variant of this technique would be toplace the two TX probes at one end of acolumn and the RX pair at the other tak-ing a reading and moving both pairs to thenext column still at the top and bottompoints This could perhaps yield initialinformation about whether or not a site isworth examining more closely Not beingan archaeologist though the author can-not comment on the validity of this
Anthony Clark discusses the abovenamed probing techniques in more detailand describes others
During garden tests with the prototype
Logger individual metal rods measuringabout one metre long by 5mm diameterand with a right-angled bend at the topwere used as the probes These were pur-chased inexpensively from a garden cen-tre their intended use being to supportplants
A recently observed but not triedpossibility was in the form of long inex-pensive barbecue skewers ndash seen in a localsupermarket
If you wish to construct purpose-builtprobe structures of more durability andperhaps greater ease of use the probe
assemblies describedby Robert Beckshould be consideredSchematics of theoriginal figures illus-trating these probeshave been redrawnand are repeated hereOther than the fol-lowing details noadditional informa-tion can be offered
Robertrsquos rigidframe assembly fortwo probes is shownin Fig9 Details ofhis single probe aregiven in Fig10
His original textstates that the Twin-Probe assembly wasspecially developedand that its top mem-ber is a wooden bat-ten 30mm times 50mm times1050mm the ends ofwhich are bound withself-amalgamatingtape to form handgrips
An aluminiumplatform is attachedto the centre of thisbatten to carry thecase that holds theelectronics secured by rubber bands Thebottom member is a similar wooden bat-ten but this piece must have good insulat-ing properties (to prevent current leakagebetween the probes) He suggests that you
either dry and coat the batten with varnishor devise insulating collars of Tuffnol orsimilar material and fit them where theprobes go through the batten
The top and bottom battens are heldtogether by metal conduit pipes threadedat each end and secured by lock-nuts
In describing the construction of theother probes he says that none of theirdimensions are critical and may be dictat-ed by what is to hand In Fig10a is showna substantial probe made out of stainlesssteel tubing with a brazed on T-handle andtip which assist soil penetration Thisprobe is designed to be used by the opera-tor in the standing position
A smaller version of Fig10a is shown inFig10b This has a 4mm screw terminaladded an alternative method of wireconnection
Probes may be constructed of materialother than stainless steel which is expen-sive and a little difficult to obtain he says(provided it is corrosion resistant ofcourse)
An extremely simple probe is shown inFig10c and which may be constructedfrom 6mm diameter metal rod ie brazingor uncoated welding rod mild steel silversteel etc A depth guide consisting of aband of paint or insulating tape is addedand connections are made to the top usinga crocodile clip
The depth stop in Fig10d is adjustableby means of an Allen key The materialneed not be insulating and could be ofmetal if desired
13Since finalising the Earth Resistivity
Logger Part One for publication lastmonth reader Joe Farr has provided EPEwith a specially written SerialIOOCXprogram that allows legal access to VisualBasicrsquos own serial control IO facilities
170mm 100mm
15mm
20mm
250mm
250mm
250mmTUFNOLCOLLAR
TUFNOLCOLLAR
A) A)
930mm
330mm
330mm
B)
B)
SCREW TERMINALWITH 4mm SOCKET
BAND OFPAINT OR
TAPE
TUFNOLCOLLAR
HOLE FOR PROBETO PASS THROUGH
120
0BA TAPPED HOLESTO RECEIVE SOCKETHEAD GRUB SCREWS
D)
Fig10 Construction details of Robert Beckrsquos probes
NOTE THE UPPER AND LOWER HORIZONTAL RAILSARE OF WOOD tHE LOWER RAIL SHOULD BE DRIED ANDVARNISHED tHE L-SHAPED ALUMINIUM BRACKET IS TO
SUPPORT THE RESISTIVITY METER
4mm PLUGS TO CONNECTTO RESISTIVITY METER
METAL CONDUIT PIPETHREADED AT BOTH ENDS
SOLDER TAGS
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
THIS AREATAPED TO
FORMHANDLE
L-SHAPEDALUMINIUMBRACKET
500mm
200mm
800mm
PROBE C2 PROBE P2
30mm
30mm
1000mm
1050mm
Fig9 Support frame for the Twin Probe configuration used by Robert Beck
37
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
GSRplants
plot notes
live plotting with minicomgnuplot
minicom is set to 9600 baud - set logging to file called test2run looper as followsgnuplotiquest a=0 gnuplotiquest load ldquorootcollect2011psychfieldeffectsoftwarelooperrdquo
plotting with python
python wx_mpl_dynamic_graphpy
or use in plotmon dir
python plotting_data_monitorpy
gnuplot notes
basic plot
plot 201201171520resultslog w lines
plotting only a section
plot [10][300] 201201171520resultslog w lines
set output to a png
set term png size 1024768
set output rootcollect2011psychlogimagestestpng
and set title set xlabel set ylabel as further commands
38
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
for earthboot (mod to measure)
find mod somewhere in 2011
bull earth measurement
using plotting data monitorpy in
rootcollect2011psychwalkerpsychogeophysics-walkersoftwareplotmon
(first remember to expand window of app)
bull earthboot
(program hold middle two jumpered jumper briefly edge 2 and releasemiddle 2)
ndash earthboot audio version is in
rootcollect2012earthearthcodeearthbootLUFA 091223DemosDeviceLowLevelVirtualSerial
pipe business
one in 2011 seems for measurement
ndash earthboot itself is in
˜collect2011psychcrystalworldearthcodeearthbootearthboot
for newskry plots
Newskry reads in order ad8313lowfigsr tempProcess usingfilecollect2011psychstudiessummit2011softwaregpsgsrpy
39
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
October 10
555 VCO
R2 as 1M for lower frequencies
40
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
741 VCO (from elektor elektroskop design mai 77)
41
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
With 10n and 680n substitutions works well
Wheatstone with transistor
Also works well with BC547bc 10K instead of 47K (and Followed byLM358 inverting op-amp [two 1K resistors into + - in and 1M poti for feed-backgain) Can also have emitter of transistor into VCO (ignore bridge)
Question is if it can drive mirror galvanometer
AD620
See also
42
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
and
43
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
and maybe use +-5v
44
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
GSR
Modded for op07
45
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46
Again test with mirror galvo
October 18
At foam see all online libarynth noteshttplibfoamsilent dialogues notes201210181504resultslog - first leaf test with no amplification201210181530resultslog - 50x616 and 557 with GND in earth201210181741resultslog (with second set of wrapped electrodes)
2 earthboots2 channels
play -t raw -r 44100 -u -b 8 -c 1 ~pipel -t raw -r 44100
-u -b 8 -c 1 ~piper --channels 2 -M
metaphase typewriter
quantumpy
but what sort of data does it expect - numerical in relation to len(probb)
46