the glastonbury zodiac. a new horizons -

THE GLASTONBURY ZODIAC.

A New Horizons Research Report.

September 1986.

Copyright: New Horizons, S.M. Intner, J.A. Farrington, and J.A. Andresen.

January 1985.

This i s the report of research financed by the New Horizons Research Foundation and carried out at Princeton University.

The Glastonbury Zodiac

Phase I-

A Review of the Relevant L i t e r a t u r e

S. M. Intner

J . A. Farrington

J . A. Andresen

with the assistance of

B. J . Dunne

R. G. Jahn

M. Kriegman

E . G. Jahn

June 1984

Abstract

As a qua l i fy ing phase of the proposed systematic study of

the purported Glastonbury Zodiac i n Somerset, England, an

extensive review of the ava i lab le relevant l i t e r a t u r e has been

conducted. These major topics were invest igated: the v a l i d i t y

of the claimed topographical boundaries of the Zodiac; a general

survey of zodiaca l origins*, and the d i r e c t l y relevant c u l t u r a l

h i s tory of ancient B r i t a i n . L i t t l e convincing evidence was found

to substantiate the existence of a t e r r e s t r i a l zodiac i n th i s

l o c a t i o n . However, a number of a n c i l l a r y f indings suggest that

there are a few more p laus ib l e myst ica l aspects of th i s area that

may merit further study.

Table of Contents

Abstract

Table of Contents

Introduction

Report of the Survey

1) Topographical Boundaries

2) Zodiacal Orig ins

3) C u l t u r a l His tory

Conclusions

Re c ommen da t i on s

Bibl iography

Supplementary Bibl iography

Appendix A: Maps

Introduction

This report summarizes the resu l t s of the f i r s t phase of a

proposed study of the purported Glastonbury Zodiac. An extensive

l i t e r a t u r e survey was conducted over a four-month per iod commenc

ing mid-January, 1984, to assess the ava i l ab l e spectrum of

scho lar ly and popular publ icat ions r e l a t i n g to t e r r e s t r i a l

zodiacs i n general , and the Glastonbury Zodiac i n p a r t i c u l a r , to

determine i f a more comprehensive on-s i te inves t iga t ion of the

topic was merited.

Three persons have ac t ive ly p a r t i c i p a t e d i n th i s phase of

the pro jec t : Susan Intner, a Princeton alumna,'79; Jensine

Andresen, an undergraduate i n the Department of C i v i l Engineer

ing; and Jeremiah A. Farr ington , Ass i s tant Dean of the School of

Engineer ing/Appl ied Science. E r i c Jahn, 179 and Miche l l e

Kriegman, an undergraduate, also made valuable contr ibut ions to

the p r o j e c t , which was c a r r i e d out under the guidance of Robert

G. Jahn and Brenda J . Dunne of the Princeton Engineering

Anomalies Research laboratory.

T h i s phase of the p r o j e c t had three major t h r u s t s :

1) An attempt to v e r i f y the topographical boundaries of the

e f f i g i e s a l leged to comprise the Glastonbury Zodiac;

2) An inves t iga t ion of the or ig ins of zodiacs and the i r

associated symbolic representations;

3) A review of the ava i lab le documentation on the cultures

of p r e - h i s t o r i c B r i t a i n .

The bulk of the b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l and cartographica l resources

were obtained through the Princeton and Columbia Univers i ty

l i b r a r i e s and the i r i n t e r - l i b r a r y loan serv ices . A d d i t i o n a l

materials and information were supplied through various publ ic

l i b r a r y systems. Discussions with academic colleagues here and

i n Great B r i t a i n also proved h e l p f u l .

The resu l t s of these inves t igat ions can be summarized as

fol lows:

1) Topographical Boundaries

A number of ordnance survey and other maps,^^ dating

back to the 18th century, were studied i n an attempt to v e r i f y

(2)

the boundaries of the zodiaca l e f f i g i e s proposed by Maltwood,

which are based on a v a r i e t y of na tura l and man-made geographical

conf igurat ions . Attempts were made to reconstruct the various

c o n s t e l l a t i o n f igures by applying Maltwood's topographical (3)

descr ipt ions to the 1782 Day and Masters map and to the 1822 (3)

Greenwood map of the Somerset area with no success, and to

modern maps with only p a r t i a l success. Comparisons between the

modern and pre -20 th century maps were made to confirm the

h i s t o r i c a l existence of the various roads, f i e l d s , streams, e tc .

which comprised major features of Maltwood's f i gures . There were

numerous incons i s tenc ies , p a r t i c u l a r l y with regard to roads, many

of which appeared to be of r e l a t i v e l y recent o r i g i n . 1. References 29, 40, 49, 62, 63, M2-M6, Appendix A

2. Reference 83

3. References M6 and Appendix A

The outl ines from Maltwood's i l l u s t r a t i o n of the zodiacal

f igures were used as an overlay for two of the older maps, which

had been reduced i n s ize to achieve a uniformity of sca le . Thus

a d i rec t cartographical comparison between Maltwood's e f f i g i e s

and topo log ica l features shown on the older maps could be made.

Except for the "Phoenix", l i t t l e conformity was observed between

the two.

One a d d i t i o n a l exercise involved asking several i n d i v i d

uals not involved i n the project to examine unmarked maps to

determine whether "figures" were discernable . Once again, the

only cons is tent ly recognized pattern was the "Phoenix."

Much of the work of subsequent authors on the Glastonbury

planisphere demonstrates e i ther a complete skept ic ism, ^ o r an

unquestioning a c c e p t a n c e o f Maltwood's geographical boundaries

for the f i g u r e s . Addi t iona l authors who accept the existence of

the p lan i sphere^^ question some of the e f f igy boundaries or

charac ter i za t ions , while accepting others . C a i n e ^ ^ has sub

s t a n t i a l l y redrawn cer ta in of the f i gures , t o t a l l y a l t ered

others , and found s t i l l new e f f i g i e s . Caine's boundaries,

purportedly substantiated by a e r i a l photographs, are unconvincing

and appear to be almost a r b i t r a r y i n t h e i r de l inea t ion .

4. References 18, 71

5. References 75, 76, 105

6. References 17, 85, 92, 94-98, 101, 105, 124


A re-eva luat ion of these proponents' analyses ra i s e

considerable doubt as to the geographical c r e d i b i l i t y of a

phys i ca l zodiac , p a r t i c u l a r l y since i t i s known that u n t i l the

modern era , southern England, inc luding the Glastonbury region,

was subject to per iod ic f looding and other c l i m a t i c changes.

As a r e s u l t , over the past 5000 years much of the Somerset area

was frequently under water and subs tant ia l port ions of i t com-(8)

p r i s e d swamps and peat bogs. ' In the middle ages, monks from

the Glastonbury Abbey carr i ed out a drainage program to r i d the

area of swamps. There i s some evidence that at l east one earth-(9)

quake, i n approximately 1270 AD, ' may have had substant ia l

impact on the l o c a l geography. F i n a l l y , urbanizat ion over the

past 150 years , as we l l as human intervent ion i n the

determination of the boundaries of woods and f i e l d s , which may

have begun i n Neo l i th i c times, make i t d i f f i c u l t to accept

the present day existence of a planisphere landscaped as ear ly as

2700 BC, as Maltwood suggests.

2) Z o d i a c a l o r i g i n s

In addi t ion to pursuing v e r i f i c a t i o n of the Glastonbury

planisphere's topographical boundaries, an i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the

or ig ins and h i s tory of zodiacs was undertaken i n order to obtain

8. References 10, 29, 32-36, 50, 62-64, 67, 72, 73, 99, 100, 109

9. References 58, 125, M2

10. References 36, 50, 55, 72, 73, 81, 100, 109

some understanding of ancient astronomy and zodiacs , and thereby

to evaluate the f e a s i b i l i t y of the existence of a formulated

zodiac i n prehis tory i n general , and B r i t i s h prehis tory i n

p a r t i c u l a r .

The word 'zodiac' comes from the Greek phrases zodiakos

kyklos , " c i r c l e of animals," or ta zod ia , "the l i t t l e animals",

used to describe the band i n which the c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , often

v i s u a l i z e d as animals, crossed the paths of the p lanets . (12)

Readings on the or ig ins of the zodiac 7 are contradictory about the o r i g i n a t i n g cul ture or era . It seems reasonably c e r t a i n that

the concept of a zodiac was common to diverse p r e h i s t o r i c

(13)

cu l tures , and there are strong arguments supporting both

c.4000-2000 B C ( 1 4 ) and c.300 B C ( 1 5 ) as dates of o r i g i n . However,

h i e r a r c h i c a l questions such as when and where c e l e s t i a l

cons te l la t ions were o r i g i n a l l y perceived; which cu l ture(s )

or ig inated the ideas of the zodiaca l path and a c i r c u l a r zodiaca l

pa t tern , a 12-house zodiac , a standardized zodiac d iv ided into 12

houses of 30° each, or the 12 s p e c i f i c c o n s t e l l a t i o n depict ions

a l leged at Glastonbury; and which cul ture transmitted each part

11. Reference 129

12. References 7, 12, 21-25, 31, 42, 55, 59, 61, 67, 70, 71,

81, 85, 101, 105, 110, 116, 126, 129

13. References 7, 24-25, 31, 59

14. References 7, 21, 31, 70

15. References 12, 24, 42, 110, 116, 129

of th i s heritage to other cu l tures , are a l l as yet unre-(16)

solved. A comprehensive examination of these issues would

require a l e v e l of background and o r i g i n a l research we l l beyond

the scope of th is study.

The topographical configurations a t t r ibuted to the

Glastonbury zodiac appear to be those associated with the Greco-(15)

Roman zodiac , c.300 BC, and the older Phoenician, Babylonian

(or Chaldean) and Egyptian zodiacs upon which the Greek vers ion

was based.

No convincing d i rec t correspondences have been found

between the arrangement of stars def ining the c e l e s t i a l conste l

l a t i o n s , and notable or exceptional features of the landscape

comprising t h e i r hypothet ica l counterparts i n the Somerset

p lanisphere . Often the stars do not f a l l on the corresponding

e f f igy at a l l . Although many of the images representing a given

zodiaca l c o n s t e l l a t i o n d i f f e r from cul ture to c u l t u r e , the

Glastonbury zodiac does not r e f l e c t any astronomical ly correct

conf igurat ion , and i n fact presents incorrect placement of

s e v e r a l of the c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , as w e l l as i n c o r r e c t c o n s t e l l a

t ions themselves. For example, L i b r a i s represented as a dove

and placed i n the center of the zodiac; Cetus, the Whale, not

usua l ly considered part of the zodiac , i s located between

16. References 7, 24-25, 31, 42, 59, 67, 70, 85, 101, 105, 110,

116

17. References 30, 85, 101, 105

Aquarius and Pisces; and Orion , a c o n s t e l l a t i o n not included i n

the Greek zodiac , i s pos i t ioned i n Argo Navis , a c o n s t e l l a t i o n of

the southern hemisphere, here v i s u a l i z e d as a sh ip , which Caine

considers to represent Cancer. Caine's many a l t era t ions and (18)

addit ions to Maltwood's planisphere ' serve only to increase

doubts about the legit imacy of the depict ions ascr ibed to the

Glastonbury zodiac.

These differences i n i t i a l l y suggested other feas ib le

hypotheses: that the Glastonbury zodiac i l l u s t r a t e s a var iant or

forerunner to the Greco-Roman zodiac; or that i t i s not a zodiac

at a l l , but simply a large-sca le grouping of e f f i g i e s s imi lar to (19)

the works of the Nazca Indians i n Peru. Both hypothesis were

found to be without demonstrable mer i t , however, p r i m a r i l y

because topo log ica l proof of the e f f i g i e s themselves i s almost

always l a c k i n g , and because other kinds of substant iat ion r e l y

upon h ighly subject ive in terpreta t ions of " t r a d i t i o n a l " e v i

dences. Sympathetic authors on t e r r e s t i a l zodiacs frequently

u t i l i z e mythology, f o l k l o r e , l i t e r a t u r e and the putat ive h i s tory

of place names, as both demonstration and explanation of the

s i m i l a r i t i e s and the discrepancies between the Glastonbury zodiac

and other known p r e h i s t o r i c character izat ions of d e i t i e s , heros,

legends, c o n s t e l l a t i o n and zodiaca l representat ions , etc .


19. References'21, 23, 31, 39, 55, 66, 67, 71, 76, 92, 95

20. References 11, 17, 27, 30, 75-76, 83, 85, 92-98, 101, 105,

106, 124

8

These r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n s are large ly adequate and

incons i s tent . For example, Caine argues that Cancer and L i b r a

are purposeful ly misplaced, disguised (a ship and a dove respec

t i v e l y ) , and out of correspondence with t h e i r s t ar s , i n order to

i l l u s t r a t e se lect mythological and C h r i s t i a n concepts, i . e . , "to

sum up the message of the whole Zodiac, as Jesus' two command

ments [revealed i n Deuteronomy, according to Caine] summed up the (21)

other ten. I t i s the story of Creat ion and i t s purpose." (22)

According to Leader, Cancer and L i b r a are absent, the dove i s

simply an a d d i t i o n a l f i gure , and the grouped e f f i g i e s of a giant

c h i l d , a boat, a g r i f f i n and a l i t t l e dog probably subst i tute for

Cancer and Gemini.

Since the equinoxes f a l l wi th in Taurus and Scorpio i n

her depic t ion of the Somerset zodiac , Maltwood dates i t to 2700 (23)

BC on the basis of the 26,000-year cycle of precess ion, but

other evidence to support th i s date i s l ack ing . The Romans,

rather than the Greeks and Chaldeans, were the f i r s t to separate

the stars of L i b r a into a d i s t i n c t zodiaca l c o n s t e l l a t i o n , which

could we l l date the Glastonbury planisphere to a pos t -Ju l ius

21. Reference 30

22. References 75-76, 124

23. References 83;

On Precession i n General

12, 21, 23, 24, 42, 55, 59, 67, 71, 105, 116

Caesar per iod . Maltwood claims that the s i m i l a r i t y between

the names Sumer and Somerset provides evidence for a Sumerian (25)

settlement i n Somerset and the o r i g i n of the planisphere .

Other wr i ters do not concern themselves with the s p e c i f i c time

per iod i n which the planisphere was presumably landscaped.

3) C u l t u r a l h i s tory

A b r i e f review of the l i t e r a t u r e on pre-Roman

(preh i s tor i c ) B r i t a i n was undertaken to provide a contextual

background against which the purported earthworks of the (26)

Glastonbury zodiac might be assessed.^



26. References On Archaeology/Antiquary

1, 3, 6, 13, 21, 23, 26, 28, 36, 37, 39, 40, 50,

55, 58, 60, 62-67, 71-74, 76, 95, 99, 100, 109,

111, 113, 127, M2, B1-B14

On Mythology/Religion/Druids

2, 8-11, 17-23, 27, 28, 32-35, 43, 49, 51-53, 55,

56, 61, 69, 78, 79, 82, 87, 89, 90, 92, 104, 105,

110, 117, 123, 126

On Arthur ian Legends

1, 4, 5, 19, 22, 57, 58, 66, 70, 84, 88, 102,

103, 114, 117

10

J u l i u s Caesar's descr ip t ion of the p r e h i s t o r i c Br i ton as (27)

an ignorant and p r i m i t i v e hunter-gatherer v ' has been t r a d i t i o n

a l l y accepted by many h i s tor ians and archaeolog is t s . This

impression i s supported by a r e l a t i v e l y large number of phys ica l

a r t i f a c t s from Bronze Age (c.2000-500 BC) and Iron Age (c.500

BC-43 AD) human a c t i v i t y . ( 2 8 ) However, l i t t l e d i r e c t

substant iat ion has been obtained of the l i v e s and knowledge of

Druid ic and "pre-Druidic" occupants of B r i t a i n .

Any theory concerning a more advanced c i v i l i z a t i o n i n

B r i t a i n f l o u r i s h i n g p r i o r to the Bronze Age has long been

obstructed by the absence of phys i ca l evidence of a wri t ten

language, the r a r i t y of t y p i c a l archaeolog ica l a r t i f a c t s such as

pot tery , u tens i l s and t o o l s , and the s c a r c i t y of accepted sc ien

t i f i c recogni t ion and analys is of the various megal i thic s truc

tures which abound i n B r i t a i n . The o r a l h i s t o r y and t rad i t ions (29) (^0) encompassed i n the Welsh t r i a d s v ' and other sagas, ' though

commonly a t t r ibuted to much e a r l i e r per iods , were probably not

wr i t ten down i n f u l l u n t i l the twelfth century AD, and thus do

not s a t i s f a c t o r i l y mit igate the need for tangible evidence.


28. References 3, 10, 17, 18, 20, 29, 31, 32-35, 39, 50, 60,

63-66, 72-74, 99, 100, 104, 109, 111, 113, 127

29. References 22, 33, 35, 43

30. References 28, 51-53, 57, 61, 62, 68-70, 78, 79, 82, 87,

102-104, 114, 117

11

Nonetheless, some conventional academic researchers are

current ly i n the process of re -eva luat ing ex i s t ing theories and (31)

archaeologica l a r t i f a c t s r e l a t i n g to ear ly B r i t i s h cu l ture . Several l ines of evidence strongly suggest a far more complex and

( 3 ? )

sophis t icated Neo l i th i c cul ture (c.4800-1700 BC) V ' than pre

v ious ly thought poss ib le . Recent f inds of crop husbandry, f i e l d (31)

use, and purposeful land clearance and regeneration imply a (33)

more advanced and stable a g r i c u l t u r e . ' Radiocarbon and po l l en

techniques date a r t i f a c t s such as the Somerset l eve l s (wooden

trackways or roads through the peat bogs) and wood henges to as

ear ly as c.3200 BC. The emergence of new evidence of the

extensive astronomical knowledge embodied i n Stonehenge and other

megal i thic monuments indicates the large-sca le app l i ca t ion of

c e l e s t i a l analys is and engineering concepts. Such monuments

imply the existence of an advanced, and poss ib ly s t r a t i f i e d s o c i

ety, since the construct ion of megaliths presumably required the

accumulation of a large body of data p r i o r to i t s use i n the

design and construct ion of the various stages of each monument,

and the a b i l i t y of a s o c i e t y to s u s t a i n workers u n i n v o l v e d i n the

gathering and production of food, c lo th ing and she l t er .

31. References 50, 67, 73, 81, 109


33. References 23, 50, 81, 109

34. References 39, 50, 73, 109

12

The extraordinary , incompletely understood configurations

such as h i l l f o r t s , tumuli , stone c i r c l e s , c a i r n s , barrows, and (35)

chalk f igures which appear throughout B r i t a i n , t e s t i f y to the

existence of at least one complex ear ly c u l t u r e . There i s some

evidence that the use of major earthworks as b u r i a l s i tes i n some

cases occurred long a f ter t h e i r o r i g i n a l construct ion .

At various but as yet uncertain per iods , r e l i g i o u s

worship i n B r i t a i n i s be l ieved to have been d irec ted to de i t i e s

represented by horses, b u l l s , the "White Goddess", and other (37)

magical f i gures . ' The construct ion of C h r i s t i a n churches,

often dedicated to St. Michae l , on s i tes sacred to the indiginous

B r i t o n s ( 3 8 ^ (Ce l t s , "pre-Cel ts" , Druids , "pre-Druids", e t c . ) , may

be an i n d i c a t i o n of which areas and constructs were important to

these p r e h i s t o r i c inhabi tants , and why. Modern-day ley-hunters ,

geomancers, and amateur antiquarians have appl ied th i s assoc ia

t i o n between sacred C h r i s t i a n and p r e - C h r i s t i a n s i t e s i n B r i t a i n

35. References 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 17, 18, 20, 21, 26, 29, 31, 39,

40, 49, 55, 58, 63, 65, 66, 71, 73, 78, 92, 94,

95, 101, 105, 113, M2, M5

36. References 50, 72, 73, 100, 109

37. References 4, 28, 43, 49, 51-53, 67, 69, 73, 78, 79, 82,

104, 105

38. References 1, 2, 18, 62-64, 85, 99, 102, 103, 117

as one kind of evidence to support theories concerning the

cont inui ty of m y s t i c a l / s p i r i t u a l knowledge from p r e h i s t o r i c times (39)

through the present, a l b e i t often i n less than scho lar ly

fashion.

The infus ion of C h r i s t i a n precepts , symbols, and

r i t u a l s couple with the Arthur ian legends to obfuscate

further any indigenous pre-Roman c u l t u r a l a t t r i b u t e s . Yet a

l i t e r a l app l i ca t ion of the Arthur ian legends - - themselves of

c o n t r o v e r s i a l and doubtful h i s t o r i c a l a c c u r a c y i s a

cornerstone of the favorable evaluations of the Glastonbury

zodiac . Maltwood envisions the planisphere as an

embodiment of Arthur , his Round Table , and the associated

legends. Caine and Leader, also with l i t t l e convincing

evidence, go a step further and argue that the Glastonbury zodiac

i l luminates the myths and legends of a much larger number of

cul tures and i d e n t i f i a b l e time periods .

39. References 11, 23, 27, 30, 55, 75, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 86,

91-98, 101, 105, 106, 115, 124

40. References 2, 4, 20, 32-35, 57, 70, 72, 73, 99

41. References See footnote 26: On Arthur ian Legends, also

32-35

42. References 17, 23, 30, 75, 76, 83, 92, 105, 124

43. Reference 83

44. Reference 30


14

Nevertheless, the p lethora of myths, legends, and ear ly

epic t r a d i t i o n s assoc iat ing the Glastonbury region with ancient

Avalon, King Arthur and M e r l i n , Joseph of Arimethea and the Holy

G r a a l , and other h i s t o r i c a l or s e m i - h i s t o r i c a l personages and

events, t e s t i f i e s to the s i g n i f i c a n t h i s t o r i c a l importance of

th i s area. It has drawn the at tent ion of wr i ters and h i s tor ians

such as J u l i u s Caesar, Geoffrey of Monmouth, John Dee, and others

since ear ly times. However, with the exception of Dee, who may

have described the discovery of zodiaca l e f f i g i e s i n the s ix

teenth century, we found no h i s t o r i c a l mention of a zodiac or

planisphere associated with the area.

46. References 57, 58, 62, 91

47. References 44, 45-48, 54, 107, 108

15

Conclusions

Within the l i m i t e d scope of th i s l i t e r a t u r e survey l i t t l e

convincing phys ica l evidence has been found to substantiate the

existence of a t e r r e s t r i a l zodiac at Glastonbury, such as that

proposed by Maltwood, Caine and Leader. Although t h e i r claims

may have aesthet ic appeal , they are not w e l l supported by the

geographical or h i s t o r i c a l sources accessed i n th i s study, but

depend more upon r e l a t i v e l y oblique or symbolic assoc iat ions .

The major discrepancies found among the i n d i v i d u a l , subject ive

descr ipt ions of the various zod iaca l conf igurat ions by the

several proponents of the planisphere hypothesis may we l l be the

strongest argument against i t .

Although many i n t r i g u i n g ideas concerning h i s t o r i c a l and

symbolic impl icat ions are presented i n discussions of the Somer

set and other t e r r e s t r i a l zodiacs , there seems to be l i t t l e

substantive basis for these extremely subtle in terpre ta t ions and

anomalous c o r r e l a t i o n s . The vagueness surrounding the chrono

l o g i c a l and c u l t u r a l sources of the zodiaca l concept further

complicates any e f f o r t s to p l a c e the h y p o t h e t i c a l Glastonbury

formation wi th in an h i s t o r i c a l or c u l t u r a l context.

F i n a l l y , given the multitude of myths, legends, esoter ic

w r i t i n g s , and documented archaeologica l studies associated with

the Glastonbury reg ion , a l l of which suggest p r e h i s t o r i c cul tures

with c lose r e l i g i o u s and pragmatic bonds to nature, and many of

which contain d i r e c t references to s p e c i f i c n a t u r a l landmarks i n

the v i c i n i t y , the omission of any e x p l i c i t references i n the

t r a d i t i o n a l ear ly l i t e r a t u r e or o r a l records to a zodiac per se

16

or to a s i m i l a r conf igurat ion of such immense scale and

impl i ca t ion appears i r r e c o n c i l a b l e .

Recommendations

The paucity of phys i ca l or h i s t o r i c a l evidence to support

the existence of a t e r r e s t r i a l zodiac at Glastonbury does not

necessar i ly t o t a l l y inva l ida te the concept proposed by Maltwood

and others . It should be noted that i n essence any zodiac or

c o n s t e l l a t i o n i s a propos i t i on , rather than an object ive phys ica l

phenomenon, which the mind of man has found use fu l or st imulat ing

i n ordering the p r o l i f e r a t e astronomical d i sp lay into meaningful

or memnonic patterns . In th i s sense Maltwood's perception can

also be considered as an attempt to project onto the phys ica l

domain a subject ive i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of th is p a r t i c u l a r l o c a l i t y .

She was not the f i r s t to do so, although the p a r t i c u l a r pattern

she employed may be d i f f erent from those of most of her

predecessors.

For example, a biography of John D e e ^ ^ (1927-1608), geographer,

as tro loger , mystic , mathematician, phi losopher, and diplomat i n

the service of Queen E l i zabe th I , quotes, without c i t a t i o n , Dee's

descr ip t ion of p e c u l i a r i t i e s i n the form of c e r t a i n Somerset

h i l l s i n and around Glastonbury that led him to make or commis

s ion maps which, i n turn , d isplayed zodiaca l f i gures . Unfortun

a t e l y , i t was not poss ib le to locate e i ther Dee's o r i g i n a l text

or copies of h is maps.

48. Reference 44

17

The p r o l i f e r a t i o n of legends, myths, and r e l i g i o u s and

h i s t o r i c a l a r t i f a c t s associated with Glastonbury and i t s

environs t e s t i f i e s to an enduring myst ica l aura associated with

th i s v i c i n i t y , which might be deserving of further study i n

somewhat d i f f erent terms. For example, there are a number of

we l l - e s tab l i shed phys i ca l features that might prove to be more

amenable to s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

Much of the evidence reviewed i n th i s study suggests that

the e f f igy of the Phoenix, encompassing the town of Glastonbury,

Glastonbury Tor , and Chal ice H i l l , a c t u a l l y e x i s t s . Unlike the

other f i gures , th i s one i s c l e a r l y defined by v a r i a t i o n s i n

ground contour, rather than by more t r a n s i t o r y roads, waterways,

or f i e l d boundaries of questionable h i s t o r i c a l o r i g i n , and i t i s

c l e a r l y apparent on the various maps we have s tudied, whether i t

i s wholly a natura l phenomenon or whether man has also had a ro le

i n i t s design i s s t i l l uncerta in . Nor i s i t known whether i t

may be one of Dee's f igures . It i s poss ib le that th i s very large

e f f igy i s not simply a natura l c u r i o s i t y , but an actual pre

h i s t o r i c a r t i f a c t . I f th is were the case, we would be dealing

with an earthwork of a s ize and k ind quite d i s t i n c t from the more

f a m i l i a r mounds, barrows, tumuli , and h i l l f o r t s , and other

classes of known a r t i f a c t s , such as the giant chalk f igures and

the megal i thic stone conf igurat ions .

49. References 17, 30, 75, 76, 105, 106

18

Also of substant ia l in teres t i s Glastonbury Tor , a h i l l

carry ing an ancient C h r i s t i a n chapel on i t s crown, that appears

to support a labyr in th on i t s slopes rather than the common

concentric t e r r a c i n g , suggesting that the human manipulation had

some s p i r i t u a l or r e l i g i o u s purpose, rather than construct ion for

defense or a g r i c u l t u r e . The s p i r a l , h e l i x , and l a b y r i n t h are

motifs common to many cultures i n both the eastern and western

hemispheres, and have been found inc i s ed on human and animal

bones dating as ear ly as 20,000 BC, and i n succeeding m i l l e n i a as

petroglyphs and as decorations on pot tery , metalwork, cups, and

bu i ld ings .(50) These symbols are so ubiquitous that they may be

a u n i v e r s a l and fundamental pat tern , perhaps i n the sense of a

Jungian archetype of human consciousness. Among the Hopi and

other American Indian tr ibes t j i e S p i r a i w a s used to represent

the Earth Mother and the migratory trave l s of the t r i b e , and to

symbolize i t s emergence from the underworld to i t s present

l o c a t i o n on earth. In B r i t a i n , the maypole dances of Saffron,

Walden, Alkborough, Sneinton, and elsewhere lead i n i t i a t e s along

r i t u a l , labyr inth ine paths meant to represent the route from the (52)

phys i ca l to the s p i r i t u a l world. S imi lar labyr inth ine forms

50. References 7, 17, 18, 21, 23, 31, 38, 39, 55, 56, 64, 65,

71-73, 76, 92, 105, 106, 128

51. References 21, 31, 55, 65, 67, 118


19

can be found throughout eastern and western Europe, the Middle

and Far East , and North and South America. They have been

associated with known cultures as o ld as ancient Egypt and as

recent as medieval France, and have frequently been found i n

conjunction with the symbol of the doubleheaded axe (Gr. Labrys) ,

a representat ion often l inked with the worship of the Great

Mother goddess. In p r e - C h r i s t i a n times, Glastonbury Tor was

considered the holy h i l l of the C e l t i c god of the underworld,

Gwyn ap N u d d . ( 5 3 )

One could ask whether the t errac ing of the Tor i s i n fact a

three dimensional l a b y r i n t h , perhaps intended by i t s unknown

bu i lders to provide r i t u a l passage between th is world and the

s p i r i t u a l domain.

I f these topics are found to merit further i n v e s t i g a t i o n , we

would recommend that such research address the fo l lowing points :

1) l oca t ion and evaluation of the pert inent works of John

Dee;

2) assessment of sources and publ icat ions unavai lable for

th i s study, i . e . , the actual a e r i a l photographs of the

Glastonbury reg ion , Caine's 16mm f i l m of the area, per iod maps by

the B r i t i s h Ordnance Survey, and many of the more esoter ic works

r e l a t i n g to Glastonbury;


54. Reference Supplementary Bibl iography

20

3) review of the works of pre-20th century scholars other

than Dee, to determine whether any other observations were

recorded regarding the unusual nature of the Tor , the putat ive

Phoenix, and/or the Tor l abyr in th or other such motifs i n the

v i c i n i t y ;

4) interviews with appropriate B r i t i s h scholars concerning

the Glastonbury e f f i g i e s , the Tor , recent archaeolog ica l and

geo log ica l studies of the reg ion , and the current state of

knowledge regarding p r e h i s t o r i c astronomy i n B r i t a i n ;

5) care fu l study of the works of Freder ick B l igh Bond,

who discovered the remains of two ancient chapels i n Glastonbury,

using the techniques of psychic archeaology (automatic w r i t i n g ) ;

6) on-s i te inves t igat ion of the Tor and other components of

the Phoenix, employing s c i e n t i f i c instrumentation, e .g .

magnetometers and gravitometers, to test for geo log ica l anomalies

i n the area which might provide some phys i ca l basis for the

unusual environment associated with the v i c i n i t y ;

7) on-s i te invest igat ions of l o c a l f o l k l o r e , museums, and

l i b r a r i e s , and inspections of other a n c i e n t symbols, earthworks,

and construct ions , such as the Ghalice Well and i t s reported

heal ing proper t i e s .

55. References 14-16, 91

21

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90. , The h i s t o r y of i n i t i a t i o n . Jno. W. Leonard, New York, 1855.

91. Owen, A.R.G., "The g h o s t l y aids of F r e d e r i c k B l i g h Bond," I n t e r n a t i o n a l Journal of Parapsychology. V I I I , No. 1 (Winter 1966), pp. 147-150.

92. * Pennick, N i g e l , The ancient science of geomancy. Thames and Hudson, London, 1979.

93. , The mysteries of king's c o l l e g e chapel. Thorsons P u b l i s h e r s , Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, 1978.

94. , Leys and zodiacs. M e g a l i t h i c V i s i o n s A n t i q u a r i a n Papers, 2nd ed., Fenris-Wolf, Bar H i l l , Cambridge, 1976.

95. , Ancient h i l l - f i g u r e s of England. Occasional Paper No. 2, I n s t i t u t e of Geomantic Research, Fenris-Wolf, Bar H i l l , Cambridge, 1976.

2?

96. , European metrology. F e n r i s Wolf, Bar H i l l , Cambridge, 1976.

97. * and Lord, Robert, T e r r e s t i a l zodiacs i n B r i t a i n , the Nuthampsted zodiac and the Pendle zodiac. I n s t i t u t e f o r Geomantic Research, Bar H i l l , Cambridge, 1976

98. , Geomancy. The Cokaygne P r e s s , Cambridge, 1973.

99. P o r t e r , H.M., The Saxon conquest of Somerset and Devon, James Brodie, Bath, 1967.

100. Renfrew, C o l i n , ed., B r i t a i n p r e h i s t o r y j_ a. new o u t l i n e . Noyes Pr e s s , Park Ridge, New J e r s e y , 1974.

101. Roberts, Anthony,, "Giants i n the e a r t h , " i n Sowers of thunder. g i a n t s i n myth and h i s t o r y . R i d e r , London, 1978, pp. 49-74.

102. Robertson, J . Armitage, The times of St. Dunstan, Clarendon P r e s s , Oxford, 1923.

103. , Two Glastonbury legends; King Arthur and S t . Joseph of Arimathea. U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , Cambridge, 1926.

104. R o l l e s t o n , T.W., Myths and legends of the C e l t i c r a c e , George G. Harrap, Great B r i t a i n , 1911.

105. * Screeton, P a u l , Q u i c k s i l v e r h e r i t a g e . the mystic l e y s : t h e i r legacy and ancient wisdom. Thorsons P u b l i s h e r s , Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, 1974.

106. * Seikmann, Gustav R., "The mystery of Glastonbury Tor," R o s i c r u c i a n D i g e s t , March 1969, pp. 104-114.

107. Shumaker, Wayne, Rennaissance c u r i o s a . Center f o r Medieval and E a r l y Renaissance Studies, Binghamton, New York, 1982.

108. and H e i l b r o n , J.L., John Dee on astronomy (propaendeumata a p h o r i s t i c a 1558 and 1568). L a t i n and E n g l i s h , U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e ss, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1978.

109. * Simmons, I.G. and Tooley, M.J.,eds., The environment i n B r i t i s h p r e h i s t o r y . Duckworth, London, 1981.

110. Smith, Richard Furnald, Prelude to science j_ an e x p l o r a t i o n of magic and d i v i n a t i o n , Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1975.

111. Somersetshire A r c h a e o l o g i c a l N a t u r a l H i s t o r y S o c i e t y , Proceedings. V o l . L I I I , B a i n i c o t t and Pearce, Taunton, 1908.

112. Thorn, Alexander, M e g a l i t h i c s i t e s i n B r i t a i n , Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1967.

113. Thomas, Stanley, Pre-Roman B r i t a i n , New York Graphic S o c , Greenwich, CT, 1966.

28

114. Trehame, R. F., The Glastonbury legends of Joseph of Arimathea. the h o l y g r a i l and king A r t h u r . Cresset P r e s s , 1967.

115. Underwood, Guy, The p a t t e r n of the past. Museum Pr e s s , London, 1968.

116. van der Waerden, B.L. ( t r a n s . Arnold Dresden), Science awakening. 4th ed., Noordhoff I n t e r n a t i o n a l P u b l i s h i n g , Leyden, 1975.

117. Waite, Arthur Edward, The hidden church of the h o l y g r a i l : i t s legend and i t s symbolism. Rebman, London, 1909.

118. Waters, Frank, Book of the Hopi. drawings and source m a t e r i a l recorded by Oswald White Bear F r e d e r i c k s . Penguin Books, Middlesex, England/New York, 1977.

119. Watkins, A l f r e d , E a r l y B r i t i s h trackways. London, 1922.

120. , The o l d s t r a i g h t t r a c k . London, 1925.

121. , The l e y hunter's manual. London, 1927, B r i s t o l , 1977.

122. Watkins, Dom A l f r e d , The great c h a r t u l a r y of Glastonbury. Somerset Record S o c i e t y , V o l s . 59, 63, 64, B u t l e r and Tanner, Frome, 1956.

123. Wilhelm, Richard, t r a n s , and annotator, The secret of the golden flower j_ a. Chinese book of l i f e . European commentary by C.G. Jung, Kegan P a u l , Trench, Trubner & Co., London, 1931.

124. W i l l i a m s , Mary, Glastonbury, a. study i n p a t t e r n s . 5th r e p r i n t , RILKO, London, J u l y 1976.

125. Williamson, J . , Glastonbury: i t s abbey, i t s r u i n s , e t c . J . Brock, Gazette O f f i c e , Glastonbury, 1880.

126. Wilson, C o l i n , Mysteries j_ an i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o the o c c u l t . the paranormal, and the su p e r n a t u r a l . G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1978.

127. Wilson, C.E., " B u r i a l s w i t h i n settlements i n southern B r i t a i n during the pre-Roman i r o n age," U n i v e r s i t y of London B u l l e t i n of the I n s t i t u t e of Archaeology. No. 18, 1981, pp. 127-169.

128. Woodward, Kathryn C h r i s t i , E r r o r l a b y r i n t h i : an iconographic study of l a b y r i n t h s as symbolic of submission and deli v e r a n c e i n manuscripts and on pavements d a t i n g from l a t e a n t i q u i t y through the high middle ages. d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , Department of Philosophy, Bryn Mawr C o l l e g e , A p r i l 1981.

129. The encyclopedia B r i t a n n i c a . e d i t i o n of 1969.

29 U0

Hi

B i b l i o g r a p h i e s and D i c t i o n a r i e s

B l . A r c h a e o l o g i c a l b i b l i o g r a p h y f o r Great B r i t a i n and I r e l a n d . 1940/46, Co u n c i l f o r B r i t i s h Archaeology, London, 1949.

B2. A b i b l i o g r a p h y of E n g l i s h h i s t o r y to 1485. based on the souces and l i t e r a t u r e of E n g l i s h h i s t o r y from the e a r l i e s t times to about 1485 by Charles Gross, ed., Edgar B. Graves, Clarendon Press, Oxford and New York, 1975.

tend

B3. Bonser, W i l f r i d , An Anglo-Saxon and C e l t i c b i b l i o g r a p h y (450-1087), 2 v o l . , U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1957.

B4. — • — , A Romano-British b i b l i o g r a p h y , 55 B.C.-A.D.449. 2 v o l . , B. B l a c k w e l l , Oxford, 1964.

B5. Brand, John, Popular a n t i q u i t i e s of Great B r i t a i n . F a i t h s and f o l k l o r e . ed. by W. Carew H a z l i t t , 2 v o l . , Reeves, London, 1905.

m ( r e p r i n t e d — see BIO.)

B6. F r a z i e r , S i r James George, The golden bough. a study i n magic and r e l i g i o n . 3rd edn., 12 v o l . , M a c m i l l i a n , London, 1907-15.

w ( r e p r i n t e d MacMillan, London, St. M a r t i n ' s , New York, 1955, 13 v o l . i n c l . Aftermath)

B7. , Aftermath. a_ supplement to the golden bough, MacMillan, London, 1936.

^ B8. Gross, Ch a r l e s , The sources and l i t e r a t u r e of e n g l i s h h i s t o r y from the e a r l i e s t times to about 1485, 2nd edn. r e v i s e d and enlarged, Longman's, London, r e p r i n t e d Peter Smith, New York 1951 and A.M. K e l l y , New York, 1970.

i i B9. Guide to the h i s t o r i c a l p u b l i c a t i o n s of the s o c i e t i e s of England

and Wales. Suppl. 1-13, 1929-1942/46, Longman's, London, 1930-48, m 13 v o l . , ( B u l l e t i n of the I n s t i t u t e of H i s t o r i c a l Research,

Suppl., Nov. 1930-48).

B10. H a z l i t t , W i l l i a m Carew, F a i t h s and f o l k l o r e of the B r i t i s h I s l e s , a. M d e s c r i p t i v e and h i s t o r i c a l d i c t i o n a r y . 2 v o l . , B. Blom, New York,

1965.

MM B l l . Index of A r c h a e o l o g i c a l papers published i n 1891-1910. v o l s . 1-20, Constable, London, 1892-1914.

m

30

m

B12. M u l l i n s , Edward Lindsay Carson, A guide to the h i s t o r i c a l and a r c h a e o l o g i c a l p u b l i c a t i o n s of s o c i e t i e s i n England and Wales. 1903-1933. compiled f o r the I n s t i t u t e of H i s t o r i c a l Research, Athlone P r e s s , London, 1968.

B13. Mythology of a l l r a c e s . Louis Herbert Gray, ed., v o l s . 1,3,6,9-12, John A r n o t t Maccoulloch and G.F. Moore, eds. v o l s . 2,4,5,7,8,13, A r c h a e o l o g i c a l I n s t i t u t e of America, M a r s h a l l Jones Co., Boston, 1916-32.

B14. V i c t o r i a h i s t o r y of the counties of England.: Somerset. 2 v o l . , Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r ess, London, 1906-11.

mt

m

mt

m

m

31

MAPS

Ml. Harley, J.B. and P h i l l i p s , C.W., The h i s t o r i a n ' s guide to ordnance survey maps. The N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l of S o c i a l S e r v i c e , London, 1964

M2. A handbook f o r t r a v e l e r s i n Somerset. 5th ed. w i t h maps and pl a n s , John Murray, London, 1899.

M3. Bartholomew's map of England and Wales. Sheet 34 ( p a r t s of Somerset and D o r s e t ) . Scale 2 m i l e s to an i n c h . Edward Stanford, London, c. 1935. /#

M4. Ordnance Survey of England, sheets 18 ( D o r s e t ) , 19 (Wells Center), 20 (Bridge Water, Somerset), and 21 ( S h i r e , T i r e t o n ) , L t . C o l . Mudge, the Tower, London, 1809, 1811, 1817.

M5. Ordnance survey of Great B r i t a i n , sheets 165 (Weston-Super-Mare), 166 (Frome), and 177 (Taunton and Lyme R e g i s ) , seventh s e r i e s , one i n c h to the m i l e , The D i r e c t o r General of the Ordnance Survey, Chessington, Surrey, 1965, 1967, 1970.

M6. Somerset Maps. containing reproductions of the maps of Day and Masters (1782) and Greenwood (1822) w i t h an i n t r o d u c t i o n by J . B. Harley and R. W. Dunning, Somerset Record S o c i e t y P u b l i c a t i o n s , V o l . 76, Taunton, Somerset, 1981.

(#) This i s one of the maps r e f e r r e d to by Maltwood. We were unable to f i n d many of her demarcations.

32

Supplementary B i b l i o g r a p h y (Books and a r t i c l e s not located i n the U.S.

by the I n t e r l i b r a r y Loan Service)

'Atun, 1 "Gypsy l o r e , zodiacs, and A l b i o n , " The l e v hunter. No. 19, 1971.

Benham, T i n a , "Glaston and the Phoenix," Tore. No. 2, 1971.

Caine, Mary, "The Glastonbury Zodiac." Gandalf's Garden. No. 4, 1969.

Campbell, I r i s , "The o r i g i n s of Glastonbury Tor," Tore. No. 4, 1972

, "Magnetism i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to p r e h i s t o r i c s i t e s (and o t h e r s ) , " The l e v hunter. No. 12. 1970.

Carr-Gomm, M.C., "They knew where they were going i n the bronze age," A t l a n t i s . V o l . 11, No. 6, 1958.

Chaundy, Douglas, "The S a l i s b u r y s t a r map and the white horse t r i a n g l e , " Enigmas of the p l a i n , ( b o o k let, no p l a c e , no date.)

Cohen, A l a n , " B r i t a i n , A l b i o n , and New Jerusalem," The l e v hunter. No. 24, 1971.

C o l l i e r , Mary, "Mysteries of the Fosse way," The A t l a n t e a n . No. 144, 1972.

C o l l i n s o n , John, The h i s t o r y and a n t i q u i t i e s of the county of Somerset. 1791, (no p u b l i s h e r g i v e n ) .

Dames, M i c h a e l , The S i l b u r v t r e a s u r e . London, 1976.

, The Avebury c y c l e . London, 1977

Dobson, D.P. The archaeology of Somerset. Methuen, London, 1931.

Fagan, C y r i l , Zodiacs; o l d and new, w i t h c h a r t . London, 1915.

Forbes, John F o s t e r , The unchronicled past. London, 1938.

Ford, Nancy, "Glastonbury v i s i o n . " The l e y hunter. No. 23, 1971.

Graves, Tom, Dowsing,, London, 1976

Goddard, J . , Handbook of leys and orthoteny. London, 1966.

, "A Somerset l e y hunt," Awareness. Aug. 1969, r e p r i n t e d i n The l e v hunter. No. 3, 1970.

, "The Somerset z o d i a c . " The l e v hunter. No. 18, 1971.

33

Heinsch, J o s e f , "The p r i n c i p l e s of p r e h i s t o r i c c u l t geography," Proceedings of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l geographic congress. Amsterdam, 1938. ( i n German)

H i g g i n s , Godfrey, The C e l t i c d r u i d s . R. Hunter, 1827.

Lord, Robert, " T e r r e s t i a l zodiac r e s e a r c h , " Proceedings of the f i r s t Cambridge geomancy symposium. Cambridge, 1977.

MaItwood, Katherine E., The enchantments of B r i t a i n . , V i c t o r i a , Nova S c o t i a , 1946.

, King Arthur*s round t a b l e of the zodiac. w i t h map, 1946.

, A i r views: supplement to Glastonbury's temple of the s t a r s . 1937

, A l o s t c i v i l i z a t i o n . 1927. (unpublished; the s u r v i v i n g fragments recovered by the I n s t i t u t e f o r Geomantic Research and published as an Occasional Paper. 1977.)

Matthews, W.H., Mazes and L a b y r i n t h s . London, 1922.

Moorhouse, Geoffrey, "Temple of the s t a r s , " The Guardian. 25 Jan. 1966. ( i n t e r v i e w w i t h Mary and Osmond Caine.)

Pennick, N i g e l , Caerdroia. I n s t i t u t e f o r Geomantic Research, Cambridge, 1974.

P l u n k e t , Emmaline, Ancient calendars and c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , London, 1903.

Roberts, Anthony, "Shadows over Glastonbury," The l e y hunter. No. 38, 1972.

Rudge, E.A. and E.L., "A stone age trade route i n East A n g l i a , " Discovery. J u l y 1952.

Screeton, P a u l , " T e r r e s t i a l zodiacs: a b i b l i o g r a p h y , " The o r a c l e of A l b i o n . No. 1, 1972.

Shepard, C.D.F., "Why i s Glastonbury the c r a d l e of the f u t u r e ? " Tore, No. 5, 1972.

, "Understanding Glastonbury's temple of the s t a r s , Quest, No. 11. 1972.

S t e e l e , H., "The Somerset g i a n t s . " Country l i f e , 11 Jan. 1948.

Thorn, A., "The geometry of cup and r i n g marks," Transactions of the Ancient Monument S o c i e t y . No. 74, 1969.

Waddell, Lawrence A., Phoenician o r i g i n of B r i t o n s . Scots, and Anglo- Saxons, Williams and Norgate (no date, no p l a c e ) .

Wedd, Tony, "A hunter's t a l e , " The l e v hunter. No. 2, 1969.

3^

Woods, K.F., " C i r c l e s — Clocks, Calendars, Computers," J o u r n a l . I n s t i t u t e of post o f f i c e e l e c t r i c a l engineers. Spring 1970.

Watts, F.R., "The ancient roads can s t i l l be t r a c e d , " Witney Gazette. 16 Dec. 1960.

MAPS

Ordnance Survey Maps of Great B r i t i a n . s i x i n c h to the m i l e and twenty f i v e inch to the m i l e , The D i r e c t o r General of the Ordnance Survey, Chessington, Surrey.

P e r i o d Maps of the Ordnance Survey

Roman B r i t a i n 1924 Roman B r i t a i n , 2nd ed. 1928 N e o l i t h i c Wessex 1932 Trent Basin ( N e o l i t h i c ) 1933 C e l t i c Earthworks of S a l i s b u r y P l a i n 1933 B r i t a i n i n the Dark Ages (South Sheet) 1935 N e o l i t h South Wales 1936 B r i t a i n i n the Dark Ages (North Sheet) 1938 Monastic B r i t a i n (South Sheet) 1950 Monastic B r i t a i n (North Sheet) 1950 Ancient B r i t a i n (South Sheet) 1951 Ancient B r i t a i n (North Sheet) 1951 Monastic B r i t a i n (South Sheet), 2nd ed. 1954 Monastic B r i t a i n (North Sheet), 2nd ed. 1955 Roman B r i t a i n , 3rd ed. 1956 Southern B r i t a i n i n the Ir o n Age 1962 Hadrians Wall 1963

35

Append

Day and Master's Map of 1782 Greenwood's Map of 1822 Ordnance Survey Map of 1971 Maltwood's Planisphere Caine's Ve r s i o n of Maltwood Caine 1s Planisphere

i t fell i I i 1. I t. t. i . i t * i i , - i

^ K n/ ">'•'•.• v?%f

9* ilk \ > f l ^ i i S W ^ i l L X \ \ C r . . . . l *TS>y..j

1 > . Qvnn'l Stuff* Moor

\ • -V,-

_• ^ ^ ^ , ; r.t

. ' <•••

\

T

Ordnance Survey Seventh Series Revised 1971

the glastonbury zodiac. a new horizons -

Documents