The Hydrogen EconomyThe Hydrogen Economy

Tõnu Malsub (TTÜ)Tõnu Malsub (TTÜ)

29.01.200629.01.2006

The Hydrogen EconomyThe Hydrogen Economy The global dependence on fossil fuels as the primary The global dependence on fossil fuels as the primary

energy source has had many serious consequences energy source has had many serious consequences over recent years and clear evidence now exists that it over recent years and clear evidence now exists that it is the root cause of contemporary is the root cause of contemporary problems such problems such as air pollution, global warmingas air pollution, global warming.. Even without Even without such adverse effects, the use of fossil fuels cannot such adverse effects, the use of fossil fuels cannot continue indefinitely as their reserves are finite and are continue indefinitely as their reserves are finite and are rapidly being depleted. rapidly being depleted. Consumption is Consumption is increasingincreasing with both population and with both population and industrialization, industrialization, and is expected to double and is expected to double from present levels by the year 2050from present levels by the year 2050. . Debate continues as to the actual reserves we have Debate continues as to the actual reserves we have and when they will finally be exhausted, but the one and when they will finally be exhausted, but the one incontrovertible fact is that the reserves will cease to incontrovertible fact is that the reserves will cease to be economic to extract at some time in the not too be economic to extract at some time in the not too distant future. distant future. Alternatives are desperately Alternatives are desperately needed!needed!

President's Hydrogen Fuel Initiative: A President's Hydrogen Fuel Initiative: A Clean and Secure Energy Future Clean and Secure Energy Future

"A simple chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen "A simple chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen generates energy, which can be used to power a car generates energy, which can be used to power a car producing only water, not exhaust fumes. With a new producing only water, not exhaust fumes. With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will national commitment, our scientists and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom so that the first car driven by a child born today showroom so that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free. Join me could be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free. Join me in this important innovation to make our air significantly in this important innovation to make our air significantly cleaner, and our country much less dependent on foreign cleaner, and our country much less dependent on foreign sources of energy.“sources of energy.“

— — President Bush, State of the Union Address, January 28, President Bush, State of the Union Address, January 28, 2003 2003

Three functional stagesThree functional stages

ProductionProduction StorageStorage UseUse

Plus safety issuesPlus safety issues

Why?Why?

Oil based Economy has to be Oil based Economy has to be replaced by clean and efficient replaced by clean and efficient alternative, or else...alternative, or else...

Oil TankersOil Tankers

How big are they?How big are they?

The largest tanker in the world, the The largest tanker in the world, the Jahre VikingJahre Viking, formally known as the , formally known as the Seawise GiantSeawise Giant, is 1504 feet long and , is 1504 feet long and 226 feet wide. 226 feet wide.

These vessels are so large that crew These vessels are so large that crew members often use bicycles to travel members often use bicycles to travel from one point to another on the from one point to another on the ship. ship.

How Many?How Many? Large tankers can carry as much as

2,000,000 barrels of oil

US SoldiersUS Soldiers

TerroristsTerrorists

Death and R.I.P.Death and R.I.P.

ChildrenChildren

Hydrogen RoadmapsHydrogen Roadmaps

United States of AmericaUnited States of America JapanJapan European UnionEuropean Union IndiaIndia ChinaChina CanadaCanada IcelandIceland ... even Havaii... even Havaii

Small ProjectsSmall Projects

Green Island International (BVI) Green Island International (BVI) Limited (“Green Island”) has plans in Limited (“Green Island”) has plans in Hong KongHong Kong• design and install a 200 kW hydrogen design and install a 200 kW hydrogen

power system power system The Chewonki Renewable Hydrogen The Chewonki Renewable Hydrogen

Project Project Wallace Avenue Sustainable Wallace Avenue Sustainable

Hydrogen (WASH) ProjectHydrogen (WASH) Project

LinksLinks http://www.ballard.com/http://www.ballard.com/ httphttp://www.fsec.ucf.edu/://www.fsec.ucf.edu/ http://www.ergenics.com/http://www.ergenics.com/ http://www.gii.com.hk/eng/clean_energy.htmhttp://www.gii.com.hk/eng/clean_energy.htm http://www.hionsolar.com/http://www.hionsolar.com/ http://www.h2eco.org/http://www.h2eco.org/ http://www.energypartners.orghttp://www.energypartners.org http://www.fuelcellstore.com/http://www.fuelcellstore.com/ http://www.princeton.edu/~chm333/2004/http://www.princeton.edu/~chm333/2004/

Hydrogen/Japan.htmHydrogen/Japan.htm