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IJBQ@EIM UBERQ@P WQOLBE

@m~qonre~`om

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t`ff ubqxb ~o bnrei~b wbowfb ab~~bq iaor~ wraf`e n`wfojiep imn ou~bq ubq`oru n`ueruu`om om cot ~o qbbu~iaf`imn uru~i`m i u~qomd Ijbq`eim jbuuidb-

Wqbu`nbm~ Qbdim i~ ~cb Aqimnbmabqd Di~b

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Nbhm`md Wraf`e N`wfojiep

Tc`fb ~cbqb iqb jimp tipu ~o nbmb wraf`e n`wfojiep #WN& oq ~cb wrqwoub o ~c`u qbwoq~& `~ t`ff abnbmbn iu

IJBQ@EIM UBERQ@P WQOLBE

aoqnbq qi`n `m tc`ec ~cb R-U- k`ffbn Ouiji a`m Finbmi wof`ep nbe`u`om tc`ec tiu jb~ t`~c u`dm`en`uiwwqoxif ap ~cb Wik`u~im` wraf`e-1 Cotbxbq& eomu`nbq`md ~ci~ Wik`u~im` ow`m`om ~otiqnu ~cb R-U- tiu ifqbin`ujif& ~cbqb tiu mo u~i~`u~`eiffp u`dm`eim~ ecimdb `m oxbqiff ow`m`om nrb ~o ~cb qi`n- 5

^ordc `~u `jwoq~im~ ~ci~ WN ucorfn ab eomu`nbqbn nrq`md ~cb wfimm`md wqoebuu& `~ `u i qbif`~p o `m~bqmi~`oqbfi~`omu imn wof`ep jik`md ~ci~ wraf`e n`wfojiep boq~u iqb uraubqx`bm~ ~o iec`bx`md doifu t`~c`m i mi~`ouberq`~p qijbtoqk- Bxbm tcbm ~c`u `u ~cb eiub& imn wof`ep uojb~`jbu wqoxbu ~o ab rmwowrfiq& wof`ep jik

jru~ ab itiqb o ~cb wraf`e n`wfojiep qij`ei~`omu o bmie~bn wof`ep& uo ~cbp eim abu~ ab wqbwiqbn ~o qbi^`u `mefrnbu rmnbqu~imn`md ~ci~ bswfi`m`md Ijbq`ei jip mo~ j`~`di~b ~cb mbdi~`xb qbie~`omu ~ci~ `~u wof`edbmbqi~b-

WN `u im @jwoq~im~ Bfbjbm~ o Mi~`omif Uberq`~p

Imrjabq o mi~`omif uberq`~p qbfi~bn bxbm~u oxbq ~cb eorqub o joqb ~cim i nbeinb cixb rbfbn i mbt m~bqbu~cot Ijbq`ei `u wbqeb`xbn iaqoin- ^bub bxbm~u `mefrnb ~cb 0/99 i~~ieku& ~cb uraubyrbm~ tiq `m Idcim`u~imn ~cb @qiy Tiq- Abeirub o ~cb c`u~oqp urqqormn`md ~cbub bxbm~u& `~ eim biu`fp ab iqdrbn ~ci~ bmdidbjbm~ t~cb @ufij`e toqfn `u ~cb jou~ u`dm`eim~ wraf`e n`wfojiep eciffbmdb ~cb Rm`~bn U~i~bu ciu iebn u`meb ~cb b

o ~cb Eofn Tiq-

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onipu eciffbmdbu& qoj bmbqdp uberq`~p ~o wqbxbm~`md ~bqqoq`uj& iqb toqfnt`nb eciffbmdbu ~ci~ eim omfp ab uofxeoffiaoqi~`xbfp- ^bub eciffbmdbu qbyr`qb arp*`m qoj nojbu~`e imn oqb`dm wowrfi~`omu if`kb- Rmnbqu~imn`~c`u `u `jwbqi~`xb- ^b Rm`~bn U~i~bu ciu mb`~cbq ~cb qbuorqebu moq ~cb eiwia`f`~p ~o do `~ ifomb `m ~c`u jonb`m~bqeommbe~bn toqfn- Hoqb`dm ow`m`om ji~~bqu imn `u im `jwoq~im~ ie~oq `m ~iww`md ~cb eoffbe~`xb wotbqwowrfi~`omu- Iu REFI Inlrme~ Wqobuuoq Aiqqp Uimnbqu wr~u `~9 ^b jb~q`eucbqb ao~c i~~bjw~ ~o bswfi`m ~cb u`|b o Ifcrqqiu irn`bmeb&ar~ iwwqoiec ~cb yrbu~`om n`bqbm~fp- ^b AAD bu~`ji~b `u

i qbiec*aiubn jb~q`e& oqjrfi~bn om ~cb mrjabq o wbowfbtco x`bt imp Ifcrqqi wqodqijj`md oq imp wbq`on i~fbiu~ omeb i tbbk->1 Ar~ tc`ec `u ~cb joqb qbfbxim~ jb~q`e> Omb wqoafbj t`~c ~cb wqbj`ub o im Iqia*fimdridbR-U-*uwomuoqbn ecimmbf `u ~cb iuurjw~`om ~ci~ `~ torfn wqox`nb Iqia irn`bmebu t`~c i wbquwbe~`xb oq`moqji~`om ~ci~ ~cbp iqb mo~ iafb ~o oa~i`m bfubtcbqb->2 onipu Iqia jbn`i jiqkb~ `u `meqbn`afp ui~rqi~bn&iu nbjomu~qi~bn ap ~cb ucbbq mrjabq o ui~bff`~b ecimmbfu ixi`fiafb- ^`u& o eorqub& `mefrnbu ieebuu ~o xiq`oru

Tbu~bqm jbn`i or~fb~u-

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IJBQ@EIM UBERQ@P WQOLBE

jou~ o If Li|bbqiu x`btbqu eomu`nbqeqbn`a`f`~p~o ab i mbtu wqox`nbqu jou~ `jwoq~im~ i~~q`ar~b&imn ~cbub x`btbqu tim~ mbtu ~ci~ `u di~cbqbn `mnbwbmnbm~fp oq Iqiau ap Iqiau& imn ~ci~ ubbu bxbm~u~cqordc ~cb`q bpbu->4

Ifcrqqi ciu iebn ubxbqif eqbn`a`f`~p uurbu t`~c Iqia wowrfi~`omu& `mefrn`md ~cb wbqebw~`om ~ci~ `~ `u wbqeb`xiu im Ijbq`eim wqowidimni ecimmbf- @~ ciu ifuo iwwbiqbn ~o ab or~ o ~orec; tcbm Cijiu fbinbq Icjbn Piuu

tiu k`ffbn `m 177>& Ifcrqqi uk`wwbn eoxbq`md ~cb bxbm~ imn `mu~bin eom~`mrbn aqoineiu~`md i eook`md ucotHrq~cbqjoqb& Ifcrqqi iebu im bs`u~bm~`if eomh`e~ qbxofx`md iqormn ~u jimni~b m ~cb @m~bqmi~`omif Aqoineiu~`m

Ie~ o 900> ~o ab eomu`u~bm~ t`~c ~cb aqoin oqb`dm wof`ep oalbe~`xbu o ~cb Rm`~bn U~i~bu tc`fb ubqx`md im oalbe~`xb jbn`i or~fb~->0 Tc`fb ~c`u `u i qbyr`qbjbm~ oq iff R-U- `m~bqmi~`omif aqoineiu~`md iwwiqi~rub

Ifcrqqi ciu iebn wiq~`erfiq ueqr~`mp qoj jrf~`wfb uorqebu imn wof`~`eif n`uwou`~`omu- Hoq `mu~imeb& tcIfcrqqi eoxbqbn im corq*fomd f`xb uwbbec ap Cb|aoffic fbinCiuuim Miuqiffic& Lobf Jotaqip bqebfp i~~iekbn ~cb ecimmbf iTiff U~qbb~ Lorqmifbn`~oq`if-27 I~ ~cb ~`jb& ~cb cbin o IfcrqqFiqqp Qbd`u~bq& nbbmnbn Ifcrqqiu nbe`u`om ~o i`q ~cb Miuqiffuwbbec& u~i~`md bxbqp o~cbq Iqia ecimmbf `m ~cb J`nnfb Bieiqq`bn `~- @ ~c`mk por fook k`mn o rm*eqbn`afb ` por nom~ eox`~-29

Nbuw`~b ~cbub eq`~`e`uju& `~ `u `jwoq~im~ ~o mo~b ~ci~ ~cb eoxbqiwqox`nbn ap Ifcrqqi nrq`md ~cb Bdpw~`im rwq`u`md `m 1799 teojjbmnbn imn dbmbqiffp x`btbn wou`~`xbfp- ^`u `mefrn

t`mm`md ~cb 1799 Iuuoe`i~`om oq @m~bqmi~`omif Aqoineiu~`mWbowfbu Eco`eb Itiqn oq ~u eoxbqidb o ~cb wqo~bu~u-21 AAD ife`~bu ~ci~ Ifcrqqiu irn`bmeb qbiec norafbn `m Bdpw~ offot`m

`~u eoxbqidb o ~cb qbxofr~`om-25 Ifcrqqiu @qiy u~i~`om ciu wqoxbm `~u jou~ ureebuurf boq~& i~~q`ar~iafb ab~~bq foeif eoxbqidb o @qiy*uwbe`e `uurbu imn dqbi~bq ieebuu ~o aqoineiu~u ~cqordc `meqbiubn ~bqqbu~q~qimuj`uu`omu-2>

@m ~cb bmn& Ifcrqqi ciu ebq~i`mfp abbm eom~qoxbqu`if- @~ ciu abbm i~~iekbn qoj jimp u`nbu o ~cb wof`~`eif im

ieinbj`e uwbe~qrj& imn ~u bbe~`xbmbuu ciu abbm qbwbi~bnfp eiffbn m~o nora~- Bs~bqmif imifpu`u ciu eom~`mroruwqox`nbn n`bqbm~ eomefru`omu ~cim ~cb AADu otm irn`bmeb jb~q`eu- ^bqb mbbnu ~o ab im rw*~o*ni~b `myr``m~o Ifcrqqi& iu jou~ o ~cb `moqji~`om om `~u ie~`x`~`bu `u ubxbqif pbiqu ofn- @m~bqmi~`omif aqoineiu~`md cfomd abbm i ebm~qif ~bmim~ o Ijbq`eim wraf`e n`wfojiep& ar~ `m i ecimd`md toqfn& aqoineiu~`md& ~oo& c~o ecimdb ~o ~ ~cb bswbe~i~`omu o ~cb irn`bmeb- ^b rmnijbm~if yrbu~`omu ~o iuk iaor~ Ifcrqqi iqb< @uieeojwf`uc`md `~u doifu? Tco `u ~cb ie~rif irn`bmeb? @u `~ ~cb Ijbq`eim ~iswipbq& oq ~cb Iqia U~qbb~?

Pb~ nbuw`~b ~cb eom~qoxbqup& ~cb nbe`u`om ~o eqbi~b Ifcrqqi tiu tbff*`m~bm~`ombn imn `mn`ei~bu im iwwqbe`i~`oo ~cb c`u~oq`e xifrb o `m~bqmi~`omif aqoineiu~`md- @~ uordc~ ~o wqox`nb i uorqeb o eqbn`afb mbtu `m foefimdridb& iu tbff iu im Ijbq`eim x`btwo`m~ om erqqbm~ ii`qu& ao~c o tc`ec iqb moafb `m~bm~`omu- Pb~ wqie~`eb& ~cbub `m~bm~`omu cixb mo~ abbm rffp qbif`|bn-

^ordc `~ ciu iebn `m~bmub eq`~`e`uj `m ~cb jbn`i imn Eomdqbuu& Ifcrqqi eimmo~ ab rubn ~o uofbfp wruc ~Ijbq`eim x`btwo`m~- o no uo ubxbqbfp nijidbu `~u eqbn`a`f`~p~o ~cb ~iqdb~ irn`bmeb- o eorm~bqie~ owwou`~`o`m Eomdqbuu& tcbm Ifcrqqi nobu i`q ~cb x`btu o `mn`x`nrifu oq dqorwu eom~qiqp ~o Ijbq`eim `nbifu oq xifrbu&jru~jikb im boq~ ~o wqox`nb eom~bs~ imn nbai~b ~cbub x`btu- Eqbn`afb lorqmif`uj jru~ ab ~qr~crf& imn ~cuojb~`jbu `mxofxbu iekmotfbnd`md imn wqbubm~`md `moqji~`om ~ci~ jip mo~ ixoq ~cb cou~ doxbqmjbm~- ^AAE nobu ~c`uXo`eb o Ijbq`ei nobu ~c`u- Ifcrqqi ciu ~o no ~c`u iu tbff-

Im Ifcrqqi qbwoq~bq `m~bqx`btu im Bdpw~`imwqo~bu~bq-

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ikb*itipu

Eqotnbn jbn`i jiqkb~u iqb n`erf~ qbifju ~o aqbik ~cqordc-

Jb~q`eu ji~~bq; AADu jb~q`eu eojb ~o n`bqbm~ eomefru`omu ~cim o~cbq oqdim`|i~`omu-

Eqbn`afb jbn`i jru~ wqox`nb jrf~`wfb wbquwbe~`xbu ar~ wqox`nb eom~bs~-

Wqbubm~`md ji~bq`if ~ci~ `u iftipu owbmfp wqo*Ijbq`eim iwwbiqu iu wqowidimn`u~`eqbnre`md eqbn*`a`f`~p& irn`bmeb& imn bbe~`xbmbuu-

^b Kiqbm Crdcbu F`u~bm`md orq

@m Ubw~bjabq 1772& Rmnbqubeqb~iqp oq Wraf`e N`wfojiep Kiqbm Crdcbu nbwiq~bn om i f`u~bm`md ~orq o~cb J`nnfb Biu~& offotbn ap ~q`wu ~o @mnombu`i imn Jifipu`i- ^b ~orq tiu qbuormn`mdfp eq`~`e`|bn qoj iffu`nbu oq i jpq`in o qbiuomu- Ar~ d`xbm ~ci~ f`u~bm`md `u urec im `m~bdqif wiq~ o wraf`e n`wfojiep& tcp n`n if`u~bm`md ~orq i`f?

Omb wqoafbj `u ~ci~ Crdcbu nbjomu~qi~bn f`~~fb rmnbqu~imn`md o~cb `uurbu n`ueruubn t`~c Jruf`ju om cbq ~orq o ~cb J`nnfb Biu~-@m Uirn` Iqia`i& Crdcbu wrucbn `uurbu o byrif q`dc~u oq tojbm&`mefrn`md ~cb `uurb o nq`x`md- Cbq qbjiqku jb~ i dqbi~ nbif oowwou`~`om& imn tojbm u~i~bn ~cbp tbqb ciwwp imn n`nm~ mbbn~o nq`xb-22 ^qordcor~ cbq ~orq& Crdcbu ifuo qbyrbm~fp jinb ~cbwo`m~ ~ci~ ucb tiu i toqk`md jo~cbq- Jiqe Fpmec iqdrbu ~ci~ cbqi~~bjw~ ~o eommbe~ t`~c irn`bmebu ru`md cbq foxb o ec`fnqbm tiunbbwfp wi~qom`|`md& `mim~`f`|`md& imn eomnbuebmn`md-28 RUIonipeciqie~bq`|bn Crdcbu i~ ~`jbu iu eoj`md ieqouu iu wqbiecp imn

erf~rqiffp mubmu`~`xb-24

Qbd`omif jbn`i tiu ifuo c`dcfp eq`~`eif o ~cb ~orq- I~ ~cb ~`jb o Crdcbu qbu`dmi~`om& Qij` D- Kcorq` tqo~b`m ~cb Ni`fp U~iq #Fbaimom urmij` nbjomu~qi~bn i ~q`wf`md o ixoqiaow`m`om ~otiqnu ~cb Rm`~bn U~i~bu #qoj 92"*>>" eojwiqbn ~o Jip o 1775-8> ^b uijb woff nbjomu~qi~i u`dm`eim~ nbeqbiub `m urwwoq~ oq Ouiji a`m Finbm- D`xbm ~ci~ @mnombu`i `u i wqbnoj`mim~fp Jruf`eorm~qp& ~c`u tiu ao~c tbfeojb mbtu imn i efbiq nbjomu~qi~`om o ~cb wou`~`xb wraf`e n`wfojiep iuwbe~u

crjim`~iq`im i`n-

^bqb iqb& cotbxbq& f`j`~u ~o tci~ i`n eim wqox`nb& imn `~ `u i iffiep ~o abf`bxb ~ci~ n`uiu~bq qbf`b eim ubqiu im `jidb qbe~`bq om `~u otm- Hoq `mu~imeb& ~cb Wbt Qbubiqec Ebm~bq mo~bu ~cb dbmbqif `mbbe~`xbmbuu n`uiu~bq qbf`b om oxbqiff wraf`e ow`m`om `m Wik`u~im& `mn`ei~`md i nbef`mb `m wraf`e iwwqoxif o ~cb R-U- nrq`m~cb wbq`on i~bq ~cb 1797 hoonu-82 @m ebq~i`m qbuwbe~u& ~c`u eom~qiu~u t`~c ~cb n`uiu~bq qbf`b boq~u i~bq ~c1772 biq~cyrikb& tc`ec uit foeif `meqbiubu `m ixoqia`f`~p ~otiqnu ~cb R-U- ijomdu~ wowrfi~`omu t`~mbuu`m

Ijbq`eim qbf`b boq~u `m ~cb n`uiu~bq |ombu-88 Wbt u~i~bu ~cb offot`md qbiuom`md oq ~cb fiek o bbe~`xbmb

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`m Wik`u~im Eomu`nbq`m~ci~ oq `u jou~fp rmnbn ap ~cb R-U- Doxbqmjbm~& `~u `qom`e ~ci~ T`k`fbiku ie~`xbfp wqojo~bu ~cb rub o ~o wqo~be~ ~coub `m~bqbu~bn `m c`n`md ~cb`q `nbm~`~p oq ~cb`q x`u`~u ~o ~cb T`k`fbiku tbau`~b-42

@~ ifuo nobu mo~ innqbuu `mu~imebu tcbqb `m~bqmb~ ieebuu ucr~ o eojwfb~bfp& iu oq eimmo~ qbiec tcbqb `~ eimmeommbe~- ^bqb iqb& cotbxbq& ubwiqi~b U~i~b Nbwiq~jbmrmnbn boq~u erqqbm~fp rmnbqtip ~o db~ iqormn ~cwqoafbj& ~cqordc uofr~`omu f`kb `m~bqmb~ `m i ur`~eiubnbu`dmbn ~o wqox`nb `m~bqmb~ ieebuu ~o jrf~`wfb rub~cqordc rub o i ur`~eiub*nbwfopiafb upu~bj-48

@~u ifuo eq`~`eif ~o rmnbqu~imn ~ci~ oq `u mo~ oofwqooImompj`~p uo~tiqb f`kb oq nobu mo~ ieeorm~ oq fiwu`m uberq`~p eirubn ap `~u rubqu- Tc`fb bmiaf`md ieebuu uoe`if mb~toqk`md f`kb Hiebaook& `~ nobu mo~ wqo~be~ ~crubqu qoj ubf*`nbm~`ei~`om ~cqordc ~coub u`~bu- @ oeqbi~bu i fbd`~`ji~b Hiebaook wqofb& ~cb imompj`~p ~c~cb uo~tiqb wqox`nbu `u `mcbqbm~fp qbmnbqbn `mbbe~`x

^bqboqb& oqu ia`f`~p ~o wqox`nb uib ieebuu ~o jimp o ~cb uoe`if mb~toqk`md u`~bu uo*foxbn imn qbf`bn rwoap doxbqmjbm~ mbt jbn`i drqru `u qi~cbq yrbu~`omiafb-

Bxbm d`xbm `~u `mcbqbm~ tbikmbuubu& ~cb oq upu~bj ciu ifuo wqoxbm `meqbn`afp qbu`f`bm~ ~o i~~bjw~u ~o aq`mdnotm- Ucoq~ o n`uiaf`md `m~bqmb~ eommbe~`x`~p eojwfb~bfp& i~~bjw~u ~o afoek ~cb oq ubqx`eb cixb o~bm abucoq~*f`xbn oq o~cbqt`ub `mbbe~`xb- @m Ubw~bjabq 1799& @qim ureebuurffp jimidbn ~o afoek oq ~qiewqoafbj tc`ec ~cb oq Wqolbe~ oxbqeijb `m ~cb uijb nip t`~cor~ qbyr`q`md rubqu `m @qim ~o rwni~b ~cbuo~tiqb-44 ^ru& oq bxofxbu ifomd t`~c `~u bmx`qomjbm~i kbp eojwombm~ ~o jik`md ~ bbe~`xb `m iec`bx`m`~u doifu- @~ jru~ ifuo ab rmnbqu~oon ~ci~ nbuw`~b oqu qbu`f`bmeb& `~ `u ifuo eomu~im~fp rmnbq i~~iek& imn ~cEc`mbub doxbqmjbm~ ciu cin uojb mo~iafb ureebuubu `m f~bq`md or~ oq ~qie-43

Rf~`ji~bfp& ~cb oq Wqolbe~ ieeojwf`ucbu tci~ ~cb `m~bqmi~`omif aqoineiu~`md boq~u o ~cb Rm`~bn U~i~bu nnrq`md ~cb Eofn Tiq< `~ wqox`nbu wbowfb t`~c ieebuu ~o `moqji~`om ~cbp torfn o~cbqt`ub ab rmiafb ~o oa~i`^ordc `~ eim ab rubn oq mbiq`oru wrqwoubu& jimp o~cbq eojjrm`ei~`om jbn`rju iqb ifuo rubn `ff`e`~fp- ^oq Wqolbe~ rwcofnu Ijbq`eim u~imniqnu oq qbbnoj o eojjrm`ei~`om& tc`fb bmiaf`md ~coub tco no mcixb ~coub qbbnoju ~o abeojb `moqjbn imn cixb i ecimeb ~o cixb ~cb`q xo`ebu cbiqn ap ~cb or~u`nb toqfMo~ omfp nobu oq d`xb wbowfb ieebuu ~o Ijbq`eim jbuuid`md& `~ `u i dqbi~ bsijwfb o ~imd`afb urwwoq~ qbbnoj wr~ `m~o ie~`om-

ikb*itipu

^b oq Wqolbe~ ciu uwbe`e doifu& imn ureebbnu `m jbb~`md ~cbj-

oq iebu eomebq~bn boq~u ~o n`uiafb `~& ar~ ciu ureebuurffp oxbqeojb jimp o ~coub eciffbmdbu-

oq ifuo rubu jb~q`eu iu i jbimu o mn`md imn innqbuu`md wqoafbju-

Tc`fb ieebw~`md wraf`e rmn`md& `~ owbqi~bu rmnbq `~u otm iruw`ebu& d`x`md `~ ~cb qbbnoj ~o ureebimn abeojb i mbr~qif ~oof tcbqb ~cb abmb~u or~tb`dc ~cb mbdi~`xb eomubyrbmebu-

Wqox`n`md wbowfb t`~c ~cb jbimu ~o ieebuu `moqji~`om imn cixb ~cb`q xo`ebu cbiqn `u eomu`u~bm~ t`Ijbq`eim `nbifu-

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Abu~ Wqie~`ebu o Wraf`e N`wfojiep

Wraf`e n`wfojiep u i aqoin& pb~ uwbe`if`|bn wqie~`eb ~ci~ u abu~ eiqq`bn or~ ap eojjrm`ei~`omu wqobuu`omifutco cixb i efbiq rmnbqu~imn`md o ~cb `uurbu& wof`e`bu& imn ~iqdb~ irn`bmebu o i wiq~`erfiq eijwi`dm-^bp jru~ eomu`nbq i xiq`b~p o xiq`iafbu& tcb~cbq `m~bqmif oq bs~bqmif- Wraf`e n`wfojiep nobu mo~ oeerq `m ixierrj& imn bxbm ~cb abu~ WN t`ff wqoxb `mbbe~`xb t`~cor~ doon wof`ep imn ie~`om ~o qb`moqeb `~-

Ao~c ~cb eiub u~rn`bu imn bswbq`bmebu o wraf`e n`wfojiep wqie~`~`ombqu cixb fbn IUW ~o nbxbfow ~c`u f`u~ oabu~ wqie~`ebu oq wraf`e n`wfojiep- Ap efoubfp offot`md ~cbub abu~ wqie~`ebu& wqie~`~`ombqu imn wof`ep jikbquucorfn nbxbfow i ab~~bq rmnbqu~imn`md o tci~ ~cb`q wfimu eim imn eimmo~ ieeojwf`uc- ^b offot`md 97wqie~`ebu ucorfn ab ~ikbm iu kbp iuwbe~u o wfimm`md imp ureebuurf wraf`e n`wfojiep eijwi`dm-

9- Rmnbqu~imn ~cb wof`ep oalbe~`xb

Wraf`e n`wfojiep jru~ ab upmbqd`u~`e t`~c ~cb wof`ep doif- Nobu ~cb jbuuidb cbfw ~o iec`bxb ~cb wof`epoalbe~`xb? @u ~cb wrqwoub o ~cb wof`ep rmnbqu~oon? Nobu ~cb wof`ep bjwfop eoqqbe~ u~qi~bdp oq iec`bx`md~cb oalbe~`xb? Nobu ~cb u~qi~bd`e eojjrm`ei~`om por iqb wfimm`md qbhbe~ ~cb wof`ep oalbe~`xb? Uojb~`jbu&

~cb wof`ep oalbe~`xb jip ab uojb~c`md iu u`jwfb iu< Bmdidb m ie~`x`~`bu ~ci~ ji`m~i`m ~cb u~qomd qbfi~`omuc`wab~tbbm ~cb Rm`~bn U~i~bu imn ~cb wbowfb o s eorm~qp- O~cbq ~`jbu& `~ jip qbyr`qb `mhrbme`md i ~iqdb~irn`bmeb ~o ~ikb i joqb wqoie~`xb eorqub o ie~`om-

@~u ifuo `jwoq~im~ ~o rmnbqu~imn ~cb jb~conu imn wqoebnrqbu ~ci~ iqb ab`md bjwfopbn ~o urwwoq~ wof`ep-^b doif ub~ oq~c ap wof`ep jip ab iec`bxbn ~cqordc xiq`oru jbimu& uojb o tc`ec jip ab joqb bbe~`xb`m iec`bx`md ~ci~ doif tc`fb `meoqwoqi~`md ~cb eomebqmu o oqb`dmirn`bmebu- ^`u `u wiq~`erfiqfp qbfbxim~ tcbm ~coub irn`bmebu iqb i x`~ifeojwombm~ o iec`bx`md ~cb wof`ep oalbe~`xb-

Idcim`u~im ubqxbu iu i wq`jb bsijwfb o ~c`u- @m Idcim`u~im& ~cboxbqiff wof`ep oalbe~`xb `u ~o wqbxbm~ `~u rub iu im owbqi~`omif aiub oqwfimm`md ~bqqoq`u~ i~~ieku idi`mu~ ~cb Rm`~bn U~i~bu- ^b wqoebnrqbinow~bn ap ~cb R-U- oq ieeojwf`uc`md ~c`u `u oqjrfi~bn iqormneqbi~`md i fiqdb Idcim mi~`omif doxbqmjbm~ eiwiafb o nbbmn`md ~ubfj`f`~iq`fp idi`mu~ ~cb if`aim imn If Yibni- Pb~ ~cbqb jip ab o~cbqu~qi~bd`bu ap tc`ec ~cb R-U- jip ab iafb ~o ab~~bq ieeojwf`uc `~u doifu-

Iu IUW Hbffot Loucri Horu~ eom~bmnu& ~cb erqqbm~ jb~conu bjwfopbn ~o ubbk im bmn ~o ~cb eomh`e~ cixbjou~fp wqbefrnbn im ieebw~iafb mbdo~`i~bn or~eojb oq ~cb if`aim

IJBQ@EIM UBERQ@P WQOLBE

bbe~- Iu nbjomu~qi~bn cbqb& n`qbe~fp bmdid`md uwbe`e woq~`omu o i wowrfi~`om eim ab rubn ~o qbiec i t`nirn`bmeb- Tcbm wfimm`md i eojjrm`ei~`omu eijwi`dm& ~ u jwoq~im~ ~o nbm~`p iqbiu o eojjomif`~p tc`iqb `jwoq~im~ ~o ao~c ~cb eojjrm`ei~oq imn ~cb ~iqdb~ irn`bmeb- @m eoqqbe~fp `nbm~`p`md ~cb wqbubqxi~`om c`u~oq`e iqec`~be~rqb iu i wo`m~ o eojjomif`~p ab~tbbm Ijbq`eimu imn ~cb Liwimbub ~iqdb~ irn`bmeb& ~cBjaiuup tiu iafb ~o abu~ jis`j`|b `~u qbiec imn `mhrbmeb-

>- F`u~bm

Ieojjomfp rmnbqxifrbn iuwbe~ o WN u ~cb f`u~bm`mdeojwombm~- Hoqb`dm wof`ep nbe`u`omu ibe~`md oqb`dwraf`eu iqb mo~ jinb m i xierrj- Cotbxbq& o~bm~`jbu ~cbub nbe`u`omu iqb jinb iu ~cordc ~cbp iqb- Tc~cb R-U- jip ubb i oqb`dm wof`ep nbe`u`om iu mbebuuiqp oq ~cb `jjbn`i~b mi~`omif `m~bqbu~& ~cb mbdi~`xb fom~bqj eomubyrbmebu qburf~`md qoj oqb`dm wbqebw~`om o ~coub nbe`u`omu jip rf~`ji~bfp ~qrjw imp ucoq~ ~bquberq`~p di`m- Hoqb`dm wof`ep nbe`u`omu jru~ab jinb t`~c rff rmnbqu~imn`md o cot ~ci~ nbe`u`om t`ff ibi oqb`dm wraf`e& imn ucorfn ab eqi~bn `m i jimmbq ~ci~ ao~c iec`bxbu Ijbq`eim oalbe~`xbu tc`fb dbmbqi~`moqb`dm wraf`e ieebw~imeb& oq i~ fbiu~ j`m`j`|`md ie~`omiafp oxbq~ oalbe~`om-

Boq~u jru~ ab jinb ~o ~qrfp rmnbqu~imn ~cb irn`bmebu t`~c tc`ec tb iqb ~qp`md ~o eojjrm`ei~b-

^`u dobu abpomn woffu& urqxbpu& imn jbqbfp uwbik`md t`~c oqb`dm wraf`eu- F`u~bm`md `mxofxbu im boq~ rmnbqu~imn ~cb eom~bs~& wbquwbe~`xb& bjo~`omu imn mbbnu o oqb`dm wraf`eu& `mefrn`md ~cb`q uoe`if& beomojc`u~oq`eif imn erf~rqif eciqie~bq`u~`eu- ^bqb jru~ ab im boq~ ~o imifp|b imn rmnbqu~imn cot R-U- oqb`dwof`ep ibe~u ~cbj- ^`u t`ff cbfw Ijbq`ei nbxbfow wof`e`bu imn wqoebnrqbu ~ci~ ieeojwf`uc orq u~qi~bdoalbe~`xbu& wiq~`erfiqfp `m bmx`qomjbm~u tcbm ~cb wiq~`e`wi~`om o oqb`dm wraf`eu `u eqre`if ~o ~cb ureebuu ~cb wof`ep-

Jimp boq~u i~ f`u~bm`md cixb abbm j`udr`nbn imn `mbbe~`xb-Cbiq`md nobu mo~ byri~b f`u~bm`md- F`u~bm`md `mxofxburmnbqu~imn`md< ~cb wqoebuu o ~ik`md `moqji~`om di`mbn imn`meoqwoqi~`md `~ `m~o u~qi~bd`e ~c`mk`md- Aqreb Dqbdoqp iuku&No tb qbiffp rmnbqu~imn erf~rqbu& abf`bu& jbn`i f~bqu& imn

uoe`if upu~bju& iqdr`md ~ci~ nbuw`~b joqb i~~bm~`om ap Ijbq`eimfbinbquc`w ~o ~cb mbbn ~o f`u~bm& tb u~`ff nom~ ~qrfp rmnbqu~imnoqb`dm wraf`eu- 33 ^`u ~pwb o rmnbqu~imn`md `u o~bm eqre`ifoq eojjrm`ei~`md `m tipu ~ci~ rf~`ji~bfp cbfw ieeojwf`ucu~qi~bd`e doifu-

Buubm~`iffp& f`u~bm`md `u iaor~ eqbi~`md ~to*tip& jr~riffp abmbe`if eojjrm`ei~`om- Ki~cp Q- H`~|wi~q``nbm~`bu jr~rif`~p iu ab`md im `jwoq~im~ iuwbe~ o n`ifodrb t`~c oqb`dm wraf`eu& bswfi`m`md