timeline of historic inventions

8/4/2019 Timeline of Historic Inventions

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Timeline of historic inventions

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant

technological inventions.

Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inventions are often invented by severalinventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years beforeanother inventor improves the invention into a practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the dateof the first known working version of the invention is used here.

Contents

[hide]

y 1 Paleolithic eray 2 Antiquity

o 2.110th millennium BCo 2.2 9th millennium BCo 2.3 8th millennium BCo 2.4 7th millennium BCo 2.5 6th millennium BCo 2.6 5th millennium BCo 2.7 4th millennium BCo 2.8 3rd millennium BCo 2.9 2nd millennium BCo 2.101st millennium BC

y 3 1st millennium ADo 3.11st-5th centurieso 3.2 6th-8th centurieso 3.3 9th-10th centuries

y 4 2nd millenniumo 4.111th centuryo 4.212th centuryo 4.3 13th centuryo 4.4 14th centuryo 4.5 15th centuryo 4.6 16th centuryo 4.7 17th centuryo 4.8 18th centuryo 4.9 19th century

4.9.11800s 4.9.21810s


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4.9.3 1820s 4.9.4 1830s 4.9.5 1840s 4.9.6 1850s 4.9.7 1860s 4.9.8 1870s 4.9.9 1880s 4.9.101890s

o 4.1020th century 4.10.11900s 4.10.21910s 4.10.3 1920s 4.10.4 1930s 4.10.5 1940s 4.10.6 1950s 4.10.7 1960s 4.10.8 1970s 4.10.9 1980s 4.10.101990s

y 5 3rd millenniumo 5.121st century

5.1.12000sy 6 See alsoy 7 Notesy 8 Referencesy 9 External links

[edit] Paleolithic era

Main article:Paleolithic

y Indeterminate: Music, Languagey 2.4 MaBP: Olduwan - struckstone tools, in East Africay 1.65 Ma: Acheulean - struck and reworked stone tools, in Kenyay 1.4 Ma: Knife in Ethiopiay 1 Ma: Controlled fire and sterilization of food and water (cooking) in East Africay 500 ka: Shelter construction [1]y 100-500 ka: Clothingy 400 ka: Pigments in Zambia[2]y 400 ka: Spears in Germany[3]y 200 ka: Burial in Africay 140 ka: Bone tools in Africa (see Blombos Cave)y 140 ka: Shellfishing in Africa (see Blombos Cave)


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y 100 ka: Lithic blades in Africa and the ancient Near Easty 60 ka: Ships probably used by settlers ofNew Guineay 50 ka: Flute in Sloveniay 50 ka: Bow in Tunisia[4][5]y 43 ka: Mining in Swaziland and Hungaryy

37 ka: Tally sticks in Swaziland

[6]

y 30 ka: Sewing needlesy 26 ka: Ceramics in Moraviay 25 ka: Atlatl inNorthwest Africa[7]y 17 ka: twisted Rope (probably much earlier)y 15 ka: Boomerang in Australia[8]y 12 ka: Basket weaving

[edit] Antiquity

[edit] 10th millennium BC

y Agriculture in the Fertile Crescenty Alcoholic beverages in the Fertile Crescenty Adobe in the ancient Near Easty 9500 BC: Granary in the Jordan Valley


y 8700 BC: Metalworking (copperpendant) in Mesopotamia (Iraq)y 8000 BC: Wall (Jericho)


y Animal husbandry in the ancient Near Easty Plasterin Jericho


y 7000 BC: Dental drill in Mehrgarh, Pakistan[9]y 6200 BC: Map in atalhyky Cloth woven from flax fiber


y Irrigation in the Fertile Crescenty Beerin Sumer, Mesopotamia (Iraq)[8]y City in Mesopotamia (Iraq)y Plough in Mesopotamia (Iraq)


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History of technology

By period and location:

y NeolithicRevolution

y Egyptiantechnology

y Indian technologyy Chinese technologyy Greek technologyy Roman technologyy Muslim technologyy Muslim

AgriculturalRevolution

y Medievaltechnology

y Renaissancetechnology

y British AgriculturalRevolution

y IndustrialRevolution

By type of technology:

y History ofbiotechnology

y History ofcommunication

y History of computerhardware

y History of electricalengineering

y History of materialsscience

y History ofmeasurement

y History of mediciney History of nuclear

technologyy History of transport

Technology timelines:

y Timeline ofhistoric inventions


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y Complete listedit


y Beerandbread in Egypty Wheel and axle combination in Mesopotamiay Ice skate in Scandinavia[10]y Cotton in the Indus Valley


y 4000 BC: Canal in Mesopotamiay 4000 BC: Stonepaved street UrIraqy 3807-3806 BC: Timber-engineered roadway in Englandy 3630 BC: Silkin Chinay 3500 BC: Plywood in Egypty 3500 BC: Writing in Sumery 3500 BC: Carts in Sumery 3100 BC: Drainage in the Indus Valley Civilization (India/Pakistan)y 3000 BC: Sailingy 3000 BC: Rice in India[11]y 3000 BC: Reservoirin the Indus Valley Civilization[12]y Bronze: Susa (Iran)y Cement in Egypty Riverboats in Egypty Noodle in Chinay Comb in Persia (these combs were very refined, so combs themselves are probably older)

[edit] 3rd millennium BC

y 2800 BC: Button in the Indus Valley Civilization (India)y 2800 BC: Soap in Mesopotamiay 2700 BC: Plumbing in the Indus Valley Civilization[13]y 2630-2611 BC: Step pyramid: Imhotep in Egypty 2600s BC: Papyrus: Imhotep in Egypty 2600s BC: Suture: Imhotep in Egypty 2600s BC: Pharmaceutical cream: Imhotep in Egypty 2600 BC: Chariot in Mesopotamiay 2500 BC: Arch in Mohenjo-daro (Indus Valley Civilization) (India)[14]y 2400 BC: Shipyard in Lothal (Indus Valley Civilization) (India)y 2400 BC: Dockin Lothal (Indus Valley Civilization)[15]y 2000 BC: Currencyy Aqueduct in ancient Egypt and Indus Valley Civilization (India)y DaggerinNear East


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y Sickle-sword in Sumery Alphabet in Phoeniciay Candles in Egypty Inkin Chinay Sledges in Scandinaviay

Ski in Scandinavia

[8]

[edit] 2nd millennium BC

y Iron in Anatolia, Caucasus and Indiay Perfume: Tapputi in Mesopotamiay Bronze Age sword in Mesopotamiay Glass in Egypt[16]y Rubberin Mesoamericay Spoked-wheel chariot: Indo-Iraniansy Water clockin Egypty Iron Age swordy Bells in Chinay Forkin China[17]y Umbrella in Mesopotamiay Calibration in the Indus Valley Civilization[18]y Metrology in the Indus Valley Civilization[18]y 13001000 BC: Zinc in India[19]y 1000s BC: Coins in Chinay 1000 BC: Lens in Assyriay 1000 BC: Central heating: Ondol in Korea[20]y 1000 BC: Underfloor heating: Ondol in Korea[20]

[edit] 1st millennium BC

y 750 BC: Celestial spheres in ancient Greece[21]y 700 BC: Chain pump in Babyloniay 600 BC: Chopsticks in Chinay 592 BC: Anchorin ancient Greece[22]y 500s BC: Sugarin Indiay 500s BC: Dental bridge in Etruriay 500s BC: Kite: Lu Ban in Chinay 500s BC: Maps in ancient Greece[23]y 500s BC: Plastic surgery: Sushruta in Indiay 500s BC: Cosmetic surgery: Sushruta in Indiay 500 BC: Ironplough in Chinay 499-477 BC: Horse collarin China[24]y 475 BC: Scythed Chariot: Ajatashatru in Indiay 400s BC: Linguistics: P&amacr;ini in India[25]y 400s BC: Trebuchet in Chinay 400s BC: Traction trebuchet in China


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y 400s BC: Football in Chinay 400s BC: Catapult in ancient Greece[26]y 400s BC: Cast iron in Chinay 400s BC: Crossbow in Chinay 350 BC: Water wheel in India[27]y

350 BC: Watermill in India

[27]

y c. 300: Wootz steel in Indiay 300s BC: Roman aqueduct in ancient Rome[28]y 300s BC: Compass in Chinay 300s BC: Star catalogues: Gan De and Shi Sheny 300s BC: Encyclopedia: Speusippus in ancient Greece[8]y 300s BC: Screw: Archytasy 300s BC: India inkin Indiay 200s BC: Diamond (gemstone) in India[29]y 300-100 BC: Blast furnace in Chinay 300-100 BC: Cupola furnace in Chinay

300-100 BC: Pig iron in Chinay 285 BC: Suspension bridge in Chinay 250 BC: Leverin ancient Greecey 210 BC: Chromium use in Chinay 200s BC: Compoundpulley: Archimedesy 200s BC: Odometer: Archimedes?y 200s BC: Archimedes' screw : Archimedesy 200s BC: Cashmere wool in India[30]y 200s BC: Contour canal: Shi Lu in Chinay 200s BC: Lock gate in Chinay 200s BC: Stupa in India[31]y 200s BC: Pagoda in India[31]y 202-1 BC: Bellows in Chinay 200 BC: Horseshoe in ancient Romey 150s BC: Clockwork(Antikythera mechanism)y 150s BC: Astrolabe: Hipparchusy 100s BC: Big-toestirrup in India[32]y 100 BC: Glassblowing in ancient Rome[33]y 100s BC: Parchment in Pergamony 500 BC: Heavyplough in Chinay 100s BC: Wheelbarrow in China[34]y 100 BC: Trip hammerin Chinay 52 BC: Armillary sphere: Geng Shouchang in Chinay 40 BC: Rolling-element bearing in Roman shipy 21 BC: Collapsable umbrella: Wang Mang[35]y Catapult in ancient Near Easty South Pointing Chariot in Chinay Differential gearin China and Greek island ofAntikytheray Flash lockin Chinay Bookbinding in India


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y Blowgun in India[36]y Indigo dye in India[37]y Ironpellet in India[36]y Jute in Bengal[38]y Neemtoothbrush in India

[edit] 1st millennium AD

[edit] 1st-5th centuries

y 1-100 AD: Junk ship in Chinay 1-100 AD: Rudderin China[39]y 38 AD: Hydraulic-poweredbellows: Du Shiy 50 AD: Mouldboardplough in China and Gauly 77 AD: Encyclopedia (comprehensive work): Pliny the Elder[8]y 78-139: Hydraulic-poweredarmillary sphere: Zhang Hengy 78-139: Seismometer: Zhang Hengy 100s: Aeolipile: Hero of Alexandria in Roman Egypty 100s: Carding in India[40]y 105: Paper: Cai Lun in China[41]y 132: Rudimentary Seismometer: Zhang Heng in Chinay 180: Rotary fan: Ding Huan in Chinay 180: Winnowing fan: Ding Huan in Chinay 200s: Kongming lantern (Hot air balloon) in Chinay 200s: Horseshoes in Germanyy 200-400: Stepwell in India[42]y 300s: Toothpaste in Roman Egypty 400s: Horse collarin Chinay 400s: Cotton gin in India[43]y Sound in Roman Empire[44]y Forceps in Roman Empire[45][46][44]y Scalpel in Roman Empire[45][46][44]y Cautery in Roman Empire[44]y Speculum in Roman Empire[44]y Cross-bladed scissors in Roman Empire[45][44]y Surgical needle in Roman Empire[44]y Cataract surgery in Roman Empire[47]y Fore-and-aft rig in India[48]y Kamal in India[49]y Prayer wheel: Tibet[50]y Three-mastedmerchant vessel in China[51]y Woodblock printing in China

[edit] 6th-8th centuries

y 500s: Chess in India[52]


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y 500s: Ludo in India[53]y 559: Manned kite: Yuan Huangtouy 589: Toilet paper: Yan Zhitui in Chinay 610-632: Miswaktoothbrush: Muhammad in Arabiay 605: Open-spandrel segmental arch bridge: Li Chun in Chinay

618-700: Porcelain in Chinay 618-907: Water-poweredrotary fan in Chinay 634-644: Windmill: Umar[54]y 673: Greek fire: Kallinikos ofHeliopolisy 673: Flamethrowerin Syriay 700: Quill peny 700-900: Charitable trust in the Arab Empire[55][56]y 700s: Brassastrolabe: Muhammad al-Fazari[57]y 700s: Destructive distillation: Arabic chemists[58]y 700s: Inoculation: Madhav in India[59]y 700s: Glassfactory in Syria[60]y

700s: Potteryfactory in Syria

[60]

y 721-800: Coloured glass: Geber[61]y 721-815: Alembic: Geber(Jabir ibn Hayyan)[62]y 721-815: Still: Geber[62]y 721-815: Retort: Geber[63]y 721-815: Filtration: Geber[64]y 721-815: Crystallization: Geber[65]y 721-815: Pure distillation: Geber[64]y 721-815: Distilled alcohol: Geber[62]y 721-815: Distilled wine: Geber[62]y 721-815: Distilled beverage: Geber[62]y 721-815: Mineral acid: Geber[66]y 721-815:Nitric acid: Geber[66]y 721-815: Hydrochloric acid: Geber[66]y 721-815: Sulfuric acid: Geber[66][67]y 721-815: Uric acid: Geber[68]y 721-815: Acetic acid: Geber[65][69]y 721-815: Citric acid: Geber[65]y 721-815: Tartaric acid: Geber[65]y 721-815: Aqua regia: Geber[66]y 721-815: Cheeseglue: Geber[70]y 721-815: Plated mail: Geber[70]y 721-815: Lustreware: Geber[71]y 721-815: Tin-glazing: Geber[72]y 721-815: Cucurbit: Geber[73]y 721-815: Evacuation tube: Geber[73]y 721-815: Aludel: Geber[73]y 721-815: Artificialpearl[70]y 721-815: Purifiedpearl[70]y 721-815: Dyedpearl[70]


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y 721-815: Dyedgemstone[70]y 721-815: Artificial gemstone[70]y 721-925: Rose water: Geber, Al-Kindi (Alkindus), Muhammad ibn Zakar&imacr;ya

R&amacr;zi (Rhazes)[73]y 721-925: Heated bath: Geber, Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Zakar&imacr;ya R&amacr;zi[73]y

721-925: Sand bath: Geber, Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Zakar&imacr;ya R&amacr;zi

[73]

y 721-925: Funnel: Geber, Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Zakar&imacr;ya R&amacr;zi[73]y 721-925: Sieve: Geber, Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Zakar&imacr;ya R&amacr;zi[73]y 721-925: Filter: Geber, Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Zakar&imacr;ya R&amacr;zi[73]y 725: Clockworkescapement mechanism: Yi Xing ofChinay 754: Pharmacy in Baghdad[74]y 754: Drugstore in Baghdad[74]y 758-764: Tarpavement in Baghdad[58]y 763-800: Public hospital: Harun al-Rashid[75]y 763-800: Psychiatric hospital in Baghdad[76]y 794: Paper mill in Baghdad[77]y

Amalgamation: Arabic chemists

[73]

y Ceration: Arabic chemists[73]y Dry distillation: Arabic chemistsy Solution: Arabic chemists[73]y Sublimation: Arabic chemists[64][73]y Water purification: Arabic chemists[78]y Purified water: Arabic chemists[78]y Fusible alloy: Arabic chemists[73]y Petrol: Arabic chemists[79]y Apothecary: Arabic physicians[80]y Lateen in India[48]

[edit] 9th-10th centuries

y 700-1000: Spinning wheel in India[81]y 800-850: Quadrant: Muhammad ibn M&umacr;s&amacr; al-Khw&amacr;rizm&imacr;

(Algorismi)[82]y 800-850: Mural instrument: Muhammad ibn M&umacr;s&amacr; al-

Khw&amacr;rizm&imacr;[82]y 800-850: Sine quadrant: Muhammad ibn M&umacr;s&amacr; al-

Khw&amacr;rizm&imacr;[82]y 800-850: Horary quadrant: Muhammad ibn M&umacr;s&amacr; al-

Khw&amacr;rizm&imacr;

[82]

y 800-850: Alhidade: Muhammad ibn M&umacr;s&amacr; al-Khw&amacr;rizm&imacr;[83]

y 800-857: Under-arm deodorant: Ziryab[84]y 800-857: Beauty parlour: Ziryab[85]y 800-857: Bangs: Ziryab[85]y 800-857: Chemical depilatory: Ziryab[85]y 800-873: Valve: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr; in Iraq[86]


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y 800-873: Float valve: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[86]y 800-873: Feedback controller: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[86]y 800-873: Float chamber: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[87]y 800-873: Automatic control: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[87]y 800-873: Automaticflute player: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[88]y

800-873: Programmablemachine: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;

[88]

y 800-873: Trickdrinking vessels: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[89]y 800-873: Gas mask: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[89]y 800-873: Grab: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[89]y 800-873: Clamshell grab: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[89]y 800-873: Fail-safe system: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[89]y 800-873: Mechanical musical instrument: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[90]y 800-873: Hydropoweredorgan: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[90]y 800-873: Hurricane lamp: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[89]y 800-873: Self-feeding oil lamp: Ban&umacr; M&umacr;s&amacr;[89]y 800-873: Self-trimming oil lamp: Ahmad ibn M&umacr;s&amacr; ibn Sh&amacr;kir[89]y

800-1000: Wind poweredgristmills in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran

[91]

y 800-1000: Sugar refinery in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran[91]y 800-1000: Metalblock printing in Egypt[92]y c. 800-1000: Switch: Arabic engineers[93]y 800s: Stonepaste ceramics in Iraq[94]y 800s: Black powderin Chinay 800s: Gunpowderin Chinay 800s: Water turbine in the Arab Empire[89]y 800s: Universal sundial in Baghdad[95]y 800s: Universal horary dial in Baghdad[96][97]y 800s: Vertical-axle windmill in Afghanistan[54]y 800s:Naphtha in Azerbaijan[58]y 800s: Oil well in Azerbaijan[58]y 801-873: Pure alcohol: Al-Kindi (Alkindus)[98]y 801-1000: Municipal solid waste handling: Al-Kindi, Qusta ibn Luqa, Muhammad ibn

Zakar&imacr;ya R&amacr;zi, Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Masihi[99]y 810-887: Glass from stones: Abbas Ibn Firnas in al-Andalus[100]y 810-887: Eye glasses: Abbas Ibn Firnas[58]y 810-887: Clear colourless high-purity glass: Abbas Ibn Firnas[100][101]y 810-887: Metronome: Abbas Ibn Firnas[102]y 810-887: Artificial weathersimulation: Abbas Ibn Firnas[102]y 813-833: Medical school: Al-Ma'mun[75]y 827: Mechanical singing bird automaton: Al-Ma'mun[103][104]y 836-1000: Erectile dysfunction treatment: Muhammad ibn Zakar&imacr;ya R&amacr;zi,

Thabit bin Qurra (Thebit), Ibn Al-Jazzar[105]y 853-929: Observation tube: Muhammad ibn J&amacr;bir al-Harr&amacr;n&imacr; al-

Batt&amacr;n&imacr; (Albatenius)[106]y 852: Parachute: Abbas Ibn Firnas in al-Andalus[68]y 859: University: Princess Fatima al-Fihri[107][108]y 875: Hang glider: Abbas Ibn Firnas[102][109]


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y 875: Artificial wing: Abbas Ibn Firnas[102][109]y 875: Flight control frame: Abbas Ibn Firnas[102][109]y c. 865-900: Kerosene: Muhammad ibn Zakar&imacr;ya R&amacr;zi (Rhazes) in

Iraq[58][110]y 865-925: Hard soap: Muhammad ibn Zakar&imacr;ya R&amacr;zi[111]y

865-925: Chemotherapy: Muhammad ibn Zakar&imacr;ya R&amacr;zi

[112]

y 865-925: Antiseptic: Muhammad ibn Zakar&imacr;ya R&amacr;zi[58]y 900s: Banknote in Chinay 900s: Fire lance in Chinay 900s: Gun in Chinay 900s: Millingfactory in Baghdad[113]y 900s: Cartographicgrid in Baghdad[114]y 900s: Graph paperin the Arab Empire[115][116][117]y 900s: Horizontal-axle windmill in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran[54]y 903-986: Timekeepingastrolabe: Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi)[118]y 904: Fire Arrow in Chinay

919: Double-piston flamethrowerin Chinay 984: Pound lock: Qiao Weiyoy 953: Fountain pen: Al-Muizz Lideenillah ofEgypt[119][120][68]y 960-1000: Restaurant in China[121] and Arab Empire[122]y 994: Astronomical sextant: Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi in Persia[123]y 996: Geared mechanical astrolabe: Ab&umacr; Rayh&amacr;n al-

B&imacr;r&umacr;n&imacr;[124]y Almucantarquadrant: Arabic astronomers[125]y Navigational astrolabe: Arabic astronomers[126]y Vertical sundial: Arabic astronomers[127]y Polarsundial: Arabic astronomers[127]y Coffee: Khalid in Ethiopiay Shaving soap: Arabic chemistsy Plumb line: Arabic engineers[128]y Reed level: Arabic engineers[128]y Triangulation: Arabic engineers[128]y Gearedgristmill: Arabic engineers[129]y Shatranj in Persiay Paned window in the Arab Empire[130]y Street lamp in the Arab Empire[130]y Sherbet in the Arab Empire[131]y Soft drinkin the Arab Empire[132][131]y Syrup in the Arab Empire[131]y Mercuryescapement mechanism in the Middle Easty Bridgedam in Iran[133]y Millingdam in Iran[133][134]y Diversion dam in Iraq[133]y Public library in the Arab Empire[135]y Lending library in the Arab Empire[135]y Library catalog in the Arab Empire[136]


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y Firecrackerin Chinay Snakes and ladders in India

[edit] 2nd millennium

[edit] 11th century

y c. 1000: Pendulum: Ibn Yunus in Egypt[137]y c. 1000: Injectionsyringe: Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili ofIraq[58][138][139]y c. 1000: Hypodermic needle: Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili[138][139]y c. 1000: Cataract extraction: Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili[138][139]y c. 1000: Suction: Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili[138][139]y 1000: Ligature: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) in Al-Andalus[140]y 1000: Adhesive plaster: Abu al-Qasim[141]y 1000: Curette: Abu al-Qasim[142]y 1000: Retractor: Abu al-Qasim[142]y 1000: Lithotomyscalpel: Abu al-Qasim[143]y 1000: Surgicalcatgut: Abu al-Qasimy 1000: Surgical hook: Abu al-Qasim[142]y 1000: Surgical rod: Abu al-Qasim[142]y 1000: Surgical spoon: Abu al-Qasim[142]y 1000: Inhalational anaesthetic: Abu al-Qasim[58][144]y 1000: Anaesthetic sponge: Abu al-Qasim[58][144]y 1000: Oral anaesthesia: Abu al-Qasim[58][144]y 1000: Cottondressing: Abu al-Qasim[145]y c. 1000-1009: Monumentalastrolabe: Ibn Yunus[146]y c. 1000-1020: Heliocentricastrolabe: Al-Sijzi[147]y c. 1000-1037: Thermometer: Avicenna (Ibn Sina) in Persia[148]y c. 1000-1037: Essential oil: Avicenna[149]y c. 1000-1048: Orthographicalastrolabe: Ab&umacr; Rayh&amacr;n al-

B&imacr;r&umacr;n&imacr; in Persia[150]y c. 1000-1048: Planisphere: Ab&umacr; Rayh&amacr;n al-

B&imacr;r&umacr;n&imacr;[151][150]y c. 1000-1048: Star chart: Ab&umacr; Rayh&amacr;n al-B&imacr;r&umacr;n&imacr;[151]y c. 1000-1048: Laboratory flask: Ab&umacr; Rayh&amacr;n al-

B&imacr;r&umacr;n&imacr;[152]y c. 1000-1048: Pycnometer: Ab&umacr; Rayh&amacr;n al-

B&imacr;r&umacr;n&imacr;[152]y c. 1000-1048: Conical measure: Ab&umacr; Rayh&amacr;n al-

B&imacr;r&umacr;n&imacr;[153]y c. 1000-1048: Geared mechanical lunisolar calendaranalog computer: Ab&umacr;

Rayh&amacr;n al-B&imacr;r&umacr;n&imacr;[154]y c. 1000-1048: Fixed-wired knowledge processing machine: Ab&umacr; Rayh&amacr;n

al-B&imacr;r&umacr;n&imacr;[155]y 1020: Mechanical astrolabe: Ibn Samh in Al-Andalus[156]y 1021: Magnifying glass: Ibn al-Haytham[157]


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y 1021: Curved mirror: Ibn al-Haytham[158]]][159]y 1021: Pinhole camera: Ibn al-Haytham[160]y 1021: Camera obscura: Ibn al-Haytham[160]y 1025: Cancer therapy: Avicenna[145][161]y 1025: Hirudotherapy: Avicenna[162]y

1025: Medicinal leech: Avicenna

[162]

y 1025: Calcium channel blocker: Avicenna[163]y 1025: Pharmacopoeia: Avicenna[164][165]y 1028-1087: Equatorium: Ab&umacr; Ish&amacr;q Ibr&amacr;h&imacr;m al-

Zarq&amacr;l&imacr; (Arzachel) in Al-Andalus[166]y 1028-1087: Universal astrolabe: Ab&umacr; Ish&amacr;q Ibr&amacr;h&imacr;m al-

Zarq&amacr;l&imacr;y 1031-1095: Raised-relief map: Shen Kuo[167][168]y 1038-1075: Flywheel: Ibn Bassal in Al-Andalus[169]y 1041: Movable typeprinting press: Bi Sheng in Chinay 1044: Hand grenade: Zhen Tian Lei in Chinay

1087: Almanac: Ab&umacr; Ish&amacr;q Ibr&amacr;h&imacr;m al-Zarq&amacr;l&imacr;[170]y 1088: Mechanical clock: Su Songy 1088: Clock tower: Su Songy 1088: Magneticcompass: Shen Kuo in Chinay 1090: Belt drive: Qin Guan in in Chinay 1090: Chain drive in Chinay 1092: Astronomical clock: Su Songy 1094: Printed star chart: Su Songy Coke fuel in Chinay Complex gearing: Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Al-Andalus[87]y Epicyclic gearing: Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Al-Andalus[87]y Segmental gearing: Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Al-Andalus[87]y Geared mechanical clock: Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Al-Andalus[87]y Weight-driven mechanical clock: Arabic engineers[87]y Celestial globe: Arabic astronomersy Clearglassmirrorin Al-Andalus[58]y Cobworkin the Maghreb and Al-Andalus[171]

[edit] 12th century

y c. 1100: Framed bead abacus in Chinay

1100-1150: Torquetum: Jabir ibn Aflah (Geber)

[172]

y 1100-1161: Tracheotomy: Ibn Zuhr(Avenzoar) in Al-Andalus[173]y 1119: Watertight hull compartment: Zhu Yu in Chinay 1121: Steelyard: Al-Khazini in Persia[152]y 1121: Hydrostatic balance: Al-Khazini[152]y 1126: Fire arrow: Li Gang in Chinay 1126: Rocket: Li Gang in Chinay 1128: Cannon in China[174]


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y 1135-1200: Linearastrolabe: Sharaf al-D&imacr;n al-T&umacr;s&imacr; in Persia[175]y 1150: Homing pigeons in Iraq and Syria[176]y 1154: Striking clock: Al-Kaysarani in Syria[177]y 1187: Counterweight trebuchet: Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi[178][179]y 1187: Mangonel: Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi[180]y

1190: Mariner's compass in Italy

[181]

y Astrolabicquadrant in Egypt[182]y Ventilatorin Egypt[183]y Bridgemill in Al-Andalus[134]y Hydropoweredforge in Al-Andalus[91]y Finery forge in Al-Andalus[91]y Central heating through underfloorpipes in Syria[184]y Fireworks in Chinay Sunglasses in Chinay War machine in Turkey[103]

[edit] 13th century

y c. 1200: Glass mirrorin Europe[8][185]y c. 1200: Combination lock: Al-Jazari in Iraq (Mesopotamia)[68]y 1206: Bolted jointlock[89]y 1206: Clockautomaton: Al-Jazariy 1206: Flow control regulator: Al-Jazariy 1206: Closed-loop system: Al-Jazariy 1206: Elephant clock: Al-Jazariy 1206: Hand washing device: Al-Jazariy 1206: Kitchen appliance: Al-Jazariy

1206: Camshaft: Al-Jazari

[186]

y 1206: Connecting rod: Al-Jazari[187]y 1206: Segmental gear: Al-Jazari[188]y 1206: Suctionpipe: Al-Jazariy 1206: Suctionpistonpump: Al-Jazari[189]y 1206: Reciprocating piston motion: Al-Jazari[189]y 1206: Double-acting engine: Al-Jazari[189]y 1206: Humanoid robot: Al-Jazari[190]y 1206: Programmablerobot: Al-Jazari[190]y 1206: Programmableanalog computer: Al-Jazari[191]y 1206: Automatic gate: Al-Jazari[192]y

1206: Pointer: Al-Jazari

[192][89]

y 1206: Hydropoweredwater supply system: Al-Jazari[192]y 1206: Gearedwater supply system: Al-Jazari[192]y 1206: Laminate: Al-Jazari[89]y 1206: Mechanical template: Al-Jazari[89]y 1206: Paper model: Al-Jazari[89]y 1206: Calibration: Al-Jazari[89]y 1206: Sand casting: Al-Jazari[89]


16/41

y 1206: Emery powder: Al-Jazari[89]y 1206: Crankshaft-driven chain pump: Al-Jazari[193]y 1206: Hydropowered saqiya chain pump: Al-Jazari[194]y 1206: Intermittent working: Al-Jazari[193]y 1206: Hour hand: Al-Jazari[195][196]y

1232: Rocket launcher in Chinay 1235: Gearedastrolabe with analog computercalendar: Abi Bakr ofIsfahan[197]y 1259: Research institute:Nas&imacr;r al-D&imacr;n al-T&umacr;s&imacr;[198]y 1259: Observatory institution:Nas&imacr;r al-D&imacr;n al-T&umacr;s&imacr;[198]y 1260: Hand cannon in Egypt[199][66]y 1260: Explosivegunpowderin Egypt[199][66]y 1260: Explosivecannon in Egypt[199][66]y 1260: Handgun in Egypt[199][66]y 1260: Portable firearm in Egypt[199][66]y 1260: Cartridge in Egypt[199]y 1260: Dissolve talc in Egypt[199]y

1260: Fire protection in Egypt

[199]

y 1260: Fireproofclothing in Egypt[199]y 1270: Pure saltpetre: Hasan al-Rammah ofSyria[199][66]y 1271-1273: Ballistic weapon: Alaaddin and Ismail in the Middle East[103]y 1271-1273: Ballisticwar machine: Alaaddin and Ismail in the Middle East[103]y 1274: Siegecannon: Abu Yaqub Yusuf[199]y 1275: Torpedo: Hasan al-Rammah ofSyria[103]y 1275: Restaurant menu in Chinay 1277: Land mine: Lou Qianxia in Chinay c. 1296: Astronomical compass: Yemenisultan al-Ashraf[200]y 1297-1298: Wooden movable type printing: Wang Zhen ofChinay Caravel in Al-Andalus[51]y Crankshaft-driven screw: Arabic engineers[201]y Crankshaft-driven screwpump: Arabic engineers[201]y Sandpaperin Chinay Solid-fuel rocket in Chinay Condom in Italyy Buttonhole in Germany[8]

[edit] 14th century

y 1304-1375: Astrolabicclock: Ibn al-Shatir[202]y

1304-1375: Compendium instrument: Ibn al-Shatir

[127]

y 1304-1375: Compass dial: Ibn al-Shatir[203]y 1350: Rope bridge in Peruy 1355: Bombard: Jiao Yu and Liu Jiy 1355: Booster: Jiao Yu and Liu Jiy 1355: Matchlock: Jiao Yu and Liu Jiy 1355: Multistage rocket: Jiao Yu and Liu Jiy 1355:Naval mine: Jiao Yu and Liu Ji


17/41

y 1355: Round shot: Jiao Yu and Liu Jiy 1355: Shell: Jiao Yu and Liu Jiy 1355: Wheellock: Jiao Yu and Liu Jiy 1371: Polar-axis sundial: Ibn al-Shatir[204]y 32-point compass rose in the Arab world[205]y

Musket in Chinay Spherical astrolabe in the Middle East[edit] 15th century

y 1400-1429: Plate of conjunctions: Jamsh&imacr;d al-K&amacr;sh&imacr;[206][207]y 1400-1429: Planetary analog computer: Jamsh&imacr;d al-

K&amacr;sh&imacr;[207][208][209]y 1405-1433: Troopship: Zheng Hey 1405-1433: Treasure ship: Zheng Hey 1441: Rain gauge: Jang Yeong-sily 1450s: Alphabetic movable typeprinting press: Johannes Gutenbergy 1451: Concave lens foreyeglasses:Nicholas of Cusay 1453: Supergun in Ottoman Empirey 1453: Great Turkish Bombard in Ottoman Empirey 1490-1492: Terrestrial globe: Martin Behaimy 1498: Bristle toothbrush: Hongzhi Emperory Iron-chain suspension bridge in Chinay Arquebus in Europey Rifle in Europe

[edit] 16th century

y c. 1500: Ball bearing: Leonardo Da Vinciy c. 1500: Scissors: Leonardo Da Vinciy 1524: Pocket watch: Peter Henlein[210]y 1540: Ether: Valerius Cordusy 1551: Steam turbine: Taqi al-Din in Ottoman Egypt[211]y 1556: Spring-powered clock: Peter Henlein and Taqi al-Din[210][212]y 1559: Six-cylinderpump: Taqi al-Din[213]y 1565: Pencil: Conrad Gesner[214][8]y 1570s: Telescope: Leonard Digges and Taqi al-Din[215]y 1576: Ironclad warship: Oda Nobunaga[citation needed]y 1577-1580: Mechanical secondsclock: Taqi al-Din

[216][217]

y 1579: Prefabricated home: Akbar the Great[218]y 1579: Movable structure: Akbar the Great[218]y 1582: Autocannon: Fathullah Shirazi[219]y 1582: Multi-barrelgun: Fathullah Shirazi[219]y 1582: Machine gun: Fathullah Shirazi[219][220]y 1582: Corn-griding carriage: Fathullah Shirazi[220]y 1589: Stocking frame: William Lee


18/41

y 1589-1590: Seamlesscelestial globe: Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman[221]y 1589-1590: Seamless metal sphere: Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman[221]y 1593: Thermoscope: Galileo Galileiy Musket in Europey Pencil in Englandy

High-riseapartment buildings in Shibam

[222]

y Tower blocks in Shibam[223]y Vertical construction urban planning in Shibam[222]

[edit] 17th century

y 1609: Microscope: Hans Lippershey, Hans Janssen, Zacharias Jansseny 1620: Slide rule: William Oughtredy 1623: Automatic calculator: Wilhelm Schickardy 1630-1632: Artificial wings: Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi in Turkey[103]y 1631: Vernier scale: Pierre Verniery 1633: Manned rocket: Lagari Hasan elebi in Turkey

[103]

y 1633: Artificially-powered aircraft: Lagari Hasan elebi[103]y 1633: Gunpowder-powered flight: Lagari Hasan elebi[103]y 1633: Safe-landingparachute: Lagari Hasan elebi[103]y 1642: Adding machine: Blaise Pascaly 1643: Barometer: Evangelista Torricelliy 1645: Vacuum pump: Otto von Guerickey 1657: Pendulum clock: Christiaan Huygensy 1672: Steam car: Ferdinand Verbiest[224][225]y 1679: Pressure cooker: Denis Papiny 1690: Polhem wheel: Christopher Polhemy

1698: Steam engine: Thomas Saveryy 1700: Piano: Bartolomeo Cristofori

[edit] 18th century

y 1701: Seed drill: Jethro Tully 1709: Ironsmelting using coke: Abraham Darby Iy 1711: Tuning fork: John Shorey 1712: Steam piston engine: Thomas Newcomeny 1714: Mercury thermometer: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheity 1731: Octant: John Hadley, Thomas Godfreyy 1733: Flying shuttle: John Kayy 1737: Marine chronometer(H1): John Harrisony 1742: Franklin stove: Benjamin Frankliny 1750: Flatboat: Jacob Yodery 1752: Lightning rod: Benjamin Frankliny 1759: Shampoo: Sake Dean Mahomet ofBengaly 1764: Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves/Thomas Highsy 1767: Carbonated water: Joseph Priestley


19/41

y 1769: Water frame: Richard Arkwright/Thomas Highsy 1769: Steam road vehicle:Nicolas-Joseph Cugnoty 1775: SubmarineTurtle: David Bushnelly 1776: Steamboat: Claude de Jouffroyy 1776: Watt steam engine: James Watty

1777: Card teeth making machine: Oliver Evansy 1777: Circular saw: Samuel Millery 1779: Spinning mule: Samuel Cromptony 1780s: Iron-cased rocket: Tipu Sultan in India[226]y 1780s: Metal-cylinderrocket artillery: Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan in India[227]y 1780s: Ironrocket artillery: Tipu Sultan ofIndia[226]y 1783: Hot airballoon: Montgolfier brothersy 1784: Bifocals: Benjamin Frankliny 1784: Oil lamp: Aim Argand[8]y 1784: Shrapnel shell: Henry Shrapnely 1785: Power loom: Edmund Cartwrighty

1785: Automatic flour mill: Oliver Evansy 1786: Threshing machine: Andrew Meikley 1791: Artificial teeth:Nicholas Dubois De Chemanty 1798: Vaccination: Edward Jennery 1798: Lithography: Alois Senefelder

[edit] 19th century

[edit] 1800s

y 1801: Jacquard loom: Joseph Marie Jacquardy

1802: Screw propellersteamboatPhoenix: John Stevensy 1802: Cockco puffs: Zachus Andreas Winzlery 1804: Locomotive: Richard Trevithicky 1805: SubmarineNautilus: Robert Fultony 1807: SteamboatClermont: Robert Fultony 1808: Band saw: William Newberryy 1809: Arc lamp: Humphry Davy

[edit] 1810s

y 1814: Steam locomotive(Blcher): George Stephensony

1816: Miner's safety lamp: Humphry Davyy 1816: Stirling engine: Robert Stirlingy 1816: Stethoscope: Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennecy 1817: Draisine orvelocipede (two-wheeled): Karl Draisy 1817: Kaleidoscope: David Brewstery 1818: Bicycle: Karl Drais[8]

[edit] 1820s


20/41

y 1821: Electric motor: Michael Faradayy 1823: Electromagnet: William Sturgeony 1824: Portland cement: William Aspdiny 1824: first toy balloon, Michael Faraday[citation needed]y 1826: Photography: Joseph Nicphore Nipcey

1826: Internal combustion engine: Samuel Moreyy 1827: Friction match: John Walkery 1829: Steam locomotive: George Stephenson[8]

[edit] 1830s

y 1830: racing lawn mower: Edwin Beard Buddingy 1830: Thermostat: Andrew Ure[8]y 1830: Stenotype on punched paper strip: Karl Draisy 1831: Multiple coil magnet: Joseph Henryy 1831: Magnetic acoustic telegraph: Joseph Henry (patented 1837)y

1831: Reaper: Cyrus McCormicky 1831: Electrical generator: Michael Faraday, nyos Jedliky 1834: The Hansom cab is patentedy 1834: Louis Braille perfects his Braille systemy 1834: Refrigerator: Jacob Perkinsy 1834: Combine harvester: Hiram Moorey 1835: Revolver: Samuel Colty 1835: Electromechanical Relay: Joseph Henryy 1835: Incandescent light bulb: James Bowman Lindsayy 1836: Sewing machine: Josef Madersbergery 1837: US electric printing press patented by Thomas Davenport (February 25)y 1837: Steel plow: John Deerey 1837: Standard diving dress: Augustus Siebey 1837: Camera Zoom Lens: Jozef Maximilin Petzvaly 1837: Magnetic telegraph: Samuel Morsey 1838: Electric telegraph: Charles Wheatstone (also Samuel Morse)y 1838: closed diving suit with a helmet: Augustus Siebey 1839: Vulcanization ofrubber: Charles Goodyear

[edit] 1840s

y 1840: Artificial fertilizer: Justus von Liebigy 1842: Superphosphate fertilizer: John Bennett Lawesy 1842: Anaesthesia: Crawford Longy 1843: Typewriter: Charles Thurbery 1843: Fax machine: Alexander Bain[citation needed]y 1843: Ice cream maker:Nancy Johnsony 1844: The safety match: Gustaf Erik Paschy 1845: Pneumatic tyre: Robert Thomson (inventor)y 1846: Sewing machine: Elias Howe


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y 1846: Rotary printing press: Richard M. Hoey 1849: Safety pin: Walter Hunty 1849: Francis turbine: James B. Francisy 1849: Telephone: Antonio Meucci[citation needed]

[edit] 1850s

y 1852: Airship: Henri Giffardy 1852: Passengerelevator: Elisha Otisy 1852: Gyroscope: Lon Foucaulty 1855: Bunsen burner: Peter Desagay 1855: Bessemer process: Henry Bessemery 1856: Celluloid: Alexander Parkesy 1858: Undersea telegraph cable: Fredrick Newton Gisborney 1858: Mason jar: John L. Masony 1859: Oil drill: Edwin L. Drakey

1859: Lead acid battery: Gaston Plante[edit] 1860s

y 1860: Light Bulb, Sir Joseph Swany 1860: Linoleum: Fredrick Waltony 1860: Repeating rifle: Oliver F. Winchester, Christopher Spencery 1860: Self-propelled torpedo: Giovanni Luppisy 1861: Ironclad USS Monitor: John Ericssony 1861: Siemens regenerative furnace: Carl Wilhelm Siemensy 1862: Revolving machine gun: Richard J. Gatlingy

1862: Mechanical submarine:Narcs Monturiol i Estarrioly 1862: Pasteurization: Louis Pasteur, Claude Bernardy 1863: Player piano: Henri Fourneauxy 1865: Roller Coaster: LaMarcus Adna Thompsony 1865: Barbed wire: Louis Janniny 1866: Dynamite: Alfred Nobely 1868: Practical typewriter: Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule,

with assistance from James Densmorey 1868: Air brake (rail): George Westinghousey 1868: Oleomargarine: Mege Mouriesy 1869: Vacuum cleaner: I.W. McGaffers

[edit] 1870s

y 1870: Chewing gum: Thomas Adams[8]y 1870: Magic Lanternprojector: Henry R. Heyly 1870: Stock ticker: Thomas Alva Edisony 1871: Cable car (railway): Andrew S. Hallidiey 1873: Jeans: Levi Strauss[8]


22/41

y 1873: Railway knuckle coupler: Eli H. Janneyy 1873: Modern direct currentelectric motor: Znobe Grammey 1874: Barbed wire: Joseph Glidden[8]y 1874: Electric street car: Stephen Dudle Fieldy 1874: DDT: Othmar Zeidler[8]y

1875: Dynamo: William A. Anthonyy 1875: Magazine (firearm): Benjamin B. Hotchkissy 1876: Carpet sweeper: Melville Bisselly 1876: Gasoline carburettor: Daimlery 1876: Loudspeaker: Alexander Graham Belly 1877: Stapler: Henry R. Heyly 1877: Induction motor:Nikola Teslay 1877: Phonograph: Thomas Alva Edisony 1877: Microphone: Emile Berlinery 1878: Cathode ray tube: William Crookesy 1878: Rebreather: Henry Fleussy

1879: Pelton turbine: Lester Peltony 1879: Cash register: James Ritty[edit] 1880s

y 1880: Photophone: Alexander Graham Belly 1880: Roll film: George Eastmany 1880: Safety razor: Kampfe Brothersy 1880: Seismograph: John Milney 1881: Metal detector: Alexander Graham Belly 1882: Electric fan: Schuyler Skaats Wheelery 1882: Blowtorch: Carl Rickard Nybergy 1883: two-phase (alternating current) induction motor:Nikola Teslay 1884: Linotype machine: Ottmar Mergenthalery 1884: Punched card accounting: Herman Hollerithy 1884: Trolley car, (electric): Frank Sprague, Charles Van Depoeley 1885: Automobile patent granted (internal combustion engine powered): Karl Benz, first

automobile put into productiony 1885: Maxim gun: Hiram Stevens Maximy 1885: Motorcycle: Gottlieb Daimlerand Wilhelm Maybachy 1885: Alternating currenttransformer: William Stanleyy 1885: Safety bicycle: John Kemp Starleyy 1886: Dishwasher: Josephine Cochraney 1886: Gasoline engine: Gottlieb Daimlery 1886: Improvedphonograph cylinder: Tainter & Belly 1887: Monotype machine: Tolbert Lanstony 1887: Contact lens: Adolf E. Fick, Eugne Kalt and August Mullery 1887: Gramophone record: Emile Berlinery 1887: Ceiling fan: Philip Diehly 1888: Polyphase AC Electric powersystem:Nikola Tesla (30 related patents.)


23/41

y 1888: Kodak hand camera: George Eastmany 1888: Ballpoint pen: John Loudy 1888: Harvester-thresher: Matteson (?)y 1888: Kinematograph: Augustin Le Princey 1889:Northrop Loom: DraperCorporation, James HenryNorthrop: First automatic

bobbinchangingweavingloom placed inproduction. Over 700,000 would be soldworldwide. (Over100 Patents to James HenryNorthrop' name)

[edit] 1890s

y 1891: Escalator: Jesse W. Reno[8]y 1891: Thermal cracking process: Vladimir Shukhovy 1891: Zipper: Whitcomb L. Judsony 1891: Carborundum: Edward G. Achesony 1891: Modern adjustable spanner: Johan Petter Johanssony 1892: Color photography: Frederic E. Ivesy

1892: Automatic telephone exchange (electromechanical): Almon Strowger- First incommercial service.y 1893: Carburetor: Dont Bnki and Jnos Csonkay 1893: Wirelesscommunication:Nikola Teslay 1893: Radio:Nikola Tesla[citation needed]y 1894: Radio transmission: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal[228]y 1894: Milking machine: Gustaf de Lavaly 1895: Diesel engine: Rudolf Diesely 1895: Radiotelegraph: Guglielmo Marconiy 1896: Vitascope: Thomas Armaty 1897: Modern escalator: Jesse W. Renoy 1898: Tapered roller bearing: Henry Timkeny 1898: Remote control:Nikola Teslay 1899: Iron-mercurycohererwith telephone detector: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengaly 1899: Automobile self starter: Clyde J. Colemany 1899: Magnetic tape recorder: Valdemar Poulseny 1899: Gas turbine: Charles Curtis[citation needed]

[edit] 20th century

[edit] 1900s

y1900: Rigid dirigible airship: Ferdinand Graf von Zeppeliny 1900: Self-heating can

y 1900s: Microwaveoptics: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengaly 1900s: Crescograph: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal[229]y 1901: Mercury vapor lamp: Peter C. Hewitty 1901: Disposable razor blade: King C. Gillettey 1901: Vacuum cleaner: Hubert Boothy 1901: Gauge blocks: Carl Edvard Johansson


24/41

y 1902: Ostwald process: Wilhelm Ostwaldy 1902: Air Conditioner: Willis Carrier[8]y 1902:Neon lamp: Georges Claudey 1902: Radio telephone: Valdemar Poulsen, Reginald Fessendeny 1902: Rayon cellulose ester: Arthur D. Littley

1903: Electrocardiograph (EKG): Willem Einthoveny 1903: Powered, controlled airplane: Wilbur Wright and Orville Wrighty 1904: Thermionic valve: John Ambrose Flemingy 1904: Tractor: Benjamin Holty 1905: Radio tube diode: John Ambrose Flemingy 1906: Sonar(first device): Lewis Nixony 1906: Triode amplifier: Lee DeForesty 1907: Helicopter: Paul Cornuy 1907: Radio tube triode: Lee DeForesty 1907: Washing machine, (electric): Alva Fisher(Hurley Corporation)y 1908: Cellophane: Jacques E. Brandenbergery

1908: Geiger counter: Hans Geigerand Ernest Rutherfordy 1908: Gyrocompass: Hermann Anschtz-Kaempfey 1908: Haber process: Fritz Habery 1909: Bakelite: Leo Baekelandy 1909: Gun suppressor: Hiram Percy Maxim

[edit] 1910s

y 1910:Neon lighting: Georges Claudey 1910: Thermojet engine: Henri Coand&abreve;y 1911: Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperryy 1911: Automobile self starter(perfected): Charles F. Ketteringy 1911: Hydroplane: Glenn Curtissy 1913: Crossword: Arthur Wynney 1913: Parachute: tefan Bani&ccaron;y 1913: Radio receiver: Ernst Alexanderson, Reginald Fessendeny 1913: Stainless steel: Harry Brearleyy 1913: X-Ray (coolidge tube): William D. Coolidge[230]y 1914: Radio transmittertriode mod.: Ernst Alexandersony 1914: Liquid fuel rocket: Robert Goddardy 1914: Tank, military: SirWilliam Ashbee Tritton and MajorWalter Gordon Wilson[231]y 1915: TungstenFilament: Irving Langmuiry 1915: Pyrex: Corning Inc.y 1916: Browning Gun: John Browningy 1916: Thompson submachine gun: John T. Thompsony 1917: Sonarecholocation: Paul Langeviny 1917: Cruise missile: Charles Ketteringy 1918: Interrupter gear: Anton Fokkery 1918: Radio crystal oscillator: A.M. Nicolsony 1919: Flip-flop circuit: William Eccles and F. W. Jordan


25/41

y 1919: Theremin: Leon Theremin[edit] 1920s

y 1920: Saha ionization equation: Meghnad Saha[232]y

1921: Polygraph: John A. Larsony 1922: Radar: Robert Watson-Watt, A. H. Taylor, L. C. Young, Gregory Breit, Merle

Antony Tuvey 1922: The absorption refrigerator: Baltzar von Plateny 1923: Sound film: Lee DeForesty 1923: Television Electronic: Philo Farnsworthy 1923: Wind tunnel: Michael Max Munky 1923: Autogyro: Juan de la Ciervay 1923: Xenon flash lamp: Harold Edgertony 1925: Ultra-centrifuge: Theodor Svedberg - used to determine molecular weightsy 1925: Television Nipkow System: C. Francis Jenkinsy

1926: Television Mechanical Scanner: John Logie Bairdy 1926: Aerosol spray: Rotheimy 1927: Mechanical cotton picker: John Rusty 1928: Sliced bread: Otto Frederick Rohweddery 1928: Electric dry shaver: Jacob Schicky 1928: Antibiotics: Alexander Fleming (initial discovery ofpenicillin)y 1928: Preselector gearbox: Walter Gordon Wilsony 1928: Raman effect: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman[233]y 1929: Electroencephelograph (EEG): Hans Bergery 1929: Kinescope (CRT):Vladimir Zworykiny 1920s: Band aid: Earle Dicksony 1920s: Man-made Insulin: Paul Langerhansy 1920s: Mechanicalpotato peeler: Herman Lay

[edit] 1930s

y 1930:Neoprene: Wallace Carothersy 1931: Radio telescope: Karl JanskyGrote Rebery 1931: Iconoscope: Vladimir Zworykiny 1934: Hammond Organ: Laurens Hammondy 1935: Microwave RADAR: Robert Watson-Watty 1935:Nylon: Wallace Carothersy 1935: Spectrophotometer: Arthur C. Hardyy 1935: Casein fiber: Earl Whittier Stepheny 1936: Mahalanobis distance: Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis[234]y 1937: Turboprop engine: Gyrgy Jendrassiky 1937: Jet engine: Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohainy 1937: O-ring:Niels Christenseny 1937:Nylon: Wallace H. Carothers[8]y 1938: Ballpoint pen: Laszlo Biro


26/41

y 1938: xerography: Chester Carlsony 1938: Fiberglass: Russell Games SlayterJohn H. Thomasy 1939: Helicopter: Igor Sikorskyy 1939: View-master: William Grubery 1939: Automated teller machine: Luther George Simjian

[edit] 1940s

y 1941: Computer: Konrad Zuse[citation needed]y 1941: Velcro: George de Mestraly 1942: Bazooka Rocket Gun: Leslie A. SkinnerC. N. Hickmany 1942:Nuclear reactor: Enrico Fermi[8]y 1942: Undersea oil pipeline: Hartley, Anglo-Iranian, Siemens in Operation Plutoy 1943: Aqua-Lung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnany 1944: Electron spectrometer: Deutsch Elliot Evansy 1945: Slinky: Richard James and Betty Jamesy

1945: Microwave oven: Percy L. Spencer

[8]

y 1945:Nuclear weapons (note: chain reaction theory was made in 1933)y 1946: Microwave oven: Percy Spencery 1946: Mobile Telephone Service: AT&T and Southwestern Belly 1946: Bikini: Louis Reard[8]y 1947: Transistor: William Shockley, Walter Brattain, John Bardeeny 1947: Polaroid camera: Edwin Landy 1948: Long Playing Record: Peter Carl Goldmarky 1948: Holography: Dennis Gabor[8]y 1949: Atomic clocks

[edit] 1950s

y 1951: Combined oral contraceptive pill: Djerassi, Miramontes, and Rosenkranz [235]y 1951: Liquid Paper: Bette Nesmith Grahamy 1951:Nuclear power reactor: Walter Zinny 1952: Floppy disk: Yoshiro Nakamatsu[236]y 1952: Optical fiber:Narinder Singh Kapanyy 1952: Fusion bomb: Edward Tellerand Stanislaw Ulamy 1952: Hovercraft: Christopher Cockerelly 1953: MASER: Charles Townesy 1953: Medical ultrasonographyy 1954: Radar gun: Bryce K. Browny 1954: Synthetic diamond: Tracy Hally 1954: Geodesic dome: Buckminster Fullery 1955: Hard Drive: Reynold Johnson with IBMy 1955: Video phone: Gregorio Y. Zara in the Philippinesy 1956: Digital clocky 1956: Videocassette recorder: Ampexy 1957: Jet Boat: William Hamilton


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y 1958: Integrated circuit: Jack Kilby ofTexas Instruments, Robert Noyce at FairchildSemiconductor

y 1958: Communications satellite: Kenneth Masterman-Smithy 1958: Implantable pacemaker: Rune Elmqvist

[edit] 1960s

y 1960: Laser: Theodore Harold Maimany 1961: Optical disc: David Paul Greggy 1961: Cochlear implant: William Housey 1961: Human spaceflight: Yuri Gagarin, Sergey Korolyov, Kerim Kerimov[237]y 1962: Light-emitting diode:Nick Holonyaky 1962: Space observatory: Ball Brothers Aerospace Corporation[2]y 1963: Computer mouse: Douglas Engelbarty 1967: Space dock: Kerim Kerimov[237][238]y 1967: Automatic Teller Machine: John Shepherd-Barrony

1967: Hypertext: Andries van Dam and Ted Nelsony 1968: Video game console: Ralph H. Baery 1960s: Packet switching: Paul Baran and Donald Davies, independentlyy 1969: ARPANET (first wide-area packet switching network): United States Department

of Defense[8]

[edit] 1970s

y 1971: Space station: Kerim Kerimov[237][238]y 1971: E-mail: Ray Tomlinson[239]y 1971: Liquid Crystal Display: James Fergasony

1971: Microprocessor: Federico Faggin and Marcian Hoffy 1971: Pocket calculator: Sharp Corporationy 1971: Magnetic resonance imaging: Raymond V. Damadiany 1972: Computed tomography: Godfrey Newbold Hounsfieldy 1972: Artemetherin Chinay 1973: Hybrid rice in China[240]y 1973: Ethernet: Bob Metcalfe and David Boggsy 1973: Genetically modified organism: Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyery 1973: Personal computer: Xerox PARCy 1974: Microcredit: Muhammad Yunusy 1974: Microfinance: Muhammad Yunusy 1974: Rubik's Cube: Ern&odblac; Rubiky 1974: Hybrid vehicle: Victor Wouk[3]y 1975: DNA sequencing by chain termination Frederick Sangery 1975: Digital camera: Steven Sassony 1976: Gore-Tex fabric: W. L. Gorey 1977: Personal stereo: Andreas Pavely 1977: Mobile phone: Bell Labs[4]y 1978: Spreadsheet: Dan Bricklin


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[edit] 1980s

y 1980: Compact Disk: Philips Electronics, Sony Corp[8]y 1981: Scanning tunneling microscope: Gerd Karl Binnig and Heinrich Rohrery 1982: Insulated gate bipolar transistor: Hans Becke and Carl WheatleyRCAy

1982: ACE inhibitor: John R. Vaney 1982: Artificial heart: Robert Jarvik, incorporating modifications to earlier experimental

designsy 1983: Camcorder: Sonyy 1983: Internet: first TCP/IP network: Robert E. Kahn, Vint Cerfand othersy 1984: Lithotripsy: Claude Dorniery 1985: Polymerase chain reaction: Kary Mullisy 1985: DNA fingerprinting: Alec Jeffreysy 1987: Statin, cholesterol drug: Carl Hoffmany 1987: Digital Light Processing: Dr. Larry Hornbeck, Texas Instruments

[edit] 1990s

y 1990: World Wide Web: Tim Berners-Lee[241][8]y 1993: Global Positioning System: United States Department of Defensey 1993: Blue LED: Shuji Nakamuray 1994: Wiki: Ward Cunningham[242]y 1997: Non-mechanical digital audio player: SaeHan Information Systems[243]y 1997: Viagra: Pfizer Inc.[8]

[edit] 3rd millennium

[edit] 21st century

[edit] 2000s

Main articles:2000s inscience andtechnology andListofemergingtechnologies

y 2001: Self-contained artificial heart[citation needed]y 2001: Page RankSergey BrinLarry Page[244]

[edit] See also

y List of inventorsy English inventions and discoveriesy Inventions in medieval Islamy Inventions in the modern Islamic worldy List of Chinese inventionsy List of Indian inventionsy List of United States inventions


29/41

y Scottish inventions and discoveriesy Welsh inventions and discoveries

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Hadfield, Peter, Gimme Shelter2. ^Earliest evidence of art found3. ^ Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., World's Oldest Spears4. ^History of the Bow[deadlink]5. ^Paleolithic Egypt6. ^ Pegg, Jr., Ed, Lebombo Bone7. ^ Keddie, Grant, The Atlatl Weapon[deadlink]8. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaEncyclopdia Britannica's Great Inventions,

Encyclopdia Britannica9. ^Stone age man used dentist drill. BBC News.10. "Dashing Finns were first to get their skates on 5,000 years ago". The Times. Retrieved

on 2007-12-24.11. "rice." Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008. Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica, 2008.12. Rodda & Ubertini (2004), TheBasisofCivilization--water Science?, p. 161,

International Association of Hydrological Science, ISBN 190150257013. Teresi, Dick; et al. (2002),LostDiscoveries:The AncientRootsofModern Science--

fromtheBabylonianstothe Maya, pp. 351-2, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-83718-8

14. Kryss Katsiavriades and Talaat Qureshi, Inventions - 3000 BC to 2000 BC.15. Rao, S. R. (1985),Lothal, pp. 278, Archaeological Survey of India16. A World of Glass17. Needham (1986), volume 6 part 5 105-10618. ab Zaheer Baber (1996), The ScienceofEmpire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and

Colonial Rule in India, p. 23, State University of New York Press, ISBN 079142919919. Craddock, P. T. et al. (1983), "Zinc production in medieval India", WorldArchaeology

15 (2), Industrial Archaeology, p. 1320. abHistory of Ondol21. Dimitrakoudis, P. Papaspyrou, V. Petoussis, X. Moussas: Archaic artifacts resembling

celestial spheres22. Inventions 1000 BC to 1 BC23. Ancient Greek Inventions24. Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 319323.25. Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "Linguistics"26. Stone-Hurling Catapult, Greece, 400 BCE27. abJoseph Needham (1986). Science andCivilization in China: Volume 4, Part2, p.

361. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.28. Ancient Roman Inventions29. MSNEncarta (2007),Diamond30. Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "cashmere"31. abEncyclopedia Britannica (2008), "Pagoda"


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32. Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources ofWestern Medieval Technology", The American Historical Review65 (3), p. 516.

33. Roman Inventions34. Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 263267.35. Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 7071.36.

a

b

Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources ofWestern Medieval Technology", The American Historical Review65 (3), p. 521.37. Kriger, Colleen E. & Connah, Graham (2006), Cloth in WestAfrican History, p. 120,

Rowman Altamira, ISBN 075910422038. Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "jute"39. Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 649650.40. Zaheer Baber (1996), The ScienceofEmpire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and

Colonial Rule in India, p. 57, State University of New York Press, ISBN 079142919941. Paper - one of the most important inventions of the last two millennia42. Livingston, Morna & Beach, Milo (2002), StepstoWater:The AncientStepwellsof

India, p. 19, Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN 1568983247

43.

Zaheer Baber (1996),The ScienceofEmpire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, andColonial Rule in India, pp. 56-7, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791429199

44. abcdefgSurgical Instruments from Ancient Rome45. abcRoman period surgery set on show, BBC46. abChirurgia, William Alexander Greenhill, M.D., Trinity College, Oxford47. The Romans carried out cataract ops, BBC48. ab Ronald Watkins. Unknown Seas, p. 15.49. Ancient Indian use of Kamal50. Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of

Western Medieval Technology", The American Historical Review65 (3), p. 519.51. ab John M. Hobson (2004), The Eastern OriginsofWestern Civilisation, p. 141,

Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521547245.52. Encyclopedia Britannica (2002), "Chess: Ancient precursors and related games"53. MSNEncarta (2008), Pachisi54. abcAhmad Y Hassan, Donald Routledge Hill (1986).Islamic Technology: An

illustratedhistory, p. 54. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42239-6.55. Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988), "The Influenceofthe Islamic Law ofWaqfon the

DevelopmentoftheTrustin England:The CaseofMerton College",Universityof

Pennsylvania Law Review136(4): 1231-126156. Hudson, A. (2003), Equity andTrusts(3rded.), Cavendish Publishing,ISBN1-85941-

729-957. Richard Nelson Frye. Golden AgeofPersia, p. 16358. abcdefghijkl Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992).MiracleofIslamic Science, Appendix B.

Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0911119434.59. Dick, Michael S. (1998). The Ancient Ayurvedic Writings. Retrieved May 19, 2005.60. ab Henderson, J.; McLoughlin, S. D. & McPhail, D. S. (2004), "Radical changes in

Islamic glass technology: evidence for conservatism and experimentation with new glassrecipes from early and middle Islamic Raqqa, Syria", Archaeometry46(3): 43968

61. Hassan, Ahmad Y. "The Manufacture of Coloured Glass".HistoryofScience andTechnology in Islam. Retrieved on 2007-09-03.


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62. abcdeAhmad Y Hassan, Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources.63. Distillation,Hutchinson Encyclopedia, 200764. abcRobert Briffault (1938), The MakingofHumanity, p. 19565. abcd Derewenda, Zygmunt S. (2007), "On wine, chirality and crystallography",Acta

Crystallographica Section A: FoundationsofCrystallography64: 246-258 [247]

66.

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Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries".Ahmad Y Hassan. Retrieved on 2008-05-26.67. Khairallah, Amin A. OutlineofArabic Contributionsto Medicine, chapter10. Beirut,

1946.68. abcd Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, The Independent, 11

Mar 2006.69. Olga Pikovskaya, Repaying the West's Debt to Islam, BusinessWeek, March 29, 2005.70. abcdefgHassan, Ahmad Y. "The Colouring of Gemstones, The Purifying and Making

of Pearls And Other Useful Recipes".HistoryofScience andTechnology in Islam.Retrieved on 2008-03-29.

71. Ahmad Y Hassan, Lustre Glass and Lazaward And Zaffer Cobalt Oxide In Islamic AndWestern Lustre Glass And Ceramics,HistoryofScience and

Technology in Islam.72. Mason, Robert B. (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary

Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World".Muqarnas: Annualon Islamic ArtandArchitectureXII. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 9004103147.

73. abcdefghijklmn Georges C. Anawati, "Arabic alchemy", p. 868, in (Rashed&Morelon 1996,pp. 853-902)

74. ab S. Hadzovic (1997). "Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science toits development",Medicinski Arhiv51 (1-2), p. 47-50.

75. abSir Glubb, John Bagot (1969),A ShortHistoryofthe Arab Peoples,. Retrieved on 25 January 2008

76. Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journalofthe Islamic Medical Association, 2002 (2): 2-9 [7-8]

77. The Beginning of the Paper Industry, Foundation for Science Technology andCivilisation

78. ab George Rafael, A is for Arabs, Salon.com, January 8, 2002.79. Deborah Rowe, How Islam has kept us out of the 'Dark Ages', Science andSociety,

Channel 4, May 2004.80. Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, Jounalofthe International Societyforthe HistoryofIslamic

Medicine, 2004 (3), pp. 3-9 [8].81. C. Wayne Smith, Joe Tom Cothren (1999), Cotton: Origin, History,Technology, and

Production, p. viii, John Wiley and Sons. Technology & Industrial Arts, ISBN0471180459

82. abcdDavid A. King, "Islamic Astronomy", in Christopher Walker (1999), ed.,Astronomy beforethetelescope, p. 167-168. British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-2733-7.

83. David A. King (2002). "A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus", Journalforthe HistoryofAstronomy33, p. 237-255 [238-239].

84. Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), The LegacyofMuslim Spain, p.117, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004095993


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85. abc Lebling Jr., Robert W. (July-August 2003), "Flight of the Blackbird", SaudiAramcoWorld: 24-33,. Retrieved on 28 June 2008

86. abc Otto Mayr (1970). The OriginsofFeedback Control, MIT Press.87.

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Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II:Transmission Of Islamic Engineering,HistoryofScience andTechnology in Islam.88. ab Teun Koetsier (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical

automata, looms, calculators",Mechanism andMachinetheory36, p. 590-591.89. abcdefghijklmnopqDonald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the

Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, p. 64-69. (cf.Donald RoutledgeHill, Mechanical Engineering)

90. ab Fowler, Charles B. (October1967), "The Museum of Music: A History ofMechanical Instruments",Music EducatorsJournal54(2): 45-49

91. abcd Adam Lucas (2006), Wind,Water,Work: AncientandMedieval MillingTechnology, p. 65. BRILL, ISBN 9004146490.

92.

Richard W. Bulliet (1987), "Medieval Arabic Tarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in theHistory of Printing", Journalofthe American Oriental Society107 (3), p. 427-438.93. F. L. Lewis (1992),AppliedOptimal Control andEstimation, Englewood Cliffs,

Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.94. Mason, Robert B. (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary

Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World".Muqarnas: Annualon Islamic ArtandArchitectureXII. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 9004103147.

95. David A. King, "Islamic Astronomy", pp. 168-16996. King, DavidA. (2005), In Synchrony withthe Heavens, Studies in Astronomical

TimekeepingandInstrumentation in Medieval Islamic Civilization: InstrumentsofMass

Calculation,Brill Publishers,ISBN900414188X97. King, DavidA. (December 2003), "14th-Century Englandor 9th-CenturyBaghdad?

New Insightson the Elusive Astronomical InstrumentCalledNavicula de Venetiis",Centaurus45(1-4): 204-226

98. Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources".HistoryofScience andTechnology in Islam. Retrieved on 2008-03-29.

99. L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of theThirteenth Century",EnvironmentandHistory8 (4), pp. 475-488.

100. âbLynn Townsend White, Jr. (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, anEleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context andTradition", Technology andCulture2 (2): 97-111[100]

101. ^Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Assessment ofKitab al-Durra al-Maknuna".HistoryofScience andTechnology in Islam. Retrieved on 2008-03-29.

102. âbcdeLynn Townsend White, Jr. (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, anEleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context andTradition", Technology andCulture2 (2), p. 97-111[100-101].

103. âbcdefghijArslan Terzioglu (2007). "The First Attempts of Flight, AutomaticMachines, Submarines and Rocket Technology in Turkish History", TheTurks (ed. H. C.Guzel), p. 804-810.


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104. ^ Ismail b. Ali Ebu'l Feda history, Weltgeschichte, hrsg. von Fleischer and Reiske1789-94, 1831.

105. ^ A. Al Dayela and N. al-Zuhair (2006), "Single drug therapy in the treatment ofmale sexual/erectile dysfunction in Islamic medicine", Urology68 (1): 253-4

106. ^ Regis Morelon, "General Survey of Arabic Astronomy", pp. 9-10, inRashed,Roshdi & Rgis Morelon (1996),Encyclopedia ofthe HistoryofArabic Science, vol. 1 &3,Routledge, 1-19,ISBN0415124107

107. ^ Alatas, Syed Farid, "From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism andChristianMuslim Dialogue", CurrentSociology54(1): 112-32

108. ^TheGuinnessBook OfRecords, 1998, p. 242, ISBN 0-5535-7895-2109. ^abcFirst Flights, Saudi AramcoWorld, January-February 1964, p. 8-9.110. ^ Zayn Bilkadi (University of California, Berkeley), "The Oil Weapons", Saudi

AramcoWorld, January-February 1995, p. 20-27.111. ^The invention of cosmetics. 1001 Inventions.112. ^The Valuable Contribution of al-Razi (Rhazes) to the History of Pharmacy,

FSTC

113.

^Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 783, inRashed, Roshdi &Rgis Morelon (1996),Encyclopedia ofthe HistoryofArabic Science, vol. 1 & 3,Routledge, 751-95,ISBN0415124107

114. ^ David A. King, "Reflections on some new studies on applied science in Islamicsocieties (8th-19th centuries)",Islam & Science, June 2004

115. ^ David J Roxburgh (2000),Muqarnas: An Annualon the Visual CultureoftheIslamic World, p. 21, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004116699.

116. ^ Josef W. Meri (2006),Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, p. 75,Taylor and Francis, ISBN 0415966914.

117. ^ David A. King (1999), World-mapsfor Findingthe Direction andDistancetoMecca: Innovation andTradition in Islamic Science, p. 17, Brill Publishers, ISBN9004113673.

118. ^ Dr. Emily Winterburn (National Maritime Museum) (2005). "Using anAstrolabe". Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation. Retrieved on 2008-01-22.

119. ^ Bosworth, C. E. (Autumn 1981), "A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of theFountain Pen?", JournalofSemitic StudiesXXVl(i)

120. ^ ""Origins of the Fountain Pen "". Muslimheritage.com. Retrieved on September18, 2007.

121. ^ Gernet, 133.122. ^ Lindsay, James E. (2005),Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World,

Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 131, ISBN 0313322708123. ^ O'Connor, John J. & Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn al-Khidr

Al-Khujandi",MacTutor HistoryofMathematics archive124. ^ "Islam, Knowledge, and Science". University of Southern California. Retrieved

on 2008-01-22.125. ^ Elly Dekker (1995), "An unrecorded medieval astrolabe quadrant from c.

1300",AnnalsofScience52 (1), p. 1-47 [6].126. ^ Robert Hannah (1997). "The Mappingofthe Heavens by Peter Whitfield",

Imago Mundi49, pp. 161-162.


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127. âbc King, David A., "Astronomy and Islamic society", pp. 163-8, inRashed,Roshdi & Rgis Morelon (1996),Encyclopedia ofthe HistoryofArabic Science, vol. 1 &

3,Routledge, 128-184,ISBN0415124107128. âbcDonald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 766-9, inRashed, Roshdi

& Rgis Morelon (1996),Encyclopedia ofthe HistoryofArabic Science,Routledge, 751-

795,ISBN0415124107129. ^Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 781, inRashed, Roshdi &Rgis Morelon (1996),Encyclopedia ofthe HistoryofArabic Science,Routledge, 751-95,

ISBN0415124107130. âbFielding H. Garrison,HistoryofMedicine:

"The Saracens themselves were the originators not only ofalgebra, chemistry, andgeology, but of many of the so-called improvements or refinements of civilization, suchas street lamps, window-panes, firework, stringed instruments, cultivatedfruits,perfumes, spices, etc..."

131. ^

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133. âbcDonald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 759, inRashed, Roshdi &Rgis Morelon (1996),Encyclopedia ofthe HistoryofArabic Science,Routledge, 751-795,ISBN0415124107

134. âb Adam Lucas (2006), Wind,Water,Work: AncientandMedieval MillingTechnology, p. 62. BRILL, ISBN 9004146490.

135. âbPeter Barrett (2004), Science andTheology Since Copernicus:The SearchforUnderstanding, p. 18, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 056708969X.

136. ^ Micheau, Francoise, "The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East", pp.988-991 inMorelon, Rgis & Roshdi Rashed(1996),Encyclopedia ofthe HistoryofArabic Science, vol. 3,Routledge,ISBN0415124107

137. ^ Piero Ariotti (Winter, 1968). "Galileo on the Isochrony of the Pendulum",Isis59 (4), p. 414.

138. âbcd Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times",Journalofthe International Societyforthe HistoryofIslamic Medicine2 (2002): 2-9 [7].

139. âbcd Finger, Stanley (1994), OriginsofNeuroscience: A HistoryofExplorations IntoBrain Function, Oxford University Press, p. 70, ISBN 0195146948

140. Âncient surgery141. ^ Zafarul-Islam Khan, At The Threshold (sic) Of A New Millennium II, The

Milli Gazette.142. âbcde Khaled al-Hadidi (1978), "The Role of Muslem Scholars in Oto-rhino-

Laryngology", The Egyptian JournalofO.R.L.4 (1), p. 1-15. (cf.Ear, Nose and ThroatMedical Practice in Muslim Heritage, Foundation for Science Technology andCivilization.)

143. ^ Abdul Nasser Kaadan PhD, "Albucasis and Extraction of Bladder Stone",Jounalofthe International Societyforthe HistoryofIslamic Medicine, 2004 (3): 28-33.

144. âbcSigrid Hunke (1969),Allah SonneUber Abendland,Unser Arabische Erbe,Second Edition, p. 279-280:


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"The science of medicine has gained a great and extremely important discovery and thatis the use of general anaesthetics for surgical operations, and how unique, efficient, andmerciful for those who tried it the Muslim anaesthetic was. It was quite different from thedrinks the Indians, Romans and Greeks were forcing their patients to have for relief ofpain. There had been some allegations to credit this discovery to an Italian or to an

Alexandrian, but the truth is and history proves that, the art of using the anaestheticsponge is a pure Muslim technique, which was not known before. The sponge used to bedipped and left in a mixture prepared from cannabis, opium, hyoscyamus and a plantcalled Zoan."

(cf. Prof. Dr. M. Taha Jasser, Anaesthesia in Islamic medicine and its influence onWestern civilization, Conference on Islamic Medicine)

145. âb Patricia Skinner (2001), Unani-tibbi,Encyclopedia ofAlternative Medicine146. ^ Salah Zaimeche (2002), The Muslim Pioneers of Astronomy, FSTC147.

^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr(1993),An Introduction to Islamic CosmologicalDoctrines, pp. 135-6, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791415163

148. ^Robert Briffault (1938), The MakingofHumanity, p. 191149. ^ Marlene Ericksen (2000).Healingwith Aromatherapy, p. 9. McGraw-Hill

Professional. ISBN 0658003828.150. âbKhwarizm, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.151. âbWill Durant (1950). The StoryofCivilization IV:The AgeofFaith, p. 239-

45.152. âbcd Robert E. Hall (1973). "Al-Khazini",DictionaryofScientific Biography,

Vol. VII, p. 346.153. ^ Marshall Clagett (1961). The ScienceofMechanics in the Middle Ages, p. 64.

University of Wisconsin Press.154. ^Donald Routledge Hill (1985). "Al-Biruni's mechanical calendar",Annalsof

Science42, p. 139-163.155. ^ Tuncer Oren (2001). "Advances in Computer and Information Sciences: From

Abacus to Holonic Agents", TurkJElec Engin9 (1), p. 63-70[64].156. Îslam, Knowledge, and Science.University of Southern California.157. ^ Kriss, Timothy C. & Kriss, Vesna Martich (April 1998), "History of the

Operating Microscope: From Magnifying Glass to Microneurosurgery", Neurosurgery42(4): 899-907

158. ^ Dr. Nader El-Bizri, "Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen", in Josef W. Meri (2006),Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopaedia, Vol. II, p. 343-345, Routledge, NewYork, London.

159. ^ R. S. Elliott (1966),Electromagnetics, Chapter1, McGraw-Hill160. âb Nicholas J. Wade, Stanley Finger (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument:

from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective",Perception30 (10), p. 1157-1177.161. ^ Prof. Nil Sari (Istanbul University, Cerrahpasha Medical School) (06 June,

2007). "Hindiba: A Drug for Cancer Treatment in Muslim Heritage". FSTC Limited.


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162. âb Nurdeen Deuraseh, "Ahadith of the Prophet (s.a.w) on Healing in ThreeThings (al-Shifa fi Thalatha): An Interpretational", Jounalofthe International Societyforthe HistoryofIslamic Medicine, 2004 (3): 14-20[18].

163. ^ Yalcin Tekol (2007), "The medieval physician Avicenna used an herbal calciumchannel blocker, Taxus baccata L.",Phytotherapy Research21 (7): 701-2.

164.

^Philip K. Hitti (cf. Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992),MiracleofIslamic Science,Appendix B, Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0911119434).165. ^ Dr. Z. Idrisi, PhD (2005). The Muslim Agricultural Revolution and its influence

on Europe. The Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization, UK.166. ^ Dr. A. Zahoor (1997). Al-Zarqali (Arzachel), University of Indonesia.167. ^ Sivin (1995), III, 22.168. ^ Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 162.169. Âhmad Y Hassan, Flywheel Effect for a Saqiya.170. ^Glick,Thomas F.; Steven John Livesey & FaithWallis(2005), Medieval

Science,Technology, andMedicine: An Encyclopedia,Routledge, 30,ISBN0415969301171. ^Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 766, inRashed, Roshdi &

Rgis Morelon (1996),Encyclopedia ofthe HistoryofArabic Science,Routledge, 751-795,ISBN0415124107172. ^ Lorch, R. P. (1976), "The Astronomical Instruments of Jabir ibn Aflah and the

Torquetum", Centaurus20(1): 11-34173. ^ A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins",AlShindagah68, January-February 2006.174. ^ Harding, David (1990). Weapons: An International Encyclopediafrom 5000

B.C. to 2000 A.D.. Diane Publishing Company, p. 111. ISBN 0756784360.175. ^Linear astrolabe,Encyclopdia Britannica.176. ^First Birds' Inn: About the Sport of Racing Pigeons177. ^ Abdel Aziz al-Jaraki (2007), When Ridhwan al-Saati Anteceded Big Ben by

More than Six Centuries, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.178. ^ Scott Farrell, Weaponry: The Trebuchet179. ^ Philip Daileader, On the Social OriginsofMedieval Institutions180. ^Jim Bradbury,Medieval Siege181. ^101 gadgets that changed the world182. ^ Roberto Moreno, Koenraad Van Cleempoel, David King (2002). "A Recently

Discovered Sixteenth-Century Spanish Astrolabe",AnnalsofScience59 (4), p. 331-362[333].

183. ^ David A. King (1984). "Architecture and Astronomy: The Ventilators ofMedieval Cairo and Their Secrets", Journalofthe American Oriental Society104 (1), p.97-133.

184. ^Hugh N. Kennedy (1985), "From Polis To Madina: Urban Change In LateAntique And Early Islamic Syria",Past& Present(Oxford University Press) 106(1): 3-27 [10-1]

185. ÂNTIQUES; To Reflect On Or Simply To Admire186. ^ Georges Ifrah (2001). TheUniversal HistoryofComputing: Fromthe Abacusto

the Quatum Computer, p. 171, Trans. E.F. Harding, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (See [1])187. Âhmad Y Hassan. The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously

Rotating Machine.


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188. ^ ProfessorLynn Townsend White, Jr. (cf.The Automata of Al-Jazari, TopkapiPalace Museum, Istanbul.)

189. âbcAhmad Y Hassan. The Origin of the Suction Pump - Al-Jazari 1206 A.D.190. âbA 13th Century Programmable Robot.University of Sheffield.191. ÂncientDiscoveries, Episode 11: AncientRobots, History Channel,

. Retrieved on 6 September2008192. âbcd Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An IllustratedIntroduction, p. 181, University of Texas Press, ISBN 0292781490.

193. âbDonald Routledge Hill, "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, ed.,Encyclopediaofthe HistoryofArabic Science, Vol. 2, p. 751-795 [776]. Routledge, London and NewYork.

194. Âhmad Y Hassan, Al-Jazari and the History of the Water Clock195. ^Donald Routledge Hill (1996),A HistoryofEngineeringin Classical and

MedievalTimes, Routledge, p.224.196. ^ Ibn al-Razzaz Al-Jazari (ed. 1974), TheBookofKnowledgeofIngenious

Mechanical Devices, translated and annotated by Donald Routledge Hill, Dordrecht / D.

Reidel, part II197. ^ Silvio A. Bedini, Francis R. Maddison (1966). "Mechanical Universe: TheAstrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi", Transactionsofthe American Philosophical Society56 (5), p. 1-69.

198. âbKennedy, EdwardS. (1962), "Review:The Observatory in Islam andItsPlace in theGeneral Historyofthe Observatory by Aydin Sayili",Isis53(2): 237-239

199. âbcdefghijkHassan, Ahmad Y. "Gunpowder Composition for Rockets andCannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". Ahmad YHassan. Retrieved on 2008-06-08.

200. ^ Emilie Savage-Smith (1988), "Gleanings from an Arabist's Workshop: CurrentTrends in the Study of Medieval Islamic Science and Medicine", Isis79 (2): 246-266[263].

201. âbDonald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 771, inRashed, Roshdi &Rgis Morelon (1996),Encyclopedia ofthe HistoryofArabic Science,Routledge, 751-95,

ISBN0415124107202. ^ David A. King (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks",Isis74 (4), p. 531-

555 [545-546].203. ^King, DavidA. (1983), "The Astronomyofthe Mamluks",Isis74(4): 531-555

[547-8]204. ^ Jones, Lawrence (December2005), "The Sundial And Geometry", North

American Sundial Society12(4)205. ^ G. R. Tibbetts (1973), "Comparisons between Arab and Chinese Navigational

Techniques", Bulletin ofthe SchoolofOriental andAfrican Studies36 (1): 97-108 [105-6]

206. ^ E. S. Kennedy (1947), "Al-Kashi's Plate of Conjunctions",Isis38 (1-2), p. 56-59 [56].

207. âb E. S. Kennedy (1950), "A Fifteenth-Century Planetary Computer: al-Kashi'sTabaq al-Manateq I. Motion of the Sun and Moon in Longitude",Isis41 (2), p. 180-183.


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208. ^ E. S. Kennedy (1952), "A Fifteenth-Century Planetary Computer: al-Kashi'sTabaq al-Maneteq II: Longitudes, Distances, and Equations of the Planets", Isis43 (1), p.42-50.

209. ^ E. S. Kennedy (1951), "An Islamic Computer for Planetary Latitudes", Journalofthe American Oriental Society71 (1), p. 13-21.

210. ^

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Salim Al-Hassani (19 June 2008). "The Astronomical Clock of Taqi Al-Din:Virtual Reconstruction". FSTC. Retrieved on 2008-07-02.211. Âhmad Y Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din andArabic Mechanical Engineering, p.

34-35. Instiute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.212. ^Donald Routledge Hill and Ahmad Y Hassan. "Engineering in Arabic-Islamic

Civilization".HistoryofScience andTechnology in Islam. Retrieved on 2008-07-03.213. ^Routledge Hill, Donald. "Engineering".Encyclopedia ofthe HistoryofArabic

Science2: pp. 751795. London and New York: Routledge.214. ^pencil, Encyclopdia Britannica215. ^ Topdemir, Hseyin Gazi (1999), Takyddn'in Optik Kitabi, Ministery of

Culture Press, Ankara (cf. Dr. Hseyin Gazi Topdemir (30 June 2008). "Taqi al-Din ibn

Maruf and the Science of Optics: The Nature of Light and the Mechanism of Vision".FSTC Limited. Retrieved on 2008-07-04.)216. ^ Sevim Tekeli, "Taqi al-Din", in Helaine Selin (1997),Encyclopaedia ofthe

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List ofIndian scientists

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from List of Indian Scientists)Jump to: navigation, search

[edit] Ancient Scientists from India

y Aryabhatty Bh&amacr;skara Iy Brahmadevay Brahmaguptay Charakay Baudhayanay Halayudhay Jayadevay Pingalay Nine Unknown Men

[edit] Modern Era Scientists


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y APJ Abdul Kalamy Anil Kakodkary Birbal Sahniy Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar- Mathematician. Known for his contributions to

singularity theory and Abhyankar's conjecturey

CNR Raoy CV Ramany Vijay P. Bhatkary Ganapathi Thanikaimoniy Ashok Gadgil - Inventor ofUV-disinfection methody Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandrany D. R. Kaprekar- Mathematician. Famous for his work onNumber Theoryy Har Gobind Khoranay Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhojey Tej P Singhy Harish Chandray

Narendra Karmarkar- Mathematician. Renowned for developing Karmarkar's algorithmy Homi Bhabhay Jagdish Chandra Bosey Dr. Jayant Narlikar- Prominent Astrophysicist His work on conformal gravity theory

with Sir Fred Hoyle, called Hoyle-Narlikar theory, demonstrated a synthesis can beachieved between Albert Einsteins theory of relativity and Mach's principle.

y Lalji Singhy Nitya Anandy Prof. Abhay Ashtekar- known for 'Ashtekar Variables'. He is also regarded as a founder

of the theory ofLoop quantum gravityy Meghnad Sahay ML Madany Dr. Sarang A. Kulkarni - Well known Marine Biologisty Padmanabhan Balaramy Raghunath Anant Mashelkary Ranajit Chakrabortyy Arun Netravali - Chief Scientist & former CEO of Bell Labs.y Salim Aliy Shanti Swarup Bhatnagary Subramanyan Chandrasekhary Srinivasa Ramanujany SN Bosey Gajendra Pal Singh Raghavay Sujoy K. Guhay Sunder Lal Horay Vainu Bappuy Vikram Sarabhaiy William Stephen Atkinsony Deja Imani Walkery Shayla Ravera


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y Britney Maranoy Nia Amari Hall

timeline of historic inventions

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