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To produce technical manpower of global standards in Electronics and
Communication Engineering with capabilities of adapting to new challenges to
address the societal needs.
1. Equipping faculty members with knowledge in cutting edge technologies
through various programmes.
2. Imparting quality education to meet the requirements of all stake-holders with
the help of well qualified and experienced faculty resources.
3. Nurturing competent professionals through extra and co-curricular activities.
4. To promote research and development activities by setting up new research
facilities and industrial interaction.
5. Accomplishing the technological needs of the society.
Heartily congratulations to the editorial team. It takes immense
pleasure for me to note that the effort is continuing and you are
bringing out the magazine, TECHNIK FREAKS, in its electronic
format inviting a wider readership in the Institute website. The
reputation of an institute depends on the calibre and achievements of
the students and teachers. The role of the teacher is to discover the
talents and nurture the skills of the students. This e-magazine is going
to showcase the strength of this Institute being a forum to exhibit the
potential of the folks with their literary skills and innovative ideas. I
extend my best wishes for the success of this endeavour.
SMART DUSTBIN
e realize that Garbage causes damage
to local ecosystems, and it is a threat to
plant and human life. To avoid all such
situations we are going to implement a
project called IoT Based” Smart Dustbin”.
The main aim of this project is to
enhancement of a smart city vision. Smart
cities don‟t only mean smart buildings and
smart parking areas but “smarter waste
management system” is also a major issue
to be addressed in developing a smart city.
In recent time Garbage waste collection
and its management is very critical issue.
For that In India 2nd October 2014 Indian
Prime Minister Mr. NarendraModi
announced Clean India Mission.
Convectional waste management systems
which are currently employed in India
have static routes and schedules where
garbage from containers are collected on
fixed schedules, regardless if they are full
or not.
The presence of garbage around the
dustbin and stinking condition from
containers and garbage bins, and send it to
servers in real time. An authorized phone
number which are present in Waste
Management Centres gather fill-level and
other information sent from multiple
containers which are situated throughout a
city/locality. The data acquired, can be
used to systematically plan route-map to
collect garbage. The information from bins
to the authorized number is sent using
communicating modules (GSM/GPRS
module).we will be using ultrasonic range
sensor to know the amount of garbage
collected in garbage containers. The entire
operation is controlled using Atmega328P
8-bit microcontroller. This report
showcases a potential design for an IoT
gateway that can be used to provide a
framework for a smart waste management
system.
When garbage is trashed into a dustbin the
bin ashes a unique code, which can be
used to gain access to free Wi-Fi. The
Sensor checks for the garbage fill in
dustbin and, a Router provides Wi-Fi to
the user. Major part of our project depends
upon the working of the Wi-Fi module
which is essential for its implementation.
Due to the wet waste present in the bin
many times the bin starts stinking, and the
smell may last for many days which in
turn affects the society. As a solution to
this, a Wet sensor is provided in the bin.
This sensor collects the information about
the wet waste present in the bin and if the
value is greater than the threshold level,
the message is sent to WMC to address the
dustbin. The SWM system reduces the cost
involved in collecting the garbage.
The movement of waste across the whole
city can be tracked and thus can be
monitored by a single system efficiently.
This system can prove to be a revolution
for the whole urban waste management
system of upcoming smart Cities. The
main aim is the enhancement of a smart
city vision. This Smart Dustbin can
contribute a lot towards clean and hygienic
environment in building a smart city.
ASHWATHI.A
JERLIN.A
II-ECE-A
AUTONOMOUS
CARS
One of the greatest inventions ever
in the history of mankind-“CARS”. Since
its inception in the 1890s cars have
become increasingly safe and convenient.
But while talking about today‟s lifestyle,
certain scenes capture our mind at this
point, imagine yourself driving the car
with one hand on the wheel and the other
holding a hotdog or working its way on
your daughter‟s hair or your mobile, laptop
etc. Man…it‟s a mess, a busy day ahead
beginning with traffic and there is always
this boss waiting to pull your leg as soon
as he sees you. Now this is how you could
define a “perfectly hectic day”.
Now such a hectic day can turn
into a tragedy with so much on your mind,
for example you could end up in an
accident. Let‟s imagine the best way out of
this .Well you needn‟t imagine anymore as
they are already on the roads. That‟s right
“AUTONOMOUS CARS” is the future.
Your car may need a licence soon too
.Equipped with an S3 LIDAR system for
sight, GPS for routing, RADAR and
ULTRASONIC SENSORS and of course
a CENTRAL COMPUTER SYSTEM for
overall analysis. So here are some of the
potential advantages namely higher speed
limit, fewer traffic collisions leading to a
smoother ride, reduction of space for
parking and need for traffic police and
vehicle insurance. We will come to know a
lot more about what makes them
autonomous and how they are safe on their
own.
Keywords: LIDAR system, GPS,
Ultrasonic sensors.
ECG T-SHIRT
The ECG T-SHIRT was developed with a
portable long term multichannel ECG
monitoring with active electrodes.
Unobtrusive sensing of vital signs, such as
cardiac activity and respiration, has been
increasingly applied in the past decade.
Increasing number of technical solutions,
the so-called personal healthcare systems,
are being developed. This portable
electrocardiography (ECG) device with 12
leads was found for long-time application.
These ECG recorders are often used to
diagnose cardiac conditions over the
duration of several days. For this, patients
wear the device while continuing their
daily routine. Commercial Holter devices
consist of a portable ECG recorder with
adhesive electrodes. However, these
electrodes have one major problem: the gel
that ensures good conductivity can lead to
skin allergies. Moreover, the longer the gel
is applied, the greater the possibility that
more problems arise. Signal quality is
deteriorated if the gel dries up, which is
highly probable during long-term
monitoring. In addition, in some cases
(e.g., if patients are sweating), the
electrodes detach themselves, requiring
reapplication. If this occurs, the patient
may not reattach them in the correct place.
The portable 12-lead ECG measurement
system consists of a T-shirt, active
electrodes and an ECG recorder. The
active electrodes of the capacitive
measurement system record the potentials
on the body‟s surface. The analogue
signals from the active electrodes are
digitalized in the ECG recorder, which
also calculates the 12 ECG leads. The
signals of the leads are then processed by a
microcontroller and stored on an SD card
in the ECG recorder. A 12-lead ECG
requires 10 electrodes on the patient‟s
limbs and chest: 10 physical channels are
recorded (3 limb leads, 6 thoracic leads, 1
Right Leg lead). The T-shirt is a
commercially available breathable sports
T-shirt. Ten textile patches made of
electrically conductive fabric serve as
electrodes. The patches (4cm 4 cm) are
sewn into the interior of the T-shirt. This
fabric is silver plated with 99% silver and
has been used as electrodes by two other
group. While other conductive textile
materials exist, silver coating was selected.
It was found that silver electrodes are
advantageous even at recording low
frequencies. The driven right leg (DRL)
electrode has a larger area to ensure good
contact (30 cm 5 cm). Each electrode has a
snap fastener connection, where the
amplifier boards (or in the case of the DRL
electrode, the cable) that lead to the ECG
recorder are fastened. The T-shirt needs to
fit relatively tightly, since signal quality
improves with contact pressure of the
electrodes. An active circuit PCB is placed
on the snap fasteners from the exterior.
Thus ECG T-shirt is of greater advantage
to monitor and diagnose our health in a
simple and easy way without affecting our
routine work. This also reduces the time to
be spent in the hospital to take an ECG.
M.SARANYAA
II ECE C
OCULUS’ NEXT VR
HAND
CONTROLLER
In December of last year, Oculus released
its Touch controllers for the Rift virtual
reality system, but a replacement may be
on the way sooner rather than later.
According to a patent application filed
with the USPTO by Oculus, the Facebook
team has designed a self-tracking VR
glove.
The patent titled Optical Hand Tracking in
Virtual Reality Systems is as follows:
“A system [that] tracks movement of the
VR input device relative to a portion of a
user’s skin, track movement of the VR
input device relative to a physical surface
external to the VR input device, or both.
The system includes an illumination
source integrated with a tracking glove
coupled to a virtual reality console, and
the illumination source is configured to
illuminate a portion of skin on a finger of
a user.
The system includes an optical sensor
integrated with the glove, and the optical
sensor is configured to capture a plurality
of images of the illuminated portion of
skin. The system includes a controller
configured to identify differences between
one or more of the plurality of images,
and to determine estimated position data
based in part on the identified
differences.”
As described above, this type of tracking is
quite different from Oculus‟ current
Constellation tracking system, in which
external optical sensors detect infrared
light pulses emitted by the object being
tracked to determine, where the device is
located in 3D space.
The difference between this patent and the
traditional Constellation system lies
mainly in the image capture devices,
which are not external sensors but are
instead attached directly to the glove itself.
Last week, an additional Oculus patent
provided a very vague look at an idea for
potential VR gloves, but this more recent
filing is much more detailed.
This is the second patent in as many weeks
concerning VR hand controllers for
Oculus. The Oculus Touch controllers
have been received well by customers and
critics as well. However, with other
companies like Valve teasing fresh takes
on hand tracking, Oculus can‟t afford to
rest on its laurels. We‟ve seen Oculus test
out temperature differentiation as well
as other glove-based devices recently in
the past, as well.
Next week is Facebook‟s F8 developer
conference in San Jose and rumours and it
is believed that that the company will be
showing fresh VR tech at the show. It‟s
possible we‟ll have more news or even see
a prototype of the new Oculus hand
controllers at that time.
FARMING
EMBRACES THE IoT
The farm is perhaps the last place where
you would look for advanced
technology. But pressures on food
production make agriculture a prime
candidate for harnessing the potential of
automation and the IoT. Real-time data
collection is the key to improving yields
and making the most of precious
resources.
n drought-prone areas, moisture sensors
buried in the soil can slash water
consumption and ensure none is wasted.
Traditionally, farmers will deploy
irrigation on a regular schedule based on
average weather and soil conditions. But
this leads to much of the water draining
away unproductively because the crops do
not need such a regular infusion.
Soil monitoring makes it possible to target
irrigation to where it is needed, when it is
needed. Moisture sensors use conductivity
to gauge the presence of water in the soil.
When the conductivity drops far enough,
the sensor can alert a remote control
system to the need for water. The
necessary irrigation can be delivered using
sprinklers, drip or furrow flooding
systems.
Moisture levels across a field may vary
widely, due to differences in exposure to
wind and sun as well as changes in soil
composition. To provide the degree of
precision required for irrigation, the pumps
and valves need to be managed by a
control system: opening them and closing
them as necessary.
Cellular, LoRaWAN and SIGFOX are
potential candidates for networking
sensors and actuators across a farm.
However, the balance of features points to
LoRaWAN being the best overall solution
for many applications. Although cellular
provides long range, its coverage in rural
areas can be patchy. Additionally, data sent
over the cellular network will incur a cost
based on the amount of data transmitted.
However, in an environment where
farmers have to manage many square
kilometres of fields, the inability to query
the status of pumps and valves or to
perform ad hoc tests on sensors can make
maintenance much harder and more
expensive. Developed by Semtech,
LoRaWAN provides IoT users with the
option of accessing the Internet through
their own network of base stations to
provide greater control, and potentially
lower operating costs or through a
burgeoning selection of commercial
operators. A number of groups are
minimising their network-setup costs
through the use of crowdsourcing. For
example, in the UK, communities in
Oxford, Calderdale and other locations
have set up LoRaWAN networks to help
with flood management. Farmers can
easily cooperate by sharing access to
LoRaWAN nodes that cover their fields.
Such a scheme lets a farmer access data
from sensors that are closer to a
neighbour‟s LoRaWAN router than their
own.
LoRaWAN has support from multiple
silicon providers. STMicroelectronics
offers a range of Nucleo development kits
for the network protocol in addition to
Microchip Technology's RN2483 LoRa
module and Semtech's own SX127x family
of interface devices. LoRaWAN also has
the benefit compared to traditional radio
systems of offering access to devices
buried below ground such as parking water
sensors and subsurface irrigation valves. In
addition, it has a transmit range on the
order of 10km. Resilience to interference
from other unlicensed-band users is helped
by the use of a spread-spectrum
modulation scheme. Achievable data rates
range from 300bit/s to 50kbit/s, similar to
that of existing GPRS connections.RF
choices may be deployment-specific.
Pycom boards fit well here as platforms
because there are versions for long-range
Wi-Fi, which support distances up to 1km,
SIGFOX and LoRaWAN. A fast and
affordable way of getting field data to
mission control is to set up several battery
operated modules connected to soil sensors
in the field with a module connected to a
Raspberry Pi in the farm, to deliver a real-
time dashboard to the farmer.
Another key wireless technology that is
making agriculture more efficient is the
GPS. The ability to detect position within a
field is helping to automate tasks such as
ploughing and the delivery of fertilisers
and pesticides. Gradually, the industry is
moving towards self-driving tractors and
robots. But even on manually driven
tractors, the presence of GPS makes it
possible to operate vehicles over longer
hours and when visibility would otherwise
be too low to allow activity. Even in good
conditions, GPS-assisted steering
improves the efficiency of operations by
ensuring vehicles remain on-track and
avoiding crop damage.
Technology is also enabling high-density
and urban farming – with producers
turning loft and roof spaces into
agricultural spaces. In these environments,
moisture and other sensors can, as with
outdoor fields, optimise irrigation to
ensure more efficient use of water and
nutrients.
A key technological change that has made
greenhouse farming much more attractive
is that of lighting. The shift to high-
efficiency LED lighting has made it
possible for greenhouse farmers to extend
their growing seasons. The lighting can be
activated on overcast days as well as at the
beginning and end of the day. Compared
with traditional light sources, LEDs have
the advantage of more easily tuning their
spectral output. Purple light has become a
popular choice for greenhouse farming, as
it provides ample illumination for
photosynthesis with low waste. In other
cases, green has been shown to be
effective for stimulating the production of
larger leaves.
One potential issue with greenhouse-based
farming is the faster spread of disease
among susceptible crops compared to
outdoor agriculture. IoT technology can
provide the basis for effective disease
management. Airflow, humidity and
temperature sensors above the soil layer
can help ensure conditions are optimal for
crop growth but not for the development of
fungi, which are often favoured by
stagnant conditions.
The rapid detection of disease is also vital
and can be handled by airborne drones that
fly over the rows of crops to check visually
for signs of infestation. When a drone
detects a discoloured leaf or another sign
of disease, it can send a signal that alerts a
member of staff to check on the plant and
remove it if necessary. In the future, robots
will be used to perform the checks,
removals and replantations automatically.
For outdoor farms, the combination of
roving sensors on drones and robotic
automation will also become increasingly
common. It will improve the targeting of
fertilisers and pesticides to where they are
needed. This will help reduce the runoff of
nitrates and phosphates into the water table
and the build-up of resistance among
weeds.
Thanks to sensor, positioning and
networking technology, farming is set to
begin its next revolution. It will ensure that
agriculture can continue to deliver the
quantity of food the world needs with the
minimum of resources and pollution.
FOG COMPUTING
“Computing is not about
computers anymore, it is about
living”.Fog computing also known as edge
computing or fogging is a distributed
computing infrastructure in which
application services are handled by the
edge networking Smart devices like
routers. Fog acts like an intermediate
between users and cloud. It extends the
services of cloud computing paradigms
and also provides data, computation,
applications and storage to end users.
Fogging means the cloud close to the
ground and its goal is to improve the
efficiency and reduce the amount of data
stored to the cloud by analysing and
filtering the data‟s. Fogging provides
improved security to the data by encoding
them and also it reduces the data
movement across the networks. Fog are
distributed in heterogeneous platforms in
Geographical environments so, fog has
high response time than cloud by
consuming less bandwidth and supports
mobility. Even though Fog performs well
than cloud it cannot be used to replace the
cloud entirely. The technical giants like
IBM, Microsoft, IEEE and CISCO are
working on the Fogging. Fogging has its
applications in the real scenarios like
Connected Cars, Smart traffic signals and
Smart grids and also in E-Governance,
Green city, Health care.
Key Words: Fogging, Edge Networks,
Internet of Things.
I. INTRODUCTION
"Fog Computing" is a highly virtualized
platform that provides compute, storage,
and networking services between end
devices and traditional Cloud Computing
Data Centers, typically, but not exclusively
located at the edge of network. The
following figure presents the idealized
information and computing architecture
supporting the future IoT applications, and
illustrates the role of Fog Computing.
FOG COMPUTING
Cloud and Fog are built around the same
basic services. “Edge of the Network”,
however, implies a number of
characteristics that make the Fog a non-
trivial extension of the Cloud.
II.ANALYTICS, AND THE
INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE FOG
AND THE CLOUD
While Fog nodes provide localization,
therefore enabling low latency and context
awareness, the Cloud provides global
centralization. Many applications require
both Fog localization, and Cloud
globalization, particularly for analytics and
Big Data. We consider Smart Grid, which
data hierarchies help illustrate further this
interplay.
Fog collectors at the edge ingest the data
generated by grid sensors and devices.
Some of this data relates to protection and
control loops that require real-time
processing (from milliseconds to sub
seconds). This first tier of the Fog,
designed for machine-to-machine (M2M)
interaction, collects, process the data, and
issues control commands to the actuators.
It also filters the data to be consumed
locally, and sends the rest to the higher
tiers. The second and third tier deal with
visualization and reporting (human-
tomachine [HMI] interactions), as well as
systems and processes (M2M). The time
scales of these interactions, all part of the
Fog, range from seconds to minutes (real-
time analytics), and even days
(transactional analytics). As a result of this
the Fog must support several types of
storage, from ephemeral at the lowest tier
to semi-permanent at the highest tier. We
also note that the higher the tier, the wider
the geographical coverage, and the longer
the time scale.
III. FOG PLAYERS-PROVIDERS
AND USERS:
It is not easy to determine at this early
stage how the different Fog Computing
players will align. Based on the nature of
the major services and applications,
however, we anticipate that:
Subscriber models will play a
major role in the Fog (Infotainment
in Connected Vehicle, Smart Grid,
Smart Cities, Health Care, etc.)
The Fog will give rise to new forms of
competition and cooperation between
arena as users and providers, including
utilities, car manufacturers, public
administrations and transportation
agencies. providers angling to provide
global services. New incumbents will enter
thearena as users and providers, including
utilities, car manufacturers, public
administrations and transportation
agencies.
IV. CONNECTIVITY AT FOG SCALE:
The presence of potentially tiny devices
everywhere is only one of the ingredients
of the fog. All the devices used for
fogging need to be connected. The sheer
volume of devices (50 billion handheld
user devices in 2020) together with
manymore sensing/acting devices of the
IoT which works 24/7 will likely dwarf
present connectivity and bandwidth
problems. A special report in The
Economist titled “Augmented Business”
described how cows will be monitored to
ensure healthier, more plentiful supply of
meat for people to consume. On average,
each cow generates about 200 MB of
information a year. By this,the devices
are connected at fog scale.
V. CHALLENGES AHEAD
Although the research efforts and user
trends described in previous sections are
pushing to bring the fog, the path is
farfrom paved. There are many open
problems that will have to be addressed
to make the fog a reality. It is necessary
to clearly identify them so future research
works have these problems into account.
The set of open challenges for the fog to
become a reality isis:
1) Discovery/Sync Applications running
on devices may need either some agreed
„centralised‟ point (e.g. establish an
“upstream” backup if there are too few
peers in our storage application);
2) Compute/Storage limitation Current
trends are improving this fact with
smaller, more energy-efficient and more
powerful devices.
3) Management In addition to setting up
the communication routes across end
nodes, IoT/ubiquitous computing nodes
and applications running on top need to be
properly setup and configured to operate as
desired.
4) Standarisation Today no standarised
mechanisms are available so each member
of the network (terminal, edge point...) can
announce its availability to host others‟
software components, and for others to
sent it their software to be run.
VI. CONCLUSION:
The fog is nothing but the convergence of
a set of technologies that have been
developing and maturing in an
independent manner for quite some time.
The integration of these into a single IT
scenario is an answer to the new
requirements introduced by device
ubiquity and demands for agile network
and service management and data privacy.
As a result the fog will dramatically shift
many of our current practices at almost
every layer of the IT stack, like apps
development, network traffic management,
network/service provision, accounting,
apps collaboration mechanisms, etc. This
article has provided a broad overview of
this convergence and what are the common
points that link all these technologies
together, creating a new paradigm that
some have already named as “fog”
computing.
AASHIKA R,
DENICA SHELUS R,
II ECE
This is how I come to know
“HOBBIT & HOBBYTE”
SPINTRONICS
Spintronics or spin electronics, is an emerg
ing field of basic and applied research
physics and
engineering that aims to exploit the role pl
ayed by electron spin in
solidstate materials.Spintronic devices mak
e use of spin properties instead of, or in ad
dition to electron charge to carry informati
on,thereby offering opportunities for novel
micro‐ and nanoelectronic devices.This art
icle reviews the background and current st
atus of this subject, and also some of the a
pplications of Spintronics.
Polarized electrons are used to control elec
tric current.The goal of Spintronics is to
develop a semiconductor that can
manipulate the
magnetism of an electron. Once we add the
spin degree of freedom to electronics, it w
ill provide significant versatility and
functionality to future electronic products.
Magnetic spin properties of
electrons are used in many applications suc
h as magnetic memory, magnetic recording
(read, write heads), etc.
The realization of semiconductors that are
ferromagnetic above room
temperature will
potentially lead to a new generation of Spi
ntronic devices with -
revolutionary electrical and optical
properties. The field of Spintronics was
born in the late 1980s with the discovery
of the giant magnetoresistance effect
The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effec
t occurs when a magnetic field is used to al
ign the spin of electrons in the material, in
ducing a large change in the resistance of a
material.
A new generation of miniature electronic d
evices like computer chip
lightemitting devices for displays,
and sensors to detect radiation, air pollutan
ts, light and magnetic fields are possible w
ith the new
generation of Spintronic materials.
In electronic devices, information is stored
and transmitted by the flow of
electricit in the form
of negatively charged subatomic particles
called electrons. The zeroes and ones of co
mputer binary code are represented by the
presence or absence of electrons within a s
emiconductor or other material. In
Spintronics, information is stored and trans
mitted using another property of electrons
calledsspin. Spin,is the intrinsic angular m
omentum of an electron, each electron acts
like a tiny bar magnet, like a
compass needle, that points either up or do
wn to
the spin of an electron. Electrons moving
through a nonmagnetic material
normally have random spins, so the net eff
ect is zero. External
magnetic fields can be applied so that the s
pins are aligned (all up or all down), allowi
ng a new way to
store binary data in the form of one‟s (all s
pins up) and zeroes (all spins down). The e
ffect was first
discovered in a device made of multiple la
yers of electrically conducting materials: al
ternating magnetic
and nonmagnetic layers.
The device was known as "spin valve" bec
ause when a magnetic field was
applied to the device, the spin of its electro
ns went from all up to all down, changing i
ts resistance so that the
device acted like a valve to increase or dec
rease the flow of electrical current
called Spin Valves.
The first scheme of Spintronics device bas
ed on the metal oxide semiconductor techn
ology was the first field effect spin transist
or proposed in 1989 by Suprio Datta and B
iswajit Das of Purdue University.One elect
rode acts as an emitter and the other as a c
ollector.The emitter emits electrons with th
eir spins oriented along the direction of ele
ctrodes magnetization, while the collector
acts as a
spin filter and accepts electrons with the sa
me spin only.
In the absence of any change to the spins d
uring transport, every emitted electron ente
rs the collector.This device is explained in
further detail
under the topic of spin transistors.
SPIN INJECTION:
SPIN TRANSISTOR:
The basic idea of a spin transistor, as prop
osed by Suprio Datta and Biswajit Das (Pu
rdue
University, USA) is to control the spin orie
ntation by applying a gate voltage. A spinF
ET, as depicted
below, consists of ferromagnetic electrode
s and a semiconductor channel that contain
s a layer of
electrons and a gate electrode attached to t
he semiconductor. The source and drain el
ectrodes are ferromagnetic (FM) metals.
The rotation can be controlled, in principle
,by an applied electric field through
the gate electrode.
If the spin orientation of the electron chann
el is aligned to the FM drain electrode, ele
ctronsare able to flow into the FM drain el
ectrode. However, if the spin orientation is
flipped in the electronlayer (as in the figur
e above), electrons cannot enter the drain e
lectrode (FM2). In this way, with the gate
electrode the rotation of the electron spin c
an be controlled. Therefore, in a spinFET t
he current flow is modified by the spin pre
cession angle. Since the spinFET concept
was published in 1990, there
has been a worldwide effort to develop suc
h a transistor. The success of such a projec
t cruciallydepends on efficient injection of
spin currents from a ferromagnetic metal i
nto a semiconductor, a seemingly formidab
le task.Intense research is under way to cir
cumvent problem by using (Ferro) magneti
c semiconductors such as GaMnAs
EXPECTATION FOR THE FUTURE:
Spintronics is one of the most challenging
and fascinating areas in nanotechnology. It
s impact is felt both in fundamental scienti
fic research and industrial applications. To
cope with its rapid progress in
pure and applied science, coordinated effor
ts by researchers from diverse fields includ
ing physics, chemistry, biology, materials
science and engineering are absolutely nec
essary. From today‟s read heads
to quantum information processing in the f
uture, the electron spin has exhibited the li
mitless potential
to impact our lives as we look through the
magical quantum world at the nanoscale, a
world that is not
much different from an Alice‐in‐wonderlan
d world that plays by its own rules. We are
yet to understand
fully most of those rules, but we are makin
g significant progress through research in
Spintronics.
CONCLUSION:
The GMR is the background to switch
from the “traditional” electronic to the spin
based
electronics. Spintronic has great potentialit
y for applications and it is the beginning of
its journey. The
realization of semiconductors that are ferro
magnetic above room temperature will pot
entially lead to a
new generation of spintronic devices with r
evolutionary electrical and optical properti
es.
CHITHRAPANDI.J
III ECE A
FUTURRE ON IMAGE
“The future is unfolding all around us.
Over the next decade we will see a slew
of Innovative technologies that we can
hardly imagine today”.
Image processing is a method to convert
an image into digital form and perform
some operations on it, in order to get an
enhanced image or to extract some useful
information from it. It is a type of signal
dispensation in which input is image, like
video frame or photograph and output may
be image or characteristics associated with
that image. Usually Image
Processing system includes treating
images as two dimensional signals while
applying already set signal processing
methods to them. It is among rapidly
growing technologies today, with its
applications in various aspects of a
business. Image Processing forms core
research area within engineering and
computer science disciplines too.
Research project: „„Document image
analysis on Tamil language‟‟. My research
is based on the improving the quality of
image from low resolution to high
resolution specifically on Tamil document
images, recognition of document images
have important applications in restoring
old and classical texts. The research in
Artificial Intelligence tackles the problems
where the humans can solve easily, but are
difficult for machines to solve. Rather than
hard-coding these tasks as computer
instructions, a learning based approach is
more sensible where computers learn from
and materialise to the real-world examples,
in a hierarchical manner, from simpler to
complex situations. This approach closely
resembles the way a person acquires
knowledge from the world to behave in an
“expected” or “sensible” manner. An
“intelligent” being perceives real world
information through its senses; but it is
difficult to formally provide such
information to the computers in its raw-
analogue form. Hence data is digitized and
further processed to more concise and
efficient-to-compute numeric-vector
format (called as feature-vector or more
concisely as features) to be handled by
training/learning algorithms. The choice of
representation of features has significant
effect on the performance of the machine-
learning algorithms. So a lot of effort
needs to be put in designing and hand-
coding the features. Lately, multi-layer
neural network based learning techniques,
also called “deep learning algorithms”,
which are gaining popularity as one need
not manipulate raw data to a great extent,
and training the network itself takes care
of generating features at different layers in
a hierarchy of complexity and suitable to
the task it is being trained for.
We use such techniques to enhance the
quality of low-resolution document-
images, we train a Convolution Neural
Network (CNN) to learn the mapping
between low and high- resolution example
images and generate high-resolution
images from the test dataset of low-
resolution images. Fully connected neural
network architecture does not take into
account the spatial structure of images. For
instance, it treats input pixels which are far
apart and close together in exactly the
same way. It is also much easier to train a
CNN than fully-connected dense
architectures due to lesser number of
model parameters.
Facebook has a facial recognition research project called as DeepFace. DeepFace, is now very nearly as accurate as the human brain. DeepFace can look at two photos, and irrespective of lighting or angle, can say with 97.35% accuracy whether the photos contain the same face. The DeepFace software, developed by the Facebook AI research group in Menlo Park, California, is underpinned by an advanced deep learning neural network. A neural network, as you may already know, is a piece of software that simulates a (very basic) approximation of how real neurons work. Deep learning is one of many methods of performing machine learning; basically, it looks at a huge body of data (for example, human faces) and tries to develop a high-level abstraction (of a human face) by looking for recurring patterns (cheeks, eyebrow, etc). In this case, DeepFace consists of a bunch of neurons nine layers deep, and then a learning process that sees the creation of 120 million connections (synapses) between those neurons, based on a corpus of four million photos of faces. Once the learning process is complete, every image that’s fed into the system
passes through the synapses in a different way, producing a unique fingerprint at the bottom of the nine layers of neurons. For example, one neuron might simply ask “does the face have a heavy brow?” — if yes, one synapse is followed, if no, another route is taken. This is a very simplistic description of DeepFace and deep learning neural networks.
Conclusion:
As future work, the performance of
dedicated networks trained on a particular
language will be further developed with
more advanced features for many other
languages.
SANTHOSH SUNDARAM S
III ECE A
Wirelessly sharing
your battery charge is
now here to happen..!!
On 2nd
March of 2017, Sony
officially got its license to begin a new
wireless world where we don‟t wanna
worry about our portable device‟s battery
life. Because you‟ll be having your good
friend to share his/her battery charge to
you. Not to mention it‟s completely
Wireless.
Phones could hunt down power
using a system similar to Wi-Fi hot-spot
and top up their phone's battery wirelessly
with charge from another person's
device.An image depicting the wireless
sharing of charge between mobile
phones (Photo: U.S. Patent & Trademark
Office)
The patent says that the technology
will use a chip equipped with Near Field
Communications (NFC), a technique that
allows data transfer over short distances.
NFC lets devices within 1.6 inches (four
centimetres) of each other to
'communicate'. This technology is
commonly used in contactless payment
systems and also for wirelessly sharing
contacts, photos and videos between
mobile devices.
It also says that “the method of
wireless power transfer comprises
identifying a plurality of antenna systems
including at least a first antenna system
and a second antenna system. The first
antenna system is cooperated with a first
CE device and the second antenna system
is cooperated with a separate second CE
device
wherein each of the antenna systems
comprises a power transfer antenna. The
antenna system also provides the benefit of
data communication between the devices”.
“A Graphical User Interface (GUI)
is developed to illustrate each of the
identified antenna systems, to receive user
instructions, to generate configuration
instructions in accordance with the user
instructions, and to configure selected CE
devices in accordance with the
configuration instructions”.
An image from a patent owned
by Sony, featuring the ability to transfer
power between devices like smart
phones. (Photo: U.S. Patent & Trademark
Office)
In simple words, the devices are
going to house an antenna system. This
antenna system will have at least two
antenna – one for wireless electricity
transfer and one for data transfer.
Searching for an antenna for wireless
electricity transfer is the same manner as it
is for searching a Wi-Fi hotspot. Further,
incase, like Wi-Fi hotspot, if you find
multiple devices capable of transferring
electricity wirelessly, you will have a say
to choose which among those you want to
receive power wirelessly. Through GUI
you will be able to control the speed,
amount of charge to be passed, etc.
The patent, filed in 2016, suggests
that “Sony is envisioning a future where
consumer electronics can transfer power
between one another without cords. This
would eliminate the need to always carry
around power banks, provided your friends
are willing to share or if you have multiple
devices that can boost one another‟s
charge to last the day”.
Wireless charging in mobile
phones isn't a new phenomenon. The
technology, called Quasi Static Cavity
Resonance (QSCR), uses magnetic fields
to transmit power to mobile devices, and is
being developed by scientists at Disney's
research lab in Pittsburgh.
While QSCR technology isn‟t
completed yet, let‟s at least have hope on
Sony for the practical implementation of
wireless power sharing.
Maalan K
III ECE B
WASTE TO CRAFT