u07 learning slides 2010

8/8/2019 u07 Learning Slides 2010

1/39

Learning Unitu07


2/39

Learning is a relatively permanent change to anorganisms behavior due to experience.

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Observational learning


3/39

m21 ClassicalConditioning


4/39


5/39


6/39

1849 - 1936

1904, Nobel Prize inMedicine

Originally tried tostudy digestion, butdogs becameconditioning

Ivan Pavlov


7/39

Unconditional stimulus

Unconditional response

neutral stimulus


8/39

NS Conditioned stimulus

Acquisition

CS Conditioned response


9/39


10/39


11/39

Spontaneous Recovery


12/39Generalization vs Discrimination


13/39

Generalization vs Discrimination


14/39

Generalization vs Discrimination


15/39

Modernizing Pavlov

Biological predisposition to certain associations

Universal way to learn

simple worms to humans . . .like Little Albert


16/39


17/39

m22 OperantConditioning


18/39

Edward Thorndike

The LAW OF EFFECT:

rewarded behavior is likely to be berepeated.

Corollary:

punished behavior is not likely to berepeated


19/39


20/39

BF Skinner

1904-1990

Built upon theLaw of Effect

DevelopedSkinner Box totest conditioningin isolation


21/39

BF Skinner

1904-1990

Built upon theLaw of Effect

DevelopedSkinner Box totest conditioningin isolation


22/39


23/39

Shaping through successive approximations


24/39

Increases the likelihood of thepreceding event being repeated.

Positive reinforcers addsomething desirable

Negative reinforcersremove somethingundesirable

Reinforcement


25/39

Primary reinforcers

are inherentlydesirable

food, water, air,

and sex

Secondary reinforcers

are learned

eg money, grades,praise


26/39

Positive reinforcement


27/39

Taking aspirin to relieve a headache

Hurrying home in the winter to get out of the cold

Giving in to an argument or to dogs begging to end it

Fanning oneself to escape the heat

Leaving a school play if the play is bad

Smoking to relieve anxiety

Faking a stomach ache in order to avoid school Putting on a seatbelt to silence the warning buzzer

Using an umbrella to escape the rain

Saying uncle to stop being beaten

Negative Reinforcers


28/39

Negative reinforcement


29/39

Punishment

Decreases the likelihood of thepreceding event being

repeatedPositive punishment addssomething undesirable

Negative punishmentremoves somethingdesirable


30/39

Schedules of

Reinforcement

Fixed ratio

Variable ratio

Fixed interval

Variable interval

Continuous reinforcementor


31/39

m23 ObservationalLearning


32/39


33/39

Mirrorneurons fireboth when the

animal actsand when itobserves aconspecial

animal act.


34/39

1925 - present

Past president of theAPA

Professor at Stanford

Bobo Dollexperiment

Albert Bandura


35/39

1925 - present

Past president of theAPA

Professor at Stanford

Bobo Dollexperiment

Albert Bandura


36/39


37/39

88% of the children mimicked the behaviorobserved

40% exhibited the same violent behavior whenshown a Bobo Doll eight months later


38/39

Attention

Retention

Reproduction

Motivation or reinforcement

Components of

Observational Learnin


39/39

Attention

Retention

Reproduction

Motivation or reinforcement

Components of

Observational Learnin

Prosocial

or

Atisoc

ialbehavio

rs

u07 learning slides 2010

Documents