underground mine design

8/13/2019 Underground Mine Design

1/47

Underground Mine DesigninSurpac 6 0August 2007

www gemcomsoftware com


2/47

Copyright 2007 Gemcom Software International Inc. (Gemcom).

This software and documentation is proprietary to Gemcom and, except where expressly providedotherwise, does not form part of any contract. Changes may be made in products or services at any timewithout notice.

Gemcom publishes this documentation for the sole use of Gemcom licensees. Without written permission

you may not sell, reproduce, store in a retrieval system, or transmit any part of the documentation. Forsuch permission, or to obtain extra copies please contact your local Gemcom office or visitwww.gemcomsoftware.com.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this manual, we assume no responsibility forerrors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damage resulting from the use of the informationcontained herein.

Gemcom Software International Inc. Gemcom, the Gemcom logo, combinations thereof, andWhittle, Surpac, GEMS, Minex, Gemcom InSite and PCBC are trademarks of Gemcom SoftwareInternational Inc. or i ts wholly-owned subsidiaries.

Contributors

Rowdy BristolPeter EsdalePhil JacksonKiran Kumar

ProductGemcom Surpac 6.0


3/47

Page 3 of 47

Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 4Requirements.........................................................................................................................................4Objectives ..............................................................................................................................................4Workflow ................................................................................................................................................5

Underground Design Concepts ................................................................................................ 6Setting the Work Directory ........................................................................................................ 7

Task: Setting the Work Directory ...........................................................................................................7Creating a Centreline Design .................................................................................................... 8

Task: Viewing the Data ..........................................................................................................................8Task: Creating a Centreline Between Ore Zones ................................................................................10Task: Creating Access Drives to the Ore Zones .................................................................................15Task: Creating the Main Decline..........................................................................................................21

Creating Road Outl ines ............................................................................................................ 33Task: Creating a Road Outline of Fixed Width ....................................................................................33Task: Creating a Road Outline of Variable Width ................................................................................35

Creating a Solid ........................................................................................................................ 39Task: Viewing Profiles .........................................................................................................................39Task: Producing a DTM by Triangulating the Centreline and Profiles.... .............................................43Task: Calculating Volume of Underground Design. ............................................................................47


4/47

Page 4 of 47

Introduction

There are many types of designs employed in underground mining. Although there are numerousrequirements for each design, Surpac can assist you to create practically any type of mine design.

Requirements

Prior to proceeding with this tutorial, you will need:

Surpac 6.0 installed

The dataset accompanying this tutorial

A basic knowledge of Surpac string files and editing tools as covered in the Introduction to Surpacmanual.

Objectives

The objective of this tutorial is to allow you to understand some of the string editing tools available inSurpac to create a decline and production access points into stopes.


5/47

Introduction Workflow

Page 5 of 47

Workflow

The process of performing underground mine design described in this tutorial is only one of manydifferent approaches. There is no single set of steps which is generally employed in the process.

You may want to start from the top and go down, from the bottom and design up, or start in the middle ofthe deposit and proceed up and down at the same time. The workflow you adopt will generally be the onewhich you find best for you.

In this tutorial the workflow is as follows:


6/47

Underground Design Concepts Workflow

Page 6 of 47

Underground Design Concepts

Overview

To create an underground mine design using Surpac requires an understanding of underground miningterminology and concepts. This section will cover some terms used in this tutorial and some basicconcepts of underground mine design.

Requirements

Prior to performing the exercises, some experience in underground mine design is helpful, but notrequired.

Terminology

Centreline a line which represents the centre of a drive. The centreline can be used to createsolid models, or outlines for plan view plots.

Drive a tunnel, or opening in rock, also known as a drift, or crosscut

Stope a 3-dimensional area (usually ore) which is to be mined out by blasting a series of longholes or ring design holes

Underground Mine Design Concepts in Surpac

There are many different scenarios where underground mine designs are to be created.

In this tutorial, you will use:

3D solid models of designed stopes.

strings representing ore outlines at each level where a design is to be created.

a point representing the location on the surface which is an entrance to the underground mine.

You will open files containing this data into graphics, and then use various editing and point creation toolsto create the underground mine design.


7/47

Setting the Work Directory Task: Setting the Work Directory

Page 7 of 47

Setting the Work Directory

A work directoryis the default directory for saving Surpac files. Files used in this tutorial are stored in the

folder:

\demo_data\tutorials\underground_mine_design

where is the directory in which Surpac was installed.

Task: Setting the Work Directory1. In the Surpac Navigator, right-click the underground_mine_design folder.

2. From the popup menu, select Set as work directory.

The name of the work directory is displayed in the title bar of the Surpac window.


8/47


9/47

Creating a Centreline Design Task: Viewing the Data

Page 9 of 47

5. Click the eye icon in the Layers pane for the layer stopes.dtm to hide the stopes.

6. Choose View > Surface view options > Hide triangle facesto hide the drives.

7. Choose Display > Strings > With string numbers.

8. Enter the information as shown, and then clickApply.

Strings 10 and 11 represent the centreline string numbers in the final design.

You should see the following:

This is what you will produce in this tutorial.


10/47

Creating a Centreline Design Task: Creating a Centreline Between Ore Zones

Page 10 of 47

Task: Creating a Centreline Between Ore Zones

You will now create a centreline midway between the two ore zones at the 200 level.

1. Click the Reset graphicsicon .

2. Open lev215.str.

This file represents a small part of the existing workings at the 215 level. String 215 is the outlineof the existing workings, and string 1 is the design centreline.

The start point of string 1 is the point at which the production crew will begin mining to implementthe design. Although mining will begin at this point, you do not have to begin the design at thispoint. In this case, you will begin the design at the ore zone, and work back to this point.

3. Open stopes1.str.

4. Spin the data around to get an idea of how the strings are formed in 3D space.

5. Choose Display > Strings > With string numbersto display all strings with numbers.6. Choose Inquire > Point properties, and click several different segments.

Notice that the string numbers correspond with the Z value of the strings.

You will now create a design starting from the 200 level up to lev215.str.

7. Choose Display > Hide everything.


9. Enter the information as shown, and then clickApplyto display only string 200.

10. Set main graphics layer as the current layer as shown.

Note: The main graphics layer currently does not contain any data.


11/47


Page 11 of 47

As shown in the final design previously, the string used to create the main drive between the two orezones is string 10.

11. Click the Design s tring numberbutton displayed on the Status bar at the bottom of themain Surpac window.


13. Choose Create > Digitise > New midpoint.

14. Click two points on the north end of the ore zones to create a point midway between the two

selected points, as shown:

15. Click two points on the south end of the ore zones to create another point midway between the twoselected points, as shown:

16. Press ESCAPE to terminate the input to the function.

The Z value of the created points will be equal to the average of the Z values of the two selectedpoints. In this case, where the Z value of both points is 200, the Z value of the new points will alsobe 200.


12/47


Page 12 of 47

Next, suppose you want to move the end of the drive (the first point created) 50 meters to the southeast,along the line between the two points.

17. Choose Create > Points > Change point mode.

Note: Point modes can be accessed directly from the Main toolbar, as shown in the image above.

18. Choose Create > Points > On line between any points.

19. Click the first point created in string 10 (ie. the point to be moved), and then click the second point

created in string 10.20. Enter the information as shown, and then clickApply.

The point will be moved 50 meters as shown.


Next, you will create points along the centreline every 50 meters from the first point (the northernend of the drive) to the second point (the southern end of the drive).

22. Choose Create > Points > Insert point mode.

23. Choose Create > Points > Multiple points by subdividing .


13/47


Page 13 of 47

24. Click the northern end of string 10, then the southern end of string 10.

25. Enter the following information, and then clickApply.

New points will be created every 50 meters from the first point to the second point.

You should see an image as shown.


27. Choose Display > Point > Numbers.



14/47


Page 14 of 47

Points 2, 3, and 4 have now been inserted in between the northern endpoint and the southern endpoint ofthe centreline:

These points will serve as the starting points for the access drives to the ore zones.

29. Save the centreline string to the file ugdes1.str

If you want to see all of the steps performed in this chapter, run:

_01_create_cent reline_between_ore_zones.tc l

Note: If the macro pauses, displaying Click in graphics to continue in the message window, you will need to click ingraphics to allow the macro to continue. Also, you will need to clickApplyon any forms presented.


15/47

Creating a Centreline Design Task: Creating Access Drives to the Ore Zones

Page 15 of 47

Task: Creating Access Drives to the Ore Zones

You will now create centrelines for these access drives from string 10 to the ore zones.

1. Click the Design stringbutton on the Status barat the bottom of the main Surpac window (currently displaying Str = 10).


3. Choose Create > Points > Add point mode.

4. Choose Create > Points > By angle.

5. Click point 2, and then click point 1.


This is one way of creating a point in string 11 at the same location as point 1 in string 10. Next,you will create the endpoint of the access drive using the same function.

7. Without cancelling the previous function, click point 2, and then click point 1.


16/47


Page 16 of 47


This will create a new segment of string 11 that will extend beyond the western ore zone as shown.You will clip this to the edge of the ore zone later.

9. Choose Create > New segment.

You need to do this between segments so that the end of the first segment is not connected to thebeginning of the second segment.

10. Choose Create > Points > By angle.

11. Click point 2, and then click point 1 again.



17/47


Page 17 of 47

13. Without cancelling the previous function, once again click point 2, and then click point 1.


You now have two segments of string 11 representing the centreline of ore access drives left andright off the main drive.

15. Choose Display > Hide temporary markers .

You will now copy both segments of this string to points 2, 3, and 4.

16. Using the combobox on the Status Itemstoolbar, set the snap mode to Point as shown.

17. Choose Edit > String > Copy.

18. Click string 11near point 1, and drag to point 2.


18/47


Page 18 of 47

Note: In order to correctly select a string or segment in Surpac, doNOTselect a point common to two or more strings.In this case, in order to select string 11, you would not want to position the cursor right on top of point 1, as thispoint is common to string 10 and string 11, and you could not be certain exactly which string you will select.


A copy of both segments of string 11 will now be created at point 2.

Notice that there are two additional points on string 10 (point 3 and point 4) where you need accessdrives. You can continue using the String Copyfunction to create drives for these points.

20. Click string 11 again near point 1, drag to point 3 and release.



19/47


Page 19 of 47

22. Press ESCAPE to terminate input to the copy string function.

All eight access drives are created as shown.

The last step is to trim the access drives back to the ore zones.

23. Click the icon to return to plan view.

24. Choose Edit > Trim > Clip by selected segment.


26. Click one segment of string 200.

All portions of segments inside the selected ore zone are removed.


28. Click the other segment of string 200.

29. When the form appears again, click Cancelto terminate the function.


20/47


Page 20 of 47

You should now see all portions of segments inside both ore zones removed:

You will now remove the portions of string 11 that are extended beyond the ore zones.

30. Choose Edit > Segment > Delete

31. Click the portion of each segment extended beyond the ore zones.

32. Press ESCAPE to terminate the function.



34. Save as ugdes1.str, overwriting the previous contents.


_02_create_access_drives_to_ore_zones.tcl



21/47

Creating a Centreline Design Task: Creating the Main Decline

Page 21 of 47

Task: Creating the Main Decline

Overview

You will now create the decline from the access point on the 215 level to the southern end of the maindrive between the two ore zones, as illustrated below.

The curve numbers given here will be referred to throughout the remainder of this section of the tutorial.

Here are the constraints to be used in this design:

The gradient from the Access Point to the Start of the Decline will be flat.

The gradient from the Start of the Decline to the End of the Decline can be no more than 15%

Curve 1 will have a radius of 20 meters.

Curves 2 and 3 will have a radius of 30 meters.

There must be a 5 meter straight section between curves 2 and 3.


22/47


Page 22 of 47

1. Double click on lev215.strin the Layers pane to make it the active layer.

2. Choose Display > Strings > With st ring numbers to display all strings in the layer.

String 215 is the outline of the existing workings, and string 1 is the design centreline.

The end of string 1 is the point which our design must tie into the existing workings. For this tutorial, it willbe referred to as the "Access Point". Both strings represent the elevation of the floor.

You need to know the elevation of the Access Point, and of point 5 on string 10 (labelled as "End ofDecline" in the previous design image).

3. Choose Inquire > Point properties to determine the elevation of the two points.

You should see:

Elevation of Access Point: 216.98

Elevation of End of Decline: 200.00

This means that you have to travel 16.98 meters vertically to get from the access point to the endof the decline.

You also need to know the bearing of the design centreline (string 1) from lev215.str, and thebearing of string 10 from ugdes1.str.

4. Choose Inquire > Bearing and Distance between two points .

5. Click the end of string 1, then the beginning of string 1.

You should see: Bearing = 255.0000


7. Zoom out to see the access drives then zoom in to get a good view of points 4 and 5.

8. Choose Inquire > Bearing and Distance between two points .

9. Click point 5, then point 4 on string 10 in ugdes1.str.


You should get something like: Bearing = 334.3332


23/47


Page 23 of 47

You can calculate that the angular travel to get from the first bearing to the second bearing is:

334.3332 - 255.0000 = 79.3332 degrees

One of the design constraints is that you want the gradient from the Access Point to the Start of theDecline to be flat. So you will make curve 2 rotate through 79.3332 degrees, and curve 3 rotate through

90 degrees.

You could construct this curve, grade it to 15%, and then determine how much you need to move it.Alternatively, you could do all of the calculations by hand and construct the curve in the correct location.

In this example, you will create the curve first, and then move it.

11. Set the main graphics layeras the current layer.

12. Choose Create > Points > Add poin ts mode.

13. Set the snap mode to No Snap.

14. Set the Design str ingas 10 and leave the Design gradientset to zero percent.

15. Choose Display > Point > Numbers.


17. Choose Display > Point > Markers.



24/47


Page 24 of 47

19. Choose Create > Curve at segment end.

20. Click point 4, and then point 5.

21. Enter the data as shown, and then clickApply.


You now need to join the straight section with the curve.

23. Zoom in so that you can see the points clearly.

24. ChooseEdit > Segment > Join.25. Zoom in so that you can see the points clearly.



Since the bearing of the main drive between the ore zones was 334.3332, you will construct the 5meter straight section at a bearing 90 degrees less than that, or 244.3332.

28. Choose Create > Points > By bearing .

29. Click the end of the newly created curve.


25/47


Page 25 of 47


A single point will be created, adding onto the existing segment of string 10.

31. Choose Create > Curve at segment end.



Notice that the direction of the curve is anticlockwise.34. Press ESCAPE to terminate the input.



26/47


Page 26 of 47

You should see the following curve:

You will now grade the segment, and determine the elevation of point 36, at the end of the decline curve.

36. Choose Edit > Segment > Change gradient .


38. Enter the following information, and then clickApply.

39. Choose Inquire> Point properties.

40. Click point 36.

You should see something like: Z=214.049

Recall that the elevation of the Access Point is 216.98 meters.

This means that the amount of vertical distance yet to travel is 216.98 - 214.049 = 2.931 meters

This translates to a horizontal distance of 2.931 / 0.15 = 19.54 meters.


27/47


Page 27 of 47

You could append this onto the southern end of curve 2, but to illustrate another couple of tools,you will instead move both curves 2 and 3 at a bearing of 334.3332 degrees by a distance of 19.54meters, and then regrade the segment.

To do this, you first need to break the curves away from the main drive.

41. Choose Edit > Segment > Break.

42. Click the segment between points 5 and 6.

43. Choose Edit > Move segment constrained by > Bearing and distance.

44. Click the segment with the two curves.


You should see the segment moved at a bearing of 154.3332 by 19.54 meters:

You will now reconnect and regrade the curves.

46. Choose Edit > Segment > Join.

47. Click the main drive first (at point 5), and then click the curves (at point 7).48. Choose Edit > Segment > Change gradient .



28/47


Page 28 of 47


51. Choose Inquire > Point properties.

52. Click point 36 (i.e. the southern end of curve 2).

You should see something like: Z=216.979

Recall that the elevation of the Access Point is 216.98. So the southern end of curve 2 is now atthe same elevation as the Access Point.

Knowing that the bearing of the centreline of the Access Point is 255.0000, the bearing of a lineperpendicular to the centreline of the Access Point (as well as being tangent to the last point oncurve 2) will be 90 degrees less than that, or 165 degrees.

You will now employ a couple of other tools to create curve 1.

53. Choose Create > Points > By bearing .

54. Click point 36 (i.e. the southern end of curve 2).



29/47


Page 29 of 47

A new point will now be created much further south than required:


You will now move this point (number 37) to the location where it will be in line with both the line justcreated, and with the centreline of the Access Point.

57. Choose Create > Points > Point mode.

58. Choose Create > Points > At in tersection of two lines.59. Click point 37, and then click point 36.

Note: It is important to select 37 first, as the first point selected will be moved.

60. Next, click both of the endpoints of the centreline of lev215.str (i.e. string 1).

Note: You may need to use theAssist key (F1)to allow you to zoom in on lev215.str so that you select the correctpoints. It does not matter which end you select first for this string, point 37 will still be moved to the correctposition as shown.


30/47


Page 30 of 47


You will now attach the decline string directly to the Access Point.

62. Set the Snap mode to Point:

63. ChooseCreate > Points > Insert after an existing point .

64. Click point 37 and drag it to the Access Point

65. ClickApplyon the form shown.


You should now see the following:

67. Press ESCAPE to terminate the function.68. You will now create curve 1 (with a radius of 20 meters) at point 37.

69. Choose Create > Points > Insert point mode.


31/47


Page 31 of 47

70. Choose Create > Curve from tangents .


72. Click point 37 again, and then click point 38.


74. Choose Display > Hide points > markers .


76. Choose Display > Hide points > attributes.




32/47


Page 32 of 47

You should now see something like the following:

79. Save the file as ugdes1.str.


_03_create_main_decline.tcl



33/47


34/47

Creating Road Outlines Task: Creating a Road Outline of Fixed Width

Page 34 of 47



12. Open ugdes_outline1.str.



_04a_create_road_outl ine.tc l

Note: If the macro pauses, displaying Click in graphics to continue in the message window, you will need to click in

graphics to allow the macro to continue. Also, you will need to clickApplyon any forms presented.


35/47

Creating Road Outlines Task: Creating a Road Outline of Variable Width

Page 35 of 47

Task: Creating a Road Outline of Variable Width


2. Open ugdes2.str.



5. Click the Design st ring numberbutton displayed on the Status bar at the bottom of themain Surpac window.


7. Choose File tools > String maths.


Note: This sets the width of the centreline to be 4m, while the access drives are set to 3m.


36/47


Page 36 of 47

9. ClickApplyto overwrite the file.

10. Click Yes.

11. Choose Display > Points > Attributes.



37/47


Page 37 of 47

You will see the following:

13. Choose Design > Underground tools > Room & pillars f rom centreline.


Note: This instructs Surpac to use the d1 field to determine the width of the road for each string. In this case you havealready set d1 to 4m for string 10, and d1 to 3m for string 11.


38/47


Page 38 of 47

15. Choose File > Save > string/DTM.



18. Open ugdes_outline2.str.

You will see the following:


_04b_create_road_outl ine.tc l



39/47

Creating a Solid Task: Viewing Profiles

Page 39 of 47

Creating a Solid

Task: Viewing Profiles

You will now use the centre line and two types of profiles to create the dtm corresponding to theunderground drives. Firstly, you will look at the two different types of profiles you will use.


20. Open drive_profile3x3.str.

21. Choose View > Zoom > Out.

22. Choose Display > Strings > With colour fill .


24. Choose Display > 2D Grid.



40/47


41/47


Page 41 of 47


You should see something like the diagram below.


42/47


Page 42 of 47


34. Open drive_profile3x3.str.

35. Open drive_profile3x4_5.str.

36. ChooseView > Zoom > Out.

37. Choose Display > 2D Grid.


You should see something like the following:

Notice that both of the profiles are centered at point 0,0 on the floor of the profile.


_05a_display_profiles.tcl



43/47

Creating a SolidTask: Producing a DTM by Triangulating the Centreline and

Profiles.

Page 43 of 47

Task: Producing a DTM by Triangulating the Centreline and Profi les.


2. Open ugdes1.str.

3. Choose Underground tools >Triangulate using centre line & prof ile.


Select string 10 with the mouse. Notice that this profile is applied to string 10 only, i.e. thecentreline string.



44/47


Profiles.

Page 44 of 47

You should see something like the following:

Next you will triangulate the ore access drives, which are in string 11.

6. Choose Underground tools >Triangulate using centre line & prof ile.


Note: You will need to click on each individual segment to create all of the access drives.


45/47


Profiles.

Page 45 of 47


You should see the image as shown

Next you will validate the solid you have created.

9. Choose Solids > Validation > Validate object.

A report namedvalid1.notis produced.


46/47


Profiles.

Page 46 of 47

10. Choose Solids > Validation > Set object to solid or void.


12. Choose File > Save > string or DTM.


If you want to see all of the steps performed so far in this chapter, run:

_05b_tr iangulate_cent reline.tcl



47/47

Creating a Solid Task: Calculating Volume of Underground Design.

Task: Calculating Volume of Underground Design.

As a final step, you will calculate the volume of material that would need to be extracted to create theunderground mine from our design.

1. Choose Solids > Solids tools > Report volume of solids.


A report named ugdes_drive_volume1.not is produced.

The report will provide volumes for the centreline with the 4x3.5m profile and for the individual volumes ofeach of the 3x3m access drives. Note that in this case the drives are overlapping and so the total volumewill not be an accurate reflection of the whole geometry.


_05c_drive_volume.tc l


underground mine design

Documents