Unit 3

Why is it important for environmentalists to understand how organisms are organized?

Every organism is a chemical factory that captures matter & energy from its environment and transforms them into structures & processes that make life possible…

We are learning Atoms …… Biosphere

Bohr Model of nitrogen

Levels of OrganizationAll elements are composed of one type of atom:I.Atoms (the smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of the element) are made of subatomic particles:

a. Protons (+) in the nucleusb. Neutrons (0) in the nucleusc. Electrons (-) outside the nucleus in

electron cloud

Dot diagram - shows valence electrons

Give atoms their weight

II. Compounds: substances composed of different kinds of atoms

Levels of Organization

II. The Four Organic Compounds that make up bio-compound in cells:

1. Lipids: fats & oils Store energy & make up cell membrane

2. Carbohydrates: sugars, starches, & cellulose Store energy & provide cell structure

3. Proteins: amino acids Structure, enzyme, immunity

4. Nucleic acids: DNA & RNA (made of sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogen base)

Store & express genetic information

Levels of Organization

Create a graphic organizer for the four macromolecules.Be sure to include:

1. Name of Macromolecule2. Function of Macromolecule3. What are they made up of?

(nucleotides, sugars, etc)4. Examples! (eggs, cell membrane,

fruit, etc)

3. Bacteria To Be Turned In: Draw, color, and label the three cell types & their internal structures/ organelles

Prokaryotic cells: have no nucleus or membrane-bound organellesSeen in bacteria

I. AtomsII. Compounds

III. Cells

Types of Cells

Eukaryotic cells: have a nucleus & organelles bound by membraneSeen in plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Organelles = tiny organs inside cellNucleus: house for DNA Mitochondria: “power house”; performs respiration (makes energy from sugar)Chloroplast: in plants only; performs photosynthesis (make sugar from sunlight)Ribosomes: make proteinAnd more…

Types of Cells

6 KingdomsProkaryotes/ Bacteria: (have no nucleus or membrane-

bound organelles): 1. Archaebacteria Kingdom: “extreme” prokaryotes

Found in hot springs, deep sea, sulfur springs2. Eubacteria Kingdom: general prokaryotes

Found everywhere!Important Note:Bacteria act as decomposers

Levels of Organization

Eukaryotes: (have nucleus & membrane-bound organelles): 3. Fungi Kingdom: eukaryotic multicellular absorptive

*heterotrophs (eat others for food)

4. Protist Kingdom: eukaryotic single- and multi-celled*autotrophs (make own food) & heterotrophs

Levels of Organization

5. Plant Kingdom: Eukaryotic multicellular autotrophs 4 Types:

Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms (i.e. conifers): seeds are not in flowers/fruits Angiosperms : flowering plants that produce seeds in flower/fruit

6. Animal Kingdom: Eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs2 Types:

Invertebrates: animals without spinesExamples: Jellyfish, coral, sponges, insects, worms

Vertebrates: animals with spines; 5 main types:Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Levels of Organization

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Population: same species living in an areaSpecies = group of similar organisms that can

interbreedExample: all the Giant pandas in a forest

Community: group of different populations living in same area

Example: All the different plants & animals in a forest

Levels of Organization

Ecosystems: area where living (biotic) & nonliving (abiotic) things interact

Where plants & animals interact with each other & the water, soil, wind, sunlight

Levels of Organization

Biome: Ecosystems with similar climates and communitiesExample: forest, desert, grassland

Biosphere: (Ecosphere)- all ecosystems of the earthHydrosphere: water portion of EarthLithosphere: rock/ ground portion of EarthAtmosphere: air portion of Earth

Levels of Organization

Ecosystem Pyramid

Choose an organism and illustrate a pyramid about the organism

Include biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, and species.

Provide a definition/description of each level

See example for assistance

Classifying OrganismsClassification: The

process of putting similar things into groups

Taxonomy: the science of classifying organisms

Organisms are classified into Domains Species

Three Domains:1. Archaea

Archaebacteria Kingdom

2. BacteriaEubacteria Kingdom

3. EukaryotaPlant KingdomFungi KingdomProtist KingdomAnimal Kingdom

Classifying Organisms

Classifying OrganismsDomain Kingdom (king)

Phylum (phillip)Class (came)

Order (over)Family (for) Genus (grape) Species (soda)

Binomial nomenclature is used – Genus speciesAll organisms given two

names

Human TaxonomyKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammalsOrder PrimatesFamily HominidGenus HomoSpecies Sapiens

Homo sapiens

The Theory of Natural Selection by EvolutionEvolution = The change in organisms

over time Important: populations change, not

individualsEvolution occurs by Natural Selection

Theorized by Charles Darwin

Natural Selection: The Steps

2. Individuals with advantageous traits survive longer & make more offspring.

1. Genetic diversity in pop. Some individuals have traits better suited for the environment.

3. Advantageous traits get passed on to the next generation (next set of offspring)

4. Over time, more individuals have these advantageous traits (adaptation) evolution

ADAPTATION= trait that helps organisms survive in their environmentCan be physical, physiological, behavioral, combo.

Antibiotic resistance = bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics through natural selection.

Environmental Science & Evolution

The steps:

•Widespread use of antibiotics in medicines, household products & farming has lead to resistant bacteria!

•Examples include E. coli and MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

Environmental Science & Evolution

Pesticide Resistance = pests develop resistance to chemicals through natural selection

Environmental Science & Evolution