By Christy Baker

Chapter 1

1.1 Life Characteristics Slide #6

1.2 Grouping living things by Characteristics

Slide # 7-9

1.3 Science is a body of knowledge and a process Slide # 10-11

1.4 Getting scientific information in different style sources Slide # 12

1.5 Being a Critical Thinker Slide #13

1.6 Science in society Slide #14

Chapter 2 2.1 Matter consists of elements Slide # 15-16

2.2 Atoms form Molecules Slide # 17-18

2.3 Life depends on water Slide # 19

2.4 Hydrogen ions importance Slide # 20

2.5 Organic molecules of living organisms Slide # 21

2.6 Carbohydrates Slide # 22

2.7 Lipids Slide # 23

2.8 Protiens Slide #24

2.9 Genetic Information stotred in nucleic acids Slide #25

2.10 ATP Slide # 26

Chapter 3

3.1 Cell classification Slide # 27

3.2 Cell structure reflects cell function Slide # 28

3.3 Cell surrounded by plasma membrane Slide # 29-30

3.4 Molecules cross plasma membrane Slide # 31-33

3.5 Specific Functions carried out by internal structures Slide # 34-35

3.6 Cells have structures for support and movement Slide # 36

3.7 Matter and energy are used and transformed by cells Slide # 37-38

Chapter 4

4.1 Tissues are groups of cells Slide # 39

4.2 Epithelial tissues Slide # 40

4.3 Connective Tissue Slide # 41

4.4 Muscle tissues Slide # 42

4.5 Nervous tissues Slide # 43

4.6 Organs and organ systems Slide # 44-45

4.7 Skin Slide # 46-47

4.8 Multicellular organisms Slide # 48

All living things require energy that is originally from the sun

Cells are what make up living things

Living things must maintain the regulation of internal environment no mater how bad the external environment may get (homeostasis)

Living thing are smart and now how to get to things that they need to live when in different environmental settings

They also have DNA which allows them to get larger and reproduce

Humans have certain features that define them such as compared to our body size we have a large brain, we have opposable thumb that help us grab thing, we prefer to stand or walk on two legs(Bipedalism), and we also have the capacity for complex language

Humans and other living things start out as just an atom and a molecule then the make a cell, it makes the tissue, which makes

the organs, that make up the organ system( body system, that complete an organisms, whom is a part of a population, that makes a community, that is in the ecosystem, that makes up the biosphere

I found this image at:

http://deltabiology.com/2012/levels-of-biological-organization/

There is both the three domain system and the five kingdom system that characterize living things Both of the domains Bacteria and Achaea consist of

organisms from the kingdom Monerans

The Domain Eukarya, which contains a nuclei, consist of all for of the other kingdoms which are The Fungi Kingdom, which are the decomposers

The Plante Kingdom, the ones that make the food for the heterotrophs using organic materials (Photosynthetic plants)

The Animalia Kingdom, which are heterotrophs that feed off of materials that are produced by other organisms

The Protista, consists of the simple multicellular and unicellular eukaryotes

Images to help demonstrate shown on the next slide!

Five Kingdom System Three Domain System

http://fitz6.wordpress.com/2011/12/12/the-kingdoms-of-life/http://biology.about.com/od/evolution/a/aa041708a.htm

Scientific knowledge helps use learn and predict things to come of the natural world

The scientific method is when we use our scientific knowledge to predict or make a hypothesis of what is to come of something in the natural world and prove it to be false you have to follow the steps for it to work You look at what ever it is you experimenting and observe it while using

inductive reasoning After you have observed you will create a statement of what you believe to

be true about the natural world that you can test, which is your hypothesis Once you have a hypothesis you must now make a prediction that you can

test You must now test that prediction you made by experimenting and

observing what happens Once you have seen what has gone on in the experiment you need to then

notice thing that may change and make a new hypothesis and repeat you steps as many times as you need until you are confident with your out come

A theory is formedbe a very broad hypothesis

that must have a large range of scientific facts

that can always be relied on, it must have been tested over and over

again, and it has to be supported over periods of time

http://mlmlblog.wordpress.com/2008/10/

There are various areas that scientific information can be found Peer-review journals, these are written with such

persistency that it could be hard to understand for most people and other scientists should be able to duplicate the experiment

There are also science books and magazines that are translated to be understood by people with a small scientific background

The best articles for the general public to read are web pages because they are translated to be understood by most people you must be aware that some articles my contain false information and it is generally better to view sites ending in .org or .gov

You have to have a certain attitude to be a critical thinker You must first show some type of skepticism, which means you

must not believe everything you hear or read you need to question things about it and find out more

Statistics mean a lot to scientists and could determine if he/she would be comfortable doing the experiment at all

You must know how to read all different types of graphs because they contain all of the answers and results

Be very careful when reading anecdotes they can be misleading and not always scientific facts

Make sure that you know the difference between facts and conclusions, facts can be verified and conclusions are just someone's judgment

Also make sure that you know a correlation does not necessarily mean that one must have caused the result of the other you must make sure to use causation and make sure to look at every perspective

Technology plays a huge rule in science there are new technological advances all the time helping with predictions some say relying on the technology could lead to problems but that could also be predicted with science and technology

Although science can predict and experiment on many things they are somewhat limited because it can only focus on things that can be observed or physical explanations nothing spiritual or faith related

With our everyday lives we are faced with many questions that we must make informed decisions on

http://www.ghananewsagency.org/details/Education/Ghanaian-youth-need-firm-foundation-in-science-and-technology/?ci=9&ai=32089

An atom contains a nucleolus and surrounded by electrons, which are negatively charged, and it is also the smallest unit of an element

Protons, which are positively charged, and the neutrons, which have no charge, make up the nucleolus of an atom and amount to the majority of its weight

The periodic table is the masterpiece of science and you can find just about anything you need t to know about an element on it see image on next slide

An isotope is an atom with more or less neutrons than normal

Radioisotopes give off energy in the form of radiation which makes them unstable and possibly harmful

http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/download_table.html

Molecules are created to form energy Potential energy is energy that is not actually doing anything at

that moment The energy that is in motion doing something at that time is kinetic

energy

Atoms join together to create molecules and chemical bonds by filling their outer shell Ionic bonds are when an atom gives up its electrons from its outer

shell or takes electrons from another atom’s outer shell Covalent bonds are when two atoms share their electrons from

their outer shells Hydrogen bonds are when oppositely charged polar molecules

attract but it is a weak bond and constantly break and form new molecules

With all the elements in the world 99% of the human body weight is composed of just six which are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous

Ionic Covalent Hydrogen

http://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/chemistry/atoms/ionic.htm

http://www.goalfinder.com/blog/template_permalink.asp?id=97

http://www.goalfinder.com/blog/template_permalink.asp?id=97

Water is the most essential molecule to living things The are polar molecules When at body temperature it is a liquid It also absorbs and holds energy

Other substances can dissolve in water making it a solvent also meaning that these are hydrophilic molecules that are attracted and interact with water well opposed to hydrophobic molecules that do not mix well with water and are nonpolar

Our bodies need to maintain a temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit and we need water to help us do so because we generate heat while metabolizing or the other way around water can hold heat if our body temperature is dropping

The hydrogen ion is one of the most import ions in the body and it is a single proton without an electron

There are acids that donate hydrogen ions and in solution they gain hydrogen concentration or there are bases which accept hydrogen ions and in solution they lower their hydrogen concentration

The pH scale is to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

There are pairs of molecules that help minimize changes in a pH level when an acid or base is added, these are called buffers

Although carbon is not very common in the natural world it plays a large role as the main organic molecule in the body accounting for about 18%

Dehydration synthesis requires energy and forms organic molecules

Hydrolysis releases energy and breaks down the organic molecules

A quick sources of energy are simple sugars or monosaccharaides

When a few monosaccharaides are linked by dehydration synthesis they become oligosaccharides

When thousands of monosaccharaides are linked by dehydration synthesis they become complex carbohydrates or polysaccharides

The most important storage polysaccharide in animals is glycogen and in plants it is starch

Lipids are the most important physical characteristic of organic molecules in biology and are not dissolvable in water Triglycerides or natural fats are synthesized from three

fatty acids, which are chains of hydrocarbons that end in a carboxyl group, and a glycerol molecule they are stored in fat tissue and store energy

Phospholipids also have a molecule of glycerol but only has two fatty acid tails and replaces the third one with a phosphate group that is negatively charged

Steroids are completely different from the other to lipids and are composed of four rings they contain three 6-membered carbon rings and one 5-membered carbon ring that many things can attach to the most familiar is cholesterol which is the source of several hormones

There are thousands of proteins in the human body and they all have different functions

Proteins are macromolecules that are constructed from amino acids, and all the proteins constuted in a human are made up of only 20 different amino acids

Protein structure is makes the function Primary structure is when each amino acid has a three letter

code Secondary structure is based on the amino acids are spaced Tertiary structure is based on how the amino acids twist and

fold Quaternary structure how many polypeptide chains there are

Enzymes are proteins that do not change the final result of a biological reaction but helps them occur

DNA is in all living things and directs everything that the cell does

DNA is constructed by four different DNA nucleotide

DNA is composed of a double helix that intertwines with two strands of nucleotides and produces RNA

RNA is composed of one single strand of nucleotides and have the codes for producing proteins

Nucleotides that compose both DNA and RNA consist of a five-carbon sugar, a base which is a single or double ringed structure containing nitrogen, and one or more phosphate groups

http://gene-tics.wikispaces.com/17.+From+Gene+to+Protein+

ATP is another nucleotide that has an important function

ATP is a source of energy for the cells and is stored in the bonds between phosphate groups

When ATP is broken down it becomes ADP and an inorganic phosphate group

Eukaryotic cells have three structural components and all human cells are eukaryotic Covering the outer part of the cell is a plasma membrane

The all have a nucleolus that houses the genetic material

There is also cytoplasm that is a gel like fluid that includes the entire cell except for the membrane called cytosol which is made up of organelles

Prokaryotic Cells Have a plasma membrane surrounded by a rigid wall

Contains no nucleolus

They also have cytoplasm but there is a lack of organelles

All cells gather raw materials, get rid of waste, makes macromolecules, and grow and reproduce

The mathematical relationship between the cells surface area and the cell volume imposes the size of the cell

The outer structure of a cell defines its border

Although in different species some cells that serve the same function generally look very similar

Cells are small and must be view under a microscope but that is what keeps the efficient

The plasma membrane is the exterior structure portion of a living cell it contains : Phospholipids which has two layers one layer of the the

polar heads are faced towards the outside of the cell and the other layer faces the cytoplasm of the cell and both layers of the nonpolar tails meet in the center of the membrane

Cholesterol maintains the structure of the membrane by making sure it is not too rigid or too flexible

There are many proteins there are some in the phospholipid portion and transport molecules and information across the membrane, some act as a support system, and the charged portions of the proteins extended out of the membranes while neutral portions are in the phospholipid bilayer

Molecules and ions have to cross the membrane without allowing the needed materials the escape so there are a few ways that this is done Passive transport transports a cell without changing its

energy they use diffusion by changing their course of direction when colliding with other molecules. There will always be an uneven concentration of molecules because once it evens out the molecules will diffuse. There are three ways for molecules to passively cross the membrane they can sometimes just pass through the lipid bilayer, some ions could pass through the channels in the membrane, or in some cases the molecules attach to the membrane change shape and they are trasfered to the other side

In active transport the cells collected needed molecules or get rid of the ones that are not needed. Active transport does need energy to pass certain molecules through the membrane. The molecules pass through by attaching to the membrane changing and are released on the other side, some of the molecules break down from ATP to ADP to transport. The proteins that pass these molecules through are often called pumps. The most important pump is the sodium-potassium pump that maintains the volume of the cell

The molecules that are too big to transport through passive or active transport pass through the membrane in bulk using endocytosis which moves materials into the cell and/or exocytosis which move materials out of the cell

Information is transported through the membrane using receptor proteins

http://www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/biobiobio/biomenu/membranes/index.htm

All the cells actions are directed by the nucleolus

The ribosomes connect the proper amino acids in the correct order to create specific proteins

The endoplasmic reticulum unifies most of the chemical compounds made within the cell with the help of the ribosomes

The contents in the golgi apparatus move slowly toward the outer layer once the reach it the are packed into vesicles and sent to the proper place where they are needed there are a few different types of vesicles Vesicles that ship and store the cellular product only product

from the golgi apparatus and then the membrane of the vesicle decides what product is obtained and where it is delivered to

Secretory vesicles pass through the membrane then drop off their contents outside of the cell using exocytosis

Endocytosis vesicles bring bacteria and raw materials into the cell using endocytosis

Peroxisomes and lysosomes contain very powerful enzymes. Peroxisomes carry enzymes that destroy toxic waste and lysosomes carry digestive enzymes

The mitochondria provide most of the cell’s usable energy the sources of the energy come from fat or lipids and glycogen

All cells contain elements that control its support and movement The cytoskeleton is the portion that supports the cell

in it the microtubules, the microfilaments, and the glycoproteins connect to anchor the structure of the cell

The Cilia use a brushing like motion to move materials across the surface of the cell, and the flagella are found in sperm cells only in humans and move the entire cell

The centrioles divide the genetic parts of the cells and align them

The metabolism is responsible for the break down, storage, and building of molecules using the energy that is released by living cells

There are metabolic pathways in cells that have chemically reactions that happen in an organized matter there are two main types of the metabolic pathways are : In anabolism molecules need energy to be assembled

into larger molecules that contain more energy

In catabolism energy is released and larger moeculesare broken down

Glucose is the most available source to create ATP energy and it is processed through four stages Glycolysis, energy is required and glucose is broken down to

3- carbon pyruvate molecules Preparation, the pyruvate molecules enter a mitochondrial to

prepare for the citric acid some energy and acetyl CoA are yielded

Citric acid cycle, energy is released from the acetyl CoA after it is completely broken down by mitochondrial enzymes

The electron transport system where the energy is captured and used to generate high-energy ATP

Fats and proteins are other sources of our energy and are more often stored than glycogen

A small portion of the process to create ATP in humans can be done without the use of oxygen in anaerobic metabolism

Cells that have common functions and are specialized group together and form tissues every cell has a specific function and must be organized and integrated there are four different major types of tissue which are further discussed

Epithelial Tissues

Connective tissues

Muscle tissues

Nervous tissues

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8682.htm

Epithelial tissues Sheets of cells that form to cover the entire body and

create glans These tissues protect all the underlying tissues below it The structural support of these tissues is provided by the

basement membrane which is underneath the epithelial tissue

There are three types of epithelial tissues Squamous epithelium, formed by layer(s) of flattened cells it

lines the outer skin, blood vessels, and air sacs of lungs Cuboidal epithelium, formed by cubical cells lines the

kidneys and surface of the ovaries Columnar epithelium, formed by tall rectangular cells lines

most the digestive organs, some reproductive organs, and the larynx

The body’s strength, support and flexibility is provided by the fibrous connective tissues that connect to different parts of the body

There are four groups which the tissues are arranged in according to their density Loose connective tissue or areolar is very flexible but not very

good strength, contains only a few collagen fibers elastic fibers this is the most common connective tissue

Dense connective tissue is the strongest connective tissue it has more collagen fibers and they are for the most part aligned in one direction

Elastic connective tissue have to stretch often the contain lots of elastic fibers

Reticular connective tissue or lymphoid tissue are rectangular fibers that are made of collagen they intertwine to form this tissue

There are specialized connective tissues that have a specific role in functions they preform in the body these are cartilage, bone, blood, and adipose tissue

Muscle tissues produce movement by contracting or shortening there are three types of muscle tissue Skeletal muscle tissue is constructed of long parallel

individual fibers, it is attached to bones by tendons, and is voluntary muscle because we have control over its movement

Cardiac muscle tissue is constructed of shorter parallel individual fibers they are involuntary muscles that contract on their own

Smooth muscle tissue is thin and tapered aligned in a circular formation to surround hollow organs and tubes these are also involuntary muscles that contract on their own

Neurons are the nervous tissues cells that create and transmit electric impulses the have three main parts to them

The cell body

The dendrites

The axon

The glial cell is also in the nervous tissue but it does not transmit electrical impulses they supply the nutrients

Organs that have common functions make up organ systems which is necessary to make up an organism there are 11 systems that make up the human body

The organ systems are kept in hollow cavities in the body

The body cavities are lined by tissue membranes there are four main types Serous membranes which help reduce friction between the

organs by lining and lubricating the cavities

Mucous membranes where particles are trapped because mucus is created in the epithelial layer of the tissue and it lines the digestive tract, airways, and reproductive system

Synovial membrane creates a lubrication in between your joints

Cutaneous membrane is our skin that and has many functions

http://www.healthadviceonline.biz/elken-mrt/step-4-health-regulation/the-organ-systems

Integumentary system is the proper name for skin

The skin has two main layers that have their own functions Epidermis is the outer layer of the skin, it is layers

epithelial cells that are constantly being replaced. The two types of cells that make up the epidermis are keratinocytes and melanocytes.

The dermis is the under layer of the skin, it is made of dense connective tissue. Hair, smooth muscle, sweat glans, blood vessels. And sensory nerve endings are all located in the dermis

http://www.dentalarticles.com/visual/d/skin-layers.php

For a living organism to get nutrients our cells need and get rid of waste they don’t need we need to maintain homeostasis

To make sure maintain our homeostasis we use the negative feedback control system that must have : A controlled variable, a sometime varying chemical od physical

property (example core body temp) A sensor, keeps track of the controlled variable and send

information to the control center (Located in skin and internal organs)

A control center, determines if the controlled variable is where it should be if not it sends signals to the effector (Hypothalamus portion of brain decides whether body temp is too high or too low)

An effector takes in the signals and works to fix the problem (When temp is too low it will cause blood vessels to constrict, and when too high it will cause them to dilate)

Positive feedback control system is very uncommon in living organisms, it amplifies a change instead of returning to normal

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues sixth edition, Michael D. Johnson

Presentations by Joanne Oellers

All cites images were found are posted with image