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Volvo Cars

For other uses, see Volvo (disambiguation).This article is about theVolvo CarCorporation. For com-mercial vehicles otherwise known as the Volvo Group,see Volvo.Volvo Car Corporation, or Volvo Personvagnar AB , is

Volvo Car Corporation headquarters 

a Swedish premium automobile manufacturer establishedin 1927 and headquartered in   Gothenburg,   Sweden,where it operates outof theVAK building.[1] It is a whollyowned subsidiary of Zhejiang Geely Holding Group ofChina.

Volvo Car Corporation was originally founded as a sub-sidiary of theball bearing maker SKF.[2] When Volvo ABwas introduced on the Swedish stock exchange in 1935,SKF sold most of the shares in the company. Volvo Carswas owned by AB Volvo until 1999, when it was acquiredby the Ford Motor Company as part of its Premier Auto-motiveGroup. Geely Holding Group thenacquired VolvoCars from Ford in 2010.[3]

Volvo Cars manufactures and markets sport utility vehi-cles, station wagons, sedans, compact executive sedans,and coupes. With approximately 2,300 local dealersfrom around 100 national sales companies worldwide,Volvo Cars’ largest markets are the United States, Swe-den, China and Belgium.[4] In 2011, Volvo Cars sold449,255 cars globally, an increase of 20.3% comparedto 2010.[5]

1 History

Gustav Larson and Assar Gabrielsson

1.1 1927–99

Volvo company was founded in 1927 in   Gothenburg,Sweden, The company was created as a subsidiary com-pany 100% owned by SKF. Assar Gabrielsson was ap-pointed the managing director and Gustav Larson as thetechnical manager.

“Cars are driven by people. The guidingprinciple behind everything we make at Volvo,therefore, is and must remain, safety”, AssarGabrielsson and Gustav Larson 1927.[6][7]

The trademark Volvo (which is Latin for I roll) was firstregistered by SKF the 11 May 1915 with the intention touse it for a special series of ball bearing for the Amer-ican market (however in the application for the trade-mark, it was also designated for the purpose of automo-biles ), but it was never used for this purpose. SKF trade-mark as it looks today was used instead for all the SKF-

products. Some pre-series of Volvo-bearings stampedwith the brand name 'Volvo' were manufactured but wasnever released to the market and it was not until 1927

1

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2   1 HISTORY 

Volvo logotype (PRV-registr.) 1927 

that the trademark was used again, now as a trademarkand company name for an automobile.

The first Volvo car left the assembly line on 14 April1927, and was called Volvo ÖV 4. After this the youngcompany produced closed top and cabriolet vehicles,which were designed to hold strong in the Swedish cli-mate and terrain. In the registration application for Volvologotype in 1927, they simply made a copy of the entireradiator for ÖV4, viewed from the front.

Presented in 1944, the Volvo PV444 passenger car onlyentered production in 1947. It was the smallest Volvo yetand was to take the lion’s share of Volvo production, a

well as spearheading their move into the profitable Amer-ican market. The first Volvos arrived in the United Statesin 1955, after hardware wholesaler Leo Hirsh began dis-tributing cars in California. Later, Texas was added, andin 1956 Volvo themselves began importingcars to theUS.NorthAmerica has consistently provided Volvo with theirmain outlet since.[8]

In 1964 Volvo opened its  Torslanda plant in Sweden,which currently is one of its largest production sites(chiefly large cars and SUVs).[9] Then in 1965 the Ghent,Belgium plant was opened, which is the company’s sec-ond largest production site.[10] In 1989 the Uddevalla

plant in Sweden was opened, which was jointly operatedby Volvo Car Corporation and Pininfarina Sverige ABfrom 2005 to 2013.[11]

Volvo ÖV4 touring 1927 

Volvo PV4 4-door saloon 1927 

Volvo 144 saloon 1972

1997  Volvo 850 estate

A collection of Volvo’s most important historical vehi-cles are now housed in the Volvo Museum, which opened

in a permanent location in Arendal at  Hisingen on 30May 1995.[12] For several years, the collection had beenhoused at the Blue Hangar, at the then closed Torslanda

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1.3 Geely Era   3

2002 Volvo S80

Airport.[12]

In the early 1970s, Volvo acquired the passenger car di-vision of the Dutch company DAF, and marketed theirsmall cars as Volvos before releasing the Dutch-builtVolvo 340, which went on to be one of the biggest-selling

cars in the UK market in the 1980s. Nineteen eighty-sixmarked a record year for Volvo in the US, with 113,267cars sold. The appearance of Japanese luxury brands likeAcura and Lexus in subsequent years meant the loss of asignificant market share for Volvo, one which they havenever regained.[8]

In 1999, Volvo Group decided to sell its automobile man-ufacturing business and concentrate on commercial vehi-cles. Ford saw advantages in acquiring a profitable pres-tige mid-size European automobile manufacturer, wellrenowned for its safety aspects, as an addition to its Pre-mier Automotive Group. The buyout of Volvo Cars was

announced on 28 January 1999,[13] and in the followingyear the acquisition was completed at a price of $6.45 bil-lion USD. As a result of the divestiture, the Volvo trade-mark is now utilized by two separate companies:

•  Volvo Group – a manufacturer of commercial vehi-cles, etc. owned by Swedish interests

•  Volvo Car Corporation or Volvo Cars – a manu-facturer of automobiles owned by Zhejiang GeelyHolding Group and formerly owned by Ford MotorCompany

1.2 Ford Era

Volvo Car Corporation was part of Ford Motor Com-pany’s  Premier Automotive Group   (PAG), along withJaguar, Aston Martin and Land Rover. While part of thePAG, the company grew in its range of vehicles signifi-cantly.

After Ford sold Jaguar Land Rover to  Tata Motors ofIndia in 2008, the company initially decided to keepVolvo Cars despite mounting losses and gross economic

downturns. Ford decided to restructure plans for VolvoCars, pushing it further upmarket alongside the lowerend of Mercedes and BMW sedans, wagons, and SUV

crossovers. The outcome was the luxurious second gen-eration Volvo S80 and the new small premium crossoverVolvo XC60.

When the global economic crisis of 2008 threatened theUS automakers, Swedish authorities became concerned

about the fate of Volvo if Ford would file for bankruptcy.These concerns mounted after repeated mass-layoffs atVolvo. Ford announced in December 2008 that it wasconsidering selling Volvo Cars. Initially, a sale priceof US$6 billion was reported,[14] Ford reported it wasalso looking into the possibility of spinning off Volvoas an independent company. The Swedish governmentwas asked to look into a possible state ownership ofVolvo, or a financial bailout for Volvo Cars and SAAB ofGM. Former parent AB Volvo agreed to help Volvo cutcosts through partnerships, and suggested taking part in ashared ownership of Volvo Cars amongst a larger consor-tium. Other rumored candidates to purchase Volvo Cars

includedBMWAG of Germany, Investor AB of Sweden,Chinese investors, or Russian investors.

Although it was rumoured that Volkswagen would buyVolvo Cars, and despite initial denials, Chinese companyGeely Holding Group was ultimately selected to take overthe Swedish automaker.[15] Geely Group Holdings Co.allegedly bid about US$−1.5 billion to take over Volvo,with Goldman Sachs investing HK$2.59 billion (334 mil-lion USD) in the holding company.[16][17][18]

1.3 Geely Era

Ford Motor Company offered Volvo Cars for sale inDecember 2008, after suffering losses that year.[19] On28 October 2009, Ford confirmed that, after consider-ing several offers, the preferred buyer of Volvo Carswas Zhejiang Geely Holding Group, the parent of Chi-nese motor manufacturer Geely Automobile.[20][21] On23 December 2009, Ford confirmed the terms of the saleto Geely had been settled. A definitive agreement wassigned on 28 March 2010, for $1.8 billion. The European

Commission  and China’s  Ministry of Commerce   ap-proved the deal on 6 and 29 July 2010, respectively. Thedeal closed on 2 August 2010 with Geely paying $1.3billion cash and a $200 million note. Further paymentsare expected with a later price “true-up”.[22][23] It is thelargest overseas acquisition by a Chinese automaker.[24]

Stefan Jacoby, formerly chief executive of Volkswagen ofAmerica, became Volvo Car Corporation’s president andchief executive on 16 August 2010, replacing StephenOdell, who became chief executive of Ford Europe.   LiShufu became Volvo Cars’ chairman of the board. Hisboard members include vice-chairman Hans-Olov Ols-

son, a former president and chief executive of VolvoCars, and Håkan Samuelsson, formerly chief executiveof MAN.[25]

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4   2 SAFETY 

2 Safety

Volvo cars have long been marketed and stressed theirhistoric reputation for solidity and reliability. Prior tostrong government safety regulation Volvo had been at

the forefront of safety engineering.[26]

In 1944,   laminated glass   was introduced in the   PVmodel.[27] After Vattenfall engineers presented their pio-neering work to Volvo in the 1950ies,[28] Volvo engineerNils Bohlin invented andpatented themodernthree-pointsafety belt, which became standard on all Volvo cars in1959,[29] and then made this design patent open in theinterest of safety and made it available to other car man-ufacturers for free.[30][31] Additionally, Volvo developedthe first rear-facing child seat in 1964[27] and introducedits own booster seat in 1978.[27]

In 1991 the 960 introduced the first three-point seat beltfor the middle of the rear seat and a child safety cushionintegrated in themiddle armrest.[27] Also in 1991 it intro-duced the Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) on the700, 940/960 and 850 models, which channels the forceof a side impact away from the doors and into the safetycage.[32]

In 1994,[33] to add to its SIPS, Volvo was the first to in-troduce side airbags and installed them as standard equip-ment in all models from 1995. At the start of the 1995model year, side impact protection airbags were standardon high trim-levelVolvo850s, andoptionalon other 850s.

By the middle of the production year, they were standardon all 850s. In model year 1995, SIPS airbags becamestandard on all Volvo models.[33]

In 1995, the Volvo 745 was recalled as the front seatbeltmounts could break in a collision.[34][35]

In 1998 Volvo installed a head-protecting airbag,[36]

which was made standard in all new models as well assome existing models.[33] The IC head-protecting airbagwas not available on the 1997 C70 since the initial designdeployed the airbag from the roof, and the C70, beinga convertible, could not accommodate such an airbag. Alater version of the C70 featured a head-protecting airbag

deploying upwards from the door, avoiding this problem.It has been stated by many testing authorities that sidehead protecting curtain airbags can reduce the risk ofdeath in a side impact by up to 40% and brain injury byup to 55%, as well as protecting during a rollover.[37] In1998, Volvo introduced its Whiplash Protection System(WHIPS), a safety device to prevent injury to front seatusers during collisions.[27]

In 2004, Volvo introduced the Blind Spot InformationSystem (BLIS), which detects vehicles entering the ve-hicle’s blind spot with a side-view-mirror-mounted cam-era, and alerts the driver with a light. That year also

saw Volvos sold in all markets equipped with side-markerlights and daytime running lights. Also, since 2004 allVolvo models except for the coupes (C70 and C30) are

available with an all-wheel drive system developed byHaldex Traction of Sweden.[38]

In 2005, Volvo presented the second generation of VolvoC70, which came with extra stiff door-mounted inflatableside curtains (the first of its kind in a convertible) dubbed

'DMIC'.

[39][40][41]

Even though Volvo Car Corporation was owned by FordMotor Company, Volvo’s safety systems were still stan-dard on all Volvo vehicles. Volvo has patented allits safety innovations, including SIPS, WHIPS, ROPS,DSTC, and body structures. Some of these systems werefitted to other Ford vehicles in forms similar to those ofVolvo systems, but only because Volvo licensed the FO-MOCO and other PAG members to utilize these features.

A 2005 Folksam report[42] put the 740/940 (from 1982on) in the 15% better than average category, the secondfrom the top category.

In 2005, when the American non-profit, non-governmental   Insurance Institute for Highway Safety(IIHS) released its first annual “Top Safety Picks”vehicles list, none of Volvo’s offered vehicles in theU.S. were included on the list.[43] According to RussRader, a spokesman for IIHS, Volvo lagged behindits competitors.[44] Dan Johnston, a Volvo spokesman,denied that the company’s vehicles were any less safethan the institute’s top-rated vehicles, adding that

“It’s just a philosophy on safety that is dif-ferent from building cars to pass these kinds oftests.”[44]

In 2006 Volvo’s Personal Car Communicator (PCC) re-mote control was launched as an optional feature with theall-new Volvo S80. Before a driver enters their car, theycan review the security level and know whether they hadset the alarm and if the car is locked.[45][46] Additionally,a heartbeat sensor warns if someone is hiding inside thecar.[45] The S80 was also the first Volvo model to fea-ture adaptive cruise control (ACC) with Collision Warn-ing and Brake Support (CWBS).[47]

In 2008 a French court found Volvo partially responsi-ble for causing the death of two children and serious in-juries of another in Wasselonne on 17 June 1999, whenthe brakes of a 1996 Volvo 850 failed. The court sub-jected Volvo to a €200,000 fine.[26][48][49][50]

According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety(IIHS), Volvo’s S80 became one of the 2009 Top SafetyPicks Award winners. The previous versions of the S40and S60 models (2005–09 models with standard sideairbags) failed to attain the highest rating in their side im-pact test.[51][52] However, according to the IIHS, in recentyears Volvo cars have still managed to maintain their high

class safety ratings as seen in test results.[53] The VolvoXC90, S80, C70, XC60, S60 and C30 are all rated TopSafety Picks in these crash tests.[54][55][56][57][58][59] The

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2.1 Safety milestones    5

2014 models of the XC60, XC90, S60 and S80 have evenreceived the Top Safety Pick+ rating.[60][61]

Volvo has also scored high in EuroNCAP tests. Since2009, all the Volvo models that EuroNCAP have testedhave received five-star safety ratings: Volvo C30, V40,

V60, V60 plug-in hybrid, XC60 and V70.

[62]

The newVolvo V40 (model year 2013-) got the best test result ofany car model ever tested in EuroNCAP.[63]

2.1 Safety milestones

The Amazon was noted for its safety features, with a padded dashboard, front and rear seat belts and a laminated windshield.[64]

(This list is not necessarily Volvo innovations, but dateswhen Volvo incorporated the technology into its cars)

•  1944 – safety cage

•  1944 – laminated windscreen

•   1957 – anchor pointsfor two-point safetybelts, front

•   1958 – anchor points for two-point safety belts, rear

•   1959 – three-point safetybelt, standard in front seats

•   1964 – rearward-facing child safety seat, first proto-type tested

•  1966 – crumple zones front and rear

•  1966 – safety door-locks

•  1969 – inertia-reel safety belts

•  1971 – reminder safety belt

•   1972 – three-point safety belt, outer rear seats

•  1972 – rearward-facing child safety seat

•   1974 – multistage impact absorbing steering column

•   1974 – bulb integrity sensor

•  1975 – braking system with stepped bore master

cylinder

•  1978 – child safety booster cushion

•   1982 – “anti-submarining” protection

•  1986 – three-point safety belt in centre rear seat(740/760)

•   1990 – integrated child safety cushion in centre rear

seat (940/960)•  1991 – Side Impact Protection System (850 and

940/960)

•  1991 – automatic height adjusting safety belt

•  1992 – reinforced rear seats, estate models

•  1995 – front side airbags (seat-mounted) for torso(850), integrated child safety cushion, outer rearseats

•  1997 – Roll Over Protection System (C70)

•  1998 – Whiplash Protection System (S80)

•   1998 – roof-mounted inflatable curtain side airbags(S80)

•  2001 – SCC : Volvo Safety Concept Car

•  2002 – Roll Stability Control (XC90)

•  2003 – Volvo Intelligent Vehicle Architecture, newfront structure (S40, V50)

•   2003 – rear seat belt reminders (S40, V50)

•   2003 – Intelligent Driver Information System, a sys-tem that selectively blocks information to the driverin complex traffic situations and lets the informationthrough once the situation has calmed down (S40,V50)

•   2003 – Volvo’s Traffic Accident Research Team, in-augurated in Bangkok

•  2004 – Blind Spot Information System, informs thedriver of vehicles in the blind spots, using a yellowLED in the A-pillars (S40, V50)

•   2005 – door-mounted inflatable curtain airbags(C70)

•  2006 – Personal Car Communicator (S80)

•  2006 – Collision Warning Brake Support, a systemthat warns the driver and gives brake support whena collision with another vehicle in front of the car isimminent (S80)

•   2006 – Electrical Parking Brake (S80)

•   2007 – Driver Alert Control, a driver drowsinessde-

tection system that alerts the driver when the sys-tem detects that they are becoming tired (S80, V70,XC70)

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6   3 CAR MODELS 

•   2007 – Lane Departure Warning, a system thatwarns the driver for unintended lane departures(S80, V70, XC70)

•  2007 – Collision Warningwith Auto Brake, a systemthat automatically brakes the car when a collision

with another vehicle in front of the car is imminent(S80, V70, XC70)

•  2007 – DistanceAlert, a system that helps the driverkeeping a safe distance to the vehicle ahead, by con-tinuously measuring the distance and lighting up thevehicle’s head up display if the time gap becomesshorter than what thedriver has specified (S80, V70,XC70)

•   2007 – Alcoguard, a hand-held device that thedriver blows into before they can start the car,mainly aimed for the company-car sector, taxi oper-ators, stateauthorities and municipalities (S80, V70,XC70)

•  2008 – City Safety, a system that automaticallybrakes the car at speeds below 30 km/h (19 mph)if an obstruction is detected in front of the car (newXC60)

•   2010 – PedestrianDetection with Auto Brake, a sys-tem that warns the driver and automatically brakesthe car when a collision with a pedestrian in front ofthe car is imminent (S60)

•   2012 – pedestrian airbag, covering the A-pillars andthe lower part of the windscreen in case of collisionwith a pedestrian (Volvo V40)

•  2012 – knee airbag, for the driver (V40)

•   2012 – Upgraded City Safety, now working up to 50km/h (31 mph) (S80, V70, XC70, XC60, S60, V60,new V40)

•   2012 – Lane Keeping Aid, a system that steers thecar back into the lane again if it is about to uninten-

tionally drift out of the lane (V40)

•   2012 – Road Sign Information, a system that readsroad signs and displays them in the information dis-play, thereby helping the driver to remember speedlimits, no-overtaking stretches, low-speed areas, etc.(S80, V70, XC70, XC60, S60, V60, V40)

•  2012 – Enhanced Blind Spot Information System,now able to detect approaching vehicles up to 70meters behind the car (V40)

•  2012 – Cross Traffic Alert, alerting the driver of

crossing traffic approaching from the sides (up to 30meters away) when reversing out of a parking space(V40)

•   2013 – Cyclist Detection with Auto Brake, a systemthat warns the driver and automatically brakes thecar when a collision with a cyclist travelling in thesame direction as the car in front of the car is im-minent (S80, V70, XC70, XC60, XC90, S60, V60,V40)

3 Car models

1927  Volvo ÖV 4

Volvo PV544

3.1 Early years

•  Volvo ÖV 4, a.k.a.  Jakob

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3.3 Post tri-digit models    7

1987  Volvo 740 , one of the few European passenger cars that can harbour a Europallet  in its luggage compartment 

•  Volvo PV650 Series

•  Volvo TR670 Series

•  Volvo PV 36 Carioca

•  Volvo PV51

•   Volvo PV800 Series   (civilian (PV801, PV802,PV810, PV821, PV822 and PV831) and military(TP21/P2104, P2104))

•  Volvo PV 60

•  Volvo PV444/544

•

 Volvo Duett (Volvo PV445, P210)•  Volvo P1900

•  Volvo Amazon/Volvo 122

•  Volvo P1800

•  Volvo 66

•  Volvo C202

•  Volvo C3-series (C303, C304 and C306)

3.2 Tri-digit nomenclature

Starting with the 140 series in 1966, Volvo used a tri-digit system for their cars. The first number was the se-ries, the second number the number of cylinders and thethird number the number of doors; so a 164 was a 1-serieswitha six-cylinder engine and four doors. However, therewere exceptions to this rule – the 780 for example, camewith turbocharged I4 and naturally aspirated V6 petrolengines and I6 diesel engines, but never an eight-cylinder,as the “eight” would suggest. Similarly, the 760 often wasequipped with a turbocharged I4 engine, and the Volvo360 only had four cylinders. Some 240GLT had a V6

engine. The company dropped the meaning of the finaldigit for later cars like the 740, but the digit continued toidentify cars underhood on the identification plate.

•  Volvo 140 (Volvo 142, Volvo 144, Volvo 145)

•  Volvo 164

•  Volvo 240 (Volvo 242, 244, 245)

•  Volvo 260 (Volvo 262C, 264, 265)

•  Volvo 340 (Volvo 343, 345)

•  Volvo 360

•  Volvo 440/460

•  Volvo 480

•  Volvo 740

•  Volvo 760

•  Volvo 780

•  Volvo 850

•  Volvo 940

•  Volvo 960

3.3 Post tri-digit models

•  Released in 1995[65]

•  Volvo S40

•  Volvo V40

•  Released in 1996[66][67]

•  Volvo S70 replaced the 850 saloon

•  Volvo V70 replaced the 850 estate

•  Volvo S90 replaced the 960 saloon

•  Volvo V90 replaced the 960 estate

•  Released in 1997[67]

•  Volvo C70 coupé

•  Volvo V70 XC

•  Released in 1998[67]

•  Volvo C70 convertible

•  Volvo S80 replaced the Volvo S90

•  Released in 2000[66]

•  Volvo S60 replaced the Volvo S70

•  Volvo V70 II

•  Volvo V70 XC II

•  Released in 2002[66]

•  Volvo XC90

•  Released in 2004

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8   3 CAR MODELS 

•  Volvo S40 II replaced the Volvo S40

•  Volvo V50 replaced the Volvo V40

•  Released in 2006

•  Volvo C30

•  Volvo C70 II•  Volvo S80 II

•  Released in 2007

•  Volvo V70 III

•  Volvo XC70 II

•  Released in 2008

•  Volvo XC60

•  Released in 2010

•  Volvo S60 II

•  Volvo V60

•  Released in 2012

•  Volvo V40 II replaced both the Volvo S40 IIand Volvo V50

•  Released in 2014

•  Volvo XC90 II replaced the Volvo XC90

•  Released in 2016

•  Volvo S90 II replaced the S80 II

3.4 Current models

Today, the company uses a system of letters denotingbody style followed by the series number. “S” stands for"sedan", “C” stands for "coupé" or "convertible" (includ-ing three-door hatchback AKA "shooting brake") and“V” stands for “versatile” (station wagon). “XC” standsfor “crosscountry”originally added to a more rugged V70model as the V70XC and indicates all wheel drive pairedwith a raised suspension to give it an SUV look. Volvowould later change the name to the “XC70” in keeping

with its car naming consistent with the XC90. So a V50is an estate (“V”) that is smaller than the V70.

Originally, Volvo was planning a different namingscheme. S and C were to be the same, but “F”, stand-ing for “flexibility”, was to be used on station wagons.When Volvo introduced the first generation S40 and V40in 1995, they were announced as the S4 and F4. How-ever, Audi complained that it had inherent rights to theS4 name, since it names its sporty vehicles “S”, and theyet to be introduced sport version of the Audi A4 wouldhave the S4 name. Volvo agreed to add a second digit, sothe vehicles became the S40 and F40. However, that led

to a complaint from Ferrari, who used the Ferrari F40name on their legendary sports car. This led to Volvoswitching the “F” to “V”, for versatile.

•   Small cars (Ford Global C platform)

•  Volvo V40 2012–present (M/Y 2013–)

•  Large cars (Volvo P2 platform)

•  Volvo XC90 Classic   2014–present (M/Y

2014–)

•  Large cars (Volvo P3 platform)

•  Volvo S60 2010–present (M/Y 2011–)

•  Volvo V60 2010–present (M/Y 2011–)

•  Volvo V60 Cross Country 2014–present (M/Y2015–)

•  Volvo S60 Cross Country 2014–present (M/Y2015–)

•  Volvo S80 2006–2016 (M/Y 2007–2016)

•

 Volvo V70 2007–2016 (M/Y 2008–2016)•  Volvo XC60 2008–present (M/Y 2009–)

•  Volvo XC70 2007–present (M/Y 2008–)

•  Large cars (Scalable Product Architecture) (SPA)

•  Volvo XC90 2014–present (M/Y 2015–)

•  Volvo S90 2016–present (M/Y 2017–)

•  Volvo V90 2016–present (M/Y 2017–)

3.5 Concept cars

•  Volvo Venus Bilo (1933)

•  Volvo Philip (1952)

•  Volvo Margarete Rose (1953)

•  Volvo Elisabeth I (1953)

•  Volvo VESC (1972)

•  Volvo 1800 ESC (1972)

•  Volvo EC (1977)

•  Volvo City Taxi (1977)

•  Volvo Tundra (1979)

•  Volvo VCC – Volvo Concept Car (1980)

•  Volvo LCP2000 (1983)

•  Volvo ECC – Environment Concept Car (1992)

•  Volvo ACC – Adventure Concept Car (1997)

•  Volvo SCC – Safety Concept Car (2001)

•  Volvo PCC – Performance Concept Car (2001)

•  Volvo PCC2 (2002)

•  Volvo ACC2 (2002)

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4.2 Plug-in hybrids    9

•  Volvo VCC – Versatility Concept Car (2003)

•  Volvo YCC – Your Concept Car (2004)

•  Volvo T6 (2005)

•  Volvo 3CC (2005)

•  Volvo C30 Design Concept (2006)

•  Volvo XC60 Concept (2006)

•  Volvo ReCharge Concept (2007)

•  Volvo S60 Concept (2008)

•  C30 DRIVe Electric (2010)

•  Volvo Universe Concept (2011)

•  Volvo Concept You (2011)

•  Volvo Concept Coupe (2013)

•  Volvo Concept Estate (2014)

•  Volvo Concept XC Coupe (2014)

4 Alternative propulsion

The 2005 Volvo FlexiFuel S40 was one of the first  E85 flex cars launched in the Swedish market by a domestic automaker. TheVolvo FlexiFuel is now offered on the European market 

4.1 Flexible-fuel vehicles

Further information: flexible-fuel vehicle

In 2005 Volvo introduced to the Sweden market the com-pany’s first E85 flexifuel models. Volvo introduced itsS40 and V50  with flexible-fuel engines, joined in late2006 by the then new C30. All Volvo models were ini-tially restricted to the Sweden market, until 2007, when

these three models were launched in eight new Europeanmarkets.[68] In 2008 Volvo launched the V70 with a 2.5-litre turbocharged flexifuel engine.[69]

The Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric concept car  was exhibited at the2010 Paris Motor Show

4.2 Plug-in hybrids

Further information:   Volvo ReCharge and Volvo V70Plug-in Hybrid

The Volvo ReCharge is a plug-in hybrid concept car withan all-electric range (AER) of 60 miles (97 km). It wasofficially unveiled at the 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show.[70]

On 1 June 2009,   Volvo   announced the launchingof   series production diesel-electric plug-in hybrids by2012.[71][72][73] The company plans to sell a series hybrid

with thegoal of achievingemissions of less than 50 gramsof CO2 per kilometer.[72][73] As part of a joint venturewith Vattenfall, a Swedish energy company, Volvo con-verted two Volvo V70 to  plug-in hybrid  demonstratorsthat have been in field testing in Göteborg, Sweden sinceDecember 2009.[74] Vattenfall offered customers partic-ipating in this trial the supply of  renewable electricitygenerated from wind power or  hydropower.[75] Amongother challenges, this test has allowed to experience theall-electric range at low temperatures, which has been adisadvantage of plug-in vehicles.[73][74][75]

4.3 Electric car

Further information: Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric

The Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric concept car was exhib-ited at the 2010 Paris Motor Show and Volvo announcedthat field testing will begin in 2011 in the U.S., Europe,and China.[76] The C30 DRIVe electric car has a lithium-ion battery, a top speed of 130 km/h (81 mph), and an

all-electric range of up to 150 kilometres (93 mi). Fieldtesting began in 2010 with 10 units in  Göteborg, Swe-den.[77]

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10   9 ENGINE TYPES 

4.4 Gas-turbine Hybrid

Further information: Volvo ECC

The Volvo ECC (Environmental Concept Car) was ex-hibited at the1992 ParisMotor Show. The vehicles rangeon batteries alone was 90 miles (140 km), and when com-bined with a full tank of fuel for the turbine, about 415miles (668 km).

4.5 Drive-E engines

Starting in the 2015 model year  Volvo S60,V60,andXC60, Volvo introduced a line of forced-induction four-cylinder engines,dubbed “Drive-E”,[78] to increase theef-ficiency of their models without sacrificing performance.These engines also debuted throughout the lineup that

year, and also appeared in the second-generation VolvoXC90. Hybridized versions of these engines would, intheory, have enough power to match eight-cylinder en-gines.

5 Production locations around the

world

•   Gothenburg, Sweden (Volvo Cars Headquarters andSafety Center)

•   Hällered, Sweden Volvo Test Track

6 Assembly plants

•   Torslanda,   Sweden   (Volvo Cars Torslanda -Torslandaverken) 1964–present

•  Volvo S60,  Volvo V60,  Volvo V70,   VolvoXC70, Volvo S80, Volvo XC90

•   Ghent, Belgium (Volvo Cars Ghent) 1965–present

•  Volvo V40, Volvo S60, Volvo XC60

•   Chongqing, China (Chang’an-Volvo) 2009–present

•  Volvo S80L

•   Chengdu,   China   (Zhejiang Geely-Volvo) 2013–present

•  Volvo S60L, Volvo XC60

•   Daqing,   China   (Zhejiang Geely-Volvo) 2014–present

•  Volvo XC Classic

•  Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Swedish Motor Assem-blies) 1967–present For left hand drive

•  Volvo S60, Volvo S80, Volvo V40, Volvo V60,Volvo XC60, Volvo XC90

7 Future Assembly Plants

•  Charleston, South Carolina,  United States  (VolvoCars) Estimated Completion: 2018

8 Component plants

•   Skövde, Sweden (engines)

•  Floby, Sweden (engine components, brake discs)[79]

•   Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China (engines)

•  Olofström, Sweden (body components)

Bridgend South Wales D2 1.6 diesel engine used in theV40 and Crosscountry (Ford Motor company)

9 Engine types

Volvo uses in-line, or straight engines in their productionvehicles. Volvo is also known for the application of thein-line 5-cylinder engine to its vehicle line up since itsintroduction in 1993 in the Volvo 850.

See also: List of Volvo engines

•  Side valve six – fitted into the PV651/2, TR671/4,PV653/4, TR676/9, PV658/9, PV36, PV51/2,PV53/6, PV801/2, PV821/2, PV831/2 and PV60from 1929 to 1958

•  B4B and B14A – fitted into the Volvo PV and VolvoDuett from 1947 to 1956

•  B16 (A and B) – fitted into the PV, Duett and VolvoAmazon from 1957 to 1960

•  B18 and B20 – 1.8 L/2.0 L OHV 8v fitted into allVolvo models from 1961 to 1974 except 164 (and1975 U.S. Spec 240 models).

•  B19, B21, and B23 – fitted from 1975

•  B200 and B230 – 2.0 L and 2.3 L, respectively,SOHC 8v fitted to 240, 360, 700, 940 series carsfrom 1985

•  B204 and B234 – 2.0 L and 2.3 L DOHC 16 valveengines

•  B27/B28 and B280 – 2.7 and 2.8 L SOHC 12v de-veloped together with Renault and Peugeot

•  B30 – fitted to all 164 models

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11

10 Transmissions

Volvo automatic transmissions in the past were made bythe ZF Friedrichshafen company, but now the transmis-sions are co-developed with Aisin of Japan. Geartronic isVolvo Cars’ name for its manumatic transmission.

10.1 Automatic transmissions

•  Borg-Warner 35 transmission

•  Borg-Warner 55 transmission

•  Volvo AW70 series transmissions

•  Volvo AW70 transmission

•  Volvo AW71 transmission

•  Volvo AW72 transmission

•  AW50-42 (4-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)

•   AW55-50/51 (5-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)

•  GM4T65EV/GT (4-speed GM automatic,FWD/AWD)

•  AWTF-80 SC (6-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)

•  ZF 4HP22 transmission

10.2 Manual transmissions

•  Volvo M30 transmission

•  Volvo M40 transmission

•  Volvo M400 & M410 transmission

•  Volvo M41 transmission

•  Volvo M45 transmission

•  Volvo M46 transmission

•  Volvo M47 transmission

•  Volvo M50 transmission

•  Volvo M51 transmission

•  Volvo M56 transmission

•  Volvo M58 transmission

•  Volvo M59 transmission

•  Volvo M65 transmission

•  Volvo M66 transmission

•  Volvo M90 transmission

•   IB5

•  MTX-75

•  MMT6

•  MPS6 (6-speed dual clutch Powershift, FWD)

11 Motorsport

In 1959, Volvo hadsetup itsown motorsport department.This led to Volvo enjoying worldwide success in the mo-torsport arena throughout the early 1960s. In 1961, Gran

Premio de Argentina Gunnar Andersson was appointedVolvo’s competition department manager, signing a num-ber of drivers, including Carl-Magnus Skogh, Tom Tranaand Ewy Rosqvist, though he himself still continued tocompete in rallies. In 1964, Volvo made heavy invest-ments in the Safari Rally, entering four Volvo PV544s inthe 1964 competition. A PV544 driven by Joginder andJaswant Singh won the Safari Rally in 1965.[80]

Volvo entered the European Touring Car Championshipwith the Volvo 240 Turbo in the 1980s. In the 1984European Touring Car Championship, the Swedish teamSportpromotion won the EG Trophy at  Zolder circuit,

followed by placing second in the Mugello. In 1985,Volvosigned Swiss engineguru ReudiEggenberger to runits works team through Eggenberger Motorsport. Teamdrivers  Gianfranco Brancatelli   and Thomas Lindströmled the 240T to victory in the 1985 ETCC.

Also in 1985, New Zealander Mark Petch had purchaseda 240T from the Magnum team in Sweden (and claimedto run the only privateer Volvo 240T outside of Europe),and drivers Robbie Francevic and Michel Delcourt hadalso won the Wellington 500 street race in New Zealandin January. Francevic went on to finish 5th in the  1985Australian Touring Car Championship, taking wins at

Symmons Plains and Oran Park. The factory-supportedPetch team also participated in the 1985 Bathurst 1000.ThomasLindström later joinedFrancevic to winthe1986Wellington 500. The Petch team become the  VolvoDealer Team in 1986 and expanded to two cars, with theother being for JohnBowe, who haddriven theVolvowithFrancevic at the 1985 Bathurst 1000.

Volvo contracted Belgian based team RAS Sport to be itsworks team in the ETCC in 1986, following Eggengergermoving to race Ford Sierra’s. This team included defend-ing champion Lindström, joined by ex-Formula One andGrand Prix motorcycle racer Johnny Cecotto, as well as

Ulf Granberg and Anders Olofsson. The team took winsat wins at Hockenheim, Anderstorp, Brno, Österreichringand Zolder, though the wins at Anderstorp and the Öster-reichring were disqualified due to the use of illegal fuel.

The 240T also entered the Guia Race, part of the MacauGrand Prix in 1985, 1986 and 1987, winning in both1985 and 1986.

Volvo also saw success in the   Deutsche Tourenwa-gen Meisterschaft (German Touring Car Championship),with a 240 Turbo driven by Per Stureson winning the1985 DTM.

Volvo alsoentered the British Touring Car Championshipin the 90s with Tom Walkinshaw Racing. This partner-ship was responsible for the controversial 850 Estate rac-

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12   12 MARKETING 

ing cars, driven by Rickard Rydell and Jan Lammers andwith a best qualifying placing of third and a best race fin-ish of fifth, which was only rendered uncompetitive whenthe FIA allowed the use of aerodynamic aids in 1995.TWR then built and ran the works 850 Saloon, with sixwins in 1995 and five wins in 1996, and a S40, with one

win in 1997 in the BTCC, as well as Volvo placing thirdin the Manufacturers Championship, both in 1995 and1996. In 1998, TWR Volvo won the British Touring CarChampionship with Rickard Rydell driving the S40R.

Volvo also competed in the Super Touring category withthe 850 across Europe and in Australia.   Australian racecar driver Peter Brock drove an 850 T5 with Tony Scottin the 1994 James Hardie 12 Hour production car race atBathurst, finishing 25th. He also drove an 850 saloon inthe 1996 Australian Super Touring Championship, plac-ing sixth in the Drivers’ Championship.

Volvo regularly entered the S60 in the Swedish TouringCar Championship, where it finished 2nd in the drivers’championship twice and won   the manufacturers’ titleonce. The S60 continued to be raced after the forma-tion of the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship, amerger of the Swedish and Danish touring car champi-onships.   Thed Björk won three consecutive titles from2013 to 2015, driving an S60 prepared by Polestar Rac-ing.

From 2002 to 2007 there was an S60 one-make racingseries as a support series to the Swedish Touring CarChampionship known as the S60 Challenge Cup, using26 factory-modified S60s.

An S60 was driven by Robert Dahlgren in the Swedishround of the 2007 World Touring Car Championship.

The first generation S60 made its competitive debut in2006, racingin theSpeedWorldChallenge GT class. Thesecond-generation model was introduced for the  2009season. In 2010, its programme was expanded to includethe SCAA Pro Racing World Challenge, where it wonboth the drivers’ and manufacturers’ championships in theGT class. The programme was expanded again in 2011to include the Pirelli World Challenge.[81]

In 2008 Volvo entered the Swedish Touring Car Cham-pionship with a C30 powered by bioethanol E85 fuel.Robert Dahlgreen and Tommy Rustad were the drivers,finishing 5th and 10th respectively in the championship.Volvo had also signalled their intentions to enter the 2009British Touring Car Championship with the same car.[82]

Volvo entered the V8 Supercars Championship with twoS60s in 2014 with Garry Rogers Motorsport, and wereimmediately competitive.[83] Following ten pole positionsand four race wins, Scott McLaughlin finished fifth inthe championship and was awarded the  Barry SheeneMedal.[84]

12 Marketing

The symbol for  Mars  has been used since ancient times to repre-sent iron

The name Volvo is Latin for “I roll”.

12.1 Logo

The Volvo symbol is an ancient chemistry sign for iron.The iron sign is used to symbolize the strength of iron

used in the car as Sweden is known for its quality iron.The diagonal line (a strip of metal) across the grille cameabout to hold the actual symbol, a circle with an arrow, infront of the radiator.

A model of a Volvo XC90 constructed from LEGO  bricks on dis- play at  Volvo Ocean Race – 2006 in Baltimore Inner Harbor 

12.2 Sponsorship

The Volvo trademark is now jointly owned (50/50) byVolvo Group and Volvo Car Corporation.[85] One of the

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13

main promotional activities for the brand is the sailingRace Volvo Ocean Race, formerly known as the  Whit-bread Around the World Race. There is also a VolvoBaltic Race and Volvo Pacific Race, and Volvo likes toencourage its affluent image by sponsoring golf tourna-ments all over the world including major championship

events called the Volvo Masters and Volvo China Open.

Volvo sponsored the Volvo Ocean Race, the world’s lead-ing round-the-world yacht race for the first time in 2001–2002. The next edition is taking place between 2011 and2012. Volvo has also had a long-standing commitment tothe ISAF and is involved in the Volvo/ISAF World YouthSailing Championships since 1997.

In 2011, Volvo Cars is the main sponsor of the wintersports and music festival Snowbombing in Austria.

Volvo has since the 1950s had special international salesprograms for customers assigned abroad, for example

Diplomat Sales, Military Sales and Expat Sales. In2015,Volvo signed a deal with Chennaiyin fc a footballfranchise team of Indian super league as a side shirt spon-son

In 2012, Volvo signed NBA star Jeremy Lin to an en-dorsement agreement for two years to participate inVolvo’s corporate and marketing activities as a “brandambassador” for Volvo Car Corp.[86]

13 Volvo trademark lawsuit

In 1990, Volvo Cars filed a lawsuit against Hong Kong-based Club Volvo night club for infringement in HongKong High Court. The lawsuit ended with settlementwhere the night club paid 1 dollar to Volvo Cars. Sincethen, Club Volvo had been renamed to Club Borubo(which pronounced like Volvo in Japanese), and thenClub Bboss (reference to Big Boss).[87][88][89]

14 See also

•  Jan Wilsgaard

•  Tom Trana

•  The Saint (TV series)

•  British Touring Car Championship (BTCC)

•  Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR)

•  Polestar Racing (STCC)

•  Garry Rogers Motorsport (V8 Supercars)

•  Volvo – The Game

•  Volvo Penta

•  Polestar (In-house performance division)

15 References

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[3]   “Ford closes deal with China’s Geely to sell Volvo”.MarketWatch. 28 March 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.

[4]   Financial statement 2013 (FY 2012)

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[6]  “Volvo Goes to China: Will Its Tradition of Safety GoWith It?".  CBS News . 29 March 2010. Retrieved 14 July2015.

[7]  https://www.media.volvocars.com/de/de-de/media/pressreleases/11479/children-should-travel-rearward-facing-until-they-are-three-four-years

[8] “Volvo Urged, 'Drive It Like You Hate It'; Scoffers Didand They Liked It”. Automotive News; 100 Year Almanac (Crain Communications): 80. 1996-04-24.

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[17]  “Geely Jumps to Nine-Year High After Goldman BondSale (Update2)". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2010-11-23.

[18]   “Goldman investment boosts ChinaGeely’s global hopes”.London: Guardian. 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2010-11-23.

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[20] Clark, Andrew (2009-10-28).   “Ford set to offload

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[28] Andréasson, Rune; Claes-Göran Bäckström (2000).   TheSeat Belt : Swedish Research and Development for Global Automotive Safety. Stockholm: KulturvårdskommitténVattenfall AB. pp. 9, 15–16. ISBN 91-630-9389-8.

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[66]  https://www.media.volvocars.com/uk/en-gb/media/pressreleases/4888

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16 External links

•

  Wikibooks:Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINcodes)/Volvo/VIN Codes

•  Official Volvo Cars UK web site

•  Volvo Business Fleet

•  Volvo Business News

•  Volvo Environmental Cars

•  Volvo Business Value

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16   17 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 

17 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

17.1 Text

•   Volvo Cars  Source:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Cars?oldid=710516970  Contributors:  Liftarn, Mic, Egil, Mac, WhisperToMe,Zoicon5, LMB, Topbanana, Eugene van der Pijll, Donarreiskoffer, AlainV, Gidonb, Bbx, GreatWhiteNortherner, DocWatson42, Rap-idAssistant, Golbez, Francisu, Wmahan, Dvavasour, Quadell, Jossi, Icairns, Sfoskett, Sam Hocevar, DmitryKo, Chrisbolt, N328KF,

Milkmandan, Andros 1337, Rama, Andy29, Fluzwup, Bender235, SElefant, Stombs, Art LaPella, Savvo, Nihil~enwiki, Jigen III, Duff-man~enwiki, Walter Görlitz, Interiot, Borisblue, Philip Cross, Eagleamn, Yamla, Kotasik, Dr Fell, Denniss, Ayrshire-−77, Daedelus,Pauli133, Axeman89, Dan100, Ceyockey, Velho, Firsfron, OwenX, Woohookitty, Kristaga, Fred J, Tabletop, Knuckles, CPES, Vossanova,Graham87, Kbdank71, Harrnack, BorgHunter, Sjö, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Isaac Rabinovitch, Jweiss11, Bubba73, Brighterorange, Onlytofind,Leithp, Eubot, Ground Zero, WWC, Gurch, RobyWayne, Karrmann, Vayne, ApolloBoy, NASCAR-1609, Acela Express, Alexhb, ZyreX,Peterl, Borgx, Adrianpike, Charles Gaudette, RussBot, RonH, Hellbus, Lar, Van der Hoorn, Stephenb, Geechorama, Friedfish, GaiusCornelius, Lavenderbunny, DragonHawk, Duke toaster, JogCon, Howcheng, Retired username, Malcolma, Super90, ArmadniGeneral,Mikeblas, Ezeu, MartinHagberg~enwiki, Dahlis, Boivie, Phgao, SFGiants, Josh3580, Willirennen, Hayden120, Mais oui!, Curpsbot-unicodify, Premkudva, Mardus, DocendoDiscimus, Crystallina, SmackBot, Sue Anne, Brossow, Ohnoitsjamie, Slo-mo, Chris the speller,Jnelson09, BrendelSignature, Bazonka, Analogue Kid, Redd Dragon, William Allen Simpson, Zouzzou, Qura~enwiki, Mjl0509, Sim man,Sawran~enwiki, Jacob Poon, OOODDD, Wes!, RJN, TGC55, Morio, Gurklurk, SamBlob, WayKurat, Lambiam, Esrever, JzG, Aplomado,Sunroof, T-dot, ELouka, Gobonobo, Catstail, Scoty6776, Ckatz, Hu12, Iridescent, Madskile, Hdw, Antoinerached, FairuseBot, Abso-lutDan, DariusRex, Raysonho, Caomhin, LongIslander, KyraVixen, JohnCD, Leevanjackson, Orderinchaos, Timothylord, Clipper471,King Hildebrand, Cydebot, Msa1701, Carzmaniac, Ttiotsw, DangApricot, Chasingsol, Rracecarr, Daniel J. Leivick, In1984, Krm500,Mojo Hand, Bobblehead, Benjaminallenmoore, LG4761, KrakatoaKatie, Nagara373, CZmarlin, Fru1tbat, THEunique, Breffni Whelan,

Kjet, Shralla, JAnDbot, MER-C, Charles01, IFCAR, AlmostReadytoFly, MegX, SiobhanHansa, Mesnenor, Bongwarrior, Metrothesis,Jyothis, Mrvolvo, Gr1st, Doublejayy2k, Wayne Miller, Americanfacts101, Tracer9999, Wurdnurd, Anaxial, R'n'B, KTo288, Nono64,Neolandes, Merzperson, Lglswe~enwiki, Athaenara, Cooked, ADouBTor, PocklingtonDan, Mrceleb2007, DvonD, Garlandw-wiki, Sig-mundur, KylieTastic, Napster6, Potaaatos, WikiPro81, Bricology, Adam Zivner, Blood Oath Bot, Thomas.W, ABF, ArseneLupinJhb,Elsonlau, Odames866, Lidingo, Griffindd, Philaweb, Cbaes, DennyColt, Justinslink, HarrisonB, P1h3r1e3d13, PateraIncus, PurgatoryFubar, Typ932, Stavlor, Davidpardo, Liltigger88, Gbawden, Anna-karenina, PeterFV, WereSpielChequers, Mavkato, Chewie swe, Yintan,Dixie1455, EditorInTheRye, North wiki, KathrynLybarger, Herranderssvensson en, Raiderboi8888, Regushee, LarRan, ImageRemoval-Bot, Niek Kouwenberg~enwiki, Elassint, ClueBot, Mariordo, T5d5forums, Fadesga, Robwing, Boing! said Zebedee, Pegoge456, Fat-samsgrandslam, ElSaxo, TimAlderson, Monobi, Gwguffey, 842U, Dekisugi, Teutonic Tamer, Tony Holkham, DumZiBoT, Fastily, Rror,Wikiuser100, Greasywheel, Facts707, MobileEntrepreneur, LitviNataly, Dubmill, Addbot, Frammy7, Some jerk on the Internet, Zarcadia,Ian Splinter, Favonian, Kyle1278, Hunting dog, Amilcar26, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Jan eissfeldt, Sookenon, CountryBot, Krukouski, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Kilala4ever, Pineapple fez, Dnf27, Nirvana888, SwisterTwister, Vanish user s8jswe823rnfscu8sejhr4, AnomieBOT, Rubin-bot, Jerzeykydd, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, Jimmy Bergmark, Quebec99, Wikiconyc, Xqbot, Silversam, Rarzi, Mr.choppers, Grou-choBot, 78.26, Brutaldeluxe, Drakana50, Nigehban, Shadowjams, Khalidshou, BozzieBear, JasonCW, Skcpublic, FrescoBot, Lonaowna,Chevymontecarlo, Andrejog, ThomasAndrewNimmo, Full-date unlinking bot, TKrB, FoxBot, Dinamik-bot, Gdsamp, Kajervi, Mads698h,RobertMfromLI, Nosferatü, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Beyond My Ken, Hajatvrc, Cortina2, TGCP, , EmausBot, Papaleone,

RNL89, MrFawwaz, Look2See1, Heymid, More Coreyander, Black Yoshi, Wikipelli, Kanechen, Alexbeeby, Rockclaw1030, H3llBot,Jsayre64, Hoeksas, Rangoon11, Gholdinggroups, Jgerdom, ClueBot NG, PompusAss, Heysford, Mattwjj, Matthiaspaul, Catlemur, MrLegalese, JesseW900, VanishedUser sdu8asdasd, Primergrey, Meltdown627, NorpanP, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Island Monkey, Man-ishk.mosaic, Codepage, Sakettalwar, Fleetwoodmac94, Urbanoc, Fmturismo, Blakecerenzia, Nosturkye, BattyBot, Teammm, CyberbotII, EuroCarGT, Krafty1999, Applemad, HJawad, K7L, Corkythehornetfan, Frosty, Telfordbuck, Seqqis, Rfh1957, Jajadeleradesign, Haozenga, MrBlew, Krghanta, Jacob Steven Smith, Xenxax, ColRad85, AirportExpert, Vieque, EurovisionNim, Dvmanley, Alfaman1989,DJV11181988, Asdfghjklqz, L!ght Matter, Bilar01, Judeonwiki123, ArturZ72, DanHodge88, Skanneristi~fiwiki and Anonymous: 485

17.2 Images

•   File:1996-1997_Volvo_850_AWD_station_wagon_(2011-11- 18)_01.jpg  Source:   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/1996-1997_Volvo_850_AWD_station_wagon_%282011-11-18%29_01.jpg  License:  Public domain  Contributors:  Own work Origi-nal artist:  OSX

•  File:2012_Volvo_S60_--_NHTSA_2.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/2012_Volvo_S60_--_NHTSA_2.jpg License:  Public domain  Contributors:  safercar.gov Original artist:  U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

•   File:3rd_Volvo_XC70_--_11-26-2011.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/3rd_Volvo_XC70_--_11-26-2011.jpg License:  Public domain  Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  IFCAR

•   File:Commons-logo.svg Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-tors:  ?  Original artist:  ?

•  File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg   Source:   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg  License:   PD   Contributors:   ?Original artist:  ?

•   File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License:  Cc-by-sa-3.0  Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?

•   File:Ford_Motor_Company_Logo.svg  Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Ford_Motor_Company_Logo.svg License:  Public domain Contributors:  SVG based on this image Original artist:  Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='1050' data-file-height='590' /></a>

• File:Gustav_Larson_and_Assar_Gabrielsson_in_museum_of_Volvo_in_Gothenburgh.JPG Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Gustav_Larson_and_Assar_Gabrielsson_in_museum_of_Volvo_in_Gothenburgh.JPG  License:    CC-BY-SA-3.0  Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Kotasik

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17.3 Content license   17

•   File:Mars_symbol.svg Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg License:  Public domain  Con-tributors:  Own work Original artist:  This vector image was created with Inkscape by Lexicon, and then manually replaced by sarang.

•   File:OV4_1.JPG Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/OV4_1.JPG  License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0  Contributors:   ?Original artist:  ?

•   File:OudeVolvo.jpg Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/OudeVolvo.jpg License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-tors:  GerardM (talk) (Uploads) Original artist:  GerardM (talk) (Uploads)

•   File:Volvo-122-coupe-1.jpg   Source:   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Volvo-122-coupe-1.jpg  License:   Publicdomain  Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  IFCAR

•  File:Volvo144dl.JPG Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Volvo144dl.JPG License:  CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:  Noesveritat

•  File:Volvo_740_estate.jpg  Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Volvo_740_estate.jpg  License:  CC BY-SA3.0  Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Ljmdbw

• File:Volvo_C30_DRIVe_Electric_2010_Paris_Motor_Show.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Volvo_C30_DRIVe_Electric_2010_Paris_Motor_Show.jpg License:   CC BY 2.0   Contributors:   http://www.flickr.com/photos/nufkin/5047707365/in/set-72157624962087461/  Original artist:  Nufkin (Flickr User)

•   File:Volvo_Car_-_Lego.jpg Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Volvo_Car_-_Lego.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Jyothis

•  File:Volvo_Cars_logo.png Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9c/Volvo_Cars_logo.png License:  Fair use Contributors: 

<a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://www.volvocars.com'>www.volvocars.com</a>

Original artist:  ?•   File:Volvo_OV4_Touring_1927.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Volvo_OV4_Touring_1927.jpg

License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Lars-Göran Lindgren Sweden

•   File:Volvo_PV4_Sedan_1927.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Volvo_PV4_Sedan_1927.jpg   Li-cense:  CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Lars-Göran Lindgren Sweden

•   File:Volvo_PV_HK_Torslanda_Göteborg.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Volvo_PV_HK_Torslanda_G%C3%B6teborg.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Mangan02

•  File:Volvo_S80_2,9_2002.jpg   Source:   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Volvo_S80_2%2C9_2002.jpg  License: CC BY-SA 2.0  Contributors:  Own work (self-taken) Original artist:  Tage Olsin

• File:Volvo_S80_D5_Momentum_(II,_Facelift)_–_Frontansicht,_26._Oktober_2012,_Düsseldorf.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Volvo_S80_D5_Momentum_%28II%2C_Facelift%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_26._Oktober_2012%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  M 93

•   File:Volvo_S90.png Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Volvo_S90.png License:  CC BY-SA 4.0 Contribu-

tors:  Own work Original artist:   ComradeUranium•   File:Volvo_V40_2012_ID42221_280212.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Volvo_V40_2012_

ID42221_280212.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:  OTRS / Volvo Nederland Original artist:  Volvo

• File:Volvo_V60_D5_Summum_(Facelift)_–_Frontansicht,_12._August_2013,_Düsseldorf.jpg  Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Volvo_V60_D5_Summum_%28Facelift%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_12._August_2013%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  M 93

•   File:Volvo_V70_D5_(III)_–_Frontansicht,_28._Mai_2011,_Hilden.jpg Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Volvo_V70_D5_%28III%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_28._Mai_2011%2C_Hilden.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contribu-tors:  Own work Original artist:  M 93

• File:Volvo_XC60_2.4D_DRIVe_–_Frontansicht,_26._März_2011,_Ratingen.jpg  Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Volvo_XC60_2.4D_DRIVe_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_26._M%C3%A4rz_2011%2C_Ratingen.jpg License:  At-tribution  Contributors:  own photo Original artist:  M 93

•  File:Volvo_XC90_II,_August_2014,_09.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Volvo_XC90_II%2C_August_2014%2C_09.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 4.0  Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Albin Olsson

•   File:Volvo_logotype_1927.png   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Volvo_logotype_1927.png   License: Public domain Contributors:  The Swedish Patent & Trademark office (PRV). Original artist:  Lidingo

•   File:Volvo_s40_2nd_generations_2.jpg Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Volvo_s40_2nd_generations_2.jpg License:  CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?

17.3 Content license

•   Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0