Warm Up: 1/30

Identify the following as results of classical conditioning or operant learning:

1. Ana got poisoning from some chicken wings at a local restaurant. Now she says she can no longer eat chicken wings.

2. Luke got a piece of Candy for doing his work, now he’s more likely to do his work again.

3. Harley gave her boyfriend a compliment on his shirt, now he’s more likely to wear that shirt or similar ones.

4. Your grandmother used to wear a very distinctive perfume. Now whenever you smell that scent of perfume , you think of her.

5. Raphael failed his class, and his parents took away his cell phone.

Timing is everything

1. Continuous Reinforcement - the desired behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs.

2. partial reinforcement, the response is reinforced only part of the time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement, but the response is more resistant to extinction. There are four schedules of partial reinforcement:

Types of Partial Reinforcement

Fixed-interval schedules -first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval, but much slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer. (checking email at a certain time of day when you know to expect one) (semi-annual sales)

Variable-interval schedules occur when a response is reward ed after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of response. (maintaining understanding of topic/not cramming. Checking email regularly, not with as much enthusiasm.)

*interval: think “time”

Types of Partial Reinforcement

Fixed-ratio schedules are those where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. This schedule produces a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after the delivery of the reinforcer. (making money for every 5 shirts made)

Variable-ratio schedules occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a high steady rate of responding. (Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a variable ratio schedule.)

Ratio: think “# of behaviors”

Review: Homework

Shaping

A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal.

THE COGNITIVE SIDE OF LEARNING

Observational Learning

Objective DOL

WWBAT explain observational learning and the applications of operant conditioning.

3 mc questions on cognitive learning, modeling, and observational learning.

Given a scenario, a student will be able to come up with a solution to a behavior problem using operant conditioning.

Objective and DOL

Applications of Operant Conditioning

Review: Recall some real life situations where classical conditioning is used: Fear elimination, bed wetting

Operant conditioning: system of rewards and punishments to shape behavior Applications: biofeedback training and classroom

management

Biofeedback training

BFT allows people to gain control of their autonomic functions “Autonomic” Fist-5

Gives people reinforcement with information “Reinforcement” fist-5

Examples: people can learn to control alpha waves (associated with relaxation), muscles tension, heart rates, and blood pressure

video

What BFT looks like in practice

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxGIzYY43zA

Teacher uses

Reinforcers- increase the frequency of a behavior; not necessarily a pleasant event. Can yelling at a student be a reinforcer?

Operant conditioning can be used in the classroom to train teachers how to reinforce positive behaviors and ignore negative ones. Whose approval do you think younger kids desire

more? Peer or teachers? Older students? How should this influence teacher behavior?

Warm Up

How could facebook use be reinforced through operant conditioning?What would be a reinforcer/punishment?

Would it be positive or negative?

Interval or ratio?Variable or fixed?

Cognitive factors in Learning

Latent Learning Observational Learning

Latent Learning

People can still learn without reinforcement When you go to the mall, have you been conditioned

to turn left or right like rats in a maze or have you simply remembered which direction stores are?

Latent- hidden or concealedLatent learning- learning still takes place, but

the effects are not evident

Latent Learning in the Laboratory

• Tolman had two groups of rats:• 1. taught to go through maze

with food goals• 2. allowed to explore freely for

ten days

•After 1-2 reinforced trials with food, the previously unreinforced rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats

*Suggests they learned the maze as well but the learning was hidden until they had a motivation

Tolman’s Study

Latent Learning (continued)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyQfIOKow_M

Suggests reality of cognitive mapsRats were able to discover and use the

quickest route once they knew their goal and had motivation to seek it.

Observational Learning

We can learn operants through observation alone If you saw me rip up a students notebook for not taking notes, what would

you likely start doing? We learn what is likely to be reinforced or punished by watching others,

which influences our behavior.

We also learn skills by watching others: cooking, cleaning, fixing things (parents/TV)

Observational Learning- the acquisition (gaining) of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (who are called models) rather than by means of direct experience

Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment

When observing a model being reinforced we are vicariously reinforced What does this mean?

Bandura’s study

Hypotheses

Children witnessing an adult role model behaving in an overly aggressive manner would be likely to replicate similar behavior themselves, even if the adult was not present.

Subjects who had observed a non-aggressive adult would be the least likely to show violent tendencies, even if the adult was not present. They would be even less likely to exhibit this type of aggression than the control group of children, who had seen no role model at all.

Bandura believed that children would be much more likely to copy the behavior of a role model of the same sex. He wanted to show that it was much easier for a child to identify and interact with an adult of the same gender.

The final prediction was that male children would tend to be more aggressive than female children, because society has always tolerated and advocated violent behavior in men more than women.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YclZBhn40hU

Results

The results for the Bobo Doll Experiment showed, as expected by prediction one, that children who were exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to show imitative aggressive behavior themselves.

Prediction four was proved correct in that boys were nearly three times more likely to replicate physically violent behavior than girls.

The measurements for verbally aggressive behavior again showed that children exposed to aggressive role models were more likely to imitate this behavior. The levels of verbal aggression expressed were about the same for boys and girls.

Subjects in the Bobo Doll Experiment exposed to the non-aggressive model, or no model at all, showed little imitative aggressive behavior. This finding partially proved prediction two, with children exposed to a passive role model showing less imitative aggression.

More on social learning

The findings of the Bobo Doll Experiment proved to be a little inconclusive with most of the predictions not being fully proved.

It is not certain that children learn socially, but it is likely that children observing an adult model utilizing violence are more likely to believe that this type of behavior is normal. They may, therefore, be more likely to use this type of action themselves when confronted by similar situations.

Children, who witnessed the model being punished for aggressive behavior, were much less likely to follow suit. Interestingly, there was no change in aggression when the model was rewarded for bad behavior.

Warm Up

Finish the following sentences:

I plan to study for tomorrow’s test by…I will devote _____ (time) to undistracted

studying for this test.

Review

Number off.Number your study guide. There are extras

on the study table. Come up with a question or two on an index card for your #. You may use your notes or the book. You have three minutes to do this.

Quiz-Quiz-Trade.

As I play music, move around the room. When the music stops, read your question to

your partner, have them try to answer. Next person reads their card to their partner;

try to answer.

When the music starts, trade cards and continue moving.