water supply

Water Supply

Viczai JánosDepartment of Building Energetics and

Building Services

Water Supply and Canalisation/Water circulates/

� Catchment/ Purification

� Distribution

� Consuption

� Collecting

� Carrying

� Purification

� Setting

Water Supply and Canalisation

Wat

erSu

pply

Can

alys

atio

n

Catchment

The property of water:� Physical� Chemical� Biological

Different water quality requirements:� Human utilisation� Industrial utilisation

The catchment: � In the air as clouds� In the subsurface (subsoil)� On the ground

Physical features of fresh water

Density. This value shows us the weight of 1 dm3 material. Waterdensity is 1 kp/dm3 if its temperature is 4 centigrade degrees.

The water boils at 100 centigrade degrees (373K) and it freezesat 0 centigrade degree (273K).

Specific heat. This value shows us the heat quantity which is nesseary to heat up 1 kg material with 1 K. It is 4.19 kJ/kg,K aswater.

The chemical features of fresh waterWater the best dissolvent in the nature!

The chemical reaction of water can be described bc the valueof pH (proportion of hydrogen-ions).

if the value of pH is: 0-7, the water is acidic,if the value of pH is: 7, the water is neutral,if the value of pH is: 7-14, the water is alkaline,

Dissolved salts of Ca and Mg cause hardness of water.The hardness which can be changed by simple physical process, by heating is called temporarily hardness of water.Originating calcium and magnesium carbonate causepermanent hardness to water.

Acidity of fresh water is mostly caused by its contetns of carbonicacid.

Features of drinking water

The most important features of drinking water:

� It must not contain materials that are dangerous to human health

� It must be with good taste

� It must be transparent and its colour is blue at big quantity

� Its temperature must be between 5 and 15 centigrade degrees

� Its chemical reaction must be neutral or alkaline

Catchment

Catchment is the process we can obtain water from nature bythat. Fresh water occurs 3 places on the earth:

� In the air as clouds

� In the subsurface

� Being on ground

Catchment

Subsoil water:

� The dept of the well must be about30-40 meters

� 8-12 perforated pipes

� The lenght of perforated pipes30-80 meters

Catchment

Subsoil water is generally not enough for consuption of a bigtown.

In case we are forced to use fresh water being on the ground.

Water must be pumped out of a river or a lake.

Water being on the ground is generally dungy and infective, thatis why this water must be treated before using.

This treatment is called: water purification.

Water purification

On the occasion of water-purification every impurity has to be filtered out from water.

There are three sorts of impurities in water :� Solid� Solute� Colloid and organic.

In copmliance with it there are three sorts of purification:� mechanical� chemical� biological.

Water purification

Mechanical purification:solid impurities can be

filtered out from water.

These structures canbe simple grids or filters.

Grids are made of steelFilters are made of plastic

or wool

Water purification

Chemical purification:diverse chemical substances are mixed into water to clarify chemical

impurities

Biological purification:the organic and infective substances are clarified form water

Water purification

1. Grid2. Waste water system3. Filter4. Pump5. Chemical substance6. Tank7. Mixer pipe8. Sand filter9. Mixer pipe10. Chlorin gas11. Heat exchanger12. Waste water system

Water purificationSand-filter

� Dirty eater comes fromabove the filteringmedium which is sandand samall pebble.

� Plastic pipes in the openand end holes of plate.

� After cleaning can be used again

� Two or three sand-filtersmust be apply in a swimming pool

� Place demand is rartherbig

Closed system, fast filter

In the former paragraphs we have got acquainted with featuresof water, catchment and water purification but still do not knowhow much water is needed.

Water demand of a district depends on the following circumstances:

� Habits of inhabitat� Living standards� Type of the industry� Climate� Level of water supply� Largeness and quality of the surfaces of the parks

Water demand

Water demand

∑=

•=k

iiid Pnq

1

qd – daily warter demand [l/day]

ni – number of inhabitants [i]

Pi – water ration [l/day,i]

Pump is a machnie of fluid mechanics which can carry liquidagainst any kind of resistance.

Characterics of a pump in the next:

� Pump delivery� Total derivery head� Absorbed power� Efficiency

Water demand

Water demandPumps

Vízellátás - Csatornázás

� Sh - Suction head� Gh – geometrical height� Fr – frictional resistance� Ep – exhaust pressure� Dh – delivery head� H – total delivery head

epfhghshh +++=gphghp

ρρ ∆=→=∆

Water demandSzivattyúk, szivattyúk jellemzői

1000/][]/[]/[]/[][ 323 mhwmkgsmgsmqWPt •••= ρ

1000][]/[]/[]/[][

323

••••=

ηρ mhwmkgsmgsmqWPreal

Water demand

1

2 2

1

h[m]

q[l/perc]

Optimális üzemi taromány

hmax

qmax

Piston pump

� 1- rotor� 2- scroll

Working figure:

� hmax – maximal delivery head� qmax – maximal pump delivery� Thin line the optimum area

Water demand

Water demand� Pb- barometric pressure� q1- water density of the well� h1 – height of water coloumn in

the well� q2- water-air mixture density� h2 – height of water-air mixture� g – gravitational acceleration

Water demandarchhitecture location

� First is the simplest concrete block

� Second is a spring concrete block

� Third is a spring-pendulum concrete block

Water demand Detached house systemsopen tank


Open tank system:� Open, barometric pressure tank� Water raised into open tank by

pump� Overflow pipe� Water taps by gravitational force

Advantages:� Simple system� Manual usage

Disadvantages:� Small exhaust pressure� Changing water temperature

Water demand Detached house systemclosed tank system (hidrofor)


Parts:� Pump� Clack valve� Pressure tank

� Vh – useful volume, Vmin – minimal volume� Vmax – maximal volume, V – all volume

� Pressure switchWorking:� Water is presses into the tank� Pressure of compressed air insures the pressure to

water to overcome all of the resistances� The pump turn off when pressure is maximum� When the pump is turn off, the system pressure is

reduce, and when the pressure reach pressureminimum, the pump is turn on

� System pressure is changing between turn onand turn off

� We can reduce the useful volume by frekvencychanger pumps.

V

Vm

inV

h

Vm

ax

Pmax

Pmin

P

P0

Transportation Smaller village’s water systemWater tower (reservoir)


� Pump station� Water purificator� Water tower� Pipe system� Usage

Stakikus nyomásStakikus nyomás

Fogyasztás alatti nyomás

Pm

in

Transportation Public systemSystems


Realisation:

� Mountanous area – more separate system� Arborescent, conjugate and ring duct� Reduce the demand of water towers

TransportationPrivat water system


1. Street pipe� Water public works� Connecting pipe� Disconnector� Water-meter� Stop valve

2. Privat, outside pipe� Outdoor distributor main pipe

3. Inside, basic pipe4. Uprising pipe

� Valve of uprise5. Branch pipe

� Reserve valve� EquipmentsThis is a detached house system, because we have

one water-meter place!

4

5

4

321

Ker

ítés

Magán t.Közterület

TransportationPrivat water system


Water-meters in every floor of building � Street stop valve� Primary water-meter in the lower level� Privat water-meters near the flat

Közterület Társasházi tulajdon Társasházi tulajdonKözterület

Water-meters in one group� Street stop valve� Primary water-meter in the lower level� Private water-meters are one group

Water transportRequirements on piping network


� The quality of the transported water should not be worsened� Water tightness

� The water under pressure must not be emmited out of the piping system. The pipes must resist to 16bar nominal pressure.

� The pollution of the environment should not be able to get in.� Resistance to the mechanical effects of the environment� Resistance to the mechanical effects induced by the network itself (pipe

fixations)� Own weight� Water beat (vízütés)� Rezonancia

� Expected lifetime should fit the building’s designed lifetime.� Resistance to corrosion (both internal and external effects).� Internal surface should be polished� The junctions must be installed an easy way� Resistance to any weather conditions at any period of the year

� Leading under frost level� Thermal insulation

� Harmless to the environment (for example hot pipe)

Water transportMaterial of pipes Cast-iron supplier pipes

Water supply

1. Area of use:� External public network� Fire protection networks (fire hydrant

(tüzcsap), outside elements of in-builtfire extinguishers)

2. Advantages:� High resistance to corrosion� High mechanical resistance� Long-lasting

3. Disadvantages:� High specific mass� Expensive (pipe and accessories)

4. Junction-types:� Husky (Tokos)� Coupling (Kuplungos)� Rimmed (Karimás)� Screwy husky (Csavartokos)

5. Sealing:� Lead-spilling (Ólomkiöntés)� Gum

6. Corrision protection: external surfacetreatment

Conventional husky joint

Graphite cast-iron pipe with self-closingsealing

Rimmed joint

Water transportMaterial of pipes Steel supplier pipes


MSZ 120-1,2,3 zincked screwable steel pipe withlongitudinal welt (csőmenet-vágásra alkalmas,

hosszvarratos, horganyzott acélcső) :1. Area of use:

� External public network� Fire protection networks (internal networks of fire hydrants

(tüzcsap), in-built fire extinguishers)� Water network in the building

2. Advantages:� Fast and simple assembly� High mechanical resistance

3. Disadvantages:� Low resistance to corrosion, low life time� High need of labour� Higher external diameter due to the higher wall thickness

4. Junction types:� Screw-jonction ( ¼”, ½”, ¾”, 1 ¼”, 1 ½”, 2”, 3”, 4”)� Hard splice (Keményforrasztás) (welding, but zincked steal

not recommended)� Rimmed (Karimás) (1”- ..)� Coupling (1”-12”)

5. Sealing:� Teflon stripe, tow (kóc)� Gum

6. Corrosion protection (zinc, painting)

Water transportMaterial of pipes Reinforced concrete supplier pipes


Circle-section cement-based reinforcedconcrete supplier pipe :

1. Application area:� Pipes of public network with higher diameters

(~Ø1m)2. Advantages:

� High mechanical resistance3. Disadvantages:

� Low resistance to agressive soil (coating needed).� Complex junction elements.� Watertightness must be ensured by internal

coating.4. Junction types:

� Husky (Tokos)5. Sealing:

� Gum.6. Corrosion protection:

� External coating.� Higher quality pipe material.

Water transport Plastic supplier pipesMaterial of pipes PVC pipe (pvc, cpvc)


1. Area of application:� Piping within the building (adhesive, ½” – 4”)� Piping outside the building (husky (tokos) ,Ø90 –

Ø450)2. Advantages:

� Corrosion resistant� Simple fast assembly with low labour need

3. Disadvantages:� High linear thermal expansion factor (0.8

...0.12mm/m°C)� Sensibility to lime (mész) (gypsum mortar or

protection covering)� Life time (mechanical properties decrease with

time, UV radiation, applied temperature)� Leaning to rigidity (at low temperatures)� Not applicable in hot water systems (CPVC!)� Worse mechanical properties� Estimated life time 50 years

4. Junction types:� Adhesive with juntion profiles� Husky, gum ring

5. Sealing:� Glue,� Gum ring

Water transport Plastic supplier pipesMaterial of pipes Hard polyethylene


1. Area of application:� Piping network outside the building� Public network

2. Advantages:� Highly corrosion resistant� Simple fast assembly with low labour need� Better mechanical paramethers

3. Disadvantages:� High linear thermal expansion factor (0.8

...0.12mm/m°C)� Life time (mechanical properties decrease with

time, UV radiation, applied temperature)� Not applicable in hot water systems

4. Junction types:� Welding, � Husky, gum rings� Husky, snapped ring (roppantógyűrűs)

5. Sealing:� Snapped ring (roppantógyűrűs)� Gum ring

Water transport Plastic supplier pipesMaterial of pipes (Térhálósított) Polyethylene (pe)


One of the most up-to date piping materials.

1. Area of application:� Piping network in the building

2. Advantages:� High resistance to corrosion� Simple fast assembly with low labour need� Excellent mechanical paramethers� Long life time� Resistance to temperature� Assembly without junction units� Can be positionned anywhere

3. Disadvantages:� High linear thermal expansion factor� Sensitivity to UV radiation� Assembly with protection tube (Védőcsöves

szereléstechnológia)4. Junction types:

� Yellow brass cast joints (Sárgaréz öntvény idomkapcsolók)

� Junctions with snapped ring (Roppantógyűrűsidomkapcsolók)

5. Sealing :� Snapped ring (roppantógyűrűs)� Self sealing junction units

Water transportMaterial of pipes Copper pipes (cu)


Traditional but perhaps the best assemlingtechnology

1. Application area:� Piping network in the building, half-hard (bar) or

mild (roll) pipe units2. Advantages:

� High resistance to corrosion� Simple fast assembly with low labour need� Excellent mechanical paramethers� Long life time� Resistance to temperature� Assembly without junction units� Can be positionned anywhere without junction� Small wall thickness

3. Disadvantages:� Lower resistance to mechanical stress

4. Junction types :� Junction units with hard or mild splice, based on

capillary effect� Mild copper pipe can be bent by hands

5. Sealing :� Solder (Forraszanyag)� Traditional sealing of junction units

Water transportMaterial of pipes Other, special pipe materials


Stainless steel (Rozsdamentes acél):� Provision industry (Élelmiszeripar)� Welded, soldered (forrasztott), rimmed

(peremes) junctions

Composite plastic pipes (polyethylene, finealuminium skin, protection skin)

� Piping network in the building� Junctions with snapped ring (Roppantógyűrűs

idomkapcsolók)

„Five layer” pipes (polypropilene, finealuminium skin, protection skin)

� Welded junctions after removing the externalskin

� Applicable anywhere, reliable junctions, goodmechanical paramethers, good thermalinsulation properties

� Piping network in the building� Welded junction units

Asbestous cement (eternit) → Forbidden.

Lead → Out of date.

Water transportFixation of pipes – Crossing on walls


Universal hanging band(Hilti band):

1. Hanging shackles(Függesztő bilincsek)

2. Sprinkler shackles3. Holding consoles4. Combined console

systems5. Aspects:

� Fix and slipperyfixations

� Sound protection� Fixation to the

building element

Water transportAppliances Taps, valves


Taps� Closes and opens the water flow – divisioning unit

(szakaszoló szerelvény)� Closing unit is the revolving element positionned in the

way of the water-flow� Shape of the revolving element: conical (kúpos) or

spherical� Low aerodynamic resistance (in opened state the water

flows trough without changing direction)

1. Conical taps� Truncated cone (csonkakúp) revolving element� Sensitive on pollution� Obsolete construction

2. Spherical tap:� Most commonly used divisioning unit� Gum sealing between the spheric element and the cast

body� Good tightening

Closing valve (Tolózár):� Raising spindle (Emelkedő orsós), non-rising spindle� Only for closing and opening� Closing element is flat� For higher diameters

tömítés

Water transportAppliances Valves


Controls the water-flow. Main elements:� Valve head (Szeleptányér)� Valve spindle (Szelepszár)� Valve bed (Szelepülék)

� The closing element moves perpendicularly tothe flowing direction.

� High aerodynamic resistance

Types:1. Straight valve

� Highest direction modification2. Inclined valve3. Corner valve

� Type of intallation:� Outlet valve� In-built valve

� Other types:� Mixing valve� Mixing valve with one handle

Water transportAppliances Safety units


� Pressure control valve� Decreases the arised pressure in the system

� Pressure Decreasing valve� Decreases the pressure in high-pressure systems.

� Non-return valve� Closes in case of returning flow

� Drawing-in valve (Légbeszívó szelep)� Water returns to the network (A víz visszajutása a

csőhálózatba)

� Air-removing valve� Removes the air from the network

� Valve with float (Úszógolyós szelep) for toilettanks

� Keeps the water level in atmospheric tanks


qmax

hmax

q[l/min]

h[m]

2' Cqh =

51' 1

dCh =

� Principles of dimensioning:� The outgoing water flow from a standard tap-unit:

N [l/min] (∆p=5m, q=10l/min)� The outgoing water flow from the tap-units of the

system compared to the standard tap-unit (sink: 0.5N, bath 1.5N etc.)

� The design water-flow is tne expected water-flow(probability) of one consumption unit

� Pressure loss of the piping network� Pressure loss of straight pipe items� Pressure loss of junction items and appliences.

� Design target:� At design water-flow the outlet tap must provide

the required water volume� Determining the necessary pipe diameters

� Practice:� For small houses and units diameters based on

experience (½”- ¾” – 1” ...)� For larger constructions the nominal water-flow is

calculated using stochastic funtions

Water transportDimensionning of the piping network


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 121110 987 13 14 15 181716 23 2422212019 ( h)

qm( l/s )

Filling time Filling time Filling time

Production

Consumption

Consumption

Production

( l/s )mq

19 20 21 22 242316 17 181514137 8 9 10 11 126543210 ( h)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 121110 987 13 14 15 181716 23 2422212019

qm( l/s )

Consumption Production

Water transport Domestic hot water (DHW) The daily trend of water need:

� Intermittent plant:� Social institutions, industrial units� Only one consumer

� Continuous plant with varying output� Residential buildings, hospitals, office buildings

� Continuous plant with constant output :� Water circulation systems of swimming pools

Necessity of water tanks!


Security valvePmax < 8bar

Energy input :- Electric heating cartridge (P[W])- Water heat exchanger

One-way valve

M

Termostate

H M HPressure reducing valvePmax < 6bar

Water transport Local DHW productionDomestic hot water (DHW) with water tank

Energy input Electric heating cartridge (P[W])

One-way valve

ColdHot

Termostate

Safetyvalve

� „Filling” and „discharging” plant� Lower power need� Limited water volume

Atmospheric (Szabadkifolyású), electric powered hot water tank (5..10 l tank)

� Application area: � Kitchens, small consumption units for only

one tap.� Disadvantages:

� Serves only one tap� The tank cannot be under pressure

� Advantages: � Small size, easy positionning� Simple system� Ideal for local small water need

High pressure closed hot water tank� Applicable as electric hot water

producer or indirectly heated tank forflats.

� Size: 50..300 l (in case of fixing on thewall static expert needed)

� Disadvantages in case of electric heating:

� High tied up (lekötött) electric energy need (2..4kW)

� Long heating-up time (4..h)


Security valvePmax < 8bar

Energy input

:- Electric heating cartridge (P[W])- Gas

One-way valve

M H M H

]/[

][][minl

kWQCCtV

•≈°∆

� Production and use at the same time� Main paramethers: required heat

output (gas, electric power) and watervolume (l/min)

Gázüzemű átfolyó rendszerű készülék:� Area of application:

� Kitchens, small consumption units – onlyone tap. (~10kW, 5l/min)

� Bathrooms, flats with more than onetap (but not at the same time (~25kW, 12l/min)

� Disadvantages: � High energy need� Limited controlled water flow� Limited temperature control (constant

or nearly constant heating power)� Limited distance between production

and use (tapping)� Advantages:

� Easy to fulfill units with low, easy water need

� Small, compact size

Water transport Local DHW productionDomestic hot water (DHW) with through-flow type

Water transportDomestic hot water (DHW) Central DHW production


Supplies one or more buildings

� Elements:� Heat source, which is usually the

heating boiler or the heat exchanger ofa district heating system orindependent heat producing unit

� Tank with integrated spiral pipe (internalheat exchanger)

� Contrl thermostate� Security appliances

� Metering of consumption

� One way valves to stop return flow

� Insulation of pipes

� Local or central mixing unit atcommunal buildings (hospital, nurseryschool, dolmitory, school etc.). Increases the security of service

� Circulation pipe

Energia bevitel: Vizes hőcserélő

Termosztát

Melegvíz Hidegvíz

Kevertmelegvíz

Termosztát

Water transportDomestic hot water (DHW) Circulation pipe


In case of small houses to group of buildings

� Elements:� Heat source, which is usually the heating

boiler or the heat exchanger of a district heating system or independent heat producing unit

� Tank with integrated spiral pipe (internal heat exchanger)

� Contrl thermostate� Security appliances

� Metering of consumption

� One way valves to stop return flow

� Insulation of pipes

� Local or central mixing unit at communal buildings (hospital, nursery school,dolmitory, school etc.). Increases the security of service

� Circulation pipe

Termosztát

Water transport Fire protection of buildings Integrated extinction systems


Volume of extinction water of buildings� Working time must be ensured in function of fire intensity (<400MJ/m2 –

30min, (<800MJ/m2 – 60min, >800MJ/m2 – 90min).� Required water volume depends on the size of the fire sector . For ex.:

150m2 -ig 600l/min... See also OTSZ – BM 35/1996 (XI.29I).� Pressure at connection point depends on the danger cathegory:

� A, B → 4bar, � C → 3bar, � D, E, manual fire taps → 2bar

Positionning of taps out of the building:� Tap must be abouve ground level.� There must be enough to fulfill the above water volume.� The maximal distance to reach the building is 100m, but min. 5m.

Positionning of taps inside the building:� Medium high buildings and high buildings if fire danger cathegory as

follows:� A → 200m2

� B → 300m2

� C → 500m2

� D → 1000m2

� Maximal distance of fire taps: the length of the goatskin (tömlőhossz-20m)calculated on the built path.

� Sorts: Wet and dry piping network� Capacity of one fire tap 150 l/min (2bar), simultaneity: 2..4

Water transport Special extinction systems Fire protection of buildings Automatic shower system (sprinkler)


Do we need integrated extinction system?� OTSZ : for medium high or high buildings

usually yes, � MSZ595: The fire intensity determined by the

function of the building, the danger cathegory and the fire resistance of the building elements determines the maximum area of the fire sector. This area can be doubled by applying integrated extinctionsystem.

Calculation method:� Activity → Fire risk → Risk cathegory. � Shower intensity [mm/min], Protection

surface [m2], Working time [30,60,90perc]. � Design of water suppy system (transported

volume, necessary preassure, stored water volume)

� Tank, pumps –Electric, Diesel� Piping network� Tank on top (Magastartály)� Tankwith atmospheric preassure

(Légnyomásos víztartály (nyomásfokozó))� Design of network

� Necessary preassure at outlet point� Unbalanced outlet (Kifolyás egyenlőtlenségei)

Example:

Two level garage → Integrated extinction system oblgatory according to OTSZ. The system fulfills the rules ofMSZ 9781.

� Risk cathegory: K 2.2 � Shower intensity: 5mm/min,� Protection surface 144m2

� Working time: 60 min� Shower head intensity:

12m2/piece

� Theoretic water flow: 5x144=720l/min

� Theoretic water volume: 720x60=43.2m3

� Theoretic preaussure need ~6bar� Electric power need of pumps:

10kW� Two pump powered by

independent energy sources(1e+1d, 2e, 2d)


N

P

Alarmsound

Water tank

Pump

Water supply system

Public networkPressure switch

Temperature sensitive shower head

WetAlarm valve

Protected room


Wet system:

� Above a special temperature the shower head opens.� The water flow starts, therefore the pressure decreases in the system.� The pump of the water supply system starts to work.� The wet alarm valve opens.� The shower head waters the fire („k” outflowing factor - kifolyási szám).� The alarm valve makes an alarm sound.


Sz

P

Alarmsound

Water tank

Pump

Water supply system


Temperature sensitiveshower head

DryAlarm valve

Protected room

Compressor

Heated sprinkler central

Dry system:� In the piping network of the unheated rooms is filled with compressed air.� Above a special temperature the shower head opens.� The air flow starts, therefore the pressure decreases in the system.� When the pressure decreases the pump of the water supply systems starts to work.� The dry alarm valve opens.� The pipes get filled with water and the showers starts to water the protected room.� The alarm valve makes an alarm sound.



D

P

Alarm sound

Water tank

Pump

Water supply system


OpenShower head

Deluge Alarm valve

Protected room

Firesensor

System with opened shower heads (Deluge-system) :� After the alarm valve the pipes are empty. The alarm valve is has a control function.� The fire sensor network gives a signal to the Deluge valve.� Deluge valve opens.� With the decreasing pressure the pump starts to work.� The pipes get filled with water and the showers starts to water the protected room.� The alarm valve makes an alarm sound.� Appication area: Divisionning of fire sectors, special rooms with high internal height (for

exmpla theaters)


water supply

Documents

occasion of water

water purificationon

water boils

meterscatchmentsubsoil

groundcatchmentsubsoil

chemical reaction of

acidity of fresh water

cause hardness of water