where to start? · energy efficiency training week: buildings programme 1. where to start: energy...
TRANSCRIPT
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Where to start?Energy use in buildings
Buildings
IEA #energyefficientworld
Buildings energy efficiency sessions in partnership with:
INDO-SWISS BUILDING
ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Energy Efficiency Training Week: Buildings programme
1. Where to start: Energy use in buildings
2. Where to start: Energy efficiency potential in buildings
3. Toolkit: Energy efficient building design
4. Toolkit: Energy efficient building technologies
Special session. Technology demonstration
Where do I get help? IEA’s Technology Collaboration Programmes
5. Toolkit: Energy efficiency policies and target setting
6. What are the steps? Enabling investment with energy efficiency policies
7. What are the steps? Implementing building energy codes and standards
8. What are the steps? Building operations and procurement
Special session. The multiple benefits of energy efficiency
9. Did it work? Evaluation and energy efficiency indicators
Where do I get help? International and regional energy efficiency initiatives
10. Energy efficiency quiz: Understanding energy efficiency in buildings
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Energy Efficiency Training Week: Buildings
1. Where to start: Energy use in buildings
Trainers: Brian Dean and Ian Hamilton
Purpose: To teach the fundamentals of how and why buildings use
energy.
Scenario: An influential NGO is urging for all new construction to
be zero emission or net zero energy buildings. What factors are key
to achieving zero emission or net zero energy buildings?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use
Building form
Building function / services
Population and wealth
Climate and weather
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: form
Form causes energy use: including through shape, size, materials, window placement.
Form enables energy efficiency: including thermal mass, passive solar and natural ventilation.
Sources: GBPN and IEA
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: function
Energy follows function : people don’t demand energy, they demand energy services
Sources: GBPN
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: people (population)
Despite energy efficiency improvements, the energy consumed in buildings
is still highly correlated to population growth.
Sources: IEA Energy Statistics, IMF 2014, UN DESA 2014
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: floor area (population and wealth)
Population and wealth are both driving increased floor area in buildings
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
North
America
Europe China India ASEAN Africa Middle East Latin
America
Sha
re o
f a
dd
itio
ns
bu
ilt b
y 2
03
5
Ad
dit
ion
s to
20
60
(bil
lio
n m
2)
Non-residential
Residential
Share ofadditions
Floor area additions to 2060 by key regions
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: ownership (population and wealth)
Global refrigerator ownership doubled in the last 25 years.
Sources: GBPN and IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
Appliance ownership is increasing…
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: population location
Hot locations with large population: India, South East Asia, Africa, Central America, South America
~50% of world population suffers from hot weather, while <10% have access to mechanical cooling
Sources: BEEP India and http://allthatsinteresting.com/map-population-density
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: climate
Climate impacts occupant comfort and building energy use.
Climate can also impacts where people live.
Sources: IEA Future of Cooling 2018
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: climate
Building physics are the same everywhere, but,
buildings in cold and hot climates have different dynamics depending on temperatures
Heat loss from
inside to outside
during winter
Heat is incoming
during the day
and
outgoing during
the night
0oC
10
20
30
40
T inside
T outside
North in Winter South in Summer
Sources: BEEP India
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: climate example in India
Building energy use is dependent on both climate and energy efficiency standards
Sources: GBPN, India BEE
27 32
57
54
30
4
27
26
11
1
9 10
10
0
8 9
1
1
1 0
1
0
0 1 1
0
0 1
20
20
20
20
20
20
20 20 20
20
20 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ahm
ed
aba
d
Ban
galo
re
New
De
lhi
Mu
mb
ai
Ahm
ed
aba
d
Ban
galo
re
New
De
lhi
Mu
mb
ai
Ahm
ed
aba
d
Ban
galo
re
New
De
lhi
Mu
mb
ai
Ahm
ed
aba
d
Ban
galo
re
New
De
lhi
Mu
mb
ai
Surveyed BAU ECBC ECBC+
Equipment EPI
Increse in ACEPI for AirConditioned
AC EPI forMixed Mode
Increase in AC EPI for Air Conditioned
Energy intensity
(kWh/m2) Four Cities and Climate Zones
Ahmedabad:
• Hot and Dry
Bangalore:
• Moderate
New Delhi:
• Composite
Mumbai:
• Warm and Humid
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use
Building lifecycle
Historic and projected
End-use consumption
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: over the building lifecycle
Each step of the lifecycle of the building results in energy input and emissions output.
Source: Adapted based on Built Constructions Magazine
Raw Material
Production
Transportation
ConstructionOperations
Retrofit and
Maintenance
Demolition
• Lifecycle analysis can estimate
the impacts of each stage of the
building life.
• The lifecycle includes embodied
plus operational energy and
emissions.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: globally
Building energy use plays a large role in the global energy system.
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
Buildings account for…
• over 30% of global final energy demand
• 55% of global electricity use,
• more than a quarter of energy-related CO2 emissions,
• two-thirds of halocarbon,
• and 25–33% of black carbon emissions (GEA 2012)
Transport26.6%
Industry28.6%
Residential22.0%
Services8.6%
Other14.3% 4.7%
11%
21%
31%
5%
24%
3%
Oil
Renewables
Coal
Natural gas
Electricity
District energy
Traditional biomass
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
EJ
USA
China
India
Europe
ASEAN
Africa
Other
Building energy use: by region
Building energy use in business as usual scenario (RTS) is expected to increase further.
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
Historic and projected buildings energy use
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: by end-use
Building energy use in business as usual scenario (RTS) is expected to increase further.
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
Historic and projected buildings energy use
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Building energy (PJ)
Appliances & other
Cooking
Lighting
Water heating
Space cooling
Space heating
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: how important is space cooling becoming?
Space cooling energy use in business as usual scenario (RTS) is expected to have significant increases
due to increased ownership.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Ind
ex 1
99
0 =
10
0
Space cooling
Appliances andother equipment
Lighting
Water heating
Cooking
Space heating
Source: www.iea.org/eemr16
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: comparison
Building energy use is different between countries, especially with biomass.
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
Buildings energy compared across country type
0
4
8
12
16
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013
United States EuropeanUnion
China India ASEAN Middle East Africa
Ener
gy in
ten
sity
(M
Wh
/per
son
)
Fin
al e
ner
gy u
se (
EJ)
Solar
Commercial heat
Electricity
Natural gas
Oil
Coal
Biofuels
Energy perperson
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: by building type
Residential buildings use more energy for cooking and water heating.
Non-residential buildings use more energy for space cooling, lighting and other equipment.
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
Residential and non-residential buildings…
29%
3%
22%4%
31%
11%
Residential (90 EJ)
Space heating Space cooling Water heating Lighting Cooking Appliances Other
38%
11%11%
12%
28%
Non-residential (35 EJ)
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: impact on energy markets
Buildings depend heavily on upstream energy and emissions (electricity and commercial heat).
Primary energy use depends on energy utilities…
Coal
5%
Oil11%
Natural Gas21%
Electricity31%
District energy 5%
Traditional Biomass24%
Renewables3% Coal
41%
Oil4%
Natural Gas22%
Nuclear
11%
Renewables
22%
Buildings sector final energy consumption (125 EJ)
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Driving energy use down
The path to “net zero” and “low-energy”
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Concept of net zero
• Net-zero energy: over the course of a year, the building has consumed as much energy as has been generated on site, resulting in a net-zero annual energy consumption.
Annual energy
consumption
Renewable energy
generation on-site
• Net-zero carbon: over the course of a year, the building has emitted as many carbon emissions as have been offset on site, resulting in a net-zero annual carbon emission.
Annual carbon
emissions
Carbon emissions
offset on-site
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Path to zero emissions or net zero energy buildings
Source: www.iea.org/publications/policypathwaysseries/
Items to consider for building renovation or construction:
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Path to low-energy existing buildings
• Retro-commission: ensure that all technologies are properly installed and
operating as they were designed to operate.
• Reduce electrical loads: ensure all lighting is upgraded, ensure all appliances
and electronic devices are high efficiency and emit less heat.
• Improve building envelope: highly cost effective insulation and air sealing are
essential. Window measures can also dramatically reduce building energy and
increase thermal comfort.
• Systems: Improve the existing systems if they are not being replaced.
- Otherwise, upgrade to advanced systems including heat pump or other high
efficiency technology that can be integrated with renewable energy (grid or
on-site).
Source: Adapted from ENERGY STAR
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Path to low-energy new buildings
• Design it right: have integrated design team that examines life-cycle energy use in each design and construction phase.
- Electrical loads: ensure all lighting is latest technology, ensure all appliances and electronic devices are high efficiency and emit less heat.
- Building envelope: highly cost effective insulation and air sealing are essential. New buildings also have minimal upgrade costs for energy efficient window measures that can also dramatically reduce building energy and increase thermal comfort.
- Systems: Include advanced systems such as heat pump or other high efficiency technology that can be integrated with renewable energy (grid or on-site).
• Construct with commissioning: ensure that all technologies are properly installed and operating as they were designed to operate.
Source: Adapted from ENERGY STAR
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
The path to net zero
Scenario:
An influential NGO is urging for all new construction to be
zero emission or net zero energy buildings.
What factors are key to achieving zero emission or net zero
energy buildings?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
www.iea.orgIEA #energyefficientworld