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© OECD/IEA 2015

Energy Efficiency Training Week

Where to start: Understanding building energy use

Buildings energy efficiency sessions done in partnership with:

BuildingsSession 1

© OECD/IEA 2015

1. Where to start: Understanding building energy use2. Where to start: Energy efficiency potential in buildings3. Toolkit: Building technologies for low energy buildings4. Toolkit: Building energy efficiency policies5. What are the steps: Set targets and develop policies 6. What are the steps: Building energy codes 7. What are the steps: Incentives for energy efficient buildings8. Did it work: Tracking progress with energy efficiency indicators9. Did it work: Evaluating the multiple benefits of energy efficiency

in buildings10. Where do I get help: International collaborations

Energy Efficiency Training WeekBuildings: Program

© OECD/IEA 2015

Understanding Building Energy Use

Source: www.gbpn.org

© OECD/IEA 2015


Buildings don’t use energy – people do: comfort/commodity/delight

People don’t demand energy, they demand energy services: heating/cooling/ventilation/sanitation hot water/cooking/refrigeration/lighting entertainment/internet/communications

Buildings are a piece of energy infrastructure: conservation (insulation/thermal mass/embodied energy) production (e.g. BiPV, CHP) adaptation & resilience


© OECD/IEA 2015

Building energy use

© OECD/IEA 2015


Climate impacts energy use and comfort standards

NASA climatic data + GIS spatial analysis

© OECD/IEA 2015 Source: Jan Barta, Center for Passive Buildings, www.pasivnidomy.cz

0

50

100

150

200

250

Stávající zástavba Pasivní dům

celk

ová

ener

gie

[kW

h/m2 a] - 90%

Buildings utilising passive solar concept (“PassivHaus”)

© OECD/IEA 2015

Building Energy Use: Comfort

Different Building uses create different comfort challenges: Commercial/Public Buildings: mainly cooling & lighting

Residential Buildings: heating/cooling depending on climate

“Ensure the required indoor conditions with little or no use of energy, other than from ambient or renewable sources.”

(Szokolay, 2004)

C making B match A


© OECD/IEA 2015

Building Energy Use: Commodity

Examine the context: site conditions, climate, daylight, sonic environment

Establish the limits of desirable or acceptable conditions: temperatures, lighting, air movement, acceptable noise levels, space requirement

Attempt to create space in the most material efficient & life‐cycle considerate way

Attempt to control the variables of light, heat & sound by passive means as far as practical

Provide energy‐based services only for the residual control tasks (Szokolay, 2004)

BAU – 2X Energy Demand by 2050 in centrally planned Asia

Source: BEPS www.gbpn.org

© OECD/IEA 2015

Building Energy Use: Delight

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

2012 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042 2047 2052

Elec

tric

ity U

se (T

Wh)

Urban-AC Urban-Envelope Urban-EqipmentRural-AC Rural-Envelope Rural-Eqipment

BAU >6X increase in residential electricity consumption in India(GBPN&CEPT 2014)

BAU >2‐4X increase in buildings electricity consumption globally by 2050 (IPCC 2014)


© OECD/IEA 2015

Building Energy UseExample: India

How much energy does India’s residential sector consume

What should we focus on Buildings or Appliances or Behaviour or Everything?

Source: Residential Buildings in India: Energy Use Projections and Savings Potentials GBPN & CEPT University 2014http://www.gbpn.org/reports/residential-buildings-india-energy-use-projections-and-savings-potentials


© OECD/IEA 2015


Population: 1237 Million (313.9) 833M (69%) in Rural India 377M (31%) in Urban India

Households: 220 Million (120.7) Average household size: 5.3 (2.6) Jurisdictions: 8,000 Towns and

600,000 Villages Average household energy

consumption: 900 kWh/year

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Total Rural Urban

1 HH 2 HH 3HH 5-6HH 7+HH


© OECD/IEA 2015


Residential Energy Consumption 34% Fans 28% Lighting 7% Air Conditioning 4% Evaporative Cooler

13% Refrigerator 4% Television 10% others

85%15%

Residential Commercial

73%

27%Floor area by building sector


© OECD/IEA 2015


Four Cities – in Four Climate Zone Ahmedabad: Hot and Dry (CDD 3441 – HDD 131) New Delhi: Composite (CDD 2928 – HDD 429) Mumbai: Warm and Humid (CDD 3567 – HDD 0) Pune: Moderate (CDD 2485 – HDD 175)

About 1000 households 250 per Climate Zone

Methodology: Field Study


Source of Map : BEE

© OECD/IEA 2015


Housing Typology Ground + 3 Ground + 12 Row houses – Tenements Independent Bungalows

Demographics Family of 2 to 7

Spread of field study Various neighborhoods

Methodology: Field Study


© OECD/IEA 2015


Analysis & Observations


0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1 BHK 2 BHK 3 BHK 4 BHK

No

of D

wel

lings

Air Conditioners and Bedroom Distribution

No AC 1 AC 2 AC 3 AC 4 AC 5 AC 6 AC

© OECD/IEA 2015


Analysis & Observations


27 32

57 54

30

4

27 26

11

1

9 10 10 0

8 9

1

1

1 0

1

0

0 1 1

0

0 1

20

20

20 20

20

20

20 20 20

20

20 20

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ahm

edab

ad

Bang

alor

e

New

Del

hi

Mum

bai

Ahm

edab

ad

Bang

alor

e

New

Del

hi

Mum

bai

Ahm

edab

ad

Bang

alor

e

New

Del

hi

Mum

bai

Ahm

edab

ad

Bang

alor

e

New

Del

hi

Mum

bai

Surveyed BAU ECBC ECBC+

EPI (

kWh/

m2)

EPI (kWh/m2) for all Climate and Building Types

Equipment EPI Increse in AC EPI for Air Conditioned AC EPI for Mixed ModeIncrease in AC EPI for Air Conditioned

© OECD/IEA 2015


Four Scenarios


© OECD/IEA 2015

Review Questions

What are the most important energy services required for buildings to provide in your jurisdiction?

What factors are driving demand for energy services in your jurisdiction?

Which building type offers the greatest energy savings potential?

Which policy measures might reduce demand for space cooling and growth in electricity consumption?

Which policy measures might influence the behaviour of building occupants to promote energy conservation?

© OECD/IEA 2015

Energy Efficiency Training Week

Where to start: Understanding building energy use

Buildings energy efficiency sessions done in partnership with:

BuildingsSession 1

© OECD/IEA 2015

Building energy use

Buildings account for: more than one third global final energy demand 60% of the world’s electricity use, one‐third of energy‐related CO2 emissions, two‐thirds of halocarbon, and 25–33% of black carbon emissions (GEA 2012)

Industry31%

Transport31%

Other sectors4%

4%

11%

22%

28%

5%

30%

Buildings35%

Coal

Oil

Natural gas

Electricity

Commercial heat

Renewables

Global Final Energy Demand, 2012

© OECD/IEA 2015

Global Final Energy Demand and Power Generation Mix, 2012

Building energy use

Buildings depend heavily on upstream energy intensity and emissions (electricity and commercial heat).

Oil (LPG)10%

Electricity29%

Heat6%Coal

4%Natural gas

21%

Biomass29%

Other1%

Buildings sector final energy consumption, 118 EJ Power generation (heat and electricity) energy mix

Other, 11%

Nuclear, 13%

Natural gas, 23%

Hydro, 6%

Coal, 47%

© OECD/IEA 2015

Building energy use

Global building sector final energy consumption (2010)

© OECD/IEA 2015


Building energy use

43%

14%

8%3% 5%

27%

OECD 50 EJ

Space heating Water heating Lighting Cooking Space Cooling Appliance and other

20%25%

5%

34%

3%

13%

Non‐OECD 68 EJ

Space heating and water heating account for half of global buildings final energy demand. Demand varies across OECD/non‐OECD countries, especially with biomass use for cooking and water heating.

© OECD/IEA 2015


Building energy use

Space cooling demand is rising rapidly, especially in developing regions. Appliance and small‐plug load demand growing quickly as wealth/connectivity increase.

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Inde

x (200

0 = 100)

Space heating

Space cooling

Water heating

Lighting

Cooking

Appliances

Other (Services)

© OECD/IEA 2015

Global Final Energy Demand, 2012 – 2050 under the 6DS and 2DS

Building energy use Developing regions have highest potential for growth – and

energy savings…

0

10

20

30

40

20126DS2050

2DS2050 2012

6DS2050

2DS2050 2012

6DS2050

2DS2050 2012

6DS2050

2DS2050 2012

6DS2050

2DS2050

OECD Americas European Union China Middle East and Africa India

EJ

0

5

10

15

20

20126DS2050

2DS2050 2012

6DS2050

2DS2050 2012

6DS2050

2DS2050 2012

6DS2050

2DS2050 2012

6DS2050

2DS2050

OECD Asia Oceania Russia Latin America Other developing Asia Other countries

EJ

Biomass Natural gas Electricity Coal and oil Heat Other

© OECD/IEA 2015

Two‐thirds of the economic potential to improve energy efficiency remains untapped in the period to 2035 unless policy activity increases

Global energy efficiency opportunities by sector

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2012

> USD 300 BILLION

Building energy use & opportunity

© OECD/IEA 2015

Source: IEA Energy Statistics, 2014; IMF, 2014; UN DESA, 2014

Population

GDP

Energy

Floor Area

Households

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Perce

nt chan

ge rela

tive to

2000

Global buildings energy use relative to key drivers

Drivers of building energy use

© OECD/IEA 2015

Getting it right: from the startTypical lifetimes of energy consuming buildings stock and equipment

Source: IEA Buildings Code Policy Pathway 2013

© OECD/IEA 2015

‐

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075

Floo

r area (m

illion m2)

New Stock (nZEB)

New Stock (Non‐compliant)

New Stock (Compliant)

Retrofit Stock

Historic Stock (Before 2015)

Getting it right: priority settingExample residential floor area growth

Source: IEA Buildings Model

© OECD/IEA 2015

Example of savings by reconstruction. Czech Republic

We can build and retrofit buildings to achieve 60 – 90% savings as compared to standard practice in all climate zones (providing similar or increased service levels)

Reconstruction according to the passive house principle

-90%

Before reconstruction

over 150 kWh/(m²a) 15 kWh/(m²a)

Source: Jan Barta, Center for Passive Buildings, www.pasivnidomy.cz, EEBW2006

© OECD/IEA 2015

Net‐Zero Energy BuildingsIn aiming for zero fossil fuel energy use as quickly as possible, an economical energy strategy would implement some combination of:

reduced demand for energy; use of available waste heat from

industrial, commercial, or decentralized electricity production;

on-site production of sustainable energy;

Combined with off-site supply of carbon-free and low impact energy, taking into account all the costs and benefits and the reliability of various options.

Science House at the Science Museum of Minnesota

© OECD/IEA 2015

Trainers: Brian Dean, Peter Graham, John Dulac Purpose: To teach emerging professionals in the emerging

economies about basic fundamentals of the building energy efficiency markets including how and why buildings use energy.

Content: This course will discuss the basic fundamentals of how energy is used in buildings at both the building level and at the sector level within each country.

Energy Efficiency Training Week (Buildings)1. Where to start: Understanding building energy use

where to start - international energy agency · ... air conditioned ac epi for mixed ......

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