Who Needs Leadership?

Problem solving, change and education futures

Dr. Martha Cleveland-Innes

MOOC 2012

Why talk about leadership?

a) We are all affected by leadershipb) Many of us will be leadersc) Any of us can be leaders

What we see and define as valuableleadership is perceptually, personally and contextually so unique it is difficult to find common conceptual ground.

Leadership by current theories is important to consider but hopelessly inadequate to support leadership action or the changing context in which it currently occurs.

MOOC 2012

http://effective-public-health-leadership.seebyseeing.net/

How is leadership defined?

MOOC 2012

Leadership is a set of characteristics and behaviors that together enable organizations, and the individuals in them, to create optimal organizational conditions for realizing organizational goals (Beaudoin, 2007).

Innovative education leadership characteristics and behaviors (See Latchem and Hanna, 2001, pp. 236-237)

BUThttp://www.tlcc.biz/transformational_leadership_assessment.htm

Leadership is known to be situational, contextual and collaborative, not a set of characteristics held uniquely by an individual. These characteristics, then, may be applied in the thinking and doing of leadership such that followers engage. Followers enable and sustain change in organizations. (Adapted from Cleveland-Innes, 2009)

How is leadership defined?

MOOC 2012

Leadership can be “dyadic, shared, relational, strategic, global, and [operates in] a complex social dynamic.”

“Authentic leadership: a pattern of transparent andethical leader behavior that encourages openness in sharinginformation needed to make decisions while accepting followers’inputs”

(Avolio, Walumban & Weber, 2009, p. 423).

Does this mean other theories represent non-authentic leadership?

How is leadership defined?

MOOC 2012

Trait-based leadership Contingency theory and leadership

Transactional leadership

Emergent leadership Complexity leadership Transformational leadership

Distributed leadership Servant leadership Shared leadership

Situational leadership Leader-member exchange theory

E-leadership

What are the barriers?

MOOC 2012

“…. difficulties in distinguishing leadership from management; tensions between leadership, influence and power; the potential redundancy of leadership in the face of possible substitute factors; leader-followership's presumption of a division of labour; the prevailing myth of exceptionality; and disciplined subjectivity achieved through emergent forms of designer leadership. Embedded in each of these criticisms is the claim that, if leadership is to retain its conceptual and practical utility, then it has to be reconstituted in a distributed, as opposed to a focused, form.”

Gronn, 2003, p. 267

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktWBeqpSb9I

…. leadership in the knowledge era must take new forms to meet the needs of new economic structures (Child and McGrath 2001; Prewitt 2004). Changes in broader social and economic trends have not gone unnoticed by institutions of higher education. However, as Garrison and Kanuka note, “higher educational institutions, especially universities, are notorious resisters to change” (2004: 102).

Are we postindustrial?

MOOC 2012

Are we postmodern?http://

www.horsesenseatwork.com/psl/pages/postmoderndefined.html

Making things happen:

“Leadership that is founded in service to the vision held by other people in the organization. This is a style of leadership that builds on humility rather than hubris. It is a style of leadership that fosters collaboration rather than competition. It is a style of leadership that builds on a foundation of generativity and generosity rather than stagnation and resentment.”

THE GREAT CONTEXT [PERSON AND SYSTEM IN INTERACTION: RIGHT PERSON AT RIGHT TIME IN RIGHT PLACE

Bergquist, 2010MOOC 2012

Are we postmodern?

“…… there are no more heroes, and the charismatic leaders who would enslave us in cult plays and self-less theatrics. There is a loss of self, a headless identity for both leader and bit player in the postmodern society. Individuals are subordinated in modern bureaucracy to the common unity of strong culture and in postmodernity to the fragmentation of isolated individuals, brought together on occasions in safely administered, but temporary designer spectacles” http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/teaching/338/postmodern_leadership_theory.htm

How do we make things happen in a post-modern education?

http://sivers.org/ff

MOOC 2012

Can you teach postmodern leadership?

MOOC 2012

….. a social issue is raised, education is determined to be one remedy, and leadership ensues to implement the education innovation. In this case, leadership can be seen as problem-based, solution-centered, ethical, shared and distributed, working continuously toward the greatest good for the greatest number, beyond the reproduction of the status quo toward increased equity.

Intro to EDDE 804, Leadership In Distance Education

Athabasca University

Norine WarkEDDE 804

Athabasca UniversityMarch 23, 2012

Social Problem: A Need for Water Stewardship

The Global Context

Human water rights and Indigenous Treaty rights

versus government and industry.

• UN Resolution on Human Rights for Water and Sanitation (August, 2011) versus struggles by First World governments to protect private market industries (Barlow, 2011)

• UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007, September 13)

• American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (1998, June 2)

Concerns about fracking.

Water use: collection, use, disposal.

Explosions: earthquakes.

Health risks. Wildlife/endangered

species.

The FNFN Dilemma

Historical conflict: industrial use of Liard waters.

Current conflict: large-scale fracking in FNFN territory.

Exacerbated by the

role of federal and

provincial

governments.

Project Design.

Vision. – FNFN people have knowledge, understanding

and responsible stewardship of Liard watershed

Mission.– Develop an educational plan that enables

FNFN people to remain in their communities, while learning how to improve local environmental conditions in partnership with recognized academic water institutions

The role of distance education (DE).Why DE?– Remote FNFN location – DE reduces time, space

barriers– Technological infrastructure exists– FNFN people used to online communication, and learn

new online technologies quickly – visual and kinesthetic– Youth (initial targeted learning audience) conversant

with mobile technology; will teach Elders – DE learning networks structured similarly to existing

cultural and environmental networks; sense of familiarity

– FN people are highly mobile (BC Stats 2006, Census 2001)– Access to qualified DE educators/media developers

sensitive to local culture and environment

Determining a DE paradigm.- constructivism, eco-constructivism or

connectivism (web of life)- Need to blend Traditional Ecological

Knowledge (TEK) with Western science and academia

Leadership Theories and StrategiesShortcomings of Traditional Leadership

Theories and Strategies.

• Western hierarchal leadership structures incompatible with FN cultures

• Geographic isolation = “us and them” mentality• A single leader, leadership theory or leadership

strategy will not work with this diverse, geographically and socio-culturally dispersed population

• Leadership must be fluid, complex and adaptive

Core (hub) – the design team. (Micro level)– Wilton + Wark – transformational, servant and e-

leadership – FNFN – Lana Lowe, Lands Director - transformational

leadership – Dr. Gilles Wendling, key academic institute stakeholders

– transformational and transactional leadership

Connected to distributed network. (Meso/macro level)

– Keepers of the Water - transformational, distributed and transactional leadership; Elders as sages

– Academic scientists and institutes – transformational, distributed and transactional

Challenges in Leadership

Leadership processes.– Determining what form of leadership is needed

when, and who should leadSolution – Situational leadership, or “leadership by

design” – a bio-cluster network– Bio-cluster network definition - a local, or

regional network, which “is part of the larger, global community, forming a mutually-beneficial, symbiotic relationship.” (Technology Management, 2009.)

Leadership processes.Distributed Leadership Bio-cluster Network ModelNeed: Collaboration/networkingEffect: Equality/Synergy

Figure 13. Distributed leadership bio-cluster network model. Adapted from “Bio-cluster networks.” Copyright 2009 by Technology Management, and Leadership: Current theories, research and future directions” by B. Avoilo, F. Walumbwa and T. Weber, 2009. Copyright 2009 by University of Nebraska – Lincoln.

Leadership in Mobile Learning: Connecting the Disconnected in

Nepal

By

Susan BainbridgeYeung Sze-Kiu

Tony Tin

EDDE 804 Class Project

Our Project Goals

M-learning can be used to:–promote literacy and achieve universal

education–bridge the learning divide– improve access to learning resources–promote Global Awareness and

Understanding–empower learner

Leadership in Mobile Learning: Connecting the disconnected in NepalEmergent Leadership

Consistent with Misolek and Heckman’s (2005) definition:

“Through the interactions of the group that one or more individuals emerge to perform the leadership behaviours that the group requires.” (p.3).

More than anything, we have accommodated each other’s strengths and weaknesses.

See the phenomenon we used to call leadership as

“a dynamic interactive process among individuals in groups for which the objective is to lead one another to the achievement of group, or organizational goals, or both.”

Bligh et al., 2006

In a context which is

•a network of interacting individuals and partnerships•flexibility, boundary openness•dispersed complexity, variability •concerted, collaborative action through relationships•central support

Adapted from Bennett, 2002

To realize our education futures?

MOOC 2012

To realize our education futures?

MOOC 2012

…… design to serve the greater good.  It is not possible to provide effective leadership without an understanding of the purpose of education, and its role in society.  Education is fundamentally characterized by a quest for improving the human condition.  It is to overcome social and economic challenges, resolve inequities, promote societal power and prowess and allow for individual development.   

Schofield, 1999

….. the newly emerging society requires an education system that takes advantage of the democratization and contestation of knowledge and promotes technological and cross-cultural citizenship.

Bloland, 2006

The higher education leader All those involved in education of the 21st century will exhibit strong character, well-developed personal skills and the ability to create and communicate vision (Garrison & Vaughan 2008). In addition to these personal traits, this new leader these people will be willing and able to 1. manage change and innovation 2. listen to and assist stakeholders, maintaining and enhancing relationships between the institution and relevant partners, 3. embrace the realities of network environments and 4. ensure transformation to a new model of teaching and learning. (Cleveland-Innes & Sangra, 2011).

What leadership navigation for education?

MOOC 2012