Wilhelm Canaris 1

Wilhelm Canaris

Wilhelm Franz Canaris

Wilhelm Franz Canaris

Born 1 January 1887Aplerbeck , Westphalia, German Empire

Died 9 April 1945 (aged 58)Flossenbürg concentration camp, Nazi Germany49.734958°N 12.35577°E [1]

Allegiance  German Empire  Weimar Republic  Nazi Germany

Service/branch  Kaiserliche Marine  Reichsmarine Abwehr

Years of service 1905 – 1944

Rank Admiral

Battles/wars World War I•• Battle of Coronel•• Battle of the Falkland Islands•• Battle of Más a TierraWorld War II

Awards Iron Cross First and Second ClassGerman Cross in SilverCross of HonorWehrmacht's Twelve and Twenty-Five Year Long-Service Ribbons.

Wilhelm Franz Canaris (1 January 1887 – 9 April 1945) was a German admiral, and chief of the Abwehr, theGerman military intelligence service, from 1935 to 1944. During the Second World War, he was among the militaryofficers involved in the clandestine opposition to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime. He was executed in theFlossenbürg concentration camp for the act of high treason.

Wilhelm Canaris 2

Early life and World War ICanaris was born in Aplerbeck (now a part of Dortmund) in Westphalia, the son of wealthy industrialist Carl Canarisand his wife Auguste (née Popp). Canaris believed that his family was related to the Greek admiral, freedom fighterand politician Constantine Kanaris, which influenced his decision to join the navy. While on a visit to Corfu he wasgiven a portrait of the Greek hero, which he always kept in his office. But Richard Bassett claims that a 1938investigation showed that his family was of Northern Italian descent, originally called Canarisi, and had lived inGermany since the 17th century. His grandfather had converted from Catholicism to Lutheranism.In 1905, aged seventeen, Canaris joined the German Imperial Navy and by the outbreak of World War I was servingon board the SMS Dresden as an intelligence officer. This cruiser was the only ship that managed to evade theBritish Fleet for a prolonged period during the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, largely due to hisexcellent deception tactics. Whilst anchored in Cumberland Bay, Robinson Crusoe Island, the Dresden was trappedand forced to scuttle after fighting a battle there with the Royal Navy. Most of the crew were interned in Chile inMarch 1915, but Canaris escaped in August 1915, using his fluency in Spanish; with the aid of some Germanmerchants he returned to Germany in October 1915 via, among other countries, Great Britain.He was then given intelligence work and sent to Spain, where he survived a British assassination attempt. Returningto active service, he ended the war as a celebrated U-boat commander from late 1917 in the Mediterranean, creditedwith eighteen sinkings. He spoke English fluently (as well as four other foreign languages) and as a naval officer ofthe old school, he had great respect for the Great Britain's Royal Navy despite the rivalry between the two nations.

Interwar yearsDuring the German Revolution of 1918–1919, Canaris helped organise the formation of freikorps paramilitary unitsin order to suppress the Communist revolutionary movements that were attempting to spread the Russian Revolutioninto central European nations. He was also a member of the military court that tried (and mostly acquitted) thoseinvolved in the assassination of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. He was appointed to the adjutancy of defenceminister Gustav Noske.[2] In 1919, he married Erika Waag, also the child of an industrialist. They had two daughters,Eva and Brigitte.Canaris remained in the military after the war, first as a member of the Freikorps and then as part of theReichsmarine. He was promoted rapidly, becoming a Captain in 1931, the Executive Officer of the cruiser Berlinand then the Commanding Officer of the battleship Schlesien. At this time, he became involved in intelligence workagain. He made a series of contacts with high-ranking German officers, politicians and industrialists for the purposeof creating order in German politics. During his Freikorps period, he was on intimate terms with people such asHorst von Pflugk-Harttung who were accused of political assassinations of leaders of the left, and was even accusedhimself, although later acquitted, of being involved in the assassinations and other crimes (such as his allegedinvolvement in Rosa Luxembourg's "trial"). During the 1930–33 period, Canaris was following a course quiteparallelWikipedia:Please clarify to the one followed by the future Nazi Party leaders although never a party memberhimself. Indirectly, though, he promoted the forces that later became part of the Nazi power structure[citation needed].After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, Canaris was made head of the Abwehr, Germany's official militaryintelligence agency, on 1 January 1935. Later that year, he was promoted Rear Admiral. During the period 1935–36,he made contacts in Spain to organise a German spy network there, due to his excellent Spanish. He was the movingforce behind the decision that sided Germany with Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War, despite Hitler'sinitial hesitation to get involved in such an adventure[citation needed].In 1937 he was a supporter of Hitler's rise, considering the Nazi movement to be the only available political entity capable of defying the spread of Communism from the influence of Soviet Union. However in 1938 he began to radically alter his thoughts of the nature of the III Reich, and fearing that Hitler's policies and plans would lead Germany to disaster he covertly began to work against the régime. His personal character of a German gentleman

Wilhelm Canaris 3

was also uneasy with the increasing brutality of the Nazi government.He tried to hinder Hitler's attempts to absorb Czechoslovakia and he also advised Franco not to permit Germanpassage through Spain for the purposes of capturing Gibraltar. Arguments used by Franco to counter Hitler'sdemands for German access to Spanish territory were influenced directly by Canaris, who met with a number of histop advisors. Additionally, a significant sum of money had been deposited by the British in Swiss accounts forFranco and his generals to maintain their neutrality.

Munich AgreementHe also became involved in two abortive plots to depose Hitler, first in 1938 and again in 1939.[citation needed] Duringthe 1938 crisis over Czechoslovakia that culminated in the Munich Agreement, Canaris was together with the armychief of staff, General Ludwig Beck and the Foreign Office’s state secretary Ernst von Weizsäcker, a leader of the"anti-war" group in the German government, which was determined to avoid a war in 1938 that it felt Germanywould lose.This group was not necessarily committed to the overthrow of the regime, but was loosely allied to another, moreradical group, the "anti-Nazi" faction centered around Colonel Hans Oster and Hans Bernd Gisevius, which wantedto use the crisis as an excuse for executing a putsch to overthrow the Nazi regime.[3]

His most audacious attempt was in planning, with Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin, to capture and eliminate Hitler andthe entire Nazi party before the invasion of Czechoslovakia. At this particular moment, von Kleist visited Britainsecretly and discussed the situation with British MI6 and some high-ranking politicians. There, the name of Canarisbecame widely known as the executive hand of von Kleist in the event of an anti-Nazi plot. The high-rankingGerman military leaders believed that if Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia, or any other country, then Britain woulddeclare war on Germany. MI6 was of the same opinion. The British declaration of war would have given the GeneralStaff, in their belief, both the pretext and support for an overthrow of Hitler.The British reaction, however, to Hitler's demands on the Sudetenland was more cautious. At a meeting with Hitlerin Munich, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier chosediplomacy over war. Munich was a severe disappointment for Kleist and Canaris. It gave Hitler's internationalreputation an important boost for two reasons: one, he was able to play the part of a man of reason and compromise;and two, he could boast that his predictions that Great Britain and France would not respond with war had proven tobe correct. There are claims that Canaris, who was extremely shocked by this 'dishonest and stupid decision' (hisown words), decided to be cautious and wait for a better time to act against Hitler.In January 1939, Canaris manufactured the "Dutch War Scare", which gripped the British government. By 23January 1939 the British government received information to the effect that Germany intended to invade theNetherlands in February 1939 with the aim of using Dutch air-fields to launch strategic bombing offensive intendedto achieve a "knock-out" blow against Britain by razing British cities to the ground.[4] All this information was false,and it was intended by Canaris to achieve a change in British foreign policy.[5] In this, Canaris was successful, andthe "Dutch War Scare" played a major role in causing Chamberlain to make the "continental commitment" (i.e.sending a large British ground force to the defence of France) in February 1939.[6]

Nevertheless, it appears likelyWikipedia:Vagueness that MI6 maintained contact with Canaris even after the MunichAgreement signed on 30 September 1938. When Winston Churchill came to power after the resignation ofChamberlain in May 1940, Canaris' hopes were renewed, given the new Prime Minister's strong position againstHitler.

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World War IIIn the meantime, Reinhard Heydrich, previously a naval cadet who had served under Canaris and was at the time theSicherheitsdienst (SD) leader, despite being his protégé, friend and neighbour, became his rival. Presumably, theCanaris posting in Abwehr had the secret approval of the dynamic Heydrich, who preferred him to his predecessor,Commander Pfatz, who was not in line with the Nazi party members. Heydrich wanted a controllable Abwehr andwas keeping a close eye on Canaris. Canaris appeared outwardly to side with his friend Heydrich, but only in orderto give Abwehr a chance to grow and become a considerable force. In Bassett's account,[7] Canaris was deeplyfrustrated by a briefing from Hitler before the attack on Poland. During the briefing, he was informed about a seriesof exterminations that had been ordered and which Canaris was required to take notes on. These notes, the bookconfirms, were sent to MI6. After the outbreak of war between Germany and Poland, in September 1939, Canarisvisited the front and witnessed examples of the war crimes committed by the SS Einsatzgruppen. Among these werethe burning of the synagogue in Będzin. He also received reports from Abwehr agents about many other incidents ofmass murder throughout Poland. Canaris kept detailed records of these atrocities in his personal diary which heentrusted to Werner Schrader, one of his subordinates and fellow resistance member[citation needed].After hearing reports of and witnessing massacres in Poland, Canaris on 12 September 1939 travelled to Hitler'sheadquarters train, at the time in Upper Silesia, to register his objection to the atrocities; prior to reaching Hitler heencountered General Wilhelm Keitel whom he informed: "I have information that mass executions are being plannedin Poland, and that members of the Polish nobility and the Roman Catholic bishops and priests have been singled outfor extermination." Keitel admonished Canaris to go no further with his protest as the detailed plan of atrocities camedirectly from Hitler, himself.[8]

Shocked by these incidents, Canaris began working more actively, at increasing risk, to overthrow Hitler's régime,although he cooperated with the SD to create a decoy. This made it possible for him to pose as a trusted man forsome time. He was promoted to full Admiral in January 1940. With his subordinate Erwin Lahousen, he formed acircle of like-minded Wehrmacht officers, many of whom would be executed or forced to commit suicide after thefailure of the 20 July Plot. At an officers conference in Berlin, December 1941, Canaris is quoted as saying "Abwehrhas nothing to do with persecution of Jews....no concern of ours, we hold ourselves aloof from it" (MI6 Sub-sectionVf files NA HW 1/327). It has been speculated that there was contact with British intelligence during this time,despite the war between the two countries. It is thought that during the invasion of Russia, Canaris received adetailed report of all the enemy positions that was known only to the British. The head of MI6, Stewart Menzies,who shared Canaris’s strong anti-communist beliefs, praised Canaris’s courage and bravery at the end of the war.Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Himmler investigated in detail the sources of Canaris's information on OperationBarbarossa, arriving at the conclusion that there had indeed been contact between him and the British.[citation needed]

In June 1942, Canaris sent eight Abwehr agents to the East Coast of the United States as part of Operation Pastorius.The mission was to sabotage American economic targets and demoralize the civilian population inside the UnitedStates. However, two weeks later, all were arrested by the FBI thanks to two Abwehr agents betraying the mission toAmerica. Because Abwehr agents were arrested in civilian clothes, they were subject to court martial by a militarytribunal in Washington D.C. All were found guilty and sentenced to death. Two others who cooperated with the FBIreceived sentences of life imprisonment instead. The others were executed by the electric chair in the District ofColumbia jail. Due to the embarrassing failure of Operation Pastorius, no sabotage attempt was ever made in theUnited States.After 1942, Canaris visited Spain frequently and was probably in contact with British agents from Gibraltar. In 1943,while in occupied France, Canaris is said to have made contact with British agents: he was conducted blindfolded tothe Convent of the Nuns of the Passion of our Blessed Lord, 127 Rue de la Santé, where he met the local head of theBritish Intelligence Services, code name "Jade Amicol", in reality Colonel Claude Olivier. Canaris wanted to knowthe terms for peace if Germany got rid of Hitler. Churchill's reply, sent to him two weeks later, was simple:"Unconditional surrender".[9]

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During Heydrich's posting in Prague, a serious incident put him and Canaris in open conflict. A Czech agent — PaulThümmel — was arrested by Heydrich, but Canaris intervened to save him, claiming he was a double agent actuallyworking for Abwehr[citation needed]. Heydrich suspected that Thümmel was actually Canaris's MI6 contact[citation

needed]. Heydrich requested that Canaris put the Abwehr under SD and SS control. Canaris appeared to retreat andhandled the situation diplomatically, but there was no immediate effect on the Abwehr for the time being. In fact,Canaris had established another two links with MI6 — one via Zurich, and the other via Spain and Gibraltar. It isalso possible that Vatican contacts provided a third route to his British counterparts.Canaris also intervened to save a number of victims of Nazi persecution, including saving Jews, some by gettingthem to Spain.[10] Many such people were given token training as Abwehr "agents" and then issued papers allowingthem to leave Germany. One notable person he is said to have assisted was the then Lubavitcher Rebbe in Warsaw,Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn.[11] This has led Chabad Lubavitch to campaign for his recognition as aRighteous Gentile by the Yad VaShem Holocaust memorial.[12]

Foiling Hitler's plot to kidnap Pope Pius XIIColonel Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven's son Niki, testifying in Munich in 1972 and in recent revelations, reportsthat Canaris was involved in the foiling of Hitler's plot to kidnap Pope Pius XII.[13][14] Colonel Freytag-Loringhovenwas a subordinate of Canaris, and his son, Niki, reported that within days of the arrest of Benito Mussolini as orderedby King Victor Emmanuel III, the Führer commanded the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Third Reich's SecurityHeadquarters) to retaliate against the Italians via the kidnapping or murder of Pius XII and King Victor Emmanuel.In 2009, Niki von Freytag-Loringhoven, then 72, came forward to reveal new details about the plan, reporting thaton 29 and 30 July 1943 his father and Erwin von Lahousen, who were employed in the section of Germanintelligence dealing mainly with sabotage, attended a meeting in Venice where Canaris informed the Italian General,Cesare Amè, of the plot. General Amè relayed the news which allowed the plot to be foiled. The Italian paperAvvenire maintains that the younger Freytag von Loringhoven's accounts agree with von Lahousen's Nuremberg warcrimes trials deposition.

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Downfall and execution

Flossenburg concentration camp,Arrestblock-Hof: Memorial to members of

German resistance executed on 9 April 1945

The evidence that he was playing a double game grew, and at theinsistence of Heinrich Himmler, who had suspected him for a longtime, Hitler dismissed Canaris from the Abwehr in February 1944,replacing him with Walter Schellenberg and merging most of theAbwehr with the Sicherheitsdienst (SD). Some weeks later, Canariswas put under house arrest, preventing him from taking part directly inthe 20 July Plot, 1944, to assassinate Hitler.

However, just after the Stalingrad disaster, Canaris had alreadyplanned a 'coup' against the entire Nazi regime in which many Naziofficials would be accused for known crimes, while Hitler would bearrested as an insane person based on his exposure to mustard gas inWorld War I, then imprisoned for life. After the 20 July Plot, Canaris'slong-time rival, SS leader Heinrich Himmler discovered that one of theofficers involved in the plot, a friend of Canaris who had committedsuicide, had kept the plot details in a metal box. The investigations alsorevealed that a number of other assassination plots (possibly another 10or 15) had been activated but had failed and were covered up at the lastminute. Most people who participated in these plots were peopleCanaris knew well. In the aftermath of the attempt on Hitler's life, theGestapo found no direct evidence tying Canaris to the plot, but hisclose association to many of the conspirators that were arrested was enough to seal his fate.

Himmler kept Canaris alive for some time because he planned to use him secretly as a future contact with the Britishin order to come to an agreement to end the war with himself as the leader of Germany. Hitler also wanted to keephim alive in order to get the names of additional conspirators. When Himmler's plan failed to materialize, hereceived the approval of Hitler to send Canaris to an SS drumhead court-martial presided over by Otto Thorbeckwith Walter Huppenkothen as prosecutor that sentenced him to death.Together with his deputy General Hans Oster, military jurist General Karl Sack, theologian Rev. Dietrich Bonhoefferand Ludwig Gehre, Canaris was humiliated before witnesses and then executed on 9 April 1945, in the Flossenbürgconcentration camp, just weeks before the end of the war. He was led to the gallows naked. Just before his executionhe tapped out a message in Morse code, which was heard by another prisoner, claiming he acted for the good ofGermany and denying he was a traitor.Erwin von Lahousen and Hans Bernd Gisevius, two of Canaris' main subordinates, survived the war and testifiedduring the Nuremberg Trials about Canaris' courage in opposing Hitler. Lahousen recalled a conversation betweenCanaris and General Wilhelm Keitel in which Canaris warned Keitel that the German military would be heldresponsible for the atrocities in Poland. Keitel responded that they had been ordered by Hitler. Keitel, who alsosurvived the war, was found guilty of war crimes at Nuremberg and hanged.

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Decorations and awardsDuring his military career, Canaris had been decorated with the Iron Cross First and Second Class, the SilverGerman Cross, the Cross of Honour and the Wehrmacht Twelve and Twenty-Five Year Long-Service Ribbons:• Order of the Bust of Bolivar, 5th class (Venezuela, 1909)• Order of the Crown, 4th class (Prussia)• Iron Cross of 1914, 1st and 2nd class• U-boat War Badge (1918)• Military Merit Cross, 3rd class with War Decoration (Austria-Hungary)• Ottoman War Medal (Turkish: Harp Madalyası), better known as the "Gallipoli Star", or the "Iron Crescent"•• Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918• Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 4th to 1st class• War Merit Cross (1939) with swords, 1st and 2nd class• Iron Cross 1939 clasp, 1st and 2nd class• Finnish Order of the Cross of Liberty

•• First Class with Star and Swords (16 September 1941)•• First Class with Star, Swords and Oak Leaves and Breast Star (19 September 1941)

• German Cross in Silver (11 November 1943)

In popular culture• The 1954 film Canaris starring O.E. Hasse is based on his biography.• In the 1961 novel, Es muss nicht immer Kaviar sein by German author Johannes Mario Simmel, Canaris is the

primary benefactor of agent Thomas Lieven during his time as German Agent in World War II. The novel isclaimed by the author to be authentic.

• In the 1968 Soviet film The End of Saturn, Canaris was portrayed by actor Bruno Freindlich.•• In the 1968 episode of Hogans Heroes (Season 4 Episode 11 - Bad Day in Berlin), Major Hans Tepple(Abwehr)

speaks of needing to attend a meeting with Admiral Canaris.• In the 1970 Colin Forbes novel The Heights of Zervos, Canaris is mentioned along with the Abwehr.• In the 1976 film The Eagle Has Landed, Canaris was played by actor Anthony Quayle.• In the Frederick Forsyth novel The Odessa File, set in the mid-1960s, the hero infiltrates the organisation of

former SS members by claiming to have commanded, as a 19-year-old sergeant, the firing squad which executedCanaris. This is not in fact how Canaris was executed, which was by hanging.

• In the 1980 Brian Garfield novel The Paladin, Canaris is visited by an agent acting for Churchill. It is apparentthat in this book, Canaris is acting as a knowing conduit for British misinformation.

• In the 1996 Daniel Silva novel The Unlikely Spy, Canaris is the head of the Abwehr who initiated the infiltrationof SHAEF to discover its invasion plans of Normandy.

• In the Phillip Kerr novel Hitler's Peace, Canaris attempts to have Hitler poisoned during a secret appearance atthe 1943 Tehran Conference.

• In the 2001 Mike Whicker novel Invitation to Valhalla, Canaris is the head of Abwehr who sends a female spy toAmerica.

• In Philip Kerr's 2013 novel A Man Without Breath, Canaris appears briefly to give evidence against an NKVDsecret agent.

•• He is mentioned in the first half of Ken Follett's 1977 thriller The Eye of the Needle.• In the Southern Victory Series of alternate history novels by Harry Turtledove, the Confederate character General

Clarence Potter, an intelligence chief of the dictator-controlled C.S.A., plays a role analogous to Canaris' in theThird Reich.

Wilhelm Canaris 8

References[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Wilhelm_Canaris& params=49. 734958_N_12.

35577_E_region:DE-BY_type:landmark& title=Execution+ Site+ of+ 20+ July+ 1944+ Plot+ %28Nazi+ Germany+ Resistance%29[2] Wilhelm Canaris. LeMO: Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online (http:/ / www. dhm. de/ lemo/ html/ biografien/ CanarisWilhelm/ )[3] Müller, Klaus-Jürgen "The Structure and Nature of the National Conservative Opposition in Germany up to 1940" pages 133-178 from

Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch, Macmillan: London, United Kingdom pages 162-163 & 166-167.[4] Watt, D.C. How War Came, New York: Pantheon Books, 1989 page 101[5] Watt, D.C. How War Came, New York: Pantheon Books, 1989 pages 103–104[6] Watt, D.C. How War Came, New York: Pantheon Books, 1989 pages 102–103[7] Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Mystery, by Richard Bassett, 2005, Cassell, London, ISBN 0-304-36718-4.[8] Gilbert, Sir Martin, The Second World War: A Complete History (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Y_sfOn8BkOwC& dq), p. 8,

MacMillan 2004[9] Is Paris Burning by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, published by Pocket Books, 1977[10] Segev, Tom, The Good Germans (http:/ / www. haaretz. com/ culture/ books/ the-good-germans-1. 262766), Haaretz, Apr. 2, 2010[11] Altein, R, Zaklikofsky, E, Jacobson, I: "Out of the Inferno: The Efforts That Led to the Rescue of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn of

Lubavitch from War Torn Europe in 1939–40", page 160. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2002 ISBN 0-8266-0683-0[12] Chabad: Make Nazi commander a 'righteous gentile' (http:/ / fr. jpost. com/ servlet/ Satellite?cid=1249275691719& pagename=JPost/

JPArticle/ ShowFull), By MATTHEW WAGNER, jpost.com, Aug 5, 2009.[13] MORE PROOF OF HITLER'S PLAN TO KILL PIUS XII: Son of German Intelligence Officer Comes Forward (http:/ / www. zenit. org/

article-26194?l=english), Zenit News June 16, 2009[14] Italian newspaper reveals details behind Hitler’s plan to kill Pius XII (http:/ / www. cbcpnews. com/ ?q=node/ 9249) CBCP News June 17,

2009

Further reading• Bodyguard of Lies, by Anthony Cave Brown, 1975.• C: The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill, by Anthony Cave Brown,

1987, Macmillan Publishing, New York, ISBN 0-02-517390-1.• Hitlers Krieger, by Guido Knopp, 2000, Goldman Verlag, ISBN 3-442-15045-0.• “The German Military Opposition before the Second World War” by Klaus-Jürgen Müller pages 61–75 from The

Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement edited by Wolfgang Mommsen & Lothar Lettenacke, GeorgeAllen & Unwin: London, United Kingdom, 1983, ISBN 0-04-940068-1.

• "The Structure and Nature of the National Conservative Opposition in Germany up to 1940" by Klaus-JürgenMüller pages 133-178 from Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch, Macmillan: London, UnitedKingdom, ISBN 0-333-35272-6.

• Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Mystery, by Richard Bassett, 2005, Cassell, London, ISBN0-304-36718-4.

• The Unseen War in Europe, by John H. Waller, 1996, Random House, New York, ISBN 0-679-44826-8•• Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Betrayal: the Intelligence Campaign Against Adolf Hitler by Richard

Bassett 2012 ISBN 978-1605983707

External links• Canaris.dk (http:/ / www. canaris. dk), a website devoted to Canaris.• Admiral Wilhelm Canaris (http:/ / www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/ jsource/ Holocaust/ canaris. html) at

jewishvirtuallibrary.org.

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsWilhelm Canaris  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=589284017  Contributors: 4u1e, A Softer Answer, A.S. Brown, Academic Challenger, Adam Carr, Aec is away, Aecharri,Afabbro, After Midnight, Aldis90, Alexlange, Andrwsc, AntonyZ, Attilios, Auntieruth55, BD2412, Bardrick, Bender235, Benea, Bratgitarre, CCecilia, CWenger, Canuck-qw, Caponer,Carlossuarez46, Charles Matthews, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Chochopk, Chocolatepizza, Chris the speller, Chrism, Chwilliamson, Clarityfiend, Cloaked Romulan, Cramyourspam,Crisco 1492, Cwkmail, D6, DO'Neil, Darwinek, David Kernow, Dawkeye, Dcsohl, Decora, Dee Fraser, Delirium, Dewritech, Dicklyon, DocWatson42, DocYako, Dodo19, Dthomsen8, Dubmill,E4024, EikwaR, Ekem, Elinnea, Erich Mayer, Ezra Wax, Fluffy999, Folks at 137, Fornadan, Fraggle81, FrankEldonDixon, Gerhard51, Good Olfactory, Grapple MC, Grblomerth, Groogle,Gscshoyru, H27kim, Hectorian, Henrig, Hephaestos, Historyaficionado23, Hmains, Hohum, Hooperbloob, Hoops gza, Horst, Hugo999, Hutcher, Hutchie6, Hydrargyrum, Hégésippe Cormier,Imansola, Ingsoc, Intelligent Mr Toad, Isaac Rabinovitch, J JMesserly, Jackyd101, Japanese Searobin, Jcfrommn, Jimmyson1991, JohnOwens, Joshmaul, Jphill19, Jpiombo, KTo288, Keallu,Kelisi, Keysanger, King of Tea Tree, Kingstowngalway, Kingturtle, Kintetsubuffalo, Kl833x9, Kubanczyk, Kurt Leyman, Lawsonrob, Lectonar, Lethesl, Lewvalton, Lisgone, Lockley, LordCornwallis, M carteron, Mabdul, Magioladitis, Mallaccaos, Mamalujo, Marktreut, Marrante, Massimo Macconi, Mattg82, Maunus, Michael Hardy, MilFlyboy, Mirac 69, MisterBee1966,Monegasque, Muftix, Mujinga, MyMoloboaccount, N-HH, Neddyseagoon, Neutrality, Newzild, Nick-D, Nihil novi, Nik.jd.aitken, Nikoz78, Njgibson, Nlu, Noclador, Notreallydavid, ObradovicGoran, Ojevindlang, Olessi, Omnipaedista, Oneiros, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Palmiped, Palnu, Parsecboy, Pathoschild, Paul Benjamin Austin, PaulVIF, Pecholobo, Peter Witte, Pgallert,PinchasC, Pokey42, Ponyo, Profoss, Rama, Rayshade, Reuben, Rich Farmbrough, Richard David Ramsey, RjCan, RobNS, Robert A West, Rosthorn, SFK2, Sandius, Savolya, Saxonthedog,Sealman, Sejtam, Sherzo, Signalhead, Skol fir, Sm8900, Spellcast, Stavros1, Stemonitis, Stephensuleeman, Stereotek, Student7, Sysin, The Epopt, Thismightbezach, Toyokuni3, Treybien,Trojancowboy, Troy88, Tswold@msn.com, Turgidson, Tyrenius, Valip, Vasiľ, Vlastimil Svoboda, Wellreadone, Wiggy!, WojPob, Woohookitty, XXzoonamiXX, XavierGreen, Yeugene,Zozoulia, ÄDA - DÄP, 225 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1979-013-43, Wilhelm Canaris.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-013-43,_Wilhelm_Canaris.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany  Contributors: Duch.seb, Falkmart, Groupsixty, Hohum, Kleinstein95, RegenschirmwetterFile:Flag of the German Empire.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:B1mbo andUser:MaddenFile:Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany_(3-2_aspect_ratio).svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:User:MmxxFile:Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(1935–1945).svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FornaxFile:War Ensign of Germany 1903-1918.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:War_Ensign_of_Germany_1903-1918.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Originaluploader was R-41 at en.wikipediaFile:Flag of Weimar Republic (jack).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Weimar_Republic_(jack).svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: diese Datei: JwnabdFile:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:War_Ensign_of_Germany_1938-1945.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnimeAddict AA, Blusts, Chaddy, Covi, Cycn, Davepape, Denniss, F l a n k e r, Foroa, Foundert, Fry1989, Glossologist, Herbythyme, Lord Leatherface, Ludger1961, Madden, Mattes, Mogelzahn,Orrling, R-41, Rave, Ricordisamoa, Sahapon-krit hellokitty, Skipjack, 江 帆, 9 anonymous editsFile:Flossenbürg April 9 1945 Memorial.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flossenbürg_April_9_1945_Memorial.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Concordiadomi

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