World War IWorld War I

4 Causes4 Causes

NationalismNationalismMilitarismMilitarism ImperialismImperialismAlliance SystemAlliance System

Triple Entente/AlliesTriple Entente/AlliesTriple Alliances/ Central PowersTriple Alliances/ Central Powers

War!War!

June 1914 assassinated of June 1914 assassinated of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian (wanted a Serbian (wanted independent Serbia)independent Serbia)

Austria-Hungary gives Serbia Austria-Hungary gives Serbia ultimatum and a month to ultimatum and a month to meet requirements= meet requirements= impossible! (July 1914)impossible! (July 1914) A-H-> GermanyA-H-> Germany Serbia-> Russia-> GB-> FranceSerbia-> Russia-> GB-> France

America Divided!America Divided!

Traditions- US doesn’t choose sides Traditions- US doesn’t choose sides in Europein Europe

Wilson immediately issues statement Wilson immediately issues statement on neutralityon neutrality

What about the people?What about the people?New immigrantsNew immigrantsSocialists & pacifistsSocialists & pacifistsTie with BritishTie with British

Trying trying trying to stay Trying trying trying to stay neutral…neutral…

British & German blockades on each British & German blockades on each otherother

G- “war zone” & risk of mtg. G- “war zone” & risk of mtg. submarine submarine Wilson wants American ships to have Wilson wants American ships to have

safe passagesafe passageLusitania Lusitania sunk on May 1915sunk on May 1915

128 Americans dead128 Americans deadWilson warns German Kaiser . . Wilson warns German Kaiser . .

Lusitania Lusitania

http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Naval/Lusitania_01.htm

http://www.quartzcity.net/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/lusitania-nytimes.jpg

Other problems in the sea . . .Other problems in the sea . . .

ArabicArabic sunk in March 1915- 2 sunk in March 1915- 2 Americans deadAmericans deadWilson wants a pledge from GermanyWilson wants a pledge from Germany- -

ships must be warnedships must be warnedSussexSussex sunk in March 1916 sunk in March 1916

Wilson threatens to cut off relations- Wilson threatens to cut off relations- Kaiser backs downKaiser backs down

American PoliticsAmerican Politics

During war, politicians divided over During war, politicians divided over the issuethe issue

Many call for entry (Teddy) while Many call for entry (Teddy) while others oppose the warothers oppose the war

Election 1816Election 1816Wilson runs on campaign “He kept us Wilson runs on campaign “He kept us

out of war”out of war”Teddy leaves Progressive Party- dead Teddy leaves Progressive Party- dead

nownow

Closer to warCloser to war

1917 Germany resumes unrestricted warfare1917 Germany resumes unrestricted warfare Hoping to win before the US entersHoping to win before the US enters

Zimmerman letterZimmerman letter Sent to MX March 1917Sent to MX March 1917 German Foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman German Foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman

wants MX help in return for help to regain lost wants MX help in return for help to regain lost lands to the USlands to the US

Russia!Russia! Wilson worried that an Ally is a CzarWilson worried that an Ally is a Czar 1917 czar overthrown 1917 czar overthrown

WAR!WAR!

April 2, 1917 US April 2, 1917 US officially officially announces entry announces entry into warinto war

““the world must be the world must be safe for safe for democracy”democracy” WilsonWilson

http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/reform/jb_reform_wilson_1_e.jpg

US enters . . . Why?US enters . . . Why?

Sinking of shipsSinking of shipsZimmerman letterZimmerman letterEconomics!!Economics!!

Send supplies to Send supplies to Allies= making $$Allies= making $$

American bankers American bankers loaning $$ to Alliesloaning $$ to Allies http://www.historylink.org/essays/

output.cfm?file_id=5731

Preparing for warPreparing for war

11stst- send supplies while troops train- send supplies while troops trainRaise $$ ($33 billion by loans & Raise $$ ($33 billion by loans &

taxes) taxes) Men volunteerMen volunteerEst. a draftEst. a draft

Selective Service Act (1917)- 2.8 called Selective Service Act (1917)- 2.8 called by lotteryby lottery

400K blacks serve . . . Equality??400K blacks serve . . . Equality??

Role of regular AmericansRole of regular Americans

Industry focused on war suppliesIndustry focused on war supplies Wages increase for workersWages increase for workers Good relations with UnionsGood relations with Unions

Women workingWomen working Food conservationFood conservation Save coalSave coal Increase in Mexican immigrantsIncrease in Mexican immigrants Blacks move north- Great MigrationBlacks move north- Great Migration Civil liberties limitedCivil liberties limited

Espionage & Sedition ActsEspionage & Sedition Acts Schenck v. United StatesSchenck v. United States

http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/wh-exh-wwi.html

Women Working

http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/womenww1_intro.htm

Fighting in EuropeFighting in Europe

Now 1917- fighting Now 1917- fighting since late summer since late summer 19141914

Russia out . . . Russia out . . . Germans focused Germans focused on the Western on the Western FrontFront

Kaiser hoping to Kaiser hoping to defeat Allies before defeat Allies before the Americans the Americans could send mencould send men

Video!Video!

War Issues War Issues Trench warfareTrench warfareProblems: Problems:

Poor sanitation, rodents & diseasePoor sanitation, rodents & diseasePoison gas & shell shockPoison gas & shell shockTrench footTrench foot

http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/trenches.htm

American contributionsAmerican contributions

Intense ship building (U-boats)Intense ship building (U-boats)Men eager for warMen eager for war

Bring fresh facesBring fresh facesAmerican Expeditionary ForceAmerican Expeditionary Force

John J. PershingJohn J. PershingGoals:Goals:

Plug in at weak spotsPlug in at weak spots1918 controlling parts of western front1918 controlling parts of western front

Summer/ Fall 1918Summer/ Fall 1918

Battles at Chateau-Thierry & Belleau Battles at Chateau-Thierry & Belleau WoodWood

Late summer/early fallLate summer/early fallPushing German forces back towards Pushing German forces back towards

the borderthe borderNov. 3Nov. 3rdrd A-H surrenders A-H surrendersNov. 9Nov. 9thth Kaiser abdicates the throne Kaiser abdicates the throneNov. 11Nov. 11thth armistice signed armistice signed

Making PeaceMaking Peace

Wilson develops the 14 PointsWilson develops the 14 Points1414thth point calls for the point calls for the

establishment of a League of establishment of a League of NationsNations

Big 4 meet at Versailles Big 4 meet at Versailles Georges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd GeorgeVittorio OrlandoVittorio OrlandoWilson Wilson

MeetingMeeting

No Russia or No Russia or Central PowersCentral Powers

Big 4 make all Big 4 make all decisionsdecisions

Europeans want Europeans want Germany to sufferGermany to suffer

Most of 14 Points Most of 14 Points out, so Wilson out, so Wilson gains League gains League

TreatyTreaty

Signed June 1919Signed June 1919 Hope for peaceHope for peace New nations- Poland, Czechoslovakia, New nations- Poland, Czechoslovakia,

YugoslaviaYugoslavia Ottoman Empire gone- divided into Ottoman Empire gone- divided into

mandates that GB & France controlmandates that GB & France control PalestinePalestine

GermanyGermany no armyno army Return Alsace-Lorraine to FranceReturn Alsace-Lorraine to France Pay $33 billion to Allies Pay $33 billion to Allies

New Countries New Countries

http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/MAPS/map003.htm

Problems with the treatyProblems with the treaty

WAR-GUILT CLAUSEWAR-GUILT CLAUSEGermany loses coloniesGermany loses coloniesStruggle to pay back debt- leads to Struggle to pay back debt- leads to

inflationinflationRussia (now SV) loses territory Russia (now SV) loses territory People demanding self-determination People demanding self-determination

throughout the world- mostly ignoredthroughout the world- mostly ignored

Wilson back in the USWilson back in the US

Anti-TreatyAnti-TreatyThought it was too harshThought it was too harshWilson out of his boundaries= League Wilson out of his boundaries= League

of Nationsof NationsThreatens policy of isolationism Threatens policy of isolationism Afraid Congress will lose right to declare Afraid Congress will lose right to declare

warwar

Wilson refuses to compromise!!!Wilson refuses to compromise!!!

US SenateUS Senate

Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot LodgeWorried the League Worried the League

would pull US into would pull US into other’s affairs other’s affairs

Tries to limit how the US Tries to limit how the US will participate in will participate in League- denied by League- denied by CongressCongress http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/

nfhtml/nfgal2.html

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/graphic/large/Versailles.jpg

WWI Memories WWI Memories

US wants to return to US wants to return to “normalcy”“normalcy”

Brings about major Brings about major change for women & change for women & blacksblacks

US isolates US isolates themselves themselves

Trouble in worldTrouble in world Communist gov’tCommunist gov’t unstable gov’tsunstable gov’ts bitternessbitterness