wwmt-d1s2.1 singapore’s experience in addressing water security by aik num puah

8/3/2019 WWMT-D1S2.1 Singapore’s Experience in Addressing Water Security by Aik Num Puah

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SINGAPORE’S EXPERIENCE IN ADDRESSINGSINGAPORE’S EXPERIENCE IN ADDRESSINGWATER SECURITYWATER SECURITY

Puah Aik Num

Deputy Director

1

PUB, Singapore



Singapore’s Water LandscapeSingapore’s Water Landscape

2



What we were like What we were like

40 ears a o…

34909938

3



1960’s

Water resources …

as wa er rationing in 1963

4



1960’s Public Health Concerns

•

were lacking…Squatters

were poor…

Stree t hawkers

5

Night soil buc ketsOutdoor Latrines



1960’s

Our rivers were

polluted…Kallang River

Kallang River Singapore River

6



Clean Rivers 80’s and 90’s

Singapore River

7

ngapore ver



Pristine reservoirs…

Before 1960’s: Reservoirs in

Protected Catchments

1970’s: Estuarine Reservoirs

’

8

Urbanised Catchments



9



Singapore Water ChallengesSingapore Water Challenges

10



Singapore’s Water Challenges

••an rea: man rea: m

•• Population: 5.18 million peoplePopulation: 5.18 million people

•• Water Demand: 380 MGD Water Demand: 380 MGD

SingaporeSingapore

Lack of Storage •• Rainfall: 2.4 m Rainfall: 2.4 m

Competing Land Use •• Catchment areas:

66%Catchment

areas:

66%

11



2011 water demand = 1,730,000 cubic metres per day

2060 water demand = 2 x 2011 demand

12



Integrated Water Resource ManagementIntegrated Water Resource Management

13



Closing the Water Loop

Natural Water C cle:

seasearainrainstormwaterstormwatertreatmenttreatment

ofof

New drop NEWater:2nd drop

reclamationreclamation

ofof

use wateruse water

collectioncollection

used waterused water

collectioncollectiondesalinationdesalination

New drop

of rainfallof rainfall

in drains &in drains &

reservoirsreservoirs

of used waterof used water

in sewersin sewerssupply ofsupply of

raw to potableraw to potable

water water

wa er o e wa er o epopulation &population &

industriesindustries

14



Our Four National Taps

Local JohorNEWater

Desalted

Water

15Cur rent Water Demand = 380 m gd



Harvesting Every Drop1st

PunggolPunggol

Protected

CatchmentUnprotectedCatchment

UrbanStormwater

ar na eservo rar na eservo r

Legend

CollectionSystem

PunggolPunggol Serangoo nSerang oon ReservoirReservoir

Catchment

Protected Water Catchment

Proposed Water Catchment

o wo t r o ngapore s a rea y water catc mento Further increased to 90% in the future with Variable

BedokBedok Storm WaterStorm WaterCollec tion SystemCollec tion System

16



2nd

Imported Water From Johor

Two water agreements with Johor, Malaysia

• 1961 to 2011 (expired)

• 1962 to 2061

State of Johor, Malaysia

p pe nes

carrying water

from Johor

17



Seletar(5 mgd/22mld, 2004)

3rd

NEWater

(9 mgd/40mld, Jan 2003)

Kranji Expansion12m d 17m d Chan i

(54mld) (77mld) 5th

NEWatercompleted

in 2010B 2060 to tri le currentB 2060 to tri le currentNEWater capacity to meet 50%NEWater capacity to meet 50%

Legend

Bedok(6 mgd/27mld, Jan03)

Bedok Expansion6mgd 18mgd

NEWater p ipeline

NEWater Plant

Service ReservoirUlu Pandan

m m

18

32 mg 145m ,Mar 2007)



4th

Desalinated Water

SingSpring Desalination Plant (Hyflux subsidiary)

30 mgd (136,000m3/day), 20‐year DBOO plant

Officially opened by PM Lee on 13 Sep 2005

TuasSpring Desalination Plant (Hyflux subsidiary)

70 mgd

(318,500m3/day),

25

year

DBOO

plant

Under construction; expected to be ready in 2013

Future plans: to have desalination capacity meet 25%

and 30% of water needs b 2020 and 2060 res ectivel

19



Application of TechnologiesApplication of Technologies-- --

• Meeting Water Quality Standard ( non negotiable )

• Cost Effectiveness

20



Conventional Treatment Process ForConventional Treatment Process ForProtected CatchmentProtected Catchment

ChlorineAlum

Polymer

ReservoirLime

Screening Coagulation

Sedimentation FiltrationFlocculation

ClearWaterTank

Lime ChlorineFluorideTo ServiceReservoir orDistributionSystem

PrimaryDisinfection



Treatment Process For UnprotectedCatchment

Alum

Polymer

eservo r

Screening Coagulation& Flocculation

SedimentationPrimaryDisinfection

OZONE

PreOzone

Filtration

ClearWater

Lime ChlorineFluoride

Reservoir or

DistributionSystem

ResidualTreatment



Comparison of Convention and Advanced TreatmentMembrane Filtration

Alum

ChlorineLime

ChlorineFluoride

Ammonia (New)

Carbon Dioxide

(New)

Conventional

Coagulation

&

FlocculationSedimentation Sand

Clear WaterTank

To Service

Reservoir or

Aeration Chlorine

Contact Tank

Comparison of Convention and Advanced Treatment

Distribution

System

Membrane Filtration

Reservoir

Lime Alum

Coagulation

&

Flocculation

ScreeningImmersed

UF Filtration

Lime

Ammonia

Carbon Dioxide

ChlorineFluoride

Clear Water

Tank

Chlorine

Contact Tank

Re-lift

Pumping

Station

To Service

Reservoir or

Distribution

System



Sand Filtration Membrane Filtration

Sedimentation



Conventional versus Membrane Cost Comparison

Membrane treatment roduces lesser slud e to handle and better water ualit

25

(achieve micro-animal and algae free water).



Managing Production Cost

26



Water ReuseWater Reuse

27



Used Water Treatment – Detailed Process

FineScreen

Chamber Tank Tank

Tank

oSeaor

Inlet Works

Coarse

Screen

Inlet

Pump

Grit Returned ActivatedSludge

PrimarySludgeWaste Activated

Sludge

NEWateFactory

ThickeningCentrifugeThickening

Centrate(To Inlet Works)

Primary & ThickenedSludge

Bio

Digester

DewateringCentrifuge

DewateredSludge

Storage Bin

as

Dual FuelGenerator

SludgeIncineration

DewateringCentrate

(To Inlet Works)

28

DigestedSludge



Feedstock For NEWater Production

Overview of NEWater Concept

Used water Discharge to Sea

Treated Used Water Water

Reject

ec amat on

Plant

NEWater NEWater NEWater feedstock’s critical parameters for respective WRPs

Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3 Plant 4

TSS 30 30 30 30

actory NH3 – range(min to max)

<5 2-10 <5 <6

Turbidity 2-30 20 10 25

Fluoride 0.5 – 3 0.6 (Ave) 2 (Ave) 3 (Ave)

29

0.44 - 2 8 (max) 10 (Max)



Multi-Barriers Treatment Processes

Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis

Mic rofiltra tion / Mic rofiltra tion / Trea tedUsed Water

30NEWaterNEWater Ultra-VioletUltra-Violet



Water Reclamation Process Schematic

WasteWater Treatment NEWater Treatment

Microfiltration/

Ultrafiltration

Reverse

Osmosis

rmary

Sed imenta tionTanks

Aeration

Basins

na

Sed imenta tionTanks

Ultraviolet

Disinfection

WasteWater NEWater

ReverseOsmosis

UltravioletDisinfection

Membrane-

PrimarySed imenta tion

Conventional process

AdvantagesAdvantages1.1. Smaller footprintSmaller foo tp rint

31

proces..3.3. Reduce sludge product ionRed uc e sludg e p rod uc tion



Benefits of MBRmprove e uent qua ty(comparable to MFpermeate)

ess s u ge pro uct on Smaller plant footprint

More robust for large

32

fluctuation in feed

Comparison of RO permeates between



Comparison of RO permeates betweenAS-MF-RO and MBR-RO processes

Parameter RO permeate (mg/l)

- - -

TOC 0.033-0.053 0.024-0.033

Turbidity, NTU <0.1 <0.1

NH4- N 0.07-0.42 0.05-0.22

B 0.059-0.074 0.051-0.078

Ca 0.001-0.004 0.002-0.006

Na 2.83-3.86 2.85-3.84

- -.. ..

Cl 1.51-2.51 1.75-2.69

NO3-N 0.37-0.87 0.12-0.43

SO4 >0.010-0.034 0.029-0.48

ar ness as a3

.-. .-.

Total Silica as SiO2 0.140-0.160 0.151-0.201

TDS 9.8-13.3 8.9-13.1

H 5.4-5.5 4.7-5.2

33

Project Costing of NEWater Plant as of 2003



Project Costing of NEWater Plant as of 2003

34



O&M Costs of NEWater Plant

35

Lif C l C f NEW Pl



Life Cycle Costs of NEWater Plant

36

Unit Production Cost of NEWater



Unit Production Cost of NEWater

37



For Fringe CatchmentFor Fringe Catchment

• No Storage

• Availability of source water

38

Variable Salinity Plant (VSP)



Variable Salinity Plant (VSP)

Adapt existing membrane technology to create new wayto treat marginal catchment water to drinking water

Reduce cost

Pilot

Increase catchment area from two-thirds to 90%of Singapore

Potentially yield 204,500 m3 per day of water

Demo

Reduce power consumption 3.5 to 1.7 kWh per m3

Smaller 2nd pass RO

ess c em ca s use No-anti-scalant for 1st pass RO No hypochlorite to control biofouling

39

Concept of Variable Salinity Plant



Concept of Variable Salinity Plant

Seawater pumped to VSP

for treatment

Freshwater pumped to VSP

for treatment

SeaFreshwater

Freshwaterfrom rain

Inflatable dam

Variable Salinity Plant - Schematics



Variable Salinity Plant - Schematics

41

Variable Salinity Demonstration Plant



Variable Salinity Demonstration Plant

• Seawater 4,500 m 3 per day

• River water 9,000 m 3 per day

• In operation since June 2007

Canal Product Seawater

42



Completed VSP Plant

At Sg Tampines, Pasir Ris

43

VSP Permeate Water Quality



y

Parameter Units VSP Potable NEWater

Conductivity At 25o C (us/cm) 30 - 50 219 40

PH 6.6- 8 7.5 6.2

Total DissolvedSolids

mg/l 50- 90 181 32

Turbidity NTU <0.1 0.1 <0.1

Total Hardness CaCO3 (mg/l) 0.3 - 3 65.6 <20

Chloride Cl (mg/l) 6 - 20 20.4 2.5

Sulphate SO4 (mg/l) < 1 34 <0.05

Boron mg/l0.1 – 0.3 0.023 0.1

44

VSP Permeate Water Quality (C’tinued)



y ( )

Parameter Units VSP Potable NEWater

Nitrate NO3 mg/l <0.07 0.86 4

Fluoride F mg/l <0.05 0.38 0.03

Calcium mg/l 0.02- 0.05 21.6 0.035

Sodium mg/l 8 - 5 15.5 7.11

Iron mg/l <0.02 <0.04 <0.003

Barium mg/l <0.001 0.015 <0.004

Silica mg/l <0.02 1.33 0.75

tront um mg <0.002 0.074 <0.004

45



Water SecurityWater Security

46

Event-based Online Water Quality Monitoring Systems



Event based Online Water Quality Monitoring Systems

Surrogate Parameters (pH, residualchlorine, conductivity) raw water source, waterworks FAMS

,

strategic points in distributionnetwork

Fish Biosensors – event based major installations

Fish Biosensor Fish Activity Monitoring System

(FAMS) – event based raw water source, waterworks

outlets, service reservoirs andstrategic points in distributionnetwork

47

Board Range Sensors: Fish Activity Monitoring System



g y g y

Camera

An on-line system that assesses

water ualit b monitorin the

Collaborative Project between PUB and I2R

physical behaviour (e.g.

movement) of fish to generate fish

silhouette and motion trajectory.

Round-the-clock, automated

surveillance of water resources.

Further improve lead time for action

during trigger events.

42 FAMS stations installed at 14

locations in PUB by 2011

48

Long Term Goal of Water Quality Monitoring in Water



g Q y gDistribution Network

OnlineSensorscritical

Imported

Sensors

(pumpingmains)

locations)

Service ReservoirService Reservoira er

Fish Biosensors FAMS

Piezoelectric Online Automated

MobileMobileWaterWater Next

: t MZI sensors

vent etect on Source Identification Decision Support

System Wireless SensorTransmission and dataua yua y

StationsStations

Generation

MicrobialSensors

e wor

Infrastructureanalysis are equallyimportant!!!

49

DistributionSystem

WaterWaterSamplingSampling

BaselineBaselineDataData

WSCCWSCC

Data Transmission Infrastructure



Data Transmission Infrastructure

- o a ora ve pro ec e ween and CENSAM

Membersof SMART

PUBPUB

ResearchTeam

3G

WiFiWiFi

25 sensor nodes havebeen deployed in

’

50

network.

Data Interpretation and Analysis



Existing sensors; Wireless DataTransmission

Event Identify SourceRobust

LongerLonger--termterm

CANARYCANARY: Water quality eventdetection from water quality Decision Support System:Decision Support System:

researchresearch

mon or ng a a

PONIPONI: Program for On-line NetworkInversion for contamination source

Replicates human intelligenceReplicates human intelligenceand experience toand experience to characterisecharacteriserisk, and suggest containment,risk, and suggest containment,control and mitigation measurescontrol and mitigation measures

51

identification

A Balanc e betweenA Balanc e between



A Balanc e betweenA Balanc e betweenHardwareHardware

&&SoftwareSoftware

HardwareHardwareSoftwareSoftwarevs

52

A Balanc e betweenA Balanc e between



HardwareHardware

&&SoftwareSoftware

HARDWAREHARDWARESOFTWARESOFTWARE

53

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)



• Waterworks operation

• ua ty mon tor ng an contro

• Mana ement and control of chemical

• Waterworks maintenance programme

• Safety precaution in waterworks

• Security

54




WATERWORKS OPERATION

. -

2. Operation of waterworks under normal situation

3. or var ous p ant au t con t ons an c anges n raw waterquality

5. Operation of rapid sand filters

.

55




WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND CONTROL

1. Drinking Water Standard

2. General Monitoring Parameters

3. Routine Sampling Programme

.

5. Safety Precautions in the Waterworks Laboratory

56

Drinking Water Quality Monitoring



• Indicator Bacteriological Quality - daily

• em ca s o ea gn can

Inorganic Constituents - daily / Monthly / 6-onthlyOrganic Constituents - annually

Pesticides - quarterly / annuallyDisinfectants - on-line / 2-hourly

Disinfectants by-products - monthly / annually

• Treatment related parameters - on-line

57




MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF CHEMICAL USED

.

2. Purchase and Stocking up of Chemicals

3. General Precautions for the Handling of Chemicals

4. Chemical preparations and dosing

5. Safety Precautions for the Handling of Toxic Gas Leakage

. ersona ro ec ve qu pmen or an ng em ca s

7. Use of Chlorine Neutralization System

58




WATERWORK MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME

1. Preventive and Corrective Maintenance

2. General Maintenance Procedure for Pump Sets

. .

4. General Maintenance Procedure for Ozone Generation System

and Filter Press E ui ment.

5. Chemical Handling Systems

6. Chlorination System

7. Other Chemical Dosing Plants

59

Emergency Procedures in Waterworks (SOP)



Types of emergency

•• Plant breakdownPlant breakdown

•• Power failurePower failure

Least urgent

•• ee er stat on s p ant a ureee er stat on s p ant a ure

•• Abrupt raw water quality changesAbrupt raw water quality changes

••

•• ContaminationContamination Most urgent

60

SOP for Ordinary FaultSOP for Ordinary Fault



Equipmentmalfunctioned

Yes

op equ pmen

Standby

Operate standby plant.Resident E/M staff to

No

available

working day if it is afterworking hours.

Manager immediately

Resident E/M staff to be recalled to repair fault

immediately if it is afteroffice hours

61

Put back into operation



Shift staff to inform WM if contamination in raw

SOP for dealing withSOP for dealing withwater contaminationwater contamination

water or treated water is detected/ suspected

WM to seek clearance from Sr M(TS)/ AD(TS)/DD(P) before stopping treatment

Sr M(TS) to liaise with Sr M(SC)/AD(SO)

Shift staff to drain out water in filters, clarifiers,sedimentation tanks and CWTs

Collect raw water samples from suspected rawwater source and from treatment plant

Send samples to Water Testing Lab

immediatel

Resume treatment and pumping into

distribution system

Monitor water quality closely for furthercontamination

No

Yes

No Await further

instructions

Suspendtreatment until

raw water iscertified free of

Raw water sourcefree of

contaminations?

Lab results

satisfactory?

Yes

con am na on

Recommission plant and purge all filters and

clear water tanks

Collect samples from CWT and send samplesto WTL

62

Fill up clear water tanks. Do not pump into thedistribution system yet.

Stop treatment to allow disinfection of clearwater tanks for 24 hours

FISH DEATHS INWATERWORKS

Routine checking of fish tanks for mass fishdeaths. Frequency of checking at leastonce per hour.

Continue treatment



WATERWORKSReplace with new

.

aeration system and occurrence of similarphenomena in reservoir/s.

Await further instructions

Tank aeration

Repair/replace airpump and resume

stock of fish andcontinue to monitor

behaviour of fish

No

No orInform Works

Manager

Yes

system

working?

Mass fish

Send another set of 4 fish specimens to Agri-Foodand Veterinary Authority. Use standard letter

Send 2nd set of water samples and 4 Nos of fish

aeration

Shift operations staff to informWorks Manager, Sr M(TS)/C Ch

and C Bi immediately

Yes

eat s n

reservoir/s?

letter

Send one set of water sample to Water TestingLab

Collect 2 sets of water samples in 2-litre glassbottles from fish tank

Collect 2 sets of water sam les each from:

Continuetreatment

Yes

Works Manager to liaise with System Control

Centre for latter to increase output from otherwaterworks and for further sampling in distribution

system

(1) Raw water channel

(2) Filtered water channel(3) Pumping main in 2-litre bottlesWorks Manager to decide frequency of

sampling

Monitor behaviour of fish and

NoMass fishdeaths?

Stop treatment and pumping with concurrence of

Works Manager/Sr M(TS). Inform C Ch and C Biimmediately

Remove dead fish and keep specimens inrefrigerator

Drain/wash fish tank and refill Aerate water and restock withnew stock of fish

continue checks for any massfish deaths in reservoir/s



Ready for the FutureReady for the Future

64

Challenges Ahead



s ng nergy r cesPrices set toincrease in

Rise of MegacitiesRise of Megacities

Population GrowthPopulation Growth

Stringent Regulations& Public Expectations Climate Change

No PristineNo PristineWaterWater

65

SourcesSources

“Water for All” – Drivers for PUB’s R&D



Driver:

“ ”

Driver:

“ ”

PUB s strategy or ong term susta na ty o our water supp y s to cont nue leveraging on technological innovation to overcome the water challenges. .

• Rainfall: 2.4 m• Land area: 700 km2

•

• Water resources coming from unconventional sources

Ob ectives of

R&D:

1. Increase water resources

. and security

3. Reduce production cost

66

L

“Water for All” – R&D Projects in the Water Loop



Low

stormwaterstormwatertreatmenttreatment

EnergyMBR

cro aFuel Cells

a n aPrediction Contaminants

of EmergingConcerns

managementmanagement

reclamationreclamation

used waterused waterIntegrated

Anaerobic &

AerobicTreatment

CapacitiveCapacitiveDeionisationDeionisation

ElectrochemicalElectrochemicalDesaltingDesalting

DOHSDOHSBackwashBackwash

used waterused waterBiomimeticBiomimeticMembranesMembranes

ReducingEvaporation

MembraneMembraneDistillationDistillation MembraneMembrane

IntegrityIntegrity

MicrobialSource

Tracking

of rainfallof rainfall

in drains &in drains &

co ec onco ec on

of used waterof used water

in sewersin sewers

VariableVariableSalinitySalinityProcessProcess

ForwardForwardOsmosisOsmosis

SensorsSensors

treatment oftreatment ofraw to potableraw to potable

water water

water to the water to thepopulation &population &

industriesindustries

Water QualityModelling and

PredictionReal-Time Water

Quality Monitoring

Control

Robust

67

and AnalysisRegenerative

Photocatalysts

Sensors

Journey to Low Energy Seawater DesalinationJourney to Low Energy Seawater Desalination



SWROCurrent 3.5 kWh/m3

– Variable Salinity Process : 1.7 kWh/m3

– Memstill (with waste heat): 1.0 kWh/m3

Short-term < 1.5 kWh/m3 – Electrochemical Desalting: 1.5 kWh/m3

PUB Mana ges the Entire Water LoopEnergy Self-Sufficiency for Used Water Treatment



Energy-Self Sufficiency 20Nett Zero Energy years?

80% Energy Reduction:

<0.1 kWh/m3

nett energy

5 – 6

Nett energy of0.5 kWh/m3

69

20121- 5

J U L Y



2012 J U L Y

• The global p latform for water solutions

Water Solutions for Liveable and Sustainable Cities

• Brings tog ethe r polic yma kers, industry lea ders, experts

and p rac titioners• Add ress c hallenges, showc ase tec hnolog ies, d isc over

• Key highlights inc lud e Lee Kua n Yew Wa ter Prize, Water

Leaders Summit ,Water Convention, Water Expo & Business

Year No. ofattendees

No. ofcountriesparticipated

Value ofdeals, tenders& investments

announced

No. ofco-locatedevents

No. ofparticipatingco mpa nies in

Water Expo

2008 8,500 79 S$380m 42 350

2009 10,000 82 S$2.2b 76 420

* *

70

, .

2011 13,500 99 S$2.9b 131 604

* Jointly with World Cities Summit



THANKANK YOUU

71

wwmt-d1s2.1 singapore’s experience in addressing water security by aik num puah

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