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10

np6r to nop6v Ov eEP~oTovl cr)l6v

dlli va FOpw~poundv tOV OJgt 6 6noror va JtAT1cr ICl(i KOtU 85 lTlV tcrop ponQV XPTOl~oJToloD~ E V l1teOOOV OAAEnOAA11AooV npocr~ EiYl creoov OE60l-lEVOO 011 KOt rI 9EP)lOl(poaio e60ou TaU u-ypoC ecllptCl TOl Kat aim) EK tir nClpoxli~ L KUt pound1101lpoundvoo tK tlj r YPQ)l~flr Aeuronoupy iue dOl~clCO~f Aour6v 0 = 048

Ala va EUpEe~ i) OEP110KpacrlQ elt60ou toO b) ~ o O e t~ -r~v pashyow tou nupyou npGnel va ECP0 Pllocr9ij t6 lcroiJYloV 9EpJ16shyTT1tOC Kcd bCOjiEVWr npiUTov TO [crO~LlYLOV I-I~l r

677 OKnJ~plot 1971 TlXIIIKQ XPOlllkQ

middotEi ooo~ Eraooo~ apoundp (WI uypoil

y = 65 ppm CX = 0 15

= 2 12510-4

9

2

370 C

ECaooo~ Eiooos shyapoundpCwl vypov

Y1 = 28 cx = 0 48)

n apoxJ Cteuro piou = 142 loe Nm3 ~~ = 59200 Nmsh Ka t (vwcrtoO OVTOt Otl I kOlOI ioavnoO rhplou KalnAo)JpoVEI EI~ N TP 224 m3

G = 59200224 ~ 2640 kmolh

6n6tE a pue~o~ altoppolpro cOgtC CO 2 Sci poundIvai

G(y - y) = 2640(0028 - 000001 25) = 74 ~ mol COh

Kat tno~Evw Sri napOypoundtal 0poundp~6tllt ~ t tov pu9~ov

20200 kcal 7 kmol CO I 495 10 k Ih kmol CO 4 h ca

En icrl1O )IE ~Iv OOKl~ a(J1I Ki)v y po~)Iitv ApoundltOUpyio~

74 = La (048 -- 01 5) pound~ 00 ItPOKU7ftpound1 La =- 2245 kmo l MEA h Tl OICL ItUK6tllta tOu ufianKo) SloAu~ato 25 kmo l MEAma Ao~ovoJJtl1C 0110 t o rlil~u 3 PL = 10230 kgm

2245 10lO L - 25 - 92500 kgh Tl 0YKOjlEtP IK WO = 899 mlh

T~lpa to lcrO~tYyLOV Spound PIl6t l1to~ So ~tlC s fficrU IlE ElSlIci)v SEPshyIlOtnTO blQ to uY POv 0 92 kcalkg DC (Ixil~a 5)CpL =

1495middot JO = 92500middot092 middot ~T

6nou 4T 1 oU~llmo t ~~ Opoundp~ QIo(paoi a o tO U uypoO = 1750 C rile ItPOKUIttpoundL 1e0l poundlto)Jeurovro~ r eEp)IOKpocr[a t~6oou tOU uypoC pCUllatOC Sn Elvo l 37 + 175 = 5450 C

ltlgttrO)lEV triv Ko~nuAllv iaopponioe olti 54 5degC de to IX~)Io 6 Kol t~ out~c j3AcrrO)lfV 6n a la = 057 oll)oSTl adalrJ =

= 048057 = 842 ~~ rvovn to) pound1tlSUJ111tOC 85degIrJ Aoyw Olloo tOu lftPlSropiou AciSoult ti~ ti)I t~oK pipwOlv TOiJ 0 0 n

1

tl)l li a = 048 Sci Al1rpSl) lilci toult 1tEpaltEpOO lntOAoytcrlloUc KO l w~ apoundp~oKp(loia J)oaEWe TO) 1t6p(ou Sci Al1Q)9 ~ n t ugtv 545 0 C Iuv5EolJtv SUI EUSE ioo ypa)J)Jil~ t el OlWEto (0150) Kat (04S 28) Koi ExOIlEV tilv YPo)J )J i)v hltOuprla~

S bullApI9IJc~)I S[WP1T1kWV nlvaKiwv

npotdvpoundrm 6 ltopyOC Ct1W PPOltjl1OEWC va QlE PU ItlVQlClO (f] oicrKOu) JJu ci KaVugtv (bubble cap plate -or tray- rower) 01(OU fl anoppoltpllOl ea y ivEtoL ato Oruslopoundv Ovn9iCfEl )IE roUe ltuPYou 01(1 nAT)POOtIKO) UhIKOi) 01(OU a(hl YivEtal 0)

VpoundXCLU

Etc to anJJEiov t oOro ouva)lEeuroi u va pound~aKplproaW)lev T6v 6PIshy91J6v TWV 9EOOP l1tl KWC 6noltou~hwv 1tl vOKiOlV on)aon bdshyvoov ct tCt onoio U 6plollo) tmtuyxovnol Cfof)poda EleashyOtOTpound E t~ TO IX~J1a 6 to npooTov 9ECOPT) TI KO V m VCKlov SISti y = 05 KOt to oeuTEpov TOIOOtOV Y1 = O E1t l tilt XP110 1shyllonOtOUjlEVl1e ICA[)IIlKO toiho oU)Inltteuro1 jlE Yt = 125 middot 10- (65 ppm) tUel Tilv 6pOlV tfe 6~Qllj3oAille KOt t ilv E~aK pij3OlOlv tGgtv 1tOAO~IKp(jjV TtJJ WV trov )IOplaKG)v lC)acr~6TOlv loopponioe Ymiddot XPflolJJonOlOu)IEV ti)v ota9Epav looppo1(ialt Tile 6vnshyotp6cpou 6ALK~~ 6vn opruHwC

K ~_ [~NHJ [CO-1Lshy [RNHCOO- ] ]RNHt J

fl tI~n tile 61to[oc dVOl 9010-8 gmol l d 20CC [40] Kat Ilt uvdOtOLXOV 9EPJJOTOVlcrjlO v 6H = +202 kcalgmol CO~ [2S1 napaSpoundl6~poundVOl crw9Ep6T l1TO OUto) E1C ttlV 1tEPIOXilv 9Ep)JoKpo a [cu 20deg - 60degC

60 50 40 30 25 20 15

4 epoundP ~ OXPCXO Lct degc

-gtRNHCOO + RNH3+ ~

1 ~ CO

2 + 2 RNH2

-lt llH = + 202 kcal- -4shy

-lt 10

0

abD

6u

Vl 4 2 J

0 l

a a 0

oJ C l

2 Q w

qo 2 f- 05

v-l 10

8 RNH 2 CO 2 2

K = 6 c ( RNHCOO- )[RNH +)

3

4~--~--~--~----~--+ 30 ~Z 34

EX Em(fea laoQQo71 (O f5 1(i Hill 6tx1)v riVTio(ualV

KOtaOKEu6~ollpoundv OUtU) to IX~)10 8 poundK too 6noou hO~EV tnv )IEWPOAi)V TOC Kc cruvaptrcrEL rfl o 9ipJJoKpacrialt E abtou Sui 37degC AO)Jj3avo~Ev Kc = 55middot (0--6 gmoll Kai bElS oui a = 0 15 cile eo oeurolx9tamp KOt apyotpoundpov

[RNH I = Q = 25 (1 - 2middot 015) gmolI

[RNHCOO-] = [RNH J = 25-015 gmolI 8il elva

678 middotOTltPPO~ 1971

[CO = C = llIO- ( 25middot 0ll ) shyA 25(1 2 middot0ll) shy

= 2l3 middot 10- gmolI

fl S~a 0ta9Epav Henry = 2350 atm (mol CO2moJ 81aA) Kai l-I0pwC1lv 7toKv6tl1tQ lha)6JiaLO~ 51 gmo OIQAjl Sa c[VQl

2350y = 5rl0 2l3 1r = 1168 middot 10-

EoyaC61-EVOl 1[opol1o(oolt ampigtp(aKO~EV T1v Kol-1[0)11v laopshypodac o14i 37DC Kal )0 atma

a 015 016 021 O3l

y 000117 000140 000332 0034l

Tmpa EIC 11v I-IEYEV9uI-IEvnv KAi)lQKQ toO IVUJOtOc 6 to 0pound0shytfpOV 9EltOPl1IKOV TtlVQKlOV SiSEI y = )3 2 10- Kal Ol(~ toO 1pltou 9poundooPll1IKOO nWOldou Ql96VOJtEV de y middot=118middot 10-- fttOI xol-l1161poundpov tfle 1tpOolaYPclfpfJc XpElat6l-1e8a AomOV tpta 9EOOprr tLlCCt 1tlV1IoUl

Elc [f1v 7tpticw 6ci3alroc Sev bttruyxavewt 6A11(6lt pa91l6c 01[0860pound00lt TtlvaKiou EOG = 100 Kat tijv eKorrrolE btlshyKpato(oav tll-lflv aa imoAltgtycrCOIJEV apy6npov IDe Kal tov apl91-1ov t(l)v npaYllonK6)v Q1tOllOO)JEvroV TtLvQKlroy

bull middotYnoAoylo 0t ~ho bpou nupyou

To )J1YE90~ tfi~ lha~EtpOU toO 1tUpyou npErtEL va 1tAlPol pla KplltlPla

a) Na IJfl Elva ocrov ~uCl OV (i)aE fl JUyiUll taxamptT~ OlO~ Sou bull ~ tLEp(OU cpoaE~ va 1tpOKak~ napaaupcrw OtaYOVLOroV ~K 00 EVOC lvadou dC 0 alltorolt aVctnEPOV Kat tOlOutO~ PORWlt va ~E~oOnl 6 ~a9~0c alto06crErolt ItIVUKlOU

~) Nii Illl Elval toaov ~U(POV ampOtE va 1tpOKa)ftUl tK tftc ~yaAllC nxOtlltOC tftt aEplou qlacrtooo 6nfp~OAuc1l Rt(i)OIC RIEaerolt a1to JtlvaKlou pound1lt mvaKlov ~t a1tOlEkEcrlla T]v ltATlIlshyl1UplSa autampv Sla ftlt uypaC cpOaEro~

0 Ncr Il elva I ooov 1l1lCPOV ampOE Sia VO tnHeux9~ 1 ltashypox1l toO uypoO 1 MpauAIK1l KAOU fic EJtlcpavEiaC nigttoO va poundIvai tocrov lleYOAl OlOtE VO ltapatllpftal aVOllolollopqlOC Aeltoupyla dC ta SIOcpopa crllllefa 00 mVClKlou

6ul 1lv tcpapIlOY1lv ampv pl(bV oinrov KpmlPlrov XPll(J1~O-1tOWOIlEV tllJtElptlCalt crXEaEIC roc t~C

a) KpmlPlov ltapacruparox Ia

R Ilpoundylcrtll tJtlptJtOjltvll axullC aep(ou SloEa roc

PL Po U mox J Kv V Po

EKAtyOVW aJtocrram v )JElaO ItwCllClrov 60 em Sla va uJtOPlO aveproTt99upilt JlEtalu ancllv Kat C~oc mEppoundKXE1shyAlatoD uypon pound1lt t6 RlvaKlov 51 mm (aU9mpetCllt ~v OkAa Kata cruvgelav Ett t1Jv TtpfilIV) M4t~6VOIlEV Kv = 016 OQ hcppaalv to) Um~x Eh fIs H XPToljloTtOlll9ll00llEVll nil tC TtUKVO110C OEplou Po ltptltEI VO dvu 1 oushyOllpoundVEltJTEpa Kata atiKOt 00 1tUpyou 610 lilv laaLv tol) 1IUPYOU OROU to atptov A6y4)lOO tIlTtEPlEx0jlpoundVOU co~ dVill lteplOOO1EPOV OAAo Kat apaloEpoV lCa9000v JlUa flV nproshyllV ~Jtn~T]v IlEta toO uypoO lalllavEl 9EPlloKpClolav tcrtro 54degC hOIlEv clla Iltcrov 1l0pLaKOv PapDl 949

949middot10middot 273 PO = 224 1 327 = 354 gI ~ Ksm

Kat Sla tflV 1C0puq)1)V toO 1tOpyou elc 37degC J1E jIeaov IlOPlatCov Papo~ 85 trO~EV QvnotolxcoC

850middot10 middot 273 334 g1 ~ kgmPG = 224 1 310

101 6))0 G = 2640 kmolh Kat G = 2640(1 - 0028) =

= 2170 kmolh G = 2640 middot 949 = 25050 kgh Kol G = = 2S70middot 850 = 21850 kgh t OYICOJlE1PUCGlC Etlt taC tOJt1iaC cruve lCalt

G I = 250l0354 = 7080 mh Kal G2 = 21850334 =

=- 6540 mlh 61[6E

U = 0 1611 1030 3l4 273 fI s = 08J4 ms mall) V 354

U = 01611 1030 - 334 ~ 281 fI s = 08l8 msmax2 V 334

Kal n~AaxatT ~mtpeJtollEVn ~RlcpOvE(a OWtOjlr~ tO~ JtoPYou

7080 S = 3600 0834 = 236 m

654052 = = 212 m3600 08l8

ala tilv OUallEvEotpoundpav TtEp7tLrocrtV 236 m1 aVtlcrOlXOOV etc OIQIJpoundtJ)ov 173 m

P) KpltflploV Jttn~l-1up(SOC 1tlVaKtrov Sal

XPllcrLJl0Jt0100IJEV aC crxtopoundllt

Pl - Po )VF = flsCF ( Po

00 CF = J bull log L I + b I(a20)020 (7(po fPL)

~vl)a

L G nafl~c1l1tapOxn avo Ilovaoa tnupavEfalt SlatCJltic 00 uypav Kai aEplOV qaow aVlcrOtxooc a 11 bnltpaVElad 1101lt Aa1l~aVOIlfVT) tSamp iliC 20 dyneem

6ul t1lv OUOJlpoundVpoundltJTEpaV 1tephnroolV t1lv ~acrLV 00 nopyou EuploICOIlEV

L 92500 PL )0 ( 1030 )0 - = - - 1705G = 21050 = 37 ( PG 354

L (PG )05 37G pZ = 17Ol = 02 17

bull =00068 middot 238+ 0049 =0211

b = 00028 2J8 + 0044 = 01 0

I CF = 0211 log 02 iT 0 11 ~ O2l

= 02l 1705 = 426 fIs = 130 ms VF 7080

Kal 084 S = 3600 080 130

aVurrtOlxoDcra dC 0IaJlE1POV 169 m

y) Kplt~ptov napox~ uypoC [l~)

npOlCcllltvou SUI JtWoKla anlftc OlaOpOJlftc ot uypoO OI)V~

atlltaL 1 Et01JC1l Rapoxil lOU uypoO va 1l1l u1tEppaivo ttiv tlllnV 0165 fl 3S avO fl OIQllEoPOU m)pyou Me 6YKO)JeurotPlKTlV 1tapox1lv uypotl = 899 m8h = 0879 ft 3s ~ laxial oil~EtPoltlvm O879016l = 532 ft = 163 m

EICApoundyoJltv tK (i)v tPl(J)V Eupe9ElOUlV tlJi(bV tftlt tlaX(OlnC Sla)J1tpou illV IlEyaIUtEpav lCai OtPOyyulEOOvtec Ka90plshytOIlEV t1lv OLaIlEpOV 00 1tUPYOu roc 175 m

7bulluO~ teal X IKi) p6+qOlti

6ul va aVaAOOIDIlEV t1lv OUjlJtEplqopa v t(bv TtpaYllanKGlv mvulClrov BllkClOfl oui va i)1tOAoytOroIlEV lOV pa9Jlov aJt086shy

OI(T(~~PIO~ 1971 TI)(YHCQ XpOYIKQ 679

oeurorolt ntvolc(OU KOla lV nnoppoltpI)OIV CO~ f1~ UOOtt KOV SUlAUj10 MEA KOtD 11v Onoiav yiVEtOI XI)IIIK 6vrlSpaote hKtVOOJJEV h t~e )1euroU TI)e ltpUOIK1e pocp1lUpoundCI)e t ot) co tvtOe ClSotoe

11 800 ~ ianooOotro 1HvoKiou KOta t1v CPUOlKltV p6cp1OlV

AKoAo(900)JEV 111v 9ECalpav tOW)Jov6SCalv )JEtolPOpclC (tTansmiddot fer units) [Ip lCl 5y Ill ea unoAoyloW)JpoundV n pmtOV tOv npt9)Jov )JOVOSCalV )JfTocp opcle de trv QtplOV cptiOlV No de lily ICOPUcprY toG mJPYOU ()7ac 10 atma) onou tiva)LtvEtClI litt 90 Elva 0 tAtyxCalV Xp110 1j10n 0100j1EV t clt tj1nElpLICOe oxtoue toO Bubble Tray Design Manual [1 Y 9]

N _ 0776 + 0116 W 0290 F + 00217 L G - (NScY

~)EY)JEVfl TtEtpCl)JanKliX eV10e TmV 6piCalV NSc ~ 06

10 lt F lt 26 5 lt L lt 25 I lt W lt 5in

05 lt Po) lt 6 a lma 6nou

W = GWoc lutEPKXElAHTrOO ( = 51 mm) = 2 in

F = t~P1K6 apay = Us ~po (f[s)(lbfI )

EXOII EV f)OI) )noAoyioEI P02= 334 kgm~ = O208Ibft

= 6540 m3h

6540

Gv2

ICOt US2 = ~3600 =a 0756 ms = 24srts ~nou 24 1 ml

ElvCtl SJultpaVflO tYKapoiou thoTOj1ile toG TtUpyou SlOj1ttPOU 175 m

F = 248 Y0208 = 11 32

N _ __---O~OI44 1 ~Jpo ~~ ~O~ ise- 1125

Sc 334 10 bull gem 00383 ems

(NsJ = 106

Onou 1)0 10 1~(1)OEC tfje tiEp(OU cpttaEroc tK [10] Kol Do 0 (Jl)Vtt)OOnle OIOXUOOOe CO tie oEpiOV ouveuroltoEIDC (moAoY I oeurolEie Karel (IOaj

L = rl O)KO~poundtp lC~ nupoxn toO OypOn lwo j1toov t5pov nAnmiddot lOue litpoundACUOpoundCl)C toC uypoC de US galminfl AoJlpcimiddot VOVtEt roe j1EOOV TtA(itOt 81EAEUOEUgtlt to 825 tie Slamiddot )Jhpou = 1443 m = 474 ft KOl oYICOj1poundtpllCflv Ttapoxv 899 m h = 397 US galmin

L = 397474 = A33 Kal Kata TO AExeuroltvta

N 02 (0776+ 0116 middot 2- 0290 middot I ll2 + 00217middot838) 106 = 2305

KoS OIlOlOV tpOnov OftOAoyl~E tQt On 8U1 tflv paOI v tot) ftUpyou (545degC 10 alma)

Fa = ll25 ICQl NCI = 243

II)IJtlOltOOV (hI 0 4JTtElplKOe napo)wv F Elval tvtOe tlllv Omiddot piCalV 04 lCoL 23 to Onolo (Jl)VtotGlvtal oui rmpoj1olo KOtQ OKpoundUOO [101

YnoAoylCoj1Ev tv ouvExtiq t6v aplSJIO V j10vOOCalV JIUa~opOe EI~ taV uypav pelOlV N L tit n)v PoOI V t OU 1tOpyOU 6nou tivomiddot JltvEtQ l On 9a Elval tnt 6 tAtyxwv

NL = (I65 IOmiddotDL )0(O26 F + O15)I L

i)poundYj1poundVI1TtpoundlPCljJUll lCGle poundV10t t(1)v 6p[rov

02 lt F lt 23 5 lt L lt 100 1 lt W lt 5 in

13 lt z lt 3B fl

OTtOU

Zc = 165 + 0 19 W - 065 F + 0020 L ZCl = 165 + 019 middot2 - 065middot 1325 + 0020middot 838 = 2844 ZL = JlflKoe POflc o)pot) Aaj1p6vEtOI roe to 74 -rfle Sla~

JIEfPOU Zu = 074middot 175 = 1295 m = 425 fl

6po flL = XpovoC nopaj1ovile uypoO hi ru valC(ou = _ 3742844middot425_ = 540 - 83B s

DL = 0 crUvtEAEOtTlC otQxumCalC CO Ele OS(l)P de ft h

AO)JpnvovtEl oui 25degC DL _ 196 middot 10- Scms [I e] KQi SlOpmiddot

9rovovtte 1510 t rv SEpJlOKpaolaY 54SoC KO t Ct rflv OXpoundOIV [IO~]

DL U5 DIG) = aVtlotpOqgtIDC aVCtAoyoV to (I~llIS~)I1

DLI = ll52middot JO- f[s

OnotE

N LI = (165middot 10135210-) 0 (026 1325 + 015)middot 540 = 223(03 44 + 01 5)540 = 1492 middot0494 middot 540 = 398

KaS 0 j10l0V tponov unoAoylltEl Ql 810 tflv KopultPflV t oO nup)ou Nl2= 319

610 -rae tvolaJlEOOUe Koraot6oEle de 16v nupyov OOK)J6COJJEY ICQ10VOJillv9Epj10Kpao(ac we Etc Ixil)Ja 9 UqKtEQ apyo EpOV

bOr-------------------------~

u

deg

0 o 1 x Ex 1WV VOTEPWVg 40

Q) uoAoyc o~Eoa

~5~--~----------------~~ 1 2deg

Nop taxQ) x Aciol la CO E ( lt ciEp to )2

ltjgtcio t ) y Exmiddot 9 eteloxeaota)(~ WTQlOI I ~ xnra -fi)(o~ rou Jtteov

4shy

sect lt0 () 0 Z

o 1 0

V1

0 0 10

eshy~

0

2L---~------__--____~ 50 60

9SP ~oKpao La degc Ex 10 Kawlo~r r wi d(JdJciJl llt)vcMftlv IIpoundrutpoQn ueiol)

xClj vYQa rpaoewi OUVQllTIIOpound rfJ~ OtQ-OKfluo(a

bull bull

680

4000

0 e-

H

Q) r

0 s -

gt

3 3000

0 - a w

dgt 0

r

w ~ 2000

c 1600

5035 4 5

9poundp~0paaLa DC poundX 1J shy Ed) t IJa tI] C1TOOF(ii 101) H enry EX Tijc OEfl1oYf]Ilt1iat

aU) tnv KamVOI1 Tp tGgtv No Kat N[ ovvapTi)oEL tfj OpoundPJlOshy Et t 6 txfiJlU 11 KatOOlEpoo teUjlltUA Il SioEl tJiv crtaOSpav tOO ICPOOtOo W d lXiIIJU 10 imr)oy(0 911 to NL KQlQ t OV Hhov Henry HO cruvaptllcrpoundl lfJ Oep)loKpuolao o ui CO~ tic Ka9ap6v tp67[OV oUI 47 0 y - I 6x Kat 5ui 576degC y = 2 5 low lin A0TTl Sci XPEtacrOa Sui va cruv6uacrOOJlEv tei No Ka t

ampV4l Ota [6 NO Til v OEx6)U9a YPQJ1J1IKJiv OEO OjJEVOU 6 n no)) NL do 10V OlVOA IKOV 6 PlOJlOV jlovlti5wv jJ EtQqlOpCU N OG o)( rov l OutO JlEmjlci)E1m EUVOql~O JlCV to eUpEOtv-cu tl~ tOV KC1w9l rdvalCa nap 7 (

nINA nap 71

02

I luv e H GLPG G LMOTJ1~ NG NlNScG mykmolh m~

Po Gkgm ~ F

1 76 I 310 I In 1014 1325 3 98 2640 4650MOIlt (J 354 243

178 215 I 10282570 45801060 334 230 31 9 KopOltfJ~ (2) 1132 I Iuv5ucilOIJEV Kata ttlV crXeal1

G -shy = - 111 -shyN OG NG L

til v dpoundplov qlclaW

1 - -Nl

vltQI)

N OG a VCLltpePEWl

EL C

middotYltEv9uuiCoJlEV tow t TIV a Jt 60ElflV

puOu6C anoppoq)1iaE~ = ~ G dy = ky a dhL (y - y )

= L dx = kJ[ a dhL (xi - x) _5 dy _ k a hi _ --- - shyN G _ Y- Y G j

f dy Kai y = mx Kat

N OG Y Y

Eom 6 pu8jloc a rro pPocpTiOEOOC VOEItal avo Jlovuoa ErwpavcQ4 SlatOll n l OO rr i1pyou 6nOtE uvnO[oiXOX to G Kat L tlvcu Kal auta avO )lOvaoa tylCopcr lac euromcpavEiac Kai 0 Q]Yt3PIshyKfjl OICUBEtri oEroC

dy ~~- = Y - y ~ (y - y ) + (Y- y ) =

dNOG

Y - Yj Xj - X

d NOG = d y + m L O dx

I I mG I N OG = N G + -y- NL bull CU

Euy EOG elvaL 6 tOrruc6c pa9Jloc OrcOtE AtOJWtlK6rrrroc mshy

vaKiou Coi na)]v 6vuqlEP6)1 EV OC d o flv aEptOV qlacrw

I fOG ~ I - ---shy

eNOG

oocrtE OlO -c1 v paolV l aC 1tUPYOU hOIlEV

1 In 2 43 -j- 398 = 0412 + 347 = 35 11

I N OG bull ~ 35il = 00385

I 1 - 3 g0lKol f 001 = - eO03 85 - middot 0

hlP Sill 1f1v KOPUCPrV

I 1028 230 + JT9 ~ 0435 + 322 = 3263

I NOGl = 3 263 = 0Ol06

I I - 0 0 Kaj EOG2 = - eO0306 - J 10

6rroeuroMo)JQtO pound16lt fjlt 6vOj1euroVOj1t Vl1lt 6le~ IlEYt90ult [1 111

72 X~~ p)ql~~

Kata tv lpUOIK1lV POltPl1OlV tlteCtltOvteuroc t6 Lxfl)JQ 121l faV avtlJtupa9toOOj1EV 6 1l0PIUKOV 1CA60j10 t oO CO d e tV OeuroP IOV

681

y

C 1

_________

y6LEXlq)(iV ELCl

~~C

--- - - shyy

1 ~ XG

+ Cll HOp

~----~---------4----- CCO 2

EX middot 12 ElfiJ1-OTrxai W1TaVDjwi l1V-~EVTfWtJECVV IlTU n (a) fjlVGPlt1Jv fUrprOIl (3) xrII~ijl (Oq1jf1l1 1)( Q1T5goulv TaXltdTrv )((11 f y ) XII-Hyr)v e6rp1(JII ui civTi()(laow ()EttiQfl taEE(I)~ urreuroeaqJ1f-vrJ~ TIlXVTtJlO

tpclCIlV y ro~ Kat nv aUYICpoundvtpWow do n)v uypav cpaow C cruva ptiJaEI flo Qnocrt6oEUJlt it( tile OlCtIpOOl KtC ampmqgtovpoundiac l Sci exWIJEV 1mbow OUVQIJHOO ( Y - Yj ) Kai (Ci - C) oVTlshy

OTOlXWC EtC onoat60euro1 lt Xc ICcd XL 0[ 6nOlQI Oqlf(AOVTOI ei Toe 6vtICftaOeuroI lt poite IlciCn c de Tilv atplOv Iwi try pov cpaow At Xc KQl XL ElVQ to ncixl TtlW UO POOUVilIlU(Gw 0PIUKWV crtPOOjlOtwv EICCttEPWOeuroV li)C OU1wpaVEiac KUTo trV 9euroltopiav 000 UIlEvlwv E~ro 1ampV 01tOirov Ii auydvTProOt~ ElvOl OIJOIOYEshyviJ oEXOJtteO tJdal1~ iaopportiav euroIlt 1TlV OIeuro7tllPaVEIOV Tt1OI

c Yj Po = HO sf- onou HO ti at08Epo [00 Herny

KOl 5J gmol l ~ JlOP1Clll tuKv6t11~ ti)~ u)Pamp~ qgtootw

Koro Xl1lJlKTJV poqgtTJOW IJE TUXUtCztTJ V X11IJIKtiV 6V[lOpClOlV poundi~ ttiv ~OOV11V ovnSpaaeUl~ LXf)JtCl 1 2~ ai aU)KEVTpWatllt TGlV uvn6poovtrov CO Kai RNH~ )VOVTal U11 5tVtKOl tlt 6noshyOtClOtV Xl Kat nU PIlYtTOl KOPJlCl~d51K6v aAat TO onotov 00shyYaTOt va OIOqgtUYU u6vov npoe TOV Kupirolt O)KOV TOU ampypoC

Eov Nco~ Elvol 0 UOP1ClK6~ po8Jtot oloX00Ero~ TOO CO 2 ova J10VOoo SI~mqgtavEw yp(UPOjtEV KOta TOV v61J0v toD Fick (etS1Kt1 ~OP laKt1 ~hUXI)Ol~)

dC NCO I - - Dco~----ciX

H OXeuroOi OOt11 6)OK1l1 POIJIlampVIl oui 6P10Kat njt~

C = poundl~ X = 0C Ai

C -- 0 poundI~ x = XI (t~ OptOIl0C Tfl ~ ta-

RNHCOO _ HIlP

---=--- +

I RNH3+ - 1l)J

I y

1 ~ C

I Z 1l)J

wvn

C +

laVH6pci -

ai Hap

~Xl gtfolt X2 XL 1

(3)

Cbullbullll)Jevnlt

c +1l)J HIlP

( ~)

DC02Nco~ = - - - CA

- Ellt to OluOtlljto X~ it o~iVll (alJ) Kai [0 (QJtKOp) OIO(EOVTOI IivnoTpOqgtUl~ litol

D N =~C

- all X~

Dlaquouop N(lIl I(lO = ~

ltA~O tK TiIlt aT01XEiOJtEtpio~

Neo l = - 2 NaJl

on6TE OIOIPOOVTElt

all

(COIIICOO

= NaJl)laquoO

(Il)

KapIJofh611COV fiAC14

- COJlI(OO)

6noo DaJl elvat 6 mWrE1eOtTllt OIUXUltrlt til~ lt~ivl1t D(I~ =shy

= 09510-1 cm~s e(lt 25degC f4t1J Kai DoJlICOO = I lo--cm ~s

6 TOO KapjtO~lSlKO() Ii)OTOlt i)JtO)O)I~Ojt tVOt PciOtl toO tunOIJ tOO N ernst (18)

ftOl

D~ I D ~ I KOL bOI1~vroc Ca~IC(Ioi == 2 C(t~ + cQ~lrap

lI ~ iLU

AAAa Er~ tOv KUP IOV oy)(OV toO uypoD

CO~ = M (I - 20) (11100 M Ttl apXllCa moll TfJ~ al1lVT1e

Ca~ laquoo = Mu

li tO I ClljlIlU fgt - M (~ - 0 + a) = ~ M -

ovt1u Pttltlaquo roO IktO~I OU d vDl)KfOOfW )(al Lafl TtPO~ 125 gmol1 t~ 600y ~UCtOa ~t 25 M MEA

H aOYKErp(001~ a l1tT) ta-v ij)tWv fl~ tlv OlGcpoCflKV poundmmiddot velUV r1tLqlamprCt (uJUYll V Ei n iv ataEkpuv Henry fJ 6rroia

nora napiOtOtQl Llt6 ttl dvro KUI111U)11e H TO) 1X1)1100 II I

tll tOVtlKnV lOXUV 2middot (125 middot P + 125 ]2) = 125 ll VEO

KallnUATl lmeAoy(09T1 Kuru (4 yJ )OI1~avovret npoaeYYlOtLKWe trv btl1ltWcnV toO i6vto Kap - iOT1v npOe T1iv TOO CO 1= Kai tiJv toi) OJl + 6)lt tTv TOO NH J +

K fIta tftv XTlI1IKTV POIQlOtV clx Ii 01I0pp6q1lltnC CO~ U1I0 010middot )uJlato~ MEA 6 apIOl1olt Jlov6owv prtoQ)opCiC 5tu TiJ V OpoundPIOV tpaoLV NC Ocr dvot 6 iOLO (il I(ui e1i tt)v Q)OOlKV p61QT10IV odiol1EVOU 6tl ij atptoe (pOOle I1euroVEI avo))orotOC poundK Tije 110shypOVOlOe MEA oeX6I1EVOI 01t t11ttT1tl1(6TT1e oUtije poundIvai aaijmiddot jJovto~ 010 1W e1lI(POTOUaoc at)V6ijKOe 0 apt9116c jJOvoowv jJetoqlopa~ 611(1) ola tiJv uypav Q)QOtV Nmiddot L 90 pound1InpeoaOij 01)110Vt1KWC )6yIP tiJ XT1IlII( ftC avttopocreooc poundv CfUYKpae1 11E t6 ti e qlOOtKigtlo POIPf)crEW L BaaEI Cfie XPTlOlIlOnOtOUshyI1EVTllt 9eropioC [5y Elval

onou

k = 6 crOVtE)(ClTTlC ~EtacpopCie 1J6~I1e

a =t oICLQ)aOIKTl tnHJlaVetO avO 110VQOQ OYKOU aqlpoO (6uo cpoOtwv)

hL to ijVo~ toD 6)lCou TWV 000 qloOpoundCl)V lmpoundP to m vaKloV

L iI 110(Hctl(ti 1tapozli toO uYPOD nvu $lovaoa E1ttqlOshyvciru OlOtOJlII nU(lyou EnctoTi NL dvo ~ d)9twe tivUAOYOV tOu kJ bull t[((1t 05n

~

2 II napO~(lI)v avttopaotlOe IlA

bull 7~ n up(lwv 4tU1IKUfI(J~ ~h(l aVtlopacnv tUXlgttotllv nAWl

H 1tClPoooxil t Clt urUTIlt uvtl6paO~ avrI Ttpo()wnruI In OfllUITJ V OWOrll flll Ote k t poundiOIKli tOXUtl1lt 6)llCq _ lLVTlshyojllicrEWo -(i m t OgtCTIKamp Atav JjpoundyaAn T6v nAlat OnOAOY[shy( Ollev tWPO lhon ltpmiddotr6tc pOv ea t6v XPTlcrI110TtOl~OWleV ltigtI l[(JpU)lttPOV OIQ WihTlv t fit QvrlopaOeroc )1pound 1IeTtEPOcrI1EVI V dS1Kn taxUtflTn

0 napuyrov tillnoptioe~ ola toxut(hl)v Qvr(5pocrtv tllt lopshytpie A + ZB V P oional u1I6 tije OXEOtw~

Kat U tilv 9ewpiav Hatta OUO oJjEvloov [40 It) onou

D A cruvtE) oTli~ OI(((t)Ocoo de ftl v OYPov qlao~v toO OTtOPPuqJoul1poundVOU aepiolgt CO 2 (uvoqlep6etc )Cat roe D L )

Do 6110l00 olli t6 Q VtLO POOtijPIO MEA (avoqlEp9ELe )Cal roe 0lt1)

q OUYICtVf PWltHlt toO Iln QvtlopaoovtOe ovtlopOatllpiou MEr c(~t6v6y)CovtoD(ryplt)u __ M(I - 2a) gmol

~1IOU M = gmol l to) oPXIKoD StOAUl-atOe leat a = 6 AOYOlt Qvepa)(roaF(~ 0 1tUpuycllv 2 urraPX poundl )6y4 tf1e crtOIXetoJjEtpiW tIjt 6)lK11c avtlopaoero

C Ai aU)K euroV 1procnlt toD a1l0PPOqlOUjJEVOU (tfpiou j i ~ tijv olacpacrtlCTtv poundntcpovelov tfle uypa~ cpacrew )1I00 i

crUYKfvtPWOt MEA dVOL I1flOEV aUo ellgt ij5n poundHshyx9n Dmipxel cruYlCivtprome 1IpoiovtWv oVTlopaaEWC im6 110PQ)ijv i6vtwv TO n)ola QAAQOo-oo l~ V o-tOshy9epav Henry

tllli niv poundV 1IPOKELI1euroVQl 6AtKr1V Qvtiopoaw Z = 2

tlui tOlK 25degC tXOI1ev 6tt DB = D MEA = 095middot 10- - ems (401 Kaj D A Dco =196 10-middot cm~ s 6n6n oA6YOC Du D A=

= 095 196 - 1208 elval 3t otoOcr6C Kai ae~aptfltOe tiie OCPl1oKpoolac OIOOI1EVOO 6nil I~ia 8rPjJOKPOcrtOKl) 016 pshyOwOt~ [aX11El lit tutepov ampv cruTCCltWV OIOXUCro

H olalpaotl(Tl aOYKEVtP(OOI~ C i SUI qlOOIKt) V p6Q)T1OlV unoshyAoy(~ttal poundK TOO 110rLoKoD I(AUOtOtolt TOO CO~ de 1t1V UeuroptOV qgtamv t1)c lilenl(j)Ovpoundiae Yi we

C = x mol COt 51 ~o~ ~ A I I mo SIO) I

POl 10 - -- Y 51 ~ 51 -H Y gmoll 6 St Y ciJlt tl~

I

NG L k L Xi - lt y - y L N =- = ~

L IS G Y - Yi (Y - Yj )m G

Yi - Ymiddot NG mG -- -- I

y - y NL L

6n6Te

I y = y + (y-y) I ~ I

y - y ~

10 Xnl1lKTV p6tj)Tla~v avtl NL YPOCPOIlpoundv N~ = (nA) NL Kat

I NG G 6vd ~ ypaltjlol1ev l ort6te ~ nA NL - m - T

lllOl oui t6v n p0OoloPlOjlOV toO ~ ampnaltetTa~ fl YVOOle tOll (ayvooOlou) 1I0poyOVtOlt Crv-uo pO(1t1Ot 110 totho XPflcr1110middot rtotoOI1 ev u9000v laquoOOl(ll1fJe Kol 16600ltraquo t1 Ct) eftOAA 1)AOOV npoOEnlOero

731 1 TrV ldrTII w i TtiflYOLshy

npWtfl OOK1)1Tl nAtO~ = 7

~J 189 =~ = 16 5 - 7- 398 7

mG 332 01100 189 = - L- ~176

y = 0005 (Lx~O 6 Sui WC)

y = 0005 + (0Q28 - 0005) 161 5 + I

= 0005 + 00217 = 00267

10C A = 51 il2O 00267 = 000410 gmoll l 6n6

I 1 1 25(1 - 2 middot048) 1 + 25 middot004 TIAfQx= 208 middotmiddotT - 0004 10 4 16 middot000410

= 1 + 585 = 685 (hovn 7 tlc 80K11l1lt)

tlpoundUtlpO SOKIlTl nAtax = 685 ~ = 1151685 = J68

y ~ 0005 + 0023middot1681(168 + 1)=0005 + 00218 = 00268

10 C A = 51middot H2O O0268 =0004 12gmoll 6n6

25 004 58 8 (nAmt = 1 + 4T6lf004 12 = I + 4 = 6 4 tvaVt

685 ~ lio~)

68]

74 nap(rywvQvnbpaoeIDC lh avtlbpaolv)1t kt ntntplaquoojlCI1lv-EXOjtEV AOmeV

I I 189 To klflll0 13 SIOEl ttlv oVVOprll01v tfl t El8 11di~ to(OrlltOr __ = -- + - = 0411 ~ 695 = 736 civnop6ocwc k Kat tfje 9cPIJOKpacrloc 811 rllv 6XtKtV 6vtlmiddotN OO 243 684middot 398 Opa01 v 6noio roe fl o ll tU(911 ElvOl OElirEpac raccwc (npG)rlle

NOG = 11736 = 0 136 4gtc rt p6c CO Koi npWtl1C 00 rtPOt MEA) H Ka~rtUAI1 010 lha-

I I coo = 1- 0136 = I - D45 = I - 0873 = 127 5 ~o AO 30 25 20 15

10 EI( fie cruYK(lcrEwC (mV amppI6I(fiv 0411 Kat 736 dvUt npOQ)Qmiddot ltJl 8Yf( on I) tAtnouOa aVticnamc rle t~V l-atQtpopQv jJ6~11 EDpie-KEtal dC to uypov UjJEvlOV rl

0

)(J 5rl n pWtl1 001(111 1 nA ) = 10amp

1CJ 4shybull I 2 30 10~ Sa mOIL _ 235 -_ 132 C = To- )9 IJ2 = 95 middot 178 k 2 6Lci lOVTLH~V

Ilt ~ y = 1168 middot 10- - lOX UV I = 1 25

95 middot 10- Y= 1168middot 10- + (125-11 68)middot 10- 95 10 + 1 = U

3 l = 1168middot 10- + 07 middot IO- )G = 11 68middot10- w

lt) CAl = 51 2~~O 1168middot 10- - 25) middot 10- on6tl 0 k2dego

ltQ ~

25(1 - 2 middot015) 6L ltlll poundLPOV nA1ar= ) + 41625) 10--- -= 1 - 011 middot 10 =OIJ middot IO gt

lt) 10 (fvavn 10 t11C 80KljJ~C)

U iC

H QK)lOTlc n lOC DA rllx ol(i rfl (6~IV auni jJEytOouC gttiollOtQ poundnIlPEaleurol 10 6noTEAeurocrIJQ I(O[ tnojJpoundVWC tflV Seshy gtlt 6x6Jlpoundtla lt)

1 1 132 5

N OG = 230- + 015310 31 9 = 0435+000027 =04357 C x 4

NOO = 230 ltQ

I I ~

EoG = 1 - = 1 - -- = I - 0099 = 90 w 3 2JO 101

3 0 3 2 34 EOaInporpaVEC on IlEtQqgtopti JlaCTlt UhXEta l uttO rlI c IlVTL ~ 1000 mticrewlt laD Qcpi OlJ 0)1(vloo AVTLOTPO~OS a~OAVpoundP ~middot

733 LI la t(J tvipsna rJI(h~ J L7- 13II fibpmiddoth W l h)l oYrIl5(rirrfw 00 l1~V O1 OfYij j)po avr)poan ME ~acrll tliv OOKljJaOHKllv I(Q(QvoJJf V 9rPjlOKPQcrlac ltigtc

ti c txfl~a 9 KUl rilv KaraVOjltv tampv NG Kat NL auvaprtoEl K

ri)c OEp~oKpacricu ltigtC tic ~(fI~a 10 tKrEAoi)~EV roUe unOAo- COy + RVll RNllCOO- RNII y tO)lOOc Karel TIap6~OIOV rpanov OUI OIQIDOPOOlt rqJac rou y oui rac 6noac 6 a Au~j3aVEtUl be ri)c ypalJlJflc Atlroupyfac 10

T O anorEMOlJara roov tntOA0110IJWI rtapa r iB euro VIUl EIC t61 KOshytwBI nvoKCC 6

niNA nap 733 2 5 M I1EA

Y 28 25 20 13 11 125 middot 10- 4 j ltIJIe 545 577 53 5 49 475 37 shy

N nA (ax 684 222 67 1 247 JOl IOb

~ 4Yj 267 220 128 041 -01 1168 middot ]0-

0411 040) 0411 0417 0418 0435 ~~

NI G - - 736 147 0439 0120 0023 00002 0m L QU 2

Noo 0136 0534 1176 186 227 230

NL

EOG 127 41 3 681 845 897 900 1

Eell 1tPOOt~(jJ)lEV roUe aull crttllvtac to aSpoIOjlCl ~ 6shy C --~-~___ -~-~-~_---- 00 1 5 30 4 0 50 60

pouc So naparllP1OWlEV OIl 010 IIIJO C toC y rt t Pl~ roO 2 to ()yp6v Kat t6 atplov u~tV10V OuvetaqtpOl)I rtF-pirtOl) tf iaol) tit ttlv ~ctQtpo jJUl JI6~ll~ EvtIl OUI rlJlli )lt Kpottpac r o 1 8E D ~ oxp aa la degc 1) 6vtloram 1r( plojJi~trat O(poundOOV t~ o)_oldilPou de Till 1X 1-1 Yno)o)I(1TIKrj JltOTftIflllij loB alJUAenTuv (~Iu rlrrew OtptOV qgt6m I CO 2 d liiiUHJlaquoh 6td)I10 25 1 MEmiddot1

684 OKTW~PLOC 1971

AUjWW 61ldpoll apcuoocrEcoo OlOpoundt poundVeuroPYpoundIUV poundVeuroPY01l01T)(Jpound(OC

Q = 10 kcaljgmol CO 2 Kal OeuroOV va OlOpeWe~ 0 lovtuJiv lcrxuv J 25 gianl cblt Exft tOl1 U1l0AOYlcrOi aUll1 Lrx6Il tVOl ol6p9roOLV 61loiuv Qui MEA roc euroxEL llClpaWHl K(I) flp Oij 61 OIlIlWVLuv Kat tTjv aunv poundVeuroPYeuroLUV euroVIPY01l01 Tl crlXl) AOIlSashyVOIleuroV tTiv veuv KUjlltUAl1V dc TO LXflllO 13 -riJv 61toiav Kui 96 XPllOIIlOltOlllaCOl-uv [66l 0 nupciywv 6vnopoOpoundU)lt OUl (JUOtllIlO oLUt pac tfi~lroc nAfl1 gt

8iopoundLOl u1t6 L~C fh=ropiac to)V van Krevelen and HoftijZer [4rll iJ 61toiu nAliv rfl ltUpU)leuro1POll nOll 0][0)oYI09poundishynA 1UX

011 analttl t6V l)JtOAOYlcr)l6v )HOC VeuroO rrUpU)leuroTPOIJ

D A k BO M iii OltOI)

kL D A = OuvnApound(J1T]C OIUXUcrECOlt CO Etc UOU1U(OV blclAupa

m~h TO) 61toiou iJ 1~~aptTIOIC euroK [fie 9poundPlloKpacriw nopouOuiscta poundIs to lxfI)Iu 14 poundC (mo)oYlo)loO

~- dou(1l taXU[lls uVtlOpaOfXOs ol(i 6)1oypoundvfI civtiopOOlV mljkmol h

k z

BO = q = Tj cnJYKeuroV[Pu)OIS [tis )ITj avtlOpaoaoq( allVlls

kL = 6 OUV[poundA~O[Tjs )IpoundtOcpopos )Ieu11s COt cblt 6pi~pound[a

euroK ttis OXEOfXOs R = kL (C - C Ai) 6nou it poundLva 6

pu9)16s anoppoq1110poundU)s avO )Iovaou OIpound1tlqluvpoundlCU ouo

qlOOfXOV Kd C it OUYKEVtproOlS toopponlus toO CO 2

poundIs [6 OlclAUlU Tj clVtlO[OLXOOOa pound1 16 Y tfls apoundpiou qlaoECOS

100 ~

I

5

~ Ie

6 c~ ~ ~~----+---

middot 7 y -----+----=-If 3

2

2

50

30

20

l5 10 8

-4 3--- ~

= Z

J 1-f P lJl-- I P O~ r J-I

EX is I ri ~ TI)tJ ~ TOt flArn ex rwl YAt xa flATo XOTa ri]ll OEw(iov ntH tan Kretielen and Hoflijzer

H EUppoundatC 100 kL euroK [UlV )IExPL OnY)Ifls avmj)poundp9pound1OUlV noOOshy

1l11rov Y[VE1U1 w ei1 o EK 10) 6pI0)I0) toO pu9)100 anopposhy(j)ilOpoundcos CO~ R avO )Iovaou tYKupOiou euro1tl(j)avpoundicu to) lIUPYou

cnJVclYpoundtUl on ~ = a h L 6nou [6 YIVO)lpoundVOv a hL nupIO1 R

T1iv Olpound1tlqlUVpoundlUV evuAXayfls )I6~lls ava )Iovaou ~yKupOlou euro1tlcpuvEiCU nupyou AV1IKU910tUlV1poundS tOs [1)Ias to)V pue)lUlV AU)IpavOlpoundv

kxa hL (x - xi )

kTc~ - CA)

5nou 51 gmolI ft kmolm 3 poundlvm it )IOPWKlj ItllKv6tTls OIUAUshylUW A))jJ euroc 6PiO)loD [o) NL ho)lfv

eurolIO)leuro VWs

Dul va tmo)oYIOSfj 6 cnJvrEApoundO[~s kL anOltEltOl poundnl TrApoundOV

10)V YVWO[UlV KaL Tj YVUlOlS [00 YlVO)lEVOU a hL il KpoundXWPlo)Ieuroshy

vcos tWV a Kal h L

Kai [6v )lEV hL jU)IPUvO)lpoundV tK [ou Bubble Tray Manual [9]

cOs hL = 253 P - 189 W - 16 (eKlteuroltppaO)lEVOV poundI inches)

OltOU F Kat W Oll)lUlVOuv 6)1ws KaL eurois [as OXtOeuroIS ll1tOAOYIshyO)lO) 1WV Nc KOt N L [OV 8E a poundIe 10) Calderbank [12J cOs

OLeuroltIltpaVEIO 1 = 145 G l n3 ft~ftft l ll-VOLlS acppoQ

OltOLl G~ - 11 OYKO)lEtPIKIl ltUPOXTl apoundpiou OU] [ou ltIVaKlOU

Ed ft Sls

Koi 11 = 6hK6~ ap~G)I6s crXIO)IO)v poundis [a KoVas euroKOOtOU Trl VUKlOLl

AaPW~LeuroV tTjv VI~ TUTrlKTjv 01euroll9eurot101V tWv KUWtUV eurolti [O) ftlVUKLOU [361

apl9)1os OXlO)IWV ava KUWUV = 38 ola KOilW J pound1tlltpavpound1O TrlVUK[OU ava KclWOV = 124 em1

E1tlCPclVEIO TrlVUKiOLl 75 tij OLU10)liis euroYKupOiCOS tOD ltUPYOU 075241 = 18100 cm~

apl9)16s KUilWV avo TrIVOKIOV 18100124 = 146

apl9)16s OXIO)IWV = 146middot 38 = 5550

7Al flta rrll lcirnv rov nv(yov (545degC Kal 10 alma)

G = IRl-1 mOls = 642 flls

OW(j)UOIKTj euromqlclvEIO = 145 642113 55502~

= 145middot40315= 1825 ft2 ava ft Uilo acppoO

hL =253middot(1J25) T 189 middot 2-16 = 444 + 378 - 16 = 662 in = 0552 ft

OAlKTj OIU(j)UOUCTj euroTrICPcivEW poundnt toO ltlvUKiOLl = 1825middot0552 = = 1008 ft2 = 937 m 2

937 bull a hL w -24 ( --- 389 m uWcp euro1tlcpm 2 tyKUPO[OU tomqgt

DA = 53middot]0-~ cm2js = 5310-5 3 = J9J10-~m~h B = q = 25(1- 2048) = 01 kmollm

k2 51000 llgmols = 51000middot 3600 = 184middot10 mkmolmiddot h

398 (46502 4 1) 387 01 2 h k L = 5 1 --389- - = m uypo mj

(191 Jo-) (184 10)middot01nopa~poundtpOC M = - -- -= 235

(387l fl1ol YM = 485 Kai 6 ltapayrov uvtlopaOeuroU) Ota neuro1teuropu~ OlEVlls ruxutTltO OpO-OlV poundiC OUQtll)lU OeuroU1europa 1afXOs nA rtT

)Ie nAw = 684 leul YM - 485 Aa)lBavpound1Ul euroKtO)

LXil)lu1o C 15 COC nAil =z 35 6lt6Tpound

+ ~98 = 0411 + 1352 = l93NOG = 243 35 3

NOG = 11393 = 00718

1 EOG=I - eO0718-= 72 deg 1

742 dId rrjv xOQvrpi]1 70V 7Tfl(lYOV (37degC Kat 10 alma)

DA = 2) 10-5 cm2s = 0828 1O--~ m 2 h

BO q = 25 (1- 2 015) = 175 kmolm= k 21700 llgmol s = nl 106 m 3kmol - h

3 19 (4580(24 1) kL = 5 - ~ 306 m oYPoDjm 2 OIeuroTrI(j)ashy- - 1 389

685

vtlat h JJ t tliv JtopaooXflv on tl 1I1n) a hl1[apQ~tvEI (JlQshy

9tpli de tov rtUp)ov H nop05011 aim pfaOLWC o~v lalvpoundl aUQ i oppoundpaIClt tit tilv UnOAOY1(OutvTJY n~nlv a hL Elva Kat tKti~TJOIV no)o lJ poundYoAUtEpa tilt JlETa po) ~lt Qutflc KQta JI iI 1(01 TOl nUpyou

n 6 M _ (0828middot 10- ) middot (78 1 10 ) middot 175 = 121 op ~etpltgtlt - (30t)

YM = JOmiddot AO)JpaVO)lEV 6rt6 to LXfUJO 151J Koi IJt nATClX

nAnf = 11 6n6u

I I 112 - - = - -+ II 319 =0435 -- 376=419

NOG 230

NOG = 1419 = 0238

I I EOG = 1- 0238 = 1- 1269 = 1-0788 = 212

8 BaOo( QTTo66UlWt mvadou Ellv he TOO TOTTU(OO

110000 QTfo66a(wC EoO

H Suucptltnc ylvEtal 6tav o (Juv9flKQI tni IttVOKiou JlEyClAllt OIQIIpoundtpOU Stv 6vnnpoowruuovrQI EnQKpp6lC unO t6lY t01tllCGW CJlVOlllCG)v 6Y(l tiialpopGlv OVyI(CV TPOOOEWV tiC t6 Stacpopa OTIshy

JJETa TOO JtlvOKiou 6l cl n1V 1tAEOV avvi911tEpiTtTuXHV ampnov to 6tPIOV tiotplUQI de t6 mvaKlov nAtipwe CtVO~EJllYJltvOV Kat t6 lrtP6v ptEI ouS6~ QVOJlEjlL)IJpoundVOV r IK )IOxutl il axtalt

I EM ~ l () EOG - I)

Onou I Efval 6 A6yo tGlv KAlatoov tn YPCllJllfl iaoPP01tIOe Ttp6e tfl e YP0jtlln )tltOupy(oe

~)(i ttlV a6olv tal) nuPYou K~OIe (palJlJile AEltOupy(ue = dy = do

0028 = 0085 tvq KAiol( YPOIlIJ ile (oopponiCllt048 015

niNA

Mua3ATjnl

y~1o 28 25

rxmiddot 9 Ie 545 577

rx 6 0 048 0445

nop7) TIA rax 684 222

nop7 3 YiH1x middot 0 267 220

rx 14 DA m1 hmiddot 10 191 2 16

S kmol m3 010 0275

k 1 m l kmol middot hmiddot 10shy 1 184 216

kL mJjm2 h 387 382

nap6~amptpO~ M 235 88

VM 485 938

nAlIf1

35 7)

m = H Po) JJ2 360

NL 398 393

I G mshy

(TIAn) NL L 1352 7 12

l iND 041 1 0403

INOG 1l93 7523

NOG 00718 0133

EM ~ EOG 72 125

d e Cl = 048 ElvaL 0075 61J1p6tEPCU O( tllJOt tT1cp9EtOOI be tol) IxiHtCtto~6

Eno~ty ~ 007510085 = 0882

Kol E - I (O 882 middot 0072_I) ~ 7 220I M 0882 e v

KOl EOG aUjln(ntOuv

alCi tilv KopuCPllv toC nup)ou il dlale ypalJlJfle tEltOupyta nomiddot POlJtVEl Ii 00tll = 0085 tvtl il KAlme tfl e YPolJlJn laoppordcu d 0 = 0 15 y[VEtOl (Hit nup 5)

dy 14 10- 1 - 117 10- 4

-d - o--7-77-~-- = 23 10--016 - 015

) = ~~=27 10- 0085

E = I (e2l 10- 1middot 0212 _ 1) = lCai Mv 27 10 I

I (0027 0212 + (0027 ~02 12) + ) = = 00027

=0212(1+ 00034 -t- J = 215 1tOl 1(0 n6)w EM

9 KOTOVOfJr TOO po0l00 dTlo66apoundC~ 6o TlLi tv61afJIOo mVaKIO i)yov i) d61KfJ TOXUTlt dvn6p6alwt kl d middot Val nUTLpoaltvl

AalJaOVOjtEV a hI = 389 mt OlOcp e1tLcpjm ~ t YlCapolou poundlt lCP crm9tpQ Ete t6 jtflKO tal) niJp)ou Kai KaHloKEua~ojtEv t6v amiddot tClHtpro Tt lYaKO d-KOAou9ol)Vtc tl~ npOtUROV troy lmOAoYIOJlGlv ttOv nopoypucprov 74 I Kat 74 2

nop9

20 13 11 125 middot 10-

535 49 475 37

0385 0305 028 0 15

671 247 -lOa-10~

128 041 -0 1 1168 middot 10- middot

158 135 120 0828

0575 0725 1 10 175

173 144 115 78 1

373 359 354 )06

III 1092 142 121

1063 1044 119 II

100 104 11 9 II

325 297 288 235

384 369 364 319

481 438 376 376

04 11 0417 0418 0435

5221 4797 4178 419

0191 02085 02395 0238

173 189 213 212

H t~~ toO LG tiN9~ ltU~UlYo~ty~ 16 1761 178

686 TXYIllca Xpovllca

E1tl TOO OiVQKOC Ilap 9 7t(JpanlPoO~poundv

I H avtiopaatlt KaSe 6A)0 napa laxuTthl Elvat Kal 010 TTA TOl

nOAll l-uyUAo de tnv ItpoundPIOl1lV TOO M Onoo tpyalt6)u9a nAn ~ YM 6gtlt Q)alvpound-rQl Kai 6rro TO IXflJlCl 15 H llJlfi TOO ITAIM dVQl OXsTllClOt euroooia9rl1oc ErC li y tJlll v TOO nA lOl

lovav Sui y gt 2 de TO ltapoSeaYl-ul Ilru

II H TlIn) TOO TIA(ux hEI 7tpoOolopLo9f1 IU~ j3QOW10 YiTax

Kat OTl Sui OIQOOXIKUlV npooeni(JEO)V Jleurota~u tampv CfU)UlV Trov TIJlUW a))[amp I H 9trop(o 611CJX a1taru1 x pijow fie 1taPUjdtpou nATagt rrpocrolOOPIOlltVT]V BaaEl TOO iJnOPXOVTOC Yjrrr Kai EiC tv [flv 7tEPWX1l Yy lt 2 +t OKplj3nc t1l1l TOO TTAra( Kut EItOshyJleurovcx leal 100 Yj Elval np0qKlVpoundC 611 Sty eurotEl bmt100atH tnl TOO nA It 6)) 0 Sui TO 1tMOOlro-reuroPOV eic CO~ atPIOV 80 ~7tpene vo A11f4)9i(ToOTo (m 6Vlv

Ill H tlJll Kal 11 KClTavOJJTl tij~ poundto)fI~ olQcpaoll(illt trtHpavtlalt a 1i1t11 pro~tl JJq6Joo~ tOV j3a9JJov aTto06O~ odio~tvoo 6tl Elval a0T11 EiJ9tClgtlt 6VaAOYO~ Til ~ nopa~ttpoo )1M dU(It)xGu 6~ox Elval J(Qi -tuaSAI1TfI Ilt TOV ~tyaAUTEpOV crOVUAampO lflV uOucpampiac Oovaptlloampt TampV napullEtpWv AampToupyiac lttgtaiVElal tnioT]lt 6ft 0 a pleJJOlt tii)v 67(ampv avo ItlVal(LOV t7tI1PEa~euro1 CJl1llaVshytIKWC IlEOCO ToO a tOV j3a91l0v anooooEooc Eov n x 1leuroIOOGoOV

I 5 at 6nal oTtO 5520 (-rampv -8- T olooucratmiddotraXUTl1ta OUJ EUcreox

(uplou 213 ft s) E[C 3720 (-rOOv TI

Siooucra TaXUtl1ta

197 fts) tl~ lOO EOG Tt(1tTEI dno 72 eic 61 OUl Til v PoOLV Kal LinO 212 tiC 160

0 011 Tflv I(OpuQ)i)v ToO nupyou dvnoToimiddot Xegtlt

IV pound1( t~C OUYKpcrErot TampV aepol~oJJtwov 6poov Olel t1)v ~

3

~

gt 31I

J

I0

9- 2 gt a J

a Iw-

gt lt= lJ)

w

a u

0

-lt gt

0 x J c-o

gt

ypa)l)lrl

ltgtEu 60 ~oopp oJ( La

f

I

ypa)l)lexL L()OPp01(~a

02 o~ 04 05 06

mol COmol MEA

EX l~ r(aqxd~ (oaOWe~aJlO r Tev) nedlJwv ocxaM J(J(filtOTtXWV nLllaxlwl lOV nveyov anoe(o97a~w~ CO tlo T~V fE(WVrv Tij~ JU(JI (jJ~ aVTOV

687OKTW~PtOt 1971

PEOW to) -J-- ylVEtQ crQqgttc on il avticnacrtc Ele tv ~Etamiddot OG

q)opDV ~IlCIlC (Ivai r(opi~ ElC tTi v oypav centcrlVKO~Ulvo~tvn ano 1)52 - )76 86S bull

-0411-- = )) qopoc E~ 04)5 = qlopaC tlV uVtlshy

mU3tV tn DEpLOll tpucr(roc Stet tftv pocrtv KOL tilv KOPOqlLlv toO nOlgtyoJ avn010ixroC Ln~eurolrotEO V on fm6 ylt IJ 0 )6yoC tl)v (JVtlcrtllcr((l)V 1tO PO~CVpound1 cr(ESOV 0 oLno J EtOeigt trov 1l~rov 85 KOi 90

to npaytJaTlKQ nLVilKa

Tac tlJlIre t oO EOG OIljlElOUJIeuroV tl to LXiljlO 16 6nou Koi KOtOshyOKEOOCOJlEV 1tlv KOjl1tUlIlV VroOo(crOPP01tLOC f)tOl tOV y(CO~tshy1Pl KOV t6nov toO Y - EOO(Y - y )

AlltolOU9cot 1tlgtocrolopiCo~ Ev ypoqHKG)c lei anaL tOU~Eva 1t1 VaKIO EUP[OKOV1EC 6n QltUltOOV101 OEKOEe ( 16) tOV aple~ov ola yo KUlE)Sl] 10 Y611028 dC 0060 1lCt taC ~HKP01EPOC cru1 KCVbull tPOOELC KOtOcrtCcllVOJlEV Ioyop le~I K6v OIOYpo~~o t ic txiI)IO 17 Kui txiI~o 170 ypOJl~K6v Koi nO)v OLD tilv ~EYpoundeolcrV tfc

0160 500

2no

gt100 (1shy OIS4

90 gt 80 b 26 10Sshy

gt 60 11 0 j

aw SO 29 en

3 40 29 0 ri

N 0

ltif

U

30

30

gt b 0 31 211-lt x

t gt

0 20x

ypa~~n ~poundUOOLcrOPshyUE

EOG = 212

015amp 0158

18

26

2ltgt

Z2

20

18

I~

14shy

12shy

0 a 100

10

31deg ypa~~n AECT

yp(l~~n ~EUOOshy

Lcropponas

35

EXmiddot l7a

yL

ql~oo 01502- a

IO~~------~--------~------~------~------~~ 0150 0152 0154 0156 0158

mol COmol MEA

pound 17 )eQi ]7r [~(J 1rfi 7tg()(J~OfJr(Jpn T j)V UJoJoWzWI JtaYlGTtx6Jv ttva(lwv TOU 71l~Q1 011 thlO(]gOtpC1fW CO2

cl T-ryV 7t f(]WP1V O(IJ(pij~ atou

- -----

- -------

688 Tl)(YlKD XpOYLKD OKTW~PLOI) 1971 -------__----------_-_--------------shy

tpxfil) lOI) 01ClYPUJlJ1CltOt 1tpoundpIOXiilt a ono 01500 eurooo 01502 ~ t ~ L 0

shy-L+l

t Ln

t L2

t Ll

OapCltllPOCjlEV 6n XpwiovIm cruVOA1KW tEcrOlIj1UKOVta (40) 1HVclKIO oICl va btUJhl T1 EIn9Uj111t1l crlJYl(VtP(J(Ju tl6oou Elc tilv npallv 96 l1tO Oxomllov vei XPllcrLjlO1t01TlOWWV 1tUpyov IlE 20middot25 mvuKlo a1tooioovta Mptov j1euro Yco~ iic t6ltwc toC 10- ( ~ 500 ppm) eltp Ciaov to U1tOAOllIa iXVIl CO~ j1euroXPl 5 ppm 9ci altpolpe90Dv avuYKCleJtlKUllt amp a)I1lt KOtpoundpyoaLcu Eliv lJ 9tAOjlpoundV vo E1tvtuXW)Jpoundv Elo00V h toC 1tUpyou aepiou)Jeuro 5 ppm CO~ Sa Ct1tl]touVtO EIC tliv e(aooov tf1c MEA 9poundPJlOKPOcriu KoCoHEpa tGJv 13 oC )6)0lt av9poKwcrcw j1LKponpOr toC OJ 5 Kat ItEpi to 50 mvCrKlU Kat EKtlltrlOlV

Iuvi)9wc npocrt19poundVtOl euroIe tT1V Kopucpliv to) nupyou npoundpl tct tp[a 1ILVaK10 aui tliv nAlXJLV taD aEpiou 11tOl tlJv acpo(pEOlV pound1 outoD 01 UOUtOe atJtwv Kat OtayovlOiwv MEA [211]

II EALYX0t 9LP~OKPQ(1LQKflt KQTQYO~flli

pound1 ta LXllllata 16 Kat J 7 to npaYIlUtlKU 1ILVCtKIU 8ioouv to Sy to 6noiov npayJtatonoleitUl ete hmOtov EneuroIST] 1] 9euroPlloTT]e ilVtlOpOOElOe euroIval Eu9twe avuAoyo toD oy OUVUIleuroOa va npoO~ olopiOwJ1eurov tT]V KataVOJ1T]v euroKAUcreuroQX 9euroPJ16tl1t~ avO 1Il VUKIOV oui OUVOAOV poundKAUOJ1CVlle 9europJ16tlltOC 1495103 keaJh

En[ol1e EXOIleuroV

9euroPJ10XWPl1tlK6tl1e uypde ltpCtOeurow~ = 92500 kgjh middot092 kealjkgo( = 85100 kcalhC

o)JoiwC aeuropiou ltpltlOeuroWe = 264D kmoljh 702 kealj

-shyn+J

t Tl

t

t -

ov

t Gl lOVt ~

j

kmol degc f t Le ~~18550 kcalh C

onou 702 ElVUl i IltOI1 1l0j1WKT] d01Kll 9europ)J6tl1e toC )JlYJtUtOe = i LltWV ueuropiwv (Cp 923700700 eaJjgmoL degC ola CO~ Hg Ka N~ clvtlotoixwe) LX 1S J7(1~a(rran~11 aneuroloIlWtt T ~ ~ xaravop-lr

KutaOtpwvoJteuroV iOotu(lov 9europ)JOtl1toe euroie EKacrtOV 1IlVOKIOV )sQI10XearJ[ar elr fa ntlayla TOD nJQYov

0no tT1V J10PltPlJv 96 - 325 229 0(0PII6T~ VnopacrOl) = (~ linoppo~ iJ1t6 toO uypou) + (~ 545-1 L2 - 851 ~- 85T ~269

t)1tO toG aeuropio)) tu = 545 + 269 = 5719degC= 85100 (tLn -ILn + 1)+ 18550(t - _ l )QavT on tGn

tile cpa(veurotUl de IxiiJ1a 18 OJloiwC StU to 20v 1IlVUKlOV 1315 - 851 (5719 -ILJ) + 1855 (5719 - 545)Eni 1ictov KOVOJ1euroV tTiv napaooxliv on d~ lKacrtoV 1t1VUKlOV

anoKa9LcrtatOL 9euroPJ1lKll tooppon[a Wta1u ucpiou Ka[ 0ypoO _ 131 5 - 499 _ BI6 - + 0965719-tLJ - --- Ii5T -

litOl tan = tLn --8l I

EltpapJ16iovteuroe to 9europ)JKOV icr~uyLOv de to lov EK tWV KCttW IU = q57 19 - 096 - 5623 C 1tlvCtKlOV EXOIleuroV H nAijPllC OeurolPOl)1tOAOYIOIlWV OlOeurotOl do tOV tnOIleuroVOV nivaKa

96 = 851 ( 545 -I L2 )1- 1855 (545- 37) nap 11

TIlNA3 nap tl

(tan - tan_I) (lLn - LLn+ I)

oy QIJYT Qp (QUV[ ~ Qacp) 0 - (l kcalfh C kcalh kcalh C lLn = tGn

C LLn+ Itgty

10-~ 10- 10-3

---shy

I 643 96 + 175 t325 - 229 -269 545 5719 2 870 JJl5 +269 + 499 I 816 +096 5719 5623 3 1070 160 -096 - 178 + 177B +209 5623 5414 4 1192 1782 -209 - 387 +2169 +255 5414 5159 5 1J42 1708 - 255 -473 +2181 254 5159 4905 6 942 14t - 254 -471 +1881 I 221 4905 4684 7 815 122 - 221 -41 + 163 -+ 192 4684 4492 8 670 100 - 192 -355 + 1J55 + 159 4492 4333 9 572 855 -159 -295 +115 + 135 4333 419B

10 450 672 -135 -250 +922 + 108 4198 40$0 I I 380 567 - 108 -200 +767 +090 4(]90 4000 12 285 426 - 090 -167 +593 +070 4(]00 3930 13 200 30 -I70 - J29 ~ 429 e O50 3930 3880 14 185 276 -I 50 - 94 -1- 370 + 044 3880 3836 15 143 214 -044 -80 + 294 + 035 3836 3801 16 086 128 -035 -64 192 + 023 3B01 377B 17 80 -023 -42 - 122 +014 3778 3764 18 53 -014 - 27 + 80 +009 3764 3755 19 48 -009 -1 7 + 65 +008 3755 3747 20 32 -008 -14 -1-46 +006 3747 3741 21-40 Il7 -06 - 10 - 147 + 017 3741 3724

-

689 TrXVlKG XpOVIKG

Tet (htOTEUo~aTa TQv intO~OYlO~Qv JlEtacpEPO~eV dc 10 LXtUlO 9 6nou OIC croYKpioEUgtlt IIt 1iJv OOlCllla01lKrv Ka1avOJl ~v epoundp~oshy)(pacrl~ oLanlotoDJlEV OTI oUOEnOtE TO ocpaAJlo onrptPTl Toult 150 C 009EioTlC tile OJlcp18oAiac EK t6lv yevOJlEVCIlV nopaOolJv lCat E7tEIO otv t)ilcp9Tloav un OllIV al a~OIlElciloEIC etC TV VshyypaoiQvTC orpiou qlaoEUgtC MKIJlacrtllCl1 9EP~0ICPQOl(l lCashytaVOlll OCUlPEhol tiPKOuvthllt tnaKpLj3t1c

12 IUYICPIOlIi fool TflV PI0l-lTlXaVII(t)v npa~lv Iu-nipaova

E tc to LlfJJla 19 rtapOuolasOVtat 7tOpaAAI1AUgtc to onott)tmiddot 0IlOtQ 1(1)V 7tpOnYOUJlEI(amp)v onoAoYIOII(l)v lCai unO nv atrtl1v ICAiJlQKO OAiyaL 810JlTlxaVtKai ~EtpI10rlC oui nupyov tinopposhyqllloECIgtlt 0 6noioc 6J1roC )CllOUpyEf (mo nopo)lotac OAAo 6X L unO lac lo[ac avv~lr1Kac ~A7tocral af yvroatoLnapa)l r 1pOI 1poundshy10UPYIOC avaQ)tpovtot pn1Ulc fie tKao1Tlv nEpfn1WCftll ana OOPIOJltVOI t~ a-ol6)v liEv lilliovtOI poundIe Trv 8l3ALoypa(j) iav [7]

napa TaDta poundK tfJc croYlCpiotlilC 16)v 000 ypUltptKGX rtOpououtshy~o~tvwv nEPLn10aEWV npOKlm1El 6tl otli tiJv ~Elwoll TOU )lOPlCUCOU KAQ0Jaa10 C 10D OI09lolou lOU clv9palC0c etc TO

1r----------------------n

Pa~ 1218 ~o t = Lj 6deg c

16 1TvAAIQ gt

6 )A-o b

ltI TaJvfMO eshy0) (x- ~~v

gt 5 234 M MEAo

~

0 w

Lilt 40- Cr

EM_=- 115N o u ~ DOY 1[ lt-I po t lt13 J b

ltI -lt x

TTVp~O$ 61Of-ErfoU Z1 21Olt

ru 610-

6 0 CIM

altpcov 295 15

0 gt

2 x (ltI ~ j0 o

aEplOv ono 0028 ric 0003 K01el TOlx 9rwPTltIKOUl unoAoYshy0~0lx (1xl1l1a1a 198 Kal 16) itnal10CVTOI 11 3 1HVOK10 fvavshyn TooV IIS 1tVOICiUlV 1el Onola txPtta06noav pound1 10V 3lo~nshyxavu(ov 1t1JPYOv anopPOqll1oEUlC (1x JlO 19a)

EIC 10-o10U yiVETOI npocpavtc lin ol 6vaAUttKOI lCol OAfyov tninovo ~ )1[OAoYlolloi toO napovtOC lipOpou oioouv ~mOTEAtshyOJlata tOXOOvtO EI~ Ti)v PIOJlTlXOVtKllv npa~lv Kai tnl nAtov houv TO nMOVEK1IlJlQ 6n Kala TO 1tAdOlOV Elval BpoundJlCAlWJatshyVOL tni OpoundUgtPllllKampV PooLKG)V tvvOHilv al liE t~nElp~ICQi axEshyoEl~ 1ampV 6no[oov yiVETaL XP1jOlC oev Elvat ElolKQI Ota TO nashypOv npoj3ATlJlQ ti)AO E-opEiac Kat OpoundOOKl)lClOJlpoundIITlC WqlEApoundQC Kat d c CiAAa OUOtl1l1CltQ JaEtacpopdc Jla~nc Eno~vtOc Tl cruJl~A Tic napouOlle JlcAhlle euroyl(poundt10l d e TTlII YpoundVtKi)v OeooPllOlv Kai aVTlJlpoundTGgtnIOlV 10C j3LOJlnXavucol) 7tpo3-I1~OTOC tnl til txiOpound1 EVOt BElJ)pntlKoD n potunou OpoundIIEALW)lpoundVOU alc 11111 tJanpoundlpiav poundnnptnovtoe 1rv K)l~QKcooIV ToD )lEYEBouC 1il OlCPEUVTlltJlV 100V cruvOIlKG)V tipIoTOnOlhopoundwc T1j c un 6+lV opaorwc np6c Clu1l0v 1C onOOotLK011l10C 10Ulllt Kat l11v KOTav6nOl V T6)v cruVBIlK(I)v At l 10UpyitlC jJld~ j3l0jJIlXOVLICilt poundYKaTaOtashyoeugtlt tOU 11pound11 ypacpOJlEVOU tunou

Po 10 ~ t 31 -5rC lTv f tO~ 31 t-ipO I r 5 rII

TO n(wo lb 111161lt0 rlt-i 5 1( bT reo- 0 (M

T(WTVI aflolJ blo ()lF (owv- r0 WIts

250 M MEA

Lq IB

Cr 100 ltWlotv W2

4

E =- t2 - 112

3

2

O ---------r--~-~--10J----il--r---~i---~-~--1

o 02 04 06 0 02 00

690

11 lu~polallol u -= UJtOtpltIV-l~ (slI)(middotficill) tnlIltlt (=O(ICOIJEtPIKT) naposhyXtlKfv1l tYKupatOlt SIOtOIJTi) ft s

~t(16~ Ilil tJl1tElplKol crXE061lt al OlM~JcVal 1l0Vaoeuro Mvavtal Vp OYKOlJctptKl] rcopO(n urpiou84~( OLatOIJilt nuoyou fts

va avtleQraata900v IlE as otouolinon 6AAOU aumrilluTOlt OLaeETOVto~ earotEplJ(T)V OUVfltElav Y JLOP1QKOV KhltiOIJO COl de lllV ampEpIOV qgtaolv

a = (HQ(jlQmK1l EltqgtaVpoundIQ avo )lovaoo OYKOU SUo qlomoov m-

a = )0(01 6v9paKcOcnooc OIClAUlloroc QI-dvTlI mot C021 mol MEA

8deg cruYKevrpcoou rl)c 1-111 ovnopacr60lls Qjl(Vlls Btc r6v KupiWl OYKOV uypoO kmolm~

Cp Eiouo 9EP)l6llls kcal kg degC yenj kcalk mol lie

c z C1lydvrpCOOII kmotm ~

o -= crUVTEAEcrtTlC lhaxootroc f(l s Ii m2h

E aa9Jl6C onoS6arogtc Klvadoll

F = tJlHElPIK6C napayoov = Us -VP (fIs) (lbfl 3)12

G = J-IOPLQKIl nlaquopolT aeploLl kmol h il EiOIKtl lloptUKiI napOXTl iepiou (ova lovaoo tyKap aiol) poundrnqgt 1tUPYOu) kmolh middot mt

0 = lat lJerlTtapoXn 6poundp(ou kgh ~ ElollCTt JlOCLK1l rcuPDXlI Ctpoundplou kghmiddot rn

G = 6YKO)JElPIIC J((lpOX~ oEpLou ns n m3h

H = O1o8Epa Henry atm( mol mol)

hL = lPO~ 6YKOU 800 QlciaErov mpoundp toD mvaldou m

Kc = 010aEpa fOopponolt tfllt avnatpoQlou bAIKl)~ llvnshySp6OEOllt kmolm~

k1 dSlKtl tox0t~ bIJOYEVOOlt OA1Ki~ QvttOp6oEffi ml kmol middot h

kL cruVlEAe01tI~ IJEtaQlOpalt lJaC~ m~m~middot h

v

k = o)JoiCl)lt kmolhm

kv - t)JncLpIKtl crra9poundpti

l IJOP10tdi JtapoxTi ()ypoO k molh tl poundtStKl) IJOploKtl rcapox1l oypoO kmolh middot m ii OYKOIJEloUTi nopoX1) uyooil ova IJtaov rtA6to 151poundshyAEUOEtoC nlVQKiou USgal minmiddotr

L )JO~IK1) JTOPOXTt uyooO kgh it ElotJItl IJOtlKlj rtopOX uypoi) kgh m

La = rcapol oJliv~ tv SloA4ian kmol MEAh

m HP crm8Epa tflt OXEOEco Y= m )(

M )JOPIQI(OTllt tllJv lt kmolm s

i rcapOIJEtpOC (0A k t BO ) k~ N 6pl9IJOt JJOv60wv IJ EtO(pOpOt jlQ~lt

ii EI51)(0lt puBlJolt olaxucrEroc kmol hmiddot ( m OIpoundJtLpashyvcialt)

n = OA1I(0t OP181J0lt OX101HlIV Elt tat KOjlalt h aOtou mvamiddot Klou i) aNrov op181J0C rtlVOtou poundK TU)V KQtro

Nsc = op191J6lt Schmidt

~ = poundI 6PlOOO 6 )Oyo (y-y )(Y -Y)

P = nleltnt ()JEpoctl ~ O)IK11 dvoAoyrolt toD OEiKtOU) atlna

flA = rcapayrov ovnOpaOEO)lt

p = JtuKV0t11lt kgm~

Q = crUYKpoundV1proOlt ti) lt 1Jtl aVTlOpacrU(fJllt 1I1J(V11lt Etc tOV KUproC tiYKOV toil (rypoD

S hKftPOlOt owtOIJtl tOU Jtupyou m

- 8EPlloKoaalo f) xpovOt

y - O~O[UlC de laopponiov 6mpav(J) 10D StaAUJLotolt ulllvlllt

W UjIOC 61t1PEKX()~l(ftOi) Ellt TrLVaKlOV inches

Z (JUVtEAEotTit IJOplaIC6TltOt bAL 1(1]lt ovtlopacrtrolt

4tttcTGI

A to OlanOIlEvoV atplov cruOTotllCOv CO~

B to OlaXEollEvOV uypov aVH8paatflPLOv MEA

G =a 6eptov

10 = tcropoonla

SIrttLQlOVElO

L - irypov

Mv = lCataMurphree Ileuro ~ciOlv tTi v 6tpLOv cpaOlV

OG _ OAIKOlt IJt Jaalv tflV oepLOv (1)601 v

rtt Olet avtiOpacrLv 1tEPUOPlOIlEVlt tClXU1ltOt

s uHocpovfllt (11pound lJacrlv lilv KEVV poundylCapcrLov OlatOllnV ayroyou)

laX OUI ovt[opOOlV toXVtatlv

I aOOllt ItlJPYou

2 KOoUqgttl rcupyou

y jJOolOKOV KAaa)Ja oEpfou tpaaEox

x = IJOP10KOV ICAaalJo uypOlt Qgt6crErot

t J ff PerTli rhpmlcal GIl ll llepoundrmiddot H andho ok bull Hh Ed Me Graw -Hnl N fgt Yrk t 131 atA 0) jI-l 6) i - I) y) 1amp- 18 6) H9i t) If- 2 5 () I~-~

11) 14 _ ~ ~ 6) U-~ l q IA-a9 x) I SmiddotHI

2 A L I((Jhl and F r Htf4t1tliJbull Ql S PurlflCltlllon IfcClrimiddotshylIill IW Yor k 1 0

laquo) 2~ Il) 3 t y) HI 8) L4 t) ~ l - 4 6 C) j ll 11) ltJfI

3 J M C(Jldll(l ) 1nd J P n k ard8i11i Chemical E-n~j n cerin ltl Pergamon Prrs London Vol II I S)

0) i l ~ 0) oIWl

I P v fj H(c hw(gtrls laquoG a~-Ll(llIid R (a middotlilmmiddot r tG raw-HiU LOndon 19 70

tL) 2~7 P) 1 y) 18 6) 11 ~ poundl 1~7 c) H9 ) 117

5 R E Trelbul l ll~ middotTran~rcr OperaIlOJl~ d Ed MC(Traw~ Hill i(W York I liGS

0) Ll II) 132 y) I 1

6) KM ll r middot lii Carh on Dioxide AbsMfHloo bull Ph D [ IIISI~ Unl of Cambridge 1 tl bull

0) 1 III H~

7 1 C J( tht Pla le Effic lenCy w ilh chem ica l rrael10n -abSQrption or cubon dioxide in ~IEA Holulions A J Ch E Journal Vol t NO 2 ~ij ~ I ll[)6

8 P V l)12lUhwIt 1m K 1 Vr ~iI Tlle absorpllun 0 carbnn dlo x lil l Info ( flll(IiUli lJlhw Olut101li and lhr 1llfCtt or cataly tls TranI hu ln olLem lngrs Vul ~ ~ j 3l I l67

9 A L en E Diluillallon Suh CQ mmittI ~middot nr the R lSrarit1 Conllnlt shyt ee [L llt-hI e Tra) D( I ~rn Mallual - Jred l ctlan 01 fr3 ctlunillnn emdilhY A m erican InStltul e or Chlm lca l Englneeffi New York HI~a

10 I 1 Mlleo )gttd IrT]~~I6Jopoundl~ M06TlPOf(l)Y~xvllilt XIIIICQVbpaofCilvshyMtpo~ A Boolni Apxol raquo A9ih01 1969

0) II 34 Hl acil(Jll~ A-II-44 Kai A-1I-47 Il) II 36 ~ i (OtI)Ol~ A-II -49

II I K AI~ily~ middotYOAOYIOllOgt Kill M110UPl101WV rrVpylV allo0t6~rCil( Ut U1OpPocpnOEW~ n) PIOIH1Xomiddot(v nt-ritAoioo I(oL f6)v XTJ~II(G)V 010110 Xovulv fXVlxcl Xpovnu ]-4 0 1) 484 lowlo~6pounddl~PIO 1965

12 P H Cu ldftOO nk Ga- - Liquid conLaclln g on p lat _ frans Instu Itcn E ngrs Vol 31 No I 9 HIgtlI

690

11 lu~polallol u -= UJtOtpltIV-l~ (slI)(middotficill) tnlIltlt (=O(ICOIJEtPIKT) naposhyXtlKfv1l tYKupatOlt SIOtOIJTi) ft s

~t(16~ Ilil tJl1tElplKol crXE061lt al OlM~JcVal 1l0Vaoeuro Mvavtal Vp OYKOlJctptKl] rcopO(n urpiou84~( OLatOIJilt nuoyou fts

va avtleQraata900v IlE as otouolinon 6AAOU aumrilluTOlt OLaeETOVto~ earotEplJ(T)V OUVfltElav Y JLOP1QKOV KhltiOIJO COl de lllV ampEpIOV qgtaolv

a = (HQ(jlQmK1l EltqgtaVpoundIQ avo )lovaoo OYKOU SUo qlomoov m-

a = )0(01 6v9paKcOcnooc OIClAUlloroc QI-dvTlI mot C021 mol MEA

8deg cruYKevrpcoou rl)c 1-111 ovnopacr60lls Qjl(Vlls Btc r6v KupiWl OYKOV uypoO kmolm~

Cp Eiouo 9EP)l6llls kcal kg degC yenj kcalk mol lie

c z C1lydvrpCOOII kmotm ~

o -= crUVTEAEcrtTlC lhaxootroc f(l s Ii m2h

E aa9Jl6C onoS6arogtc Klvadoll

F = tJlHElPIK6C napayoov = Us -VP (fIs) (lbfl 3)12

G = J-IOPLQKIl nlaquopolT aeploLl kmol h il EiOIKtl lloptUKiI napOXTl iepiou (ova lovaoo tyKap aiol) poundrnqgt 1tUPYOu) kmolh middot mt

0 = lat lJerlTtapoXn 6poundp(ou kgh ~ ElollCTt JlOCLK1l rcuPDXlI Ctpoundplou kghmiddot rn

G = 6YKO)JElPIIC J((lpOX~ oEpLou ns n m3h

H = O1o8Epa Henry atm( mol mol)

hL = lPO~ 6YKOU 800 QlciaErov mpoundp toD mvaldou m

Kc = 010aEpa fOopponolt tfllt avnatpoQlou bAIKl)~ llvnshySp6OEOllt kmolm~

k1 dSlKtl tox0t~ bIJOYEVOOlt OA1Ki~ QvttOp6oEffi ml kmol middot h

kL cruVlEAe01tI~ IJEtaQlOpalt lJaC~ m~m~middot h

v

k = o)JoiCl)lt kmolhm

kv - t)JncLpIKtl crra9poundpti

l IJOP10tdi JtapoxTi ()ypoO k molh tl poundtStKl) IJOploKtl rcapox1l oypoO kmolh middot m ii OYKOIJEloUTi nopoX1) uyooil ova IJtaov rtA6to 151poundshyAEUOEtoC nlVQKiou USgal minmiddotr

L )JO~IK1) JTOPOXTt uyooO kgh it ElotJItl IJOtlKlj rtopOX uypoi) kgh m

La = rcapol oJliv~ tv SloA4ian kmol MEAh

m HP crm8Epa tflt OXEOEco Y= m )(

M )JOPIQI(OTllt tllJv lt kmolm s

i rcapOIJEtpOC (0A k t BO ) k~ N 6pl9IJOt JJOv60wv IJ EtO(pOpOt jlQ~lt

ii EI51)(0lt puBlJolt olaxucrEroc kmol hmiddot ( m OIpoundJtLpashyvcialt)

n = OA1I(0t OP181J0lt OX101HlIV Elt tat KOjlalt h aOtou mvamiddot Klou i) aNrov op181J0C rtlVOtou poundK TU)V KQtro

Nsc = op191J6lt Schmidt

~ = poundI 6PlOOO 6 )Oyo (y-y )(Y -Y)

P = nleltnt ()JEpoctl ~ O)IK11 dvoAoyrolt toD OEiKtOU) atlna

flA = rcapayrov ovnOpaOEO)lt

p = JtuKV0t11lt kgm~

Q = crUYKpoundV1proOlt ti) lt 1Jtl aVTlOpacrU(fJllt 1I1J(V11lt Etc tOV KUproC tiYKOV toil (rypoD

S hKftPOlOt owtOIJtl tOU Jtupyou m

- 8EPlloKoaalo f) xpovOt

y - O~O[UlC de laopponiov 6mpav(J) 10D StaAUJLotolt ulllvlllt

W UjIOC 61t1PEKX()~l(ftOi) Ellt TrLVaKlOV inches

Z (JUVtEAEotTit IJOplaIC6TltOt bAL 1(1]lt ovtlopacrtrolt

4tttcTGI

A to OlanOIlEvoV atplov cruOTotllCOv CO~

B to OlaXEollEvOV uypov aVH8paatflPLOv MEA

G =a 6eptov

10 = tcropoonla

SIrttLQlOVElO

L - irypov

Mv = lCataMurphree Ileuro ~ciOlv tTi v 6tpLOv cpaOlV

OG _ OAIKOlt IJt Jaalv tflV oepLOv (1)601 v

rtt Olet avtiOpacrLv 1tEPUOPlOIlEVlt tClXU1ltOt

s uHocpovfllt (11pound lJacrlv lilv KEVV poundylCapcrLov OlatOllnV ayroyou)

laX OUI ovt[opOOlV toXVtatlv

I aOOllt ItlJPYou

2 KOoUqgttl rcupyou

y jJOolOKOV KAaa)Ja oEpfou tpaaEox

x = IJOP10KOV ICAaalJo uypOlt Qgt6crErot

t J ff PerTli rhpmlcal GIl ll llepoundrmiddot H andho ok bull Hh Ed Me Graw -Hnl N fgt Yrk t 131 atA 0) jI-l 6) i - I) y) 1amp- 18 6) H9i t) If- 2 5 () I~-~

11) 14 _ ~ ~ 6) U-~ l q IA-a9 x) I SmiddotHI

2 A L I((Jhl and F r Htf4t1tliJbull Ql S PurlflCltlllon IfcClrimiddotshylIill IW Yor k 1 0

laquo) 2~ Il) 3 t y) HI 8) L4 t) ~ l - 4 6 C) j ll 11) ltJfI

3 J M C(Jldll(l ) 1nd J P n k ard8i11i Chemical E-n~j n cerin ltl Pergamon Prrs London Vol II I S)

0) i l ~ 0) oIWl

I P v fj H(c hw(gtrls laquoG a~-Ll(llIid R (a middotlilmmiddot r tG raw-HiU LOndon 19 70

tL) 2~7 P) 1 y) 18 6) 11 ~ poundl 1~7 c) H9 ) 117

5 R E Trelbul l ll~ middotTran~rcr OperaIlOJl~ d Ed MC(Traw~ Hill i(W York I liGS

0) Ll II) 132 y) I 1

6) KM ll r middot lii Carh on Dioxide AbsMfHloo bull Ph D [ IIISI~ Unl of Cambridge 1 tl bull

0) 1 III H~

7 1 C J( tht Pla le Effic lenCy w ilh chem ica l rrael10n -abSQrption or cubon dioxide in ~IEA Holulions A J Ch E Journal Vol t NO 2 ~ij ~ I ll[)6

8 P V l)12lUhwIt 1m K 1 Vr ~iI Tlle absorpllun 0 carbnn dlo x lil l Info ( flll(IiUli lJlhw Olut101li and lhr 1llfCtt or cataly tls TranI hu ln olLem lngrs Vul ~ ~ j 3l I l67

9 A L en E Diluillallon Suh CQ mmittI ~middot nr the R lSrarit1 Conllnlt shyt ee [L llt-hI e Tra) D( I ~rn Mallual - Jred l ctlan 01 fr3 ctlunillnn emdilhY A m erican InStltul e or Chlm lca l Englneeffi New York HI~a

10 I 1 Mlleo )gttd IrT]~~I6Jopoundl~ M06TlPOf(l)Y~xvllilt XIIIICQVbpaofCilvshyMtpo~ A Boolni Apxol raquo A9ih01 1969

0) II 34 Hl acil(Jll~ A-II-44 Kai A-1I-47 Il) II 36 ~ i (OtI)Ol~ A-II -49

II I K AI~ily~ middotYOAOYIOllOgt Kill M110UPl101WV rrVpylV allo0t6~rCil( Ut U1OpPocpnOEW~ n) PIOIH1Xomiddot(v nt-ritAoioo I(oL f6)v XTJ~II(G)V 010110 Xovulv fXVlxcl Xpovnu ]-4 0 1) 484 lowlo~6pounddl~PIO 1965

12 P H Cu ldftOO nk Ga- - Liquid conLaclln g on p lat _ frans Instu Itcn E ngrs Vol 31 No I 9 HIgtlI

691 IOKTW~ptOC 1971

Design of chemical process equipment based on

theoretical models - I Chemical absorption tower

BV 8 G Manhouranlamiddot and Marangozlsmiddotmiddot

Summary

T he use of t heore ti ca l models in chemical eng inee ring design has found an e ver illcreasing a pplicaUon in the recent years Its purpose is LO s upplement kn ow-how resul ti ng from pilot plants This paper describes a theo lE ticn1 model for the enshygineer ing a nalysis of gas a hso rplion towers in particular

the case or ch emicaJ absorption The model is hased on a de tailed a nalysis o r phys ica l chemical and hydra ulic pIteshynome n a taking pl ace in th e tower

Calculations are finally compa red wiLh ope ra lional da ta fro m all industrial Iower Good agreement is found which co lltribuLes to th e credibilit y of the model

bull Jn sLrucLor bullbull PrOIt-~ ~lIr of Chernl Ci 1 Procel~ E nglneen ng Natlonal Tethnlcal U lil vc rslLy o f AI he n~