א א260 - tvtc
TRANSCRIPT
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260260אא
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אאא FdatasheetEאאאwww.datasheet4U.comKא
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B
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C
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א260 א א
אאא א א
1-1. אאW אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאא
אFStray CapacitanceKEאאאאKאאאאאK אאאאאFFrequency responseEK
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א260 א א
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1-2. אאאאW
1-3-1. W
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J אאאFSmall Signal AmplifiersE J אאFPower AmplifiersE
א א א א א א אאאאא
FSmall Signal Transistor Eאאא אא א א אFPower Transistors E א א א א
אאאאK
אא א א אא אאFא אא Eא א א א
F10mVEא א אא א א א Kאאאאא
א א KאאW
J –RC Coupling J –Direct Coupling J –Transformer Coupling
א א אא א א K א אאאאאאK
אאאאאFDCEאאFacEK
א260 א א
אאא א א
BICI
DC =βWאאDCKFא =א\אE
bici
ac =βWאאacKFא =א\אE
אאFDCEFacKE
IE, IC, IB Wאאאאא FDC currentsKE
VB, VC, VEWאא FDC voltagesKE
VBE,VCE, VCBWאאK
ie, ic, ib Wאאאאא Fac currentsKE
vb, vc, veWאא Fac voltagesKE
vbe,vce, vcbWאאK
אאאacW Ee
be'e I
mV25ivr ≅=
1-3-2. אאW אאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאאאK
אאאDC אאאDCאKאאאאאא
DCKDCאFIEEאאא'
er acK
א260 א א
אאא א א
אאאac אאא DCאאאאאacK
אאאacאאאFDCEאאאRin(base)FicEK
1-3-3. אאFCommon-Emitter Amplifier WE אא3-1
אאאאא3-1DCW
אאאאKאאא4-1אK
3-1אWא
B +
+
+E
C
+VCC
R1
R2
Vin
RC
RE
Vout
C1
C3
C2
βDC=150 βac=160
RL
א260 א א
אאא א א
4-1אWאDC
B
+VCC
R1
R2
RC
RE
E
C
אאאאW
אאW CCEDC21
EDC2B V
R//RRR//RV ×β+
β=
אβDCRE>> R2אאא :CC21
2B V
RRRV ×+
≅
אאW BEBE VVV −=
אWCE
EE I
RVI ≅=
אאWCCCCC IRVV −=ECCE VVV −= אאאW
א260 א א
אאא א א
אאאאא 3-1acW אאאאאKאאא
א5-1K
1-1W אא 3-1W
R1 = 22 kΩ, R2 = 6.8 kΩ, RC = 1 kΩ, RE = 560 Ω VBE = 0.7 V, βDC = 150, VCC = +12 V
אFIC, VCEE אW
V83.2V12k8.28
k8.6V)RR(
RV CC21
2B =×
ΩΩ
=+
=
V13.2V7.0V83.2VVV BEBE =−=−=
ICmA80.3560
V13.2RVI
E
EE ≅=
Ω==
V20.8V80.3V12)k1)(mA80.3(V12IRVV CCCCC =−=Ω−=−=V07.6V13.2V20.8VVV ECCE =−=−=
5-1אWac
R1 R2Rin(base)
RC RL
ib
Vin
ic
iin VoutB
E
C
א260 א א
אאא א א
אאאאאW אW
Ee
be'e I
mV25ivr ==
אאא=א\אאW
'eac
b
in)base(in r
ivR β==
אא=א\ אאW
)base(in21in
in)tot(in R//R//R
ivR ==
א=א\אW
LCout
outout R//R
ivR ==
א=א\אW
'e
C
out
outV r
RivA ==
א=א\ אW
acin
c
in
outi i
iiiA β≅==
א260 א א
אאא א א
2-1W אא3-1W
R1 = 22 kΩ, R2 = 6.8 kΩ, RC = 1 kΩ, RE = 560 Ω VBE = 0.7 V, βDC = 150, VCC = +12 V, βac = 160
אFr`eEאFRinEאFRoutEאFAvEא(Ai) K
אW
אW
Ω==== 58.6mA80.3
mV25ImV25
ivr
Ee
be'e
אאאW
Ω=Ω=β== k05.1)58.6(160rivR '
eacb
in)base(in
אאאאW
Ω=
Ω+
Ω+
Ω
=== 873
k05.11
k8.61
k221
1R//R//RivR )base(in21
in
in)tot(in
:א
Ω=Ω
Ω×Ω=
+=== 833
k6k5k1
RRRRR//R
ivR
LC
LCLC
out
outout
אW15258.6k1
rR
ivA
'e
C
out
outV =
ΩΩ
===
אW
160ii
iiA ac
in
c
in
outi =β≅==
אאאW 1 J 2 J 3 J 4 J
א260 א א
אאא א א
1-3-4. אאFCommon-Collector Amplifier WE א6-1
אאאא6-1אDCW אאאאאאאאא7-1
א7-1WDC
א6-1W
B +
+E
C
+VCC
R1
R2
Vin
RE
Vout
C1
C2
RL
B
+VCC
R1
R2 RE
E
C
א260 א א
אאא א א
3-1W אא7-1W
R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, RE = 4.3 kΩ, VCC = +10 V, βDC = 150, VBE = 0.7 V.אFIC, VCEKE
אW
Ω=Ω×=β k645k3.4150R EDC2EDC RR >>βאאאא אאVBW
V5V10k20k10V
RRRV CC
21
2B =×
ΩΩ
=×+
≅VE = VB – VBE = 4.95 V – 0.7 V = 4.25 V
IE = VE/RE = 4.25 V/4.3 kΩ = 1 mA ≈ IC
VC = VCC = 10 V
VCE = VC - VE = 10 V – 4.25 V = 5.75V
אאאאW
אאW CCEDC21
EDC2B V
R//RRR//RV ×β+
β=
אW2EDC RR >>βVBW CC
21
2B V
RRRV ×+
≅
א: BEBE VVV −=
WE
EE R
VI =
אW CCC VV =
א ECCE VVV −=
א260 א א
אאא א א
אאאאא6-1acW אאאאאKאאא
א8-1K
R1 R2Rin(base)
RE RL
ib
Vin
ie
iin VoutB E
C
RS
8-1WDCא
אאאאW
א אW LE
LE
RRRRRe+
=
אאאW Ee
be'e I
mV25ivr ==
אW
e'eein i)rR(v +=
eeout iRv =1
)rR(R
i)rR(iR
vvA
'ee
e
e'ee
ee
in
outV ≅
+=
+==
אWAi =βacאW
Rin(tot) = R1|| R2 || βac(Re +r`e) Rin(base)=βac(Re +r`e)
אW Rout = (RS/βac)||RE
א260 א א
אאא א א
4-1Wאא6-1 W R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, RE = 4.3 kΩ, RL = 10 kΩ, RS = 600 ΩVBE = 0.7 V, βDC = 150, VCC = +12 V, βac = 200
אאאFr'eEאאאFRinEאFRoutEאFAvEאFAiKE אאאW
Ω==== 25mA1mV25
ImV25
ivr
Ee
be'e
אאW
Ω=Ω+ΩΩ×Ω
=+
= k3k10k3.4k10k3.4
RRRRRe
LE
LE
אW
92.025k3
k3)rR(
RvvA
'ee
e
in
outV =
Ω+ΩΩ
=+
==
אFAvE:
200A acV =β=
אאאRin(base)W Rin(base) = βac(Re +r`e) = 200(3kΩ+25 Ω) = 605kΩ
אאRin(tot)W Rin(tot) = R1|| R2 || β(Re +r`e) = 4.96 kΩ
אW Rout = (RS/β)||RE = 3 Ω
Wאאא 1 J 2 Jא 3 Jא 4 J
א260 א א
אאא א א
1-3-5. FCommon-Base AmplifierWE א9-1W
אאא9-1DCW אאאאKאאא10-1אK
9-1אW
10-1אWDC
B +
+
E
C
+
+VCC
R1
R2
RC
RE
Vout
C2
C3
RL Vin
C1
B
+VCC
R1
R2
RC
RE
E
C
א260 א א
אאא א א
אאאאW
אאW CCEDC21
EDC2B V
R//RRR//RV ×β+
β=
אβDCRE>> R2אאא :CC21
2B V
RRRV ×+
≅
אאW BEBE VVV −=
אWCE
EE I
RVI ≅=
אאWCCCCC IRVV −=ECCE VVV −=
5-1W אא9-1W
R1 = 56 kΩ, R2 = 12 kΩ, RC=2.2 kΩ, RE = 1 kΩ, VCC = +10 V, βDC = 250, VBE=0.7 V.
אFIC, VCEEK
אW
אאWCCEDC21
EDC2B V
R//RRR//RV ×β+
β=
CC21
2B V
RRRV ×+
≅ א βDCRE>> R2
V76.1V10k12k56
k12VRR
RV CC21
2B =×
Ω+ΩΩ
=×+
≅
אאWV06.1V7.0V76.1VVV BEBE =−=−=
אWCE
EE ImA06.1
k1V06.1
RVI ==
Ω≅=
אאW V67.7)k2.2)(mA06.1(V10IRVV CCCCC =Ω−=−=
VCE :61.6V06.1V67.7VVV جهد الخرج ECCE =−=−=
א260 א א
אאא א א
אא9-1acW אאאאאKאאא
א11-1K
11-1אWac
RE r`e RC RL
ib
Vin
ic
iin Vout
B
E C
אאאאW אאW
Av = vout/vin = vc/ve = ic(RC||RL) / ie(r`e||RE)= (RC||RL) / (r`e||RE) א RE>>r`
eאאאWAV=(RC//RL)r`e
אW Rin(emitter) = vin/iin = ve/ie = ie(r`e||RE)/ie = r`e||RE
א RE>>r`eאאאWRin(emitter) ≅ r`
e אW
Rout ≅ RC//RL Rout ≅ RCK
אאW Ai = iout/iin = ic/ie = 1
אW Ap =AvAi = Av
א260 א א
אאא א א
6-1W אא9-1W
R1 = 56 kΩ, R2 = 12 kΩ, RC=2.2 kΩ, RL = 10 kΩ RE = 1 kΩ, VCC = +10 V, βDC = 250, VBE=0.7 V.
אFr`eEאFRinEאFRoutEאFAvEאFAiEאK
אW
אאW RC||RL = 2.2 kΩ||10 kΩ = 1.8 kΩ
r`e = 25 mV/IE = 25 mV/1.06 mA = 23.6 Ω RE>>r`
eאW Av = (RC||RL)/ r`e = 1.8 kΩ / 23.6 Ω = 76.3
אW RE>>r`
eאW Rin(emitter) = r'e=23.6 Ω
אW Rout ≅ RC//RL= 1.8 kΩ
אאW Ai = iout/iin = ic/ie = 1
אW Ap =Av = 76.3
אאאW
1 JאK 2 JK 3 JK 4 JאK
א260 א א
אאא א א
א1-1אאאאאאאK
ثنائي القطبيةترانزستور توصيلات
אא
א
א
א
א
א
אא
אא
LF4080אE
F200E
אF8000E
F2.5kΩE
LF20kΩE180°
AF and RF
1
F200E
F200EF100kΩEF100ΩE0°
F200E1
F200EF200ΩEF50kΩE0°VHF/UHF Amplifiers
1-1אWאאאאאאא
א260 א א
אאא א א
1-4. אאFPower AmplifierWE 1-4-1. W
אאאאאאאKאאאאאKאא
אאאK אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאAudio Amplifiers )EאאאFrequency) JRadioEאאאאאFAmplifiersWide BandKE
אאאאאאאאFאאKEאאFאאEאאFא
אEאאאאאאאאאאאאFTransconductance AmplifierKE אאK
1-4-2. אאFEFClass A Power AmplifierE א12-1EאFאאאא
אאאאאאK
13-1אאאאQאacK
0
IC
VCE
Q
VCEQ
ICQ
אDC
12-1אWאDCאFE
א260 א א
אאא א א
אאאK
אאאאאאא14-1א
אFKE
14-1אWאFvinEאFvoutEFE
13-1אWאacFE
Class A Class A
0
IC
VCE
Q
VCEQ0
Ic(sat)
Vce(cutoff)
ICQ
אac
vin(V)
t(s)
vout(V)
t(s)
א260 א א
אאא א א
F Eא א א א
אאFEאאא א Kא
אאאKאאא360 אK FEאאא15-1K
B +
+
+E
C
+VCC
R1
R2
Vin
RC
RE
Vout
C1
C3
C2
RL
15-1אWאאFE
7-1 WאאאFE R1 = 20 kΩ, R2 = 5 kΩ, RE = 330Ω, RC = 1 kΩ, RL = 1kΩ,VCC=15V, βac=200
אאאאW
V3V15k5k20
k5VRR
RV CC1
2B
2
=⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
Ω+ΩΩ
=⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
+=
mA7330
V7.0V3R
VVIE
BEEE =
Ω−
=−
=
Ω=== 57.3mA7mV25
ImV25rE
`e
Ω=ΩΩ== 5001//1// kkRRR LCout
א260 א א
אאא א א
1-4-3. אאFEאF-EFClass B and AB Power AmplifierE
אFE(Class B) אאאאF16-1EK
אאאאאF180 אאKE
א א אא א אKאאאא
אK
אW Ω=Ω×=β= 75075.3200rR `
eac)base(in 58.631750//5//20////) )(21( =ΩΩΩ== kKRRRR baseintotin
22455500
58.63133.133RR
AA 2
out
in2P V
=⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
ΩΩ
=⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
0
IC
VCEQ
VCEQ
Ic(sat) אDC
16-1אWאDCאFE
א260 א א
אאא א א
B
E
C
אFvinEאFvoutEFEא17-1K
18-1אאאFEאK
אאאאאאאאKאא180אאאclass AB amplifier
FEא 180 א 360 K אאאFPush-Pull AmplifierEא19-1K
17-1אWאאFE
vin(V)
Class B
Vout(V)
t(s) t(s)
Vin
RE
18-1אWאאFE
א260 א א
אאא א א
+C3
RL
R2
Vin
+
C2
+
C1
VCC
R1
D2
D1
Q1
Q1
אאQ1אא،אאQ2אאאKאאD1 D2אR1 R2אאK
אKאאW
CCsatCout VIP )(41
= W
L
CCsatC R
VI
5.0)( =
)( satCI،אW
L
CCout R
VP2
81
=
19-1אWאאאאF-E
א260 א א
אאא א א
1-4-4. אאFEFClass C Power AmplifierE
אאאאFEclass C אא180 אאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאאאF20-1KEאFEאאKאאאא
Vout(V)
t(s) Class C
vin(V)
t(s)
20-1אWאאFE
8-1 WאאF-EאVVCC 20=אΩ100K
WRVP
L
CCout 25.6
8820
81 22
=×
==
א260 א א
אאא א א
1-5. אאאFFrequency Response CurveWE א א א אא א א א
F21-1א Eא א אא א א א אא א K אאא
אאK
א،אאW
אWin
outP P
PA =
אFdBWE
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛==
in
outP P
PdBAdBGain log10)()( F1-1E
dB""K
אW
אWin
outV V
VA =
אFdBWE
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛==
in
out
2
in
outV V
Vlog20
VV
log10)dB(A)dB(Gain F2-1E
אאאאאW
אאאW
)(MaxAA
AV
VVN = F3-1E
אאאW
)log(20)( VNVN AdBA = F4-1E
א260 א א
אאא א א
אאK אF2-1Eאאאאא K
Gain(dB)
f(Hz)
21-1אWאא
9-1W
100 mV 1 V20 Hz 2.5 V 100 Hz 2.7 V 200 HzאאאK
אW 20Hz 10 ==1 V/100mV
אW Gain (dB)= 20 log (10) = 20 dB
100HzW = 28 dBFGain (dB)= 20 log (25
א:200Hz = 28.6 dBGain (dB)= 20 log (27)
א260 א א
אאא א א
1-6. אאFGain Bandwidth ProductWE אאאא
אאא(ft)KאאאאאאאאK
(High Frequency and Low Frequency Breakpoints)K
אאאאאאאא -3dB אאא20 KHz אא20 Hz
19.980א Hz .20 KHz (dB)א
א(volt/volt)אW
20 بالديسبلالكسب
1- 10dB/20)in (Gain log (V/V)Gain ==F5-1E
א30 dB101.531.6 (V/V)
10-1W
34 dBVolt/Volt
א: אF5-1EW
= 1034/20 = 50.1 Gain (V/V) ft
(bandwidth) ×in V/V) Gain ( =ft ftא1א1-22K
א260 א א
אאא א א
אאאאא32kHz 400 Hz א
31.6 KHzא(V/V) 31.6ft = 998 kHz=1MHzKאא50V/V אW
BW= ft/gain = 1x106/50 = 20 kHz
22-1אWאא
11-1WאftאMHz 2אאא125א
אK
א:אא BW = 2MHz /125= 16kHz BW = 2MHz /125= 16kHz
Gain(dB
)
Frequency (kHz)
Gai
n(dB
)
0.4 320.1 1 10 102 103 104
0
27
40
31.6kHz ← Bandwidth →
10
א260 א א
אאא א א
אאא
1 -1. אDC א3 mAא Fr`
e EW K3 kΩK K3 ΩK K3.33 ΩK K0.33 kΩK
1 -2. W KאK
KאK KK KK
1 -3. W KאאK KאmVK KאאK KאK
1 -4. א15KאאW FK60E، FK15E، FK50,625E، FK3078KE
1 -5. אאאא4.3אW FK94 dBE،FK47.0 dBE،FK35.6 dBE،FK3078KE
1 -6. אאWRin(base)=68 kΩ, R1=33 kΩ, R2=15 kΩ KאW
FK68 kΩE،FK8.95 kΩE،FK22.2 kΩE،FK12.3 kΩKE 1 -7. 10 kΩKאRC=2.2 kΩ, r`e=10 Ω א
W
א260 א א
אאא א א
FK220E،FK1000E،FK10E،FK180KE 1 -8. אW
KאK KאK KאK KאאאK
1 -9. אאW KאK KאK KאK KאK
1 -10. אאאW KאK KאK KאK KאK
א260 א א
אאא א א
1 -1. אאibאא،
icKKKKKאאאאvceKKKKK 1 -2. אVCEvce؟ 1 -3. אIE=15 mAr`e؟ 1 -4. אאאDC؟א 1 -5. אאאFCEKE 1 -6. א؟א אאאא؟ .7- 1 אאאא؟ .8- 1 ؟ .9- 1 1 -10. ؟א 1 -11. FStageE؟ א؟ .12- 1 1 -13. 500dBK 1 -14. אacDC؟ 1 -15. אQאFE؟ 1 -16. אFKE 1 -17. אQאFE؟ 1 -18. אQאFE؟ 1 -19. אאאאאאac؟ 1 -20. אאאאW
fc1=130 Hz, fc2=167 Hz, fc3=75 HzK؟אאא 1 -21. א אא אDC א אאac א א
20-1אK 1 -22. אאאא21-1DCW
א260 א א
אאא א א
VB FE،VEFE،IEFE،ICFE،VCFE،VCEFE
1 -23. אאא22-1א؟DC؟ 1 -24. אאא0.9א23-1؟ 1 -25. אRin(emitter)א،Avא،AiאAp
אא22-1K 1 -26. IC(sat) VCE(cutoff)25-1KVCE(sat) ≅0 K 1 -27. אאFacEאאאאQ1Q226-
1אאVCEQK 1 -28. 1.2 V rms 50K؟
FdBE؟ 27-1אאאאאאא .29- 1 1 -30. אאאאא25 Hz, 42 Hz, 136 Hz Wאא
אא8אkHz, 20 kHzWאאא(fcl)אאא(fcu)K
20-1א 21-1אW
βDC=75βac=70
βDC=90βac=100
א260 א א
אאא א א
23-1אW
βDC=90βac=100
βDC=90βac=100
22-1אW
24-1אW
א260 א א
אאא א א
βDC=100
25-1אWאFE
א260 א א
אאא א א
אW βDC=βac=200 r`e = 1.5 Ω
26-1אW-)Class B push-pull Amplifier(
FE FE
27-1אWא29-1
א260 א א
אאא א א
אאאא
1-1FE،1-2FE،1-3FE،1-4FE، 1-5FE، 1-6FE،1-7FE1-8FE،1-9FE،1-10FKE
אא
1 -1. ،K 1 -2. VCEאFDCEvceאFacKE 1 -3. r`e=25 mV/15 mA=1.67 Ω 1 -4. אFOpenKE 1 -5. אאאא180°K 1 -6. K 1 -7. אאK 1 -8. K 1 -9. K 1 -10. אK 1 -11. אאK 1 -12. אאאאK 1 -13. 20log(500)=54.0 dB 1 -14. acDCK 1 -15. אQאFEאK 1 -16. אFE25%K 1 -17. אQאFEאK 1 -18. אQאFEאK 1 -19. FCoupling capacitor E FBypass Capacitor E א
אאK 1 -20. אfc2=167 HzאK
א260 א א
אאא א א
1 -21. אאאDC א22-1 אאאac א23-1
1 -22. VB=3.25 V FE،VE=2.55 VFE،IE=2.55 mAFE،IC=2.55 mAFE،VC=9.59 V FE،
VCE=7.04 VFE 1 -23. Rin(tot)=3.1 kΩ, VOUT=1.06 V 1 -24. 270 Ω 1 -25. Rin(emitter) =2.28 Ω, Av=526, Ai=1, Ap=526 1 -26. 2.11 mA, 12 V 1 -27. VB1=10.7 V, VB2=9.3 V, VE1=10 V, VE2=10 V, VCEQ1=10 V, VCEQ2=10 V 1 -28. 24 mV rms, 34 dB 1 -29. 318 HzFE،1.59 kHz FE 1 -30. fcl=136Hz, fcu=8 kHz
23-1אWאאאac 22-1אWאאאDC
א260 א א
אאא א א
1 -1. אאאאאW
אאאW I1 I2 IB IC IE βDC=IC/IB
AV Rin Rout iout iin βac
+VCC +9 V
15 kΩ
6.8 kΩ
1 kΩ
480 Ω
BC107
→ I1
→
I2
→ IB
→ IC
→
IE
VB=2.6 V
Fµ47
Fµ100
Fµ10
R1
R2
RC
RE
25 mV pp 1 kHz
2.5 V pp 1 kHz
VB=5 V
VE=1.9 V
א260 א א
אאא א א
1 J2K אאאאאW
אFHzE 1001k 10k 20k 40k 80k 100k200k400k1M
אFVE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
אFVE 8 8 88 6 6 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1
אFAvE
אאFAVNE
)(MaxAA
AV
VVN =
אאFdBE)log(20)( VNVN AdBA =
→f(Hz)
→ 0
-10
-20
-30
-40
AVN(dB)z
אא
אא
אאאא
2
א260 א א
אא א א
אאWאא
אאWאא
אאWאאW
א אאאא א אאאא אאא אאא אא
אאאWאאא80K٪
אאW10K
אאW
K אאא אא א
אאWאאאא
א260 א א
אא א א
W אאאW
אאאW אK אאאאאK אאK אאאאאK Kאאאאאא אאאאאFאKE
אFOperational AmplifierEאFIntegrated CircuitEאאאאאאא
K אאאא
KאאאאאK
2 -1. אW 2 -2-1. W
אאאFOperational AmplifierEאאאאאאאאאKא
אאKאאאאאKאאFIntegrated CircuitEאאא
אאאאאאK אF1-2EW
א260 א א
אא א א
אאWאאאF-EאKEHFאאאFPolarityE
אKאאאאאK אאאK
אFVCCEHF-VCCEא1-2K
אאא741FOP AMP 741Eא2-2אא3-2K
+VCC
-VCC
741
3
2 7
4
6
1-2W
3-2Wאאא741 2-2Wאא741
א
א260 א א
אא א א
אאאאFאאאEאאאאאFOffset NullKE
אאאKאאאא4-2אK
2 -2-2. WFא5-2אE
Common-Mode Gain1<Acm
אא Common-Mode Rejection RatioAcm
ACMRR OL=
אא Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (dB)
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=
AcmA
CMRR OLlog20
אא Input bias current2
21 III BIAS+
=
א Input offset current21 IIIOS −=
א Offset voltage
RinIV OSOS =
א Output error voltage
RinIAerrorV OSVOUT =)(
א Slew ratet
VoutSR∆
∆=
-VCC
+VCC V-
V+
Vout 741
3
7
4
6 2
4-2Wאא741א
א260 א א
אא א א
2 -2-3. אW
אF-15V,+15VE،F-18V,+18VKEאF-12V,+18VE،F0V,30VKEא
אא،אאאW
2V-VV supplysat +=+ (1-2)
2VVV supplysat +−=− (2-2)
FVSupplyEאFVSatEאK
אאאאF2VEאאאKאאW
-Vsat < Vout < +Vsat
אאFV+EאFV-EאאKאאVdW
-
d V-VV +=(3-2)
+
_
R1 Vout
741
I1
I2
R2
5-2Wא
א260 א א
אא א א
אאKאאאאFOpen Loop GainKEא
אאFAOLKEאאאא741200, 000K אW
dOLout VAV =(4-2)
Vout < VsatKאאVsatא+VsatVsat JאאVdK
F1-2WE אא15V אאא200,000
אאKאא500,000K אW
+Vsat = +VSupply – 2V=15V – 2V= 13V -Vsat = -VSupply + 2V=15V – 2V= -13V
אא.13V Vd = Vout/AOL = 13V/200000 = 65µV
AOL = 500000WVd = Vout/AOL = 13V/500000 = 26 µV אאאאאKאאא
אאאאאK W
1( אאאאאאאK 2( אאא
אאאאאK
א260 א א
אא א א
2 -2-4. אFRinEW אאאאאא
F1 MΩEאאFאEאK6-2אאFRinEאאאK
2 -2-5. אFRoutEW
אאאאאK6-2אאFRoutEאאאK
2 -2-6. אאאאW אאאאא
אAOLKאאFFeedbackKE אאאאK
אאWKאאא
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא
AV,Vin Rin Vin Vout Rout
--
++
6-2Wאאא741א
א260 א א
אא א א
אאאאאאאאK
7-2 אאאKאאאאאVd 65 µVK
אאאאאAW -65 µV < VA < +65 µV
אאאאאאאאאאFVirtual EarthKEאאVA = 0 VK
אאאאאRin » RF אאאאRinאאRF
אאאאKאאאW
in
Ain
RV-VI = (5-2)
FoutAf R / )V - (V I = (6-2)
אאAאאW fII =
I1=0
I2=0 ++
Vout
-- Vin
RF
R
A I
If
741Vd
7-2Wאאא
א260 א א
אא א א
in
F
in
outV R
RVVA −==
VA = 0 ⇐ F
out
in
in
RV
RV
−=
א=⇐
אאoutVאinVWinVout VAV =
אא
8-2Wא2-2
אW 10k1k20
RR
VVA
in
F
in
outV −=
ΩΩ
−=−==
א)P(VoutWV20V120VA)P(V inVout −=×−==
2-2Wאא8-2א
++
--1kΩ
A
741
20kΩ
t
Vin
1V
t
Vout
20V
20V -
1V
א260 א א
אא א א
2 -2-7. אאאW 2 J2 J7 J1K אW
אאF741 EFאKE
2 J2 J7 J2K אאFVdWE
אאאאK
)V-(VV -d
+=(7-2)
2 J2 J7 J3K אאFPower DissipationWE אאאאK
אאאאאK dout V.IP =
2 J2 J7 J4K אאW אאאאKאאא
K 2 J2 J7 J5K אW
אאאאF2 MΩ 741 .(
3-2W אאIout=100mAVd=10VK
אW
P=Iout.Vd=(100mA)(10V)=1000mW=1W
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J2 J7 J6K אW אאאא741א
-13V+13V -15V+15VK 2 J2 J7 J7K אאאW אאאאאK741אא
200V/1mV 200,000 K 2 J2 J7 J8K אW אאאאKאאאא
אאKF10kΩE741אא -14V+14 VF2kΩEאא-13 V+13 VK
2 J2 J7 J9K אאאFCMRRWE
אא+
=vvA out
cm−+ = vv KcmA
אF01.0Acm = KEאא
אאFCMRREאאWcm
OL
AA
CMRR =
FdbWE)CMRRlog(20AA
log20)dB(CMRRcm
OL =⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
אאאCMRR10010000אFdBECMRR40אdB.80dB א FDecibel E א א
אאאאאK
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J2 J7 J10K אFSlew RateWE אאאאאאא
אK741אא0.5 V/µsKאא1 V80 HzKאאאאK
אאW
tV
S outR ∆
∆= (8-2)
9-2אאאK
tt
אאאאאא
אאאא
SSRR == ∆∆vv//∆∆tt == mm ((ssllooppee))
VV
∆∆vv
∆∆tt
9-2Wאאא
א260 א א
אא א א
אFSlew RateEא
K741א0.5 V/µs אאאאאא1-2
אאאאאאK
VVoouutt((VV))
tt((ss))
99
1100
--1100
--99
00
∆∆VV
11µµss
4-2Wא10-2KאK
אW ns/mV18s/V18s1
)V9(V9t
VSR out =µ=µ−−+
=∆
∆=
10-2W4-2
א260 א א
אא א א
2 -2-8. אאאאW אאא1-2W
אאאK
1-1W
11-2Wא5-2
א א Device
LM741CLF351OP-07 LH0003 Ideal
TechnologyBJT BiFETBJT Hybrid BJT
אא
AOL 200 k 100 k 400 k 40 k ∞
א Rin 2 MΩ 10 TΩ8 MΩ 100 kΩ ∞
א Rout 50 Ω 30 Ω 60 Ω 50 Ω 0
אSR 0.5 V/µs13 V/µs0.3 V/µs70 V/µs 0
אא CMRR 90 dB 100 dB110 dB90 dB ∞
5-2Wא11-2אא
:2-1جدول
א260 א א
אא א א
אW
WאVinאV1אK
אW
out21
11in V
RRRVV+
==
אאאFClosed Loop GainWE
1RR
VV
A1
2
in
outCL +==
W
אW
21
1
out
1
RRR
VVB
+==
אאאW
)BVV(A)VV(AV OUTinOL1inOLout −=−=
אאאACLW
BA1A
VV
AOL
OL
in
outCL +
==
א260 א א
אא א א
2 -2-9. אW 2 J2 J9 J1K FInverting AmplifierWE
אא12-2K
אאאאK אאאWא
KאאF12-2WE KאאFRin = ∞EI1 = 0I2=0K KאאאFKE
אאאאAFVA=0KE
אאאאאF-EאאאאאR1אאאR2א12-2K
אW FVA= 0Eא Vin = IinR1Vout = -IinR2K VoutVinאACLאאאא12-2K
1
2
in1
in2
in
outCL R
RIRIR-
VV
A −=−== (9-2)
אאאאאK
12-2Wא
Vin
Iin
I1=0
Vout
--
I2=0 ++
R1 A
Iin
741
RR22
א260 א א
אא א א
⇐== 1in
inin R
IVR
⇐== 0IVR
out
outout
אFBandwidthWE אאאBWאfcאK
741C W .fC(OL) = 10Hz אאאW
CL
unityC(CL) A
ffBW == (10-2)
אW
אW
א
K
6-2W
א13-2אVout Kאאאאא 1MHZ= .funity א 1א kHz 1 MH א
FאאKE
אא
א=
א=א
א
א260 א א
אא א א
13-2Wא6-2
אW אF9-2EאאאWACL = -75kΩ/1.5kΩ = -50
אF10-2EאאאW 1MHz/50 = 20kHz =fC(CL) א1 kHzW -500mVpp=Vout = -50(10mVpp)
1MHzאאdB01ACL ==א1MHzWVout = 10 mVpp
14-2א א א(Bode)אא Kאא(Decibel)50 34dBFW 50100،
6 dB40dBKE
++Vout
--Vin=10mVpp 1.5kΩ
75kΩ
741
1k
34
ACL(dB)
f(Hz) 0 10k 100k 1M20k
10
14-2Wא6-2א
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J2 J9 J2K FNoninverting AmplifierWE אא15-2K
אאEHFא،אאאאF-EKאאKאא
vinאאR1R2KאאאR1אאאR2KאאIK
אW אאאW
out21
1in V
RRRV ×+
= (11-2)
אFACLEאאF15-2EK
1RR
RRR
VVA
1
2
1
12
in
outCL +=
+==
1RRA
1
2CL += (12-2)
אWinCLout VAV =
אאאאאK
15-2W א
I1=0
I2=0
741Vd=0
++Vout
--
Vin
R2
R1
I
I
Vin
א260 א א
אא א א
א )Bandwidth(W אאאאאK
741C W .fC(OL) = 10 Hz אאאW
CL
unityC(CL) A
ffBW == (13-2)
אW
אK
אW
אK
16-2אW7-2
א=אא
א=א א
7-2W א 16-2אאאאFACLEאFfC(CL)KE
א250 kHzK
⇐∞===0
VIVR in
in
inin
⇐== 0IVR
out
outout
R2
3.9 kΩ
R1
100 Ω
Vout
50 mVpp
א260 א א
אא א א
אW
אW
401100
k9.31RRA
1
2CL =+
ΩΩ
=+=
אW dB32)40log(20ACL ==
א:
kHz2540
MHz1f )CL(C ==
אW ppppinCLout mV200)mV50(40VAV =×==
אא17-2א
17-2אWא7-2
1k
32
ACL(dB)
f(Hz) 0 10k 100k 1M
25k
10
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J2 J9 J3K אאFAmplifierComparatorWE אאאאK
אאאאKאאאאK
Wא18-2א19-2
אאאאK אאאאאאKאא
אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאKאאאא20-2Kאאא
אVREFK
20-2אWא
vin
+Vsat
-Vsat
0
19-2אWאא18-2אW
+VCC
-VCC
א260 א א
אא א א
אאאאאאאKאאאא
אאאK21-2אאאאאK
אאאאאא
אאאF22-2אEK
Vin +Vsat
-Vsat
0 Vref
Vout
21-2אW
V
t
t
t1 t2
t1 t2
22-2אWאא
Vin Vout
1 V
0
-1 V
Vin
T T/2 t
+Vsat
-Vsat
0
Vout
T/2 T t
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J2 J9 J4K אאאFSumming AmplifierWE אאאאאK
אאאאKאאא23-2K
ACL1אv1K ACL2אv2K ACL3א3vK
אאFTheorem SuperpositionEW
3CL32CL21CL1out VAVAVAV ++= (14-2)
ACL1 = -Rf/R1FE ACL2 = -Rf/R2.ACL3 = -Rf/R3
אW
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−+⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−+⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−= 3
3
f2
2
f1
1
fout V
RRV
RRV
RRV (15-2)
אא Rf = R1 = R2 = R3 = RאF15-2EאאW
( )321out VVVV ++−= (16-2)
23-2אWא
++Vout
--
Rf
741
V3
R1
V2
V1
R2
R3
א260 א א
אא א א
אאאאK
אWאK אאאאW
Vout = -(V1 + V2 + V3) =-(0.1 V + 0.2 V + 0.4 V) = -0.7 V
25-2אWF9-2E
24-2אWF8-2E
8-2Wאא24-2W
9-2W אא25-2K
++Vout
--
1kΩ
741
0.4V
1kΩ
0.2V
0.1V
1kΩ
1kΩ
++Vout
--
1kΩ
741
0.5V
1kΩ
2V
5V
500Ω
200Ω
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J2 J9 J5K אאFDifferentiator AmplifierWE אאאאא
אאKאאKאאKאאאK
אאKאאאא.26-2
אא)v(fv inout =
אאRFאE
Rout Riv −=
אאCFאE
inCdvdq =
א dtidqdtdqi cc =⇒=
אW אK
אאאאW
V5.11V5.2V4V5
V5.0k2.0k1V2
k5.0k1V5
k1k1V
RRV
RRV
RRV 3
3
f2
2
f1
1
fout
−=−−−=
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
ΩΩ−
+⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
ΩΩ−
+⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
ΩΩ−
=⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ −+⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ −+⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ −=
26-2אWא
א260 א א
אא א א
CR ii =
dtdv
dtdvRC
dtdqRRiv inin
Rout τ−=−=−=−= (17-2)
WRC=τ 17-2(א(אאF-τKE
א27-2 28-2 29-2אאאK
Vin(t)
t0
Vout(t)
t
FEא27-2W FEא
FE
FE
א260 א א
אא א א
FEא28-2WFEא
Vin(t)
tt1 t2
t3 t4 0
FE
FE
Vout(t)
tt1
t2
t3 t4 0
Vin(t)
tt1
t2
t3 0
Vin(t)
t0
FEא29-2WWFEא
FE
FE
א260 א א
אא א א
30-2אWא
vin(t) [V]
t(s) 0.2 0.4
10
5
10-2W א30-2אאא 0 V10 V 0.4 sK
אW אאKW
V55.0s4.0
V0V10)F2.2)(k10(dt
dVRCV outout −=
−×µΩ−=−=
אK
++
--741
Vin 2.2µF
10kΩ
Vout
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J2 J9 J6K אאFIntegrator AmplifierWE אאאאKא
אאא،אא31-2K
אאאW
dt)t(v1dt)t(vRC1)t(v ininout ∫∫ τ
−=−=∆ (18-2)
אאF-1/τE
אאCFאWE cout dvdv −=
אאRFאWE R
viRiv inin =⇒=
אWCdqdvCdvdq cc =⇒=
אWidtdqdtdqi =⇒=
W RC
dtvRv)
Cdt()
Cidt()
Cdq(dvdv inin
cout −=−=−=−=−=
א31-2 :א
++Vout
--741
Vin
→ic
→iR
א260 א א
אא א א
אא אאW
τ−=
∆∆ inout v
tv (19-2)
C = 1 µFR = 1 kΩ Vin = 5 mV VC = (-5V)tK
א32-2K
11-2W א33-2؟אאאאא
32-2אWאFEאFE
33-2אW11-2
++Vout
--74110mV
0.2µF
10kΩ
t(s)
Vin(t)
5mV
t10
t(s)
Vou(t)
5V -
t1
0
FE
FE
א260 א א
אא א א
אאאאא.
א א34-236-2K
אW אאF19-2WE
Vt5t)mV10(F2.0k10
1tVRC1VV inCout −=××
µ×Ω−=×−=−=
אVC = -13VאאtW
s6.25V13t −=
−−
=
t1
t
Vin(t)
t20
Vout(t)
t t1 t2 0
FEא34-2WFEא
FE
FE
א260 א א
אא א א
Vin(t)
t 0
t
Vout(t)
0
FEא35-2WFEא
t
Vin(t)
0
Vout(t)
t 0
FEא36-2WFEא
FE
FE
FE
FE
א260 א א
אא א א
2 -2-10. אFFiltersWE Kאא
KאFActiveEFPassiveEKאאKא1 MHzK
אאאKא1 MHzK
אאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאKאאWאFLow Pass FilterEאFHigh Pass FilterE
FBand Pass FilterEFBand Stop FilterKE
אW
in
outV V
VA =
אW )Alog(20)dB(A VV =
אאW
)(MaxAA
AV
VVN =
אאW )Alog(20)dB(A VNVN =
אאאאא 37-2א40-2K W
1K K
א260 א א
אא א א
2 -2-10-1. אאאאאא F37-2אE: FLow-Pass FilterE
WfcאK 2 -2-10-2. אאאאאאF38-2EW FHigh-Pass FilterE
37-2Wאאאא
38-2Wאאאא
-3dB
AVN(dB)
f(Hz)fC
0
אא
אא
-3dB
AVN(dB)
f(Hz)fC
0
אא
אא
א260 א א
אא א א
12 cc ffBW −=
210 cc fff =
BWf
Q 0=
2 -2-10-3. אאאF39-2EW FBand Pass FilterE
W fc1fc2אאK
אאf0W
אW
אQW
אQאK אאQ>10אאQ<10K
39-2Wא
f c1
AVN(dB)
f c2
0
-3dB
f(Hz) f 0
א260 א א
אא א א
12 cc ffBW −=
210 cc fff =
BWf
Q 0=
2 -2-10-4. אאאF40-2EW FBand Stop FilterE
W fc1fc2אאK
אאf0W
אW
אQW
אאK
אאQ>10אאQ<10K
-3dB
f c1
AVN(dB)
f c2
0
f(Hz)f 0
40-2Wא
א260 א א
אא א א
1+=i
FV R
RA
2 -2-10-5. אאאאF41-2E FActive Low Pass Filter CircuitE
אfcאW
אאW
12-2Wאאאאא42-2K J אfc J אאאא
RCf c π2
1=
41-2Wאאאאא
42-2Wא12-2
א
Vin
R
C
Vout++--
RF
Ri
א Vin
22kΩ 2.2nF
Vout
++
--
RF
Ri
א260 א א
אא א א
kHznFkRC
fC 3.3)2.2)(22(2
12
1=
Ω==
ππ
אW J אW
J אאF43-2EFFrequency responseE
43-2Wא12-2א
1k
0
ACL(dB)
f(Hz) 10k 100k 1M
-3
3.3k
-20
א260 א א
אא א א
1+=i
FV R
RA
RCf c π2
1=
2 -2-10-6. אאאאF44-2E FActive High Pass Filter CircuitE
אfcאW
אאW
13-2Wאאאאא45-2K
J אfc J אאאא
45-2Wא13-2
אVin
R C
Vout ++
--
RF
Ri
44-2Wאאאאא
א Vin
22kΩ 22nF
Vout
++
--
RF
Ri
א260 א א
אא א א
12 cc ff ⟨
12 cc ff ⟩
אW
J אW Hz330kHz33.0)nF22)(k22(2
1RC21fC ==
Ωπ=
π=
J אאF46-2FEFrequency responseE
2 -2-10-7. אF47-2EW
FActive Band Pass Filter CircuitE אאא
אK fc1אאאK
fc2אאאK אK
א אK
46-2Wאא13-2
100
0
ACL(dB)
f(Hz) 1k 10k 100k
-3
330
א260 א א
אא א א
אאא 12-2 13-2א47-2
אאא46-2אאאW
אאא kHz3.3)nF2.2)(k22(2
1RC21f 1C =
Ωπ=
π=
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1RC21f 2C =
Ωπ=
π=
אאא12111x11)1RR)(1
RR(AAA
4
3
1
22V1VV ==++==
א 35.03.09.9
kHz33.0kHz3.3)kHz33.0)(kHz3.3(
fff.f
BWfQ
2c1c
1c2c0 ==−
=−
==
R3
Vout
++
-- R4
R2
C2 Vin
++
-- R2 R1
R1
C1
47-2Wא
א260 א א
אא א א
אא48-2א
48-2Wאאאא47-2א
א260 א א
אא א א
אאא
2 -1. 500000Kא1VW K2µV
K5mV K10mV K1V
2 -2. 741CW K100000 K2MΩ K75Ω K
2 -3. אFACLEW Kאאא Kאאא Kאאא Kא
2 -4. W KאFACLE KאFAOLE KאFRinE KאFRoutE
2 -5. W KאFACLEא KאFAOLE Kא Kא
א260 א א
אא א א
2 -6. W Kא Kאא KאFRinE Kא
2 -7. אאW Kא Kא Kא Kא
אאא؟ .8- 2 Kא Kא K K
2 -9. אW K Kא Kא Kא
2 -10. אW K Kא Kא Kא
א260 א א
אא א א
2 -11. W K Kא Kאא Kא
2 -12. W Kא Kא Kא KאאFEFE
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J1K אאאF41-2אE
41-2א
FEFE
FEFE
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J2K אא42-2W
2 J3K אאאאאא43-2א FEiin،FEif،FEvout،FEאאאFACLKE
42-2א FEFE
FEFE
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J4K אאא44-2؟
2 J5K אאאא45-2K
אאאRfK
→if
43-2א
→iin
44-2אFEFE
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J6K אאא46-2א
2 J7K אאאאא47-2א
→if
45-2א
46-2א
5 V
vin 0
א260 א א
אא א א
2 J8K FLow-Pass, High-Pass, Band-Pass, Band-StopEא
א48-2א
2 J9K ؟אאאא
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5 V
vin 0 10µs
Gain
f
Gain
f
Gain Gain
f f
FEFE FE FE
48-2א
א260 א א
אא א א
אאא
1-2 KFE ،2-2F KE ،3-2FKE ،4-2F KE ،5-2F KE،6-2F KE ،7-2F KE ،8-2F KE ،9-2F KE،
2-10FKE، 12-2FKE، 12-2FKKE
א
2 J1K FE11،FE101،FE47.8،FE23K 2 J2K FE1،FE1 J،FE22،FE10 JK 2 J3K FE455µA،FE 455µA،FE-10V،FE-10K 2 J4K אאFEF97.5kHzE. 2 J5K vout = -3.57 V, if = 357 µA 2 J6K -4.46 mV/µs 2 J7K 1 mA 2 J8K FEBP،FEHP،FELP،FEBSK 2 J9K אאאK
א260 א א
אא א א
2345),,( −+−= zyxzyxf
2 -1. אאW 1K؟אא 2KאK 3KK 4KאאK 5KאFAOLE،CMRR
אאFAcmE؟ 6KK 7K؟אא 8K؟אא 9KFאE؟
10K؟אא 11KאאFKE 12Kאא V0.02 א 1V
אאK
2 -2. אאאאאW
2 -3. אאאאאאW
yxyxf 53),( −= אאW10kΩ x 7; 20kΩ x 1; 50kΩ x 1; LM741C x 3
א260 א א
אא א א
2 -4. אאאאWאK
: م بالحساباتبعد القياأملأ الجدول التالي
V2 I3 I4 V1 I1 I2 AV(+)AV(-)VL IL
2 -5. אא5V
2 -6. אא-4V
2 -7. אא3V
2 -8. אא1V
10kΩ
8V
10kΩ
--
++ 20
kΩ
20kΩ VL
20kΩ
6V V1
V2
→ I1
→ I3
→I4
→ I2
Iout←
→IL
א
אא
אא
23
א260 א א
א א א
אאWא
אאWאK
אאWאאW
אאאא555א אאא אאא
אאאWאאא80K٪
אאW6K
אאW
K אאא אא א
אאWאאאא
א260 א א
א א א
W אאאW
אאאW אאK אאK אאK אאאאK אאאאK
3 -1. אW אFTimer E אFIC E א א א
FPulse GeneratorEאK א 555א אאא א א
אאאאאKNE555אMC1455CA555LM555K א5551-3W
אFא1-3EW
1-3אW555
א260 א א
א א א
3 -2. אאאאא555W אא555אאאא
555אא2-3W 1K A1A2K 2K אאא(RS)K 3K אT1K 4K K 5K A3 K
1-3אWא555
אאא א אאאאGround 1
אאאאTrigger 2
אOutput 3
אאאReset א 4
אאאא
Control Voltage א 5
אאKThreshold 6 א
אאא3אאK Discharge 7
אאאא518
Supply Voltage א 8
א260 א א
א א א
אאK
3 -3-1. אW
אאRF5kΩKEאאאVCCאאאW
• F3V2 CCEאאאאA1K
• F3
VCCEאאאאA2K
2-3אWאאא555
PIN 1
PIN 3
PIN 8
PIN 6
PIN 2
PIN 7
PIN 4
PIN 5
TIMER 555
T1
A1
A2
Reset
Control A3
א260 א א
א א א
3 -3-2. אA1W • אאאאF5אEא2/3VCC
אK • אאאאF6אEאVthFThreshold VoltageE.
• אVth3V2 CCאA1KאVth
3V2 CCאK
3 -3-3. אA2W
• אאאאא3
VCCאK
• אאאאF2אEאW FTrigger VoltageE Vtri
• אאVtri3
VCCאA2K
אאVtri3
VCCאA2K
Wאאאא555אאאאא
A1א A2א+VCCאאK
3 -3-4. אאT1W אאאFTiming CapacitorE
אאRSאאT1אRSאאK
• אQ=+VCCאאאONאאאאF7אEK
• אQ=0אאאOFFאאאF7אE.+VCC
א260 א א
א א א
2-3א
א2-3א7אאQK
3 -3-5. אאאאF3-3אE
Bistable Multivibrator FRS FLIP-FLOPE אאRSQQ' FHigh EFLow KEאא
א K Q Q' K Q Q'K
אאאSאאT1Kאאא T2FCut offKEאQQ'Kאאאא
RאאאאאאT1א QQ'KאאRSאאFBistable MultivibratorKE
7א Q
0 +VCC
+VCC 0
3-3אWRSא
א260 א א
א א א
א3-3אאאאQS,R
Q R S
+VCC 0 +VCC
0 +VCC 0
Last State 0 0
3 -3-6. אFBufferWE א FBuffer Eא
אאFBufferEאאRSK 2-3אאQ=1אא3+VCCאQ=0
אא3W
אא3Q
+VCC 1
0 0
א555VCCא5V18Vא4FResetEא8א+VCCאאK אא555אאאא5א
0.01µF FFilter E א א א F3V2 CC+ EK
אא555אאאאK
3-3א
א4-3
א260 א א
א א א
3 -3. אאא555W א555אאאאאFMonostableEא
אאאFAstableKE
3 -4-1. אאאFMonostableEW 555אא4-3אאאאאK
5-3אאאאאאK
אאאF3אEאאא א 2F5-3א E א א
אFאאKE אאאאאאK
4-3אWאא
R
א260 א א
א א א
אאאאא6-3K 6-3אאT
אW RC1.1T =
+Vcc
← T → time(s)
5-3אWאאאאא
FE
FE
FE
6-3אא Vtriggerא2א
6-3אאאVCKא
TאVTH
6-3אאVoא3
6-3אWאאא
א260 א א
א א א
3 -4-2. אאאFAstableWE א555א7-3אאאאK
1-3W אW
אאµF0.6810 MΩאאא555א؟
אW s48.7)10x68.0)(10x10(1.1)F68.0)(M10(1.1RC1.1T 66 =Ω=µΩ== −
אW אאאא1MΩ10MΩ
אW 0.748אK
W אאאא4F
אKE؟אאאאא אK
אאאK
7-3אWאאא
א260 א א
א א א
אא23אאKאאאאאKאא
Kאאא אאאאFfrequencyE
אCא R1R2אאאK
8-3אאVCא.C אCאאVCVTHF5אE אC
VC VTLFאאA2E
8-3אאVoא3K
אאF+VCCE אאF0E
8-3אWא VC אאVo
FE
FE
← T →
א260 א א
א א א
א8-3אTHאאTLאאKאW
( )CRR693.0T 21H += CR693.0T 2L =
אKאאTאfאFR1,R2,CEW
C)R2R(693.0TTT 21LH +=+=
( )CR2R44.1
T1f
21 +==
אאאFPercent Duty CycleEאW
( )( ) %100
R2RRR%100
TT%100
TTTD
21
21H
LH
1
++
=⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛+
=
אא 75% אאאא75% אאK
2-3W אא0.68 µFאR110MΩא R2
1MΩKאאאאאא 555W אאT א،THא، TLאאD K
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21H
=Ω=
µΩ=µΩ+Ω=+=−
s47.0)F10x68.0)(10(693.0)F68.0)(M1(693.0CR693.0T 662L =Ω=µΩ== −
s65.5s47.0s18.5TTT LH =+=+=Hz
sTf 176.0
65.511
===
%5.91915.065.518.5
21
21
21 ====++
=ss
TT
RRRR
D
א260 א א
א א א
אאא
3 J1K אא555אאאאW FE0،FE1،FE2،FE3K 3 J2K אא555אאאאW FE0،FE1،FE2،FE3K 3 J3K 555W FE،FE،FE،FEK 3 J4K אא555؟ FE،אFE،אFE،אFE،אFE،אFE،א
3 J1K אאאא555 K 3 J2K א555אVCC = 10 VK 3 J3K א555א R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 2 kΩ, C = 0.0047 µF K אK 3 J4K 555אאR1 = 10 kΩ, C = 0.022 µF K ؟א
א260 א א
א א א
אאאא
3-1FKE،3-2FKE،3-3FE،3-4FKE
אא
3-1KאFRS FLIP-FLOPEא،،א، K
3-2KR4 = 65.8 kΩ،R5 = 47 kΩ K 3-3K21.9 kHz 3-4K242 µs
א260 א א
א א א
3 -1. אאאאאW
K ؟אאא
K אאאTא T1א.T2
K אאT1,T2,T, f, D אR1,R2,C
fאDאK K אאW
C
R1
R2
T f D
10nF 10 kΩ 100 kΩ 10nF 100 kΩ10 kΩ 10nF 10 kΩ10 kΩ 10nF 100 kΩ 100 kΩ
0V
1
+15V
2
6
7
84
3
5
555
R1
C 0.1µF
R2 Vout
א260 א א
א א א
3 -2. אאאאאאW
1( T R C
2( 1s
3( 1ms
4( 1µs
א
א
אא
אאאא
34
אא260 א א
אא א א
אאאWאא
אאWאאK
אאWאאW
אאאא אאאא אא
אאאWאאא80K٪
אאW6K
אאW
K אאא אא א
אאWאאאא
אא260 א א
אא א א
W אאאW
אאאW
אאK אאאאK אK אאאK
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אאKאאKאאKאא،
אKאאאאאאK
אאאאאא
א15 MHzאאאאאאאf0, 3f0, 5f0 אK
אאאאאאאאאK
אא260 א א
אא א א
4 -1. אאאW
4 -2-1. אW אאFac signalEאא
אאF1-4אKE
אאאאאאא2-4.
1-4אW א
outv
FDCE
مذبذباتمذبذبات
outv
t(s)
t(s)
t(s)
א
2-4אW א
אא260 א א
אא א א
4 -2-2. אאW
אאאאאאאאאאאאF3-4אEK
AVאβאאאK א אF Eא א
אKאK אאאא
אא אא אא א א Fnoise voltage E א א F
EאאאK א אא Felectrical noise E א א
אא Kא4-4אאViא א א K א אאא א
βAVVi VF=Vi=βAVViVFא א א ViKאK
3-4אW אאאא
outv
א
AV
β א
אא260 א א
אא א א
אאW W אאאVF אβAVViא Fin phase E
אFאאאEW • אא W βAV<1א אא אאFLoop GainE
אאאאFK4-4א JKE • אאWאβAV>1אאאβAVא
אאאאאFK4-4א JE • אאWאβAV=1א
4-4א JFKאאאE
4 -2-3. אW
W J אאF∆ϕKE J אאאאא
אK
4-4אWאאאא
βAV<1FE βAV>1FE βAV=1FE
אא260 א א
אא א א
me jIR +=β
er R=β 0=mI
0=mI
⇐
in
out
vv
=β
4 -2-4. אאW WאW
WאאW
אא WאאFβrEאאאFImE
אWאfrאW
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2-4W
Wאא،אאאאאאאK
inv outvR
1=⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=
rr vin
voutβ
inv outvR
21
=⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=
rr vin
voutβR
אא260 א א
אא א א
fC21
C1XC π
=ω
=
0I)jXR2(RII00RII)jXR2(RI
vI0RII)jXR(
3C21
32C1
in321C
=−+−=−−+−
=+−−
)jXR2(R0R)jXR2(R
0R)jXR(0R00)jXR2(R
vR)jXR(
I
C
C
C
C
inC
3
−−−−−
−−
−−−−−
=
4 -2-5. אאאFPhase shift circuitEW אאאא5-4K
אאאאאKאZ–jXCXCא
אאאאW
אאI3אW
inv outvC C C
R R R I1
I2
I3
5-4אWאאא
אא260 א א
אא א א
)jXR(R)jXR2(R)jXR2)(jXR(vRI
C2
C22
CC
in2
3 −−−−−−=
⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎝
⎛ −−⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎝
⎛ −===β
3
3CC
2
2Cin
3
in
out
RX
RX6j
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vv
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RX
RX6
r
C
333rr
3
3C
π=⇒=
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π⇒=−
291
3011
61
51
1
451
1
2222222
−=−
=
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
=−
=⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
CRRC
CRfvv
r
rin
outr
π
β
אאאא180°אאאאאא180°אאאאאא360°אK
אאKאאאאW
אאאאW
אאאאאאא180°אK
4 -2-6. אFWien Bridge CircuitEW אא6-4K
invoutv
C R
CR
6-4אWא
אא260 א א
אא א א
C2
C
C
C
CC
C
C
in
out
jRX)jXR()jX(R
)jXR()jX(R
)jXR(
)jXR()jX(R
vv
−−−
=
−−
+−
−−
==β
)XR(jRX3RX
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)XRX2jR(jRXRX
RX)jXR(jRX
vv
22C
2C
2C
C
2C
2C
C
C2
C
C
in
out
CC
C
−+=
−++=
−−+=
+−==β
31
RX3RX
vv0XR
C
C
rin
outr
2C
2 ==⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=β⇒=−
C2C
2 XR0XR =⇒=−
RC21fR
Cf21X r
rC π
=⇒=π
=
אβאא frW XCאK
אאאjW
אאאאאאאאאK
אאW
אאXC=1/(2πfrC)אXC
אW
אא260 א א
אא א א
RRA F
v −=
291
=⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=
rr vin
voutβ
RRRRBA F
Frv 291
2911 =⇒=⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛⇒=
RCfr 62
1π
=
4 -2. אאאFPhase-Shift OscillatorEW 7-4אאאאK
אאW
אאW
אאאאאW
אאW
RF
R
C
+
-741
C C
RR
Vout
7-4אWאאא
אא260 א א
אא א א
3-4W
KאRFא7-4אK KאKאאWC = 0.001 µF R = 10kΩ
אW
KACL = 29F
r RR
291==βRF/R=2929
RR F =
Ω=Ω== k290)k10(29R29R F KאfrWkHz5.6
)F001.0)(k10(621
RC621f r =
µΩπ=
π=
4-4W אאfr=1kHz; R=1kΩ
אWאאאCאאRFK
Ω=Ω==
µ=π
=Ωπ
=π
=−
k29)k1(x29R29R
F5.662
106)k1)(kHz1(2
16Rf2
1C
F
6
r
אא260 א א
אא א א
31
=⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=
rr vin
voutβ
1+=i
Fv R
RA
4 -3. FWien-Bridge OscillatorWE אאאאאאRC
אאאא5Hz1MHzK אא8-4K
אאאאאאK
אאאאW R1=R2=R C1=C2=C
אאאW
אאW
8-4אWא
אא260 א א
אא א א
RCfr π2
1=
iFi
F
i
Frv RR
RR
RR
BA 221313111 =⇒=−=⇒=⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
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260 א
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W-
ADAPTATION
ADDRESS BUSא
ADMITTANCE
ALARMא
ALL PASS
ALTERNATING CURRENT AC
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AMPLIFIER
ANALOG
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ASTABLEאא
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BAND PASS FILTERאא
BANDWIDTH
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BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATORאא
BUS
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COMPARATOR AMPLIFIER
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CRYSTAL
CURRENT
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א א
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CUTOFF FREQUENCYא
CYCLE
DAMPED SINE WAVE
DATA
DATA BUSא
DECADE COUNTERא
DECIMAL
DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER
DIGITAL
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DIRECT CURRENT DC
DISCHARGE
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DIVIDER
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DUTY CYCLEא
EFFICIENCY
ELECTROMAGNETIC
EMITTER
EMITTER FOLLOWER
260 א
א א
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FARADא
FEEDBACK
FILTER
FLAG
FLIP FLOP
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260 א
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INTEGRATED CIRCUITא
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LIGHT EMITTING DIODE LED
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MEMORYאא
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PARALLELא
PERIOD
260 א
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-142 -
PHASE
PHASE ANGLEאא
PHASE SHIFTאא
PHOTO TRANSISTORא
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POLARITY
POLARIZED CAPACITOR
POWER BANDWIDTHא
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PROCESSOR
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RADIO SIGNALSאא
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REGISTER
RELAY
RESETא
260 א
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-143 -
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SCHEMATICS
SEMI CONDUCTOR
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SIGNAL
SIGNAL GENERATOR
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SWITCH
THRESHHOLDא
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א
אא א א Electronic Principles, Sixth EditionMalvino Albert P. Glencoe/Mc Graw-Hill
1999Experiments For Electronic Principles, Sixth Edition
Malvino Albert P. Glencoe/Mc Graw-Hill1999
Electronic Fundamentals Thomas L. Floyd Prentice Hall2000
Electronic Circuits: Fundamentals and ApplicationsMike Tooly Butterworth-Heinmann2001
A Practical Introduction to Electronic CircuitsMartin Hartley Jones Cambridge University Press, 1995
Becoming An Electronics Technician: Securing Your High-Tech Future, 3/E
Ronald A. Reis, Prentice Hall1999
Electronic Devices (Conventional Flow Version), 6/E
Thomas L. Floyd Prentice Hall2001
Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices, and Applications, 5/E
Thomas L. Floyd Prentice Hall2000
Introduction to Electronic Circuit DesignRichard Spencer Prentice Hall2002
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3 J3 J3K אA2 97
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3 J4K אאא555 100
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4 J2 J5K אאאFPhase shift circuitE 114
4 J2 J6K אFWien Bridge CircuitE 115
4 J3K אאאFPhase-Shift OscillatorE 117
4 J4K FWien-Bridge OscillatorE 119
4 J5K FWCrystal OscillatorE 120
4 J5 J1K 120
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