ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံသား အစၥလာမ္ဘာသာ၀င္တုိ...

Islamic Religious Affairs Council, Myanmar.

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01 - 252608? 389786

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B.A (HONS), M.R.A.S, M.R.N.SB.A (HONS), M.R.A.S, M.R.N.SB.A (HONS), M.R.A.S, M.R.N.SB.A (HONS), M.R.A.S, M.R.N.SB.A (HONS), M.R.A.S, M.R.N.S



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oefvsifa&mufukvm;yoD(2000)?(3000) 25

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taemufbufvGefrif;vufxuf (1615-28) 32

omvGefrif;w&m;vufxuf (1629-48) 32

paerif;vufxuf (1698-1714) 33

wyfrawmftrIxrf;t&mxrf;rsm; 33

csD;jr§ifhyHkESifh tcGifhta&;rsm; 34

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tpövmrfbmom0if ppfrIxrf;rsm; 46

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(1819-1837) 51

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ukvm;ysKdbkef;awmftjzpf 52

jrif;cif;obif 53

om,m0wDrif;om; ta&;awmftwGif; 54

om,m0wDrif;vufxuf (1837-46) 54

rif;wkef;rif;ESifh oDaygrif;wdkY\ vufxufawmfrsm;wGif

ppfbufü csD;jr§ifhcJhyHk 55

tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkY yg0ifaom wyfzGJUrsm; 55

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tajrmufwyfrsm; 59

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rif;BuD;tcsKyf &mxl;txd csD;jr§ifhyHk 62

ppfrIxrf;BuD;i,frsm;tjzpf csD;jr§ifhcH&ol

tjcm;tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm; 62

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tkyfcsKyfrIbufwGif tcsD;jr§ifhcH&olrsm; 66

tavmif;bk&m;vufxuf 66



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csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&aom tjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm; 76

tysdKawmfvlysdKawmfrsm; 76

toHk;awmfcHrsm; 77

ukefonfawmfrsm; 78

olaX;bGJUcHolrsm; 79

tjcm;trIxrf;rsm; 79



tpövmrfbmom0ifwkdYtm; rdrdwdkYbmom

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(1)



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(2)



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(3)



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11

111

1. Rene Grousset, Histoire de Extreme Orient, pp. 355-6

Sililal, Al-Tawarikh Edited by Langlis (Paris-1811), translated by

G. Ferrand, Voyage du marchandarabe, Sulaiman en Inde et en

Chins (Paris 1922)

Marshall Broomhall; Islam in China (London 1910) pp.5-36.


(4)



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44

444

2. Hitti, History of the Arabs, pp. 689, 696 “Ahmed ibn Majid of Najdi ances-try, it is claimed, in 1497 piloted Vasco da Gama from Africa to India.Majumdar, Raychaudari and Datta, An Advance History of India. p.352.

3. Ancinnes Relations de Indes et de la Chine par M.L'abbe Renaudot(Paris-1928) pp.5,6

4. Silsilal al-Tawarikh edited by langlis (Paris -1811)


(5)



(6)

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55

555

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66

666

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77

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88

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99

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101010

5. Al-Mas 'Udi, Muruj al Dhahab Wa-Ma-adin al-Jawhar (Meadows ofgold and mines of gems. 943 A.D) edited and translated by de Meynardand de Courtiell, 9 vols. (paria 1861-77), Vol.I, p. 388.

6. The Shi'ite ibn Wadih al Ya'qubi, Kitab al Buldãn (Book of coun-tries, 880 A.D) edited by Goeje (leyden, 1892.)

7. Hudud Al'alam (982 A.D) edited by Prof. Minosky of London Universityin Gibb Memorial Series of the Royal Asaitic Society, 937. pp. 242-3.

8. Tahir Marvazi, On China, the Turks and India (c.1120 A.D) editedby Prof. Minosky of London University, Royal Asiatic society, 1942,peras 51,52,55,57 and comments pp.49,147-154.

9. The Pyu call themselves Tsu-lo-chu. The Javanese call them Tsu-li-chu. Tircul occurs in Kyanzittha Old Mon Palace inscription as ethnicterm. Ancient Pyu by G.H.Luce, Journal of the Burma Research Soci-ety. Vol.XXVII, part III, pp.241-2. In Arabic text ;Tusul T.Raul.

10. (i)History of the Mons (in Burmese) by Mg Naw, retired Sitkhe, Kyaikhto.pp. 76-82 and for another story p.85. (ii) TheGlass Palace Chronicle,translated by U Pe Maung Tin and G.H. Luce, (Rangoon, 1923). pp.75-83.(iii) The Shwemawdaw Thamaing. (in Burmese), p.81.

* aemufqufwGJrSwfpk(4)Munfh ** aemufqufwGJrSwfpk(5)Munfh

*** aemufqufwGJrSwfpk(6)Munfh **** aemufqufwGJrSwfpk(7)Munfh



(7)

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1111

111111

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taqmuftODwdkYonf cdkifvHkaom EdkifiHordkif; taxmuftxm;rsm;

r[kwfapumrl txufü tpD&ifcHcJhaomt&Af yg&Sef;ukefonfwdkY

jrefrmyifv,fodkYa&mufcJhonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk axmufcHaebdouJh

odkY&Sdygonf/*odkYjzpfygí(9&mpk?10 &mpk)ESpfrsm;twGif;avmufu

wnf;ujrefrmEdkifiHawmifydkif;onf tpövmrfbmomESifhqufpyfrdcJh

onf[k ,lqzG,f&mjzpfygonf/ qufpyfrI&Sdonfhwdkifatmif cdkifvHk

udk;um;tyfaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& þqufoG,frIrSm rsm;jym;

xkxnf BuD;rm;[efrwl[kqdk&ygrnf/

13? 14 &mpkESpfrsm;wGif w½kwfjynfbufrS jrefrmEdkifiHodkY

tpövmrf a&muf&SdvmyHk

7/ w½kwfjynf rGef*dkrif;quf(,Gefrif;quf)

1212

121212

&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;t&

w½kwfjynf,leefe,frSwpfqifhjrefrmEdkifiHonftpövmrfbmomESifh

qufpyfrdaMumif;udktcdkiftvHkod&ygonf/ rGef*dkwdkYonf ,leefe,fudk

yxrodrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf ajrmufbuf&Sdpk0dk

1313

131313

wdkYBuD;pkd;aomw½kwfjynfudk

tNyD;tydkifodrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf/,leefudkwdkuf&mwGiftpövmrfbmom0if

ppfAdkvfwyfom;rsm;yg0ifcJhonf/ ulAvdkifcef bk&if{u&mZfu ,leef

e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;twGufcefYxm;aomt&m&SdBuD;rsm;ESifh trIxrf;

t&mxrf;wdkYwGif tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm; yg0ifcJhonf/ tpövmrf

bmom0if tkyfcsKyfol tBuD;tuJwdkYwGif pdkif[D,Jef csd&Sef pl[if

11. Buddermokan by Sir Richard C. Temple. Journal of the BurmaResearch Society, Vol .IX, part. I , p.I and following.

12. The Mongol or Yuan Dynasty (1280-1368)13. The Sung Dynasty (960-1279)




(8)

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bmomjzifh 0krtm([)Oyrm&wfjzpfygonf/

1414

141414

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(eZ&fO'´if)

1515

151515

ESifh om;ti,f [lqif([kpdkifef)

1616

161616

wdkY xif&Sm;ygonf/

pdkif,'ftZvf&Srf&Twf'ifefonf onf;cHjcif;ESifh arwÅmw&m;rsm;udk

taumif;qHk;toHk;jyKí ,leefe,fudk Nidrf0yfatmif tkyfcsKyfEdkifcJh\/

¤if;\vufxufwGifpmoifausmif;rsm;?uGefjzL;&Syfbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;?

rGwfpfvifrfAvD0wfausmif;rsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhí ,Ofaus;rIESifh

vlrIa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk pwif aqmif&Gufay;cJhygonf/

bkef;BuD;olwpfOD;jzpfygonf/ ¤if;\om; eZ&fO'´ifonf rGef*dkwdkY

jrefrmEdkifiHudk yxrtBudrf0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufpOf (1285-87)u

rGef*dkwyfrsm;udk uGyfuJonfh AdkvfcsKyfjzpfygonf/

1717

171717

,leefe,fESifh jrefrmEdkifiHwdkYrSm a&S;,cifuwnf;u ppfa&;?

ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh vlwdkY a&TUajymif;aexdkifa&;wGif tquf

toG,f&SdcJhygonf/ rGef*dkrif;qufvufxuf yk*Hjynfudk rGef*dkwdkY

(3)Budrf 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufí jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;wGif 1303 cktxd

tkyfcsKyfcJhonfjzpf&m

1818

181818

xdkpOfu tpövmrfbmomonf w½kwfjynf

bufrS jrefrmEdkifiHESifh qufpyfvmrdjyefygonf/ þqufpyfrIrSm

xif&Sm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif us,fjyefYvmjcif;&SdcJh[efrwlyg/

14. Sai-tien Ch'ih Shan-ssu-ting(Si'd Azãl Shams ud-din) whose per-sonal name is Wu-me-erh(Umerah), and was a state councillor ofYunnan (1274-79).

15. Na-su-la-ting (Nasir-ud-din)was Comforter and Commander in chiefof the various Roads of Yunnan (1279-85).

16. Hu Hsin (Hussain) Transport officer (1284) and later Senior Gover-nor of Yunnan.

17. For the Biographies of these three officials see Yunnam Shih Chap-ter 125, and for the Mongol invasion of Burma. G.H. Luce EarlySyam. Journal of Siam Society, Vol. XLVI, part 2.

18. The Mongols set up Cheng - mien - Province about Katha and Bhamodistricts west of the Irradady river. It was abolished only in 1303.



(9)

taemufESifhawmifbufa'orsm;wGiftpövmrfESifhqufpyfrdjcif;

8/ odkY&mwGif (14)&mpkeSpfrsm;avmufuwnf;u taemufbuf

tdE´d,EdkifiH? b*Fvm;e,frS &cdkifjynfrS wpfqifhvnf;aumif;?

awmifbuf {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:ESifh weoFm&Dwdkif;wdkYbufwGif

vnf;aumif; ay:aygufcJhaom tpövmrfbmomESifh qufoG,frI

wdkYrSm ydkrdkxif&Sm;í ta&;ygvSayonf/

b*Fvm;ESifh tpövmrf

9/ tpövmrfbmomonf tdEd,jynf b*Fvm;e,fwGif jA[®ykÞ&

jrpfurf;qDodkY *s&fjynf r[mrufrif;vufxuf (1202 at'D)wGif

qdkufa&mufvmcJhygonf/

1919

191919

xdkYaemuf a'vD plvfwefrif;qufudk

(1336)ckESpfwGifwnfaqmufygonf/

2020

202020

(1345)ckESpfwGif b*Fvm;e,f

wpfe,fvHk;yg0ifaom plvfwefjynfudk wnfaxmifMuygonf/

2121

212121

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&cdkifjynf b*Fvm;vufatmufcHjzpfcJh&jcif;

10/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif (1300)jynfhESpfavmufu yk*Hacwfaumif;BuD;

ukefqHk;cJhygonf/ yif;,ESifh ppfudkif;wdkif;i,fjynfi,frsm; ay:ayguf

ysufokOf;NyD;aemuf (1364)ckwGif owdk;rif;zsm;onf t0udk wnf

axmifygonf/

2222

222222

]t0} wjznf;jznf;tiftm;wdk;wufvmcJhí txuf

19. Muhammad of Ghur. Majumder Raychaudhuri and Datta. An Ad-vanced History of India p. 279.

20. The Sultanate of Eastern Bangal founded by Fakhr-ud-din MubarakShah. ibid p.343.

21. The Sultanate of all Bengal, under Haji Shams-ud-din Iliyas Shahibid p.344.

22. Maharajawantaulri (Hmanan Yazawin), Vol. 1, p.402.



(10)

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jyefvnftiftm;aumif;qJjzpfygonf/ &cdkifjynfrSmvnf; yk*Htiftm;

,drf;,dkifuwnf;u yk*HvufatmufcHr[kwfawmhbJ vGwfvyfaom

EdkifiHtjzpf&yfwnfcJhygonf/

(15)&mpkrsm; tpavmufwGif ,cifu yk*H\ opömawmfcHjzpf

cJhaom &cdkifjynfonf wdkif;&if;om;csif;qufqHrIudk ausmcdkif;í

taemufbuf b*Fvm;rGwfpfvifrfEdkifiHawmf\ opömawmfcHtjzpfodkY

a&muf&SdatmifzefwD;ay;aomtjzpftysufwpf&yfay:aygufcJhygonf/

xdktjzpftysufrSm (1406)ckESpfwGif &cdkifjynf\ NrdKUawmf

avmif;MuufNrdKUudk ]t0}u wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/]t0}bk&if

rif;acgif(1401-22)\om;awmfrif;&JausmfpGmonfavmif;MuufNrdKUudk

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xD;eef;udkpGefYum b*Fvm;ol&wef(plvfwef)jynfodkY xGufajy;cdkvIH

cJh&onf/

2323

232323

(26)ESpfwdkifwdkif b*Fvm;plvfwefbk&ifxH aexdkifNyD;

aemuf plvfwefbk&if\ ppfruftultnDjzifh (1438)ckESpfwGif &cdkif

xD;eef;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf/

2424

242424

þtcsdefrS pí &cdkifjynfwGif b*Fvm;jynf\ EdkifiHa&;?

bmoma&;? ,Ofaus;rI ponfwdkY vTrf;rdk;vmygonf/ b*Fvm;

plvfwefudk rif;ygBuD; ac: rif;bif jyefvnfawmfvSefonfh (1531)

ckxd ESpfaygif; (100)cefY &cdkifjynfonf b*Fvm;rGwfpfvifrfwdkY\

vTrf;rdk;rIudk wdkuf½dkufcH,lcJh&onf/

23. History of Burma, By Sir Authur P. Phayre (London, 1883)p.77

24. ibid, p.78.



(11)

tpövmrfbGJUudk cH,laom Ak'bmom&cdkifrif;rsm;

11/ e&rdwfvSajrmufOD;NrdKUopfudkwnfaxmif\/(1431)xD;eef;udk

jyefvnfodrf;ydkufpOfu aemufawmfygrsm;jzpfaom tpövmrfbmom0if

ppfonfol&Jrsm;ESifhtvkyftauR;rsm;tm;NrdKUteD;wGifae&mcsay;cJhonf/

xdkrGwfpfvifrfwdkYonf (oEDcef) AvD0wfausmif;udkwnfaqmufcJh

Muonf/*,aeYwdkifNrdKUa[mif;NrdKUe,fu0avmif&GmwGif&Sdaeygonf/

2525

252525

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cJhaom b*Fvm;(12)NrdKUudk b*Fvm;plvfweftm; ay;tyf&onf/

¤if;plvfwefu csD;jr§ifhaom rGwfpfvifrfbGJUtrnfudkcH,l&onf[k &cdkif

&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;uqdkygonf/

2626

262626

b*Fvm;plvfwefwdkYurl &cdkifjynftm;

rdrdwdkY\ opömawmfcHwdkif;jynf[k oabmxm;cJhMuonf/ þodkYjzifh

e&rdwfvStm; qufcHaom rif;c&D;onf tvDcef

2727

272727

cc

ccc

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2828

282828

cc

ccc

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2929

292929

cc

ccc

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3030

303030

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3131

313131

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3232

323232

cc

ccc

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3333

333333

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3434

343434

cc

ccc

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3535

353535

cc

ccc

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bGJUtrnfrsm;udkyg toD;oD;yl;wGJcH,lcJhMuygonf/

25. Sandihkan Mosque, G.E. Harvey, Outline of Burmese History(Calcutta, 1929),p.94.

26. Rakhain rayawansac Kyam; New History of Arakan (in Burmese)Vol. II by Buddihis Monk Usandamala (Mandalay, 1931) p.58.

27. Ali Khan , ibid, p.4. 28. Kalima Shah, ibid, p.31.29. Ma’kul Shah, ibid, p.35. 30. Mahammed Shah, ibid, p36.31. Nuri Shah, ibid, p. 36. 32. Sheik Abdulla Shah, ibid, p. 37.33. Illias Shah, ibid, p. 38. 34. Jalal Shah, ibid, p. 41.35. Ali Shah, ibid, p. 41.




(12)

tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkY\ ,HkMunfcsufjzpfaom ]uvDr[f}

(t&ADpmygaom) '*Fg;*rsm;udkvnf; þrif;wdkYonf oGef;vkyfí

EdkifiHtwGif; jzefYcsdcJhonf[k od&ygonf/

3636

363636

rif;oZmwudk qufcHaom rif;ygBuD; ac: rif;bif vufxuf

wGif b*Fvm;plvfwefMoZmudk awmfvSefí ppfwaumif;e,fudkyif

&cdkifwdkY wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufEdkifcJhygonf/

3737

373737

xkdtcsdefrSpí &cdkifjynf

onf b*Fvm;plvfwef\ vufatmufcH vHk;0 r[kwfawmhyg/

vufatmufcH[laom oabmyif oufa&mufrIr&Sdawmhyg/ odkYyif

jzpfvifhupm; rGwfpfvifrfbGJUudk cH,lonfh "avhonf &cdkifrif;wdkY

twGuftpOftvmjzpfvmygonf/ b*Fvm;plvfwefuay;í cH,ljcif;

r[kwfyg/ rdrdwdkY EdkifiHtwGif;ü rGwfpfvifrftrsm;ESifhtdE´d,EdkifiHrS

EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;&SdaeonfuwpfaMumif;? r*dkbk&ifBuD;rsm;

3838

383838

\ bGJUcH

,lyHktpOftvmudk*kPf&Sdonf[k,HkMunfaomaMumifhwpfaMumif;

rdrdwdkYqEt& rGwfpfvifrfbk&ifbGJUudk Ak'bmom0ifrsm;jzpfMuaom

&cdkifrif;wdkY qufvuf vufcH,lMujcif;jzpfygonf/

3939

393939

þodkYtm;jzifh oD&dol&d,pEr[m"r®&mZmbGJUcH rif;ygBuD; ac:

rif;bifonf ZaAmuf&Sm;

4040

404040

[laom rGwfpfvifrfbGJUudk vnf;aumif;?

rif;bif\ om;jzpfol rif;zavmif;onf pduef'&f&Sm;

41 41

41 41 41

bGJUudk

vnf;aumif;? rif;&mZmBuD;onf pvifrf&Sm;

4242

424242

bGJUudkvnf;aumif;?

rif;carmif;onf [lpdef&Sm;

4343

434343

bGJUudkvnf;aumif;? oD&dok"r®&mZm

rif;onf'kwd,pvifrf&Sm;

4444

444444

bGJUudkvnf;aumif;toD;oD;cH,lcJhMuygonf/

36. G.E.Harvey, Outline History of Burma. p.95.37. Ibid, p.95-96. 38. Moghul.39. New History of Arakan (in Burmese) pp. 44.62 (Vol. II)40. Zabauk Shah, ibid p.44. 41. Sikandar Shah, ibid, p. 82.42. Salim Shah, Travels of Fray Sibastein Manrique, Vol.I, p.xxii.43. G.E.Harvey, Outline History of Burma. p.96. Husain Shah44. Salim Shah II, See note 42.* aemufqufwGJrSwfpk(10)Munfh



(13)

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jrefrmbGJUESifhtwl rGwfpfvifrfbGJUudk jrefrm tu©&mESifhvnf;aumif;?

ausmbufwGif rGwfpfvifrfbGJUudk t&AD tu©&mjzifhvnf;aumif;

azmfjyxm;Muygonf/

4545

454545

12/ þtaemufrif;rsm;vufxufwGif b*Fvm;e,fta&SUydkif;

tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYaexdkif&m a'otrsm;rSm &cdkifrif;wdkY\MoZm

oufa&muf&me,fy,ftwGif;üyg0ifaejcif;? &cdkifjynfrS &cdkifESifh

ay:wl*DwdkY yl;aygif;yg0ifaom a&wyfrsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H 'uúmNrdKU?

[l*vDNrdKUrsm;txd csDwufwdkufcdkufí [dE´L? tpövmrfbmom0if

rsm;udk zrf;qDF;ac:aqmifvmjcif;wdkYudk ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;vdkvdk aqmif&Guf

cJhMujcif;wdkYonf &cdkifjynfESifh tpövmrfbmomqufoG,frIudk ydkrdk

rsm;jym;us,fjyefYapcJhygonf/ &cdkifjynf ul;oef;a&mif;0,frI e,fy,f

ESifh ppfrIa&;e,fy,fwdkYwGifvnf; tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm; yg0if

aqmif&Gufí trIxrf;vmMuonfudkvnf; awGU&Sd&ygonf/

4646

464646

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13/ &cdkifjynfESifh tpövmrfbmomwdkY qufoG,fMuonfhjzpfpOfwGif

pEok"r®rif;vufxuf (1652-1684)ü xl;jcm;vSaom vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;

wpf&yfjzpfay:cJh\/ þvIyf&Sm;rIudk taMumif;jyKí &cdkifjynfbufodkY

tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm; aemufxyf0ifa&mufvmygonf/ vIyf&Sm;rI

BuD;\aemufydkif;wGif &cdkifjynfrSwpfqifh ta&SUbufESifh taemufbuf

wdkYodkY tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkY ydkrdka&TUajymif;Muonfudk awGU&ygonf/

45. British Museum, Coin Section. Cat. No. 1921-10-14-147 ect.46. G.E.Harvey, Outline History of Burma. p.96.



(14)

þvIyf&Sm;rIrSm r*dkrif;quf &Sm*s[ef

4747

474747

bk&if\ om;awmf

wpfyg;jzpfol &Sm½SL*sm

48 48

48 48 48

ESifh aemufvdkufrsm; þrif;vufxufwGif

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emrusef;jzpfaepOfwGif ¤if;\om;awmfwdkYonf xD;eef;udkqufcHEdkif

&efBudK;pm;Muygonf/ þwGif r*dkeef;qufcHa&;ppfrsm;ay:aygufcJh

ygonf/ þppfwdkYwGif om;awmfwpfyg;jzpfaom &Sm½SL*sm

onf ZeD;

om;orD;rsm;? aemufvdkufppfonfrsm;ESifhtwl &cdkifjynf pE´ok"r®

rif;xHcdkvIHvmygonf/

4949

494949

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tBudrfBudrfta&;edrfhojzifh ¤if;\ rGwfpfvifrfppfonfwdkYonf

vnf; ta&SUbufodkY upOfhuvsm; xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJhMu&onf/

tpueOD;u cdkvIHvmolwdkYudk MunfjzLpGmvufcHumuG,fay;cJhaomf

vnf; aemufydkif;wGif pEok"r®rif;ESifh &Sm½SL*sm

rif;om;wdkY\ qufoG,f

rIrsm;rSmrsm;pGmrajyrvnfjzpfvmygonf/atmif&efZpf

5050

505050

\

wyfrsm;uvnf; &Sm½SL*smESifh tdrfom;rsm;udk jyefvnf&,lEdkif&ef

e,fpyfwGif ppfwjyifjyifESifh &Sdaeygonf/

5151

515151

&cdkifrif;onf rdk*gvf

rif;om;\ ajrmufjrm;vSaom a&TaiGausmufrsuf&wem Opömypönf;

rsm;ESifh acsmarmvSyaom orD;awmfwpfOD;udk rufarmawmif;qdk&mrS

tpjyKí r*dkwdkYESifh &cdkifwdkY &efoljzpfcJhMu&onf[k tqkd&Sdygonf/

&Sm½SL*smrif;om;onf &cdkifjynfwGif;ü aexdkifvsuf&SdMuaom tpövmrf

bmom0ifwdkYESifhyl;aygif;í &cdkifxD;eef;udk odrf;ydkuf&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf

5252

525252

[kvnf; tqdk&Sdygonf/

47. Shah Jahan 1627-58 48. Shah Shuja.49. G.E.Harvey, Outline History of Burma. p.98. 50.Auranzeb 1658-170751. D.G.E. hall, Shah Shuja and the Dutch withdrawal in 1665. Journal

of the Burma Research Society. Vol XXVI Part I, pp.22-33.52. ibid. * aemufqufwGJrSwfpk(11)Munfh



(15)

þodkYjzifh aejynfawmfwGif qlylaomif;usef;rIrsm;ay:ayguf

cJhygonf/ eef;awmfyifvQif rD;oifh avmifcJh\/ þta&;udk &cdkif

bk&ifonf atmifjrifpGmckcHxdef;odrf;EdkifcJhonf/&Sm½SL*smESifhtaygif;tyg

wdkYvnf; usqHk;cJh&onf/ tjcm;aom tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYrSmvnf;

jyif;xefpGmESdyfuGyfcHcJh&onf/

5353

535353

tcsKdUrSm &cdkifjynfrS ta&SUvGwf&modkY

xGufajy;cJh&\/r*dkwyfwdkYuvnf; &cdkife,fpyftxd wkdufcdkufodrf;,lí

b*Fvm;jynfwGif;odkY &cdkifrsm;aemufxyf0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufjcif;rjyKEdkif

atmif [efYwm;umuG,fcJhMuavonf/ &Sm½SL*sm ta&;awmfyHkwGif

<uif;usef&pfaom rGwfpfvifrf bmom0if ppfonfwdkYonf &cdkifrif;\

uwdopöm cH,lMuí av;onfawmfrsm;tjzpf trIxrf;cJhMuonf/

¤if;wdkYrSm urefudk,f&Hawmfav;onfrsm;jzpf\/* xdkYaemuf &cdkifwdkY\

wefcdk;tiftm;arS;rSdefvmojzifh xdkurefudk,f&Hawmf av;onfawmfwdkY

wefcdk;BuD;vmMuonf/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm tdEd,jynfajrmufydkif;rS

a&mufvmMuaom aMu;pm;ppfonfwdkYESifh udk,f&Hawmfwyf\ tiftm;

jznfhwif;Muonf/ uref udk,f&Hawmf av;onfwkdYonf

aemufydkif;wGif bk&ifudk eef;wif eef;csjyKEdkifonfh tiftm;yif&Sdvm

Muonf/ &cdkifjynfwGif (1681)rS (1710)xd BuD;pdk;cJhMuygonf/

(&cdkif&mZ0ifopfwGif &Sm½SL*smta&;awmfyHk rwdkifrDuwnf;u uref

udk,f&Hawmfav;onfwyf&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/)

5454

545454

53. Ibid. 53.D.G.E. hall, Shah Shuja and the Dutch withdrawal in 1665.

Journal of the Burma Research Society. Vol XXVI Part I, pp.22-33.

54. New History of Arakan (in Burmese) p. 59 (Vol. II)




(16)

jrefrmEdkifiHawmifydkif;wGif yifv,fc&D;rS tpövmrfbmomESifh

qufoG,frIrsm;

14/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmifydkif;wGif yifv,fc&D;rS wpfqifh jrefrmEdkifiH

ESifh tpövmrfomoemwdkY qufoG,frIudk qufvuftpD&ifcHygrnf/

(9)&mpkESpfrsm;avmufrSpí tpövmrfbmom0if t&AfESifh yg&Sef;

oabFmom;ukefonfrsm; b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfodkY a&mufcJhMuyHk

jrefrmurf;½dk;wef;wpfavQmufwGif tpövmrfbmom0if olawmfpifwdkY

\ txdrf;trSwf omoemhtaqmufttHkrsm;&SdaeyHkudk tpD&ifcHcJhNyD;

jzpfygonf/ þtquftoG,f&SdrIrSm xda&mufvSjcif; r&Sdonfudk

vnf; qdkcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ (tydk'f-5udk½Iyg/)

plrMwmuRef; tpnf rGwfpfvifrfjynfESifh qufoG,fa&;

15/ odkY&mwGif ,ck tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ taemufbufpGef;jzpfaom

plrMwmuRef;ESifh rvuúma&vufMum;a'orsm;rSm t&Afukefonfrsm;

twGuf tvGefta&;BuD;vSygonf/ u&m;uRef;qufa'orSmvnf;

tvm;wlta&;BuD;ygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdka'orsm;rS &&SdEdkifaom

[if;cwftarT;tBudKifrsm;?y½kwf?pE´ul;?tausmf?u&rufponfh

opfarT;rsm;udk a&mif;0,fazmufum;&ef t&Afukefonfrsm; txl;&&Sd

vkdMuaomaMumihfjzpfygonf/

5555

555555

þukefonfrsm;udk taMumif;jyKí

a'owGifysHUESHYvmcJhaom tpövmrfbmomrSm rsm;pGmta&;ygvmojzihf

(1282)ckESpfwGif w½kwfjynf rGef*dkrif;onf plrMwmuRef;&Sd rmvm,k

EdkifiHodkYoHtzGJUapvTwf&mwGif plavrefESifh &Srf&Twf'if;ef ac: tpövmrf

bmom0if oHrsm;udk a&G;cs,fapvTwfcJhaMumif; od&ygonf/

5656

565656

55. Les Etats Hindousee D’Indochine et D’Indonesi par G. Coedes (Paris1948) p.222.

56. Pelliot, Deux Itineraires, BEFEO IV, p. 326.



(17)

xdkYaemuf (10)ESpftMumwGif Oa&myodkY tjyef0ifa&mufvm

aom rmudkydkvdku rGwfpfvifrfwdkYonf þEdkifiH\bk&iftm; tpövmrf

bmomodkYoGwfoGif;cJhMuNyD;jzpfaMumif;rSwfwrf;a&;om;cJhonf/

5757

575757

þplrMwmuRef;ajrmufzsm;wGif (tcsif)NrdKU&Sdygonf/ jrefrm

&mZ0ifusrf;wdkYwGif þa'oudk tpnf

5858

585858

jynf[k ac:ygonf/

þjynfESifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmifydkif;wdkYonf ppfa&;tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;?

r[mrdwftjzpfvnf;aumif; qufoG,frIrsm;&SdcJhonfudk jrefrm&mZ0if

usrf;rsm;wGif awGU&Sd&ygonf/rif;w&m; a&TxD;vufxufwGif tpnf

jynfudkwdkufcdkufaom ay:wl*Dwyfrsm;ta&;edrfhí rkwÅrodkY a&mufvm

cJhMuonf/xdke,fom;rsm;udk rif;w&m;a&TxD;&&SdtoHk;jyKcJhygonf/

5959

595959

[Hom0wDqifjzLrsm;&Sif? bk&ifhaemifvufxufawmf (1566)

ckESpfwGif tpnfrif;u jyóm'faqmufvkyf&ef zHk;rodef;opfudk oabFm

wifí bk&ifhaemifxH vufaqmifqufcJhygonf/

6060

606060

taemufbufvGefrif;w&m;onf ay:wl*DvlrsKd; iZuFm

odrf;ydkufí tcdkiftvHkjyKxm;aom oefvsifNrdKUudk wdkufcdkufpOfu

(1612)

6161

616161

iZuFm\ZeD;onf oabFmolBuD;vkyfum tpnfNrdKUodkY

oGm;a&mufí jyefvm&mwGif oabFmwpfpif;vHk;udk a&TaiGukefpnfESifh

wuG odrf;,lawmfrlcJhygonf/(1613)

6262

626262

1618 ckESpfwGif tpnfrif;onf taemufbufvGefrif;w&m;

xHodkY oHtzGJUwpfzGJUudk vufaqmifypönf;rsm;ESifh apvTwfcJhonfudk

vnf; od&ygonf/

6363

636363

57. ibid. 58. Achin.59. Maharajawantaukri : (Hmannan Yazawin-will from now on be

refered to as HY) Vol. II, p. 258.60. ibid, p. 401. 61. ibid Vol. III, p.175.62. ibid p.178. 63. ibid p.188.



(18)

Oa&myom;wdkY vTrf;rdk;NyD;aemuf rGwfpfvifrfukefonfwdkYESifh

qufpyfrI

16/ (16)&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; ay:wl*DoabFmrsm;onf tdE´d,

ork'´&mwGif vTrf;rdk;cJhonfhaemuf t&AfESifh yg&Sef;wdkY\ þa'o

yifv,fc&D;vTrf;rdk;rIrSm wjznf;jznf; avsmhyg;vmcJhygonf/ xdkYaemuf

t*Fvdyf?jyifopf?'wfcsfwdkY a&mufvmMuum yifv,fudk BuD;pdk;EdkifrI

twGuf NydKifqdkifvmcJhMuygonf/ þuJhodkY Oa&myukefonfrsm; vTrf;rdk;

vmonfhtwGif;rSmyif rGwfpfvifrf ukefonfwdkYonf qufvuf

ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcJhMu\/

(17)&mpk tpavmufwGif tdEd,jynfawmifydkif;\ ta&SUbuf

urf;jzpfaom udk½dkref',furf;&Sd rqlvDywefü t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,

ukrÜPD\ ukefwdkufudkzGifhvSpfygonf/

6464

646464

17-&mpktv,favmuf

(1647)a&mufaomtcg xdkukrÜPDonf jrefrmEdkifiHü ukefwdkufzGifhí

a&mif;0,fEkdifcJhygonf/

65 65

65 65 65

ukefwdkufrzGifhEdkifrD tcsdefwGif t*FvdyfwdkY

onf rplvDywefrSaeí rGwfpfvifrfukefonfrsm;rS wpfqifh jrefrmEdkifiH

ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcJhygonf/

6666

666666

taemufbufvGefrif;onf oefvsifudkatmifEdkifNyD;aemuf

1613ckwGif rkwÅrpm;Anm;'vopömawmfcHvmonfqdkaomowif;udk

Mum;&onfh rplvDywefrS rGwfpfvifrfukefonfwdkYonf txl;yif

0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfaMumif;? ,cifu ay:wl*DwdkY vuf0g;BuD;tkyf

cJhaom jrefrmjynf\ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;onfrdrdwdkYvufwGif;odkY

jyefa&mufawmhrnfjzpf&m (1614)ck pufwifbmvwGifoefvsifodkY

oabFm(2)pif;apvTwf&ef pDpOfaeMuaMumif;ESifh rsufjrifoufao

jzpfaomzavm&pfqkdol'wfcsfc&D;onfurSwfwrf;a&;om;cJhygonf??

6767

676767

64. D.G.E. Hall, Early English Intercourse with Burma, p.32.65. ibid, p.25. 66.ibid p.87. 67.Voyage of Floris to the East Indies, p.119



(19)

yJcl;NrdKUwGif (1617) qifjrL&,f&Sdwftedpöa&mufí qufcHolwdkY

awmif;vmrSay;&ef ¤if;ydkifypönf;rsm;udk jrefrmbk&ifuodrf;xm;onf

qdkaom owif;udkvnf; yJcl;rSjyefvmaom rGwfpfvifrfukefonfwdkYu

ta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPD\ rqlvDywef&Sd ukefwdkufodkYtaMumif;Mum;

ay;cJhaMumif; od&ygonf/

6868

686868

(1656)ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPDonf oefvsif&Sd

ukefwdkufudk ½kyfodrf;cJhygonf/

6969

696969

xdkYaemuf jrefrmEdkifiH t*Fvdyf

ukrÜPD\ a&mif;0,frIvkyfief;wdkYonf tdEd,jynfawmifydkif;rSjzpfaom

rGwfpfvifrfESifh wv*l ukefonfrsm;? tmar;eD;,ef; ukefonfrsm;

vufwGif;odkY usqif;cJhjcif;? txl;ojzifh ¤if;wdkYonf ywÅjrm;

a&mif;0,frIudk vuf0g;BuD;tkyfxm;MuaMumif; t*FvdyfwdkYrSmrl

oefvsifwGif oabFmjyifjcif;? wnfaqmufjcif;wdkYudkom jyKvkyf

aeaMumif;ESifh (1709)ckESpfwGif oefvsifodkY a&mufcJhaom tvufZ½dk'g

qdkolu a&;om;cJhygonf/

7070

707070

t&AfukefonfwdkY\ a&mif;0,frIrSmvnf; qufvufaumif;rGef

vsuf&Sdygonf/(1707)ckESpfwGif oefvsifwGif oabFmaqmufvkyfief;

ESifha&mufaeMuaom t&AfwdkYonf t*Fvdyf ta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPD

z&if;&Spf ac: oabFmudk zrf;qD;aMumif;? t*FvdyfwdkYtm; armufrm

½dkif;yspGmqufqHcJhaMumif; od&ygonf/ þt&AfwkdY\ a&mif;0,frIrSm

tqufjywfcJhjcif;r&Sdyg/

7171

717171

68. D.G.E. Hall, Early English Intercourse with Burma, p.34.






(20)

jrefrmEdkifiHxGufuRef;rSm oabFmaqmufvkyf&ef tzdk;wefvS

ygonf/ oefvsifwGif vmí oabFmaqmufvkyfjcif;rSm vG,fulí

aps;oufomonf[k od&ygonf/

7272

727272

bk&ifhaemifvufxuf(1572)

ckESpfu [Hom0wDNrdKUawmfwGif oabFm(7)pif;wnfaqmufí rJvykwf

tm; t&if;tESD;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,f&ef apvTwfcJhaMumif;

od&ygonf/

7373

737373

aemufydkif;wGif EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;u oefvsifodkY

vmí oabFmjyifapjcif;? oabFmaqmufvkyfapjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfMu

ojzifh oefvsifrSm xdkacwfu oabFmusif;wpfckjzpfcJhygonf/

7474

747474

paerif;ac: rmefatmif&wemapwD'g,umrif; (1698-

1714) vufxufwGif bk&ifydkif(ukefoG,fa&wyf)rsm;&SdaeaMumif;

r'&yft*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPD\rSwfwrf;rsm;t& od&ygonf/

7575

757575

¤if;ukefoG,fa&wyfoabFmwdkYteuf atvm[D ac: oabFm ESifh

pvmrof ac: oabFm(2)pif;wdkYonf r'&yfoabmFqdyfodkY 0ifxGufcJh

aMumif; rSwfwrf;wdkYwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/

7676

767676

trnfwdkYrSm

tpövmrfbmoma&; t&Aftrnfrsm;jzpfygonf/ atvm[D \

t"dyÜm,frSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sifjzpfí? pvmrof \ t"dyÜm,frSm

Nidrf;csrf;om,mjcif; odkYr[kwf pdwfcsvHkjcHKjcif;jzpfygonf/ t&Af

bmomESifh tpövmrftrnfay;xm;aom þoabFmwdkYudk t&AfwdkYu

aqmufvkyfcJhMuonf[k ,lqzG,f&m&Sdygonf/ paerif;vufxuf

jrefrmwdkYonf oabFmrsm;jzifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcJhMuaMumif;udk

þtcsuftm;jzifh odomEdkifygonf/

72. ibid, p.153. 73. HY Vol. III, p.1.74. D.G.E. Hall, Early English Intercourse with Burma,

p.10,11,145,153,165,222.75. ibid, p.202. 76. ibid, p.201.



(21)

rGwfpfvifrfrsm;ESifh oHwreftquftoG,frsm;

17/ ,cktif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHtygt0if plrMwm;uRef;qG,f&Sd tcsif?tpnf

jynfESifhqufoG,fcJhyHkudk tpD&ifcHcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/(tydk'f-15udk½I&ef)

tpövmrfbmom0ifrif;rsm;jzpfaom tuúywfrif;rsm;ESifh qufoG,f

cJhyHkudk tusOf;tm;jzifh qufvufazmfjyvdkygonf/

[Hom0wD qifjzLrsm;&Sifbk&ifhaemifvufxuf(1563)ckESpf

avmufwGif tuúywfrif;onf oabFmom;wdkYESifh vufaqmifrGefrsm;

ay;ydkYí om,macsiHpGmaom pum;jzifh qufoG,fapcJhonf/

bk&ifhaemifonf oH(2)OD;udk apvTwfawmfrlcJhygonf/ tuúywfrif;xH

vnf;a&muf&SdNyD;aemuf tuúywfrif;uvnf; oHawmfrsm;udk zwfí

jyefvnfapvTwfawmfrlcJhygonf/

77 77

77 77 77

tuúA&fbk&if (1556-1605)

vufxufujzpfygonf/

taemufbufvGefrif;w&m;vufxuf(1616)ckESpfwGif

tuúywfrif; *s[ef*D&fbk&ifffff(1605-1627)xHrS aZm&cef qdkol

a&mufvmaMumif;udkvnf;od&ygonf/

7878

787878

omvGefrif;w&m;BuD;

vufxufawmf (1636)ckESpfcefY eef;wufNyD;pwGif tuúywfoHa&muf

aMumif;trSwftom;awGU&ygonf/

7979

797979

þrif;w&m;BuD; vufxuf

(1641)ckESpfwGif tuúywfrif;om; &mZmr[mPomxHrS oHrdwfpm;

r[mruf trnf&Sd oHonf aejynfawmfodkY a&muf&SdcJhygonf/

8080

808080

&Sm*s[efbk&ifvufxuf(1627rS1658)jzpfygonf/

77. HY Vol. III, p.65-69.

78. ibid, p.188.

79. ibid, p.238.

80. ibid, p.244-245.



(22)

paerif;ac: rmefatmif&wemapwD 'g,umvufxuf

(1071) ckESpfwGif tuúywfrif;oHrsm;a&muf&SdcJhí (1711)ck? (1072ck?

jymodkv) 5-OD;ygaom oHtzGJUwpfzGJUudk tuúywfrif;xH paerif;u

apvTwfawmfrlcJhonf/

8181

818181

r*dkbk&if&Smtmvrfbk&ifvufxuf (1707rS

1721)jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPD r'&yfukefwdkuf\

(1716)? {NyDv(11)&ufaeY rSwfwrf;rsm;t& jrefrmbk&if\ oHwref

rsm;onf r'&yfrSwpfqifh r*dkbk&ifatmif&efZpf(1658-1707)xHodkY

oGm;a&mufaMumif;od&ygonf/

8282

828282

(17)&mpkwGif jrefrmEdkifiH paerif;\ oHtzGJUrsm;onf r'&yfrS

wpfqifh r*dkeef;awmfodkYoGm;a&mufaMumif;? &Smtmvrfu oHtzGJU

wpfzGJUapvTwfí 0daooxl;pGm cHhnm;aom 0wfpHkwpfpkHydkYaMumif;?

(1712)ckESpfjrefrmoHtzGJUvm&mwGif jrefrmydkif(atvm[D)oabFmjzifh

jzpfí r'&yfrS b*Fvm;odkY b*Fvm;rS r*dkeef;awmfodkY oGm;aMumif;

od&ygonf/

8383

838383

þrSwfwrf;vm &Smtmvrfrif;ESifh paerif;wdkY

tjyeftvSefapvTwfonfh oHwrefqufoG,frIrSm txufazmfjyyg

jrefrm&mZ0ifvm tuúywfrif;ESifh paerif;wdkY\ oHwref qufoG,frI

yifjzpfEdkifonf/

tuúywfjynf

18/ þtcsufudk taxmuftxm;jyKívnf;aumif;? jrefrm

&mZ0ifü tuúywfoHtzGJUrsm; xdkif;yifv,fc&D;rSjzwfí oefvsif

oabFmqdyfrSBudKqdk&onf[laom tcsufudk taxmuftxm;jyKí

vnf;aumif; xdkacwfuac:a0:aom tuúywfrif;EdkifiHrSm yifv,f

81. Thuthodhita Yazawin, Vol. III, pp. 323-324.82. D.G.E. Hall, Early English Intercourse with Burma, p.200.83. ibid, p.201.



(23)

&yfjcm;wGif&Sdonfh r*dkbk&if pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfonfh EdkifiHyifjzpfonf[k

,lq&ygonf/ xdkEdkifiH\ rif;udk &cdkif&mZ0ifü 'dvDyqmrif;[k

ac:ygonf/

8484

848484

r*dkrif;qufwGif wefcdk;tBuD;qHk;ESifh txif&Sm;qHk;jzpf

aom tuúA&fbk&ifudk tpGJjyKí r*dkrif;quf0if aemufrif;rsm;udk

vnf; tuúywfrif;? ¤if;wkdYwdkif;jynfudk tuúywfjynf[k ac:qdkjcif;

jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf/

18&mpktvsifjrefrmEdkifiHwGiftpövmrfomoem0ifrsm;&SdcJhjcif;

19/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf rGwfpfvifrfrsm;ESifhqufoG,fjcif;?rGwfpfvifrf

bk&ifwdkYESifh oHtvJtvS,f&Sdjcif;wdkYjzihff jrefrmEdkifiHodkY tpövmrfbmom

a&muf&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ r*dkrif;wdkY vufxufwGif tdEd,jynfü

tpövmrfbmomjyefYESHUcJhygonf/ þodkY tpövmrfbmom\t&Sdeft0g

xGef;um;aomEdkifiHESifhoHwreftquftoG,f&Sdjcif;?rGwfpfvifrfrsm;ESifh

qufoG,faejcif;wdkYonf wpfenf;tm;jzifh tpövmrfbmomESifh jrefrm

EdkifiHwdkY tquftoG,f&Sdaejcif;udkom azmfjyaeygonf/

yk*Hacwf

20/ yk*Hacwf ausmufpmtcsKdUwGif yefod,f

85 85

85 85 85

yef;ao;[laom

trnfudkwpfcgwpf&HawGU&Sd&ygonf/* þtrnfESifh ,ckacwf

em;vnfaom tpövmrfbmom0ifw½kwftrsKd;om;wdkY\ trnftjzpf

oHk;pGJcJhjcif;jzpfygrl yk*Hacwfuwnf;u w½kwfrGwfpfvifrfrsm;a&muf&Sd

aeNyD[k ,lqzG,f&m&Sdygonf/ taotcsmum; rqdkEdkifyg/

84. For Padshah, a persian title approximately corresponding to Em-peror. other forms are padshaw, podshaw. Hobson Jobson Dictionaryp. 652. New History of Arakan Vol. II, p. 58, dili pachaman:

85. Inscription of Burma Vol. I, 76 dated 1224 A.D.




(24)

NrdwfESifh t&Af

21/ NrdwfNrdKU&Sd EdkifiH&if;om; tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYurdrdwkdYrSma&S;

umvuwnf;uvma&muftajcpdkufaecJhonfh t&AfrGwfpfvifrfwdkYrS

qif;oufolrsm;jzpfaMumif;udk ,aeYwdkif ,HkMunf,lqaeMuonf/

bk&ifhaemifvufxuf

22/ [Hom0wDqifjzLrsm;&SifvufxufwGif olUtoufudkowfí

aqmif&Guf&aom bmoma&;"avhvkyfief;rsm;udk ydwfyifcJh&mwGif

tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkY\ tD'Gvft'G[maeYü om;aumifrsm;udk

pGefYvTwf tepfemcHonfh txdrf;trSwfjyKonfh bmoma&;vkyf&yfyg

ydwfyifjcif;cH&ygonf/

8686

868686

xdkbmoma&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm xifay:

rsm;jym;íom ydwfyifjcif; jzpfygonf/ þtcsufum; bk&ifhaemifrif;

vufxufwGif jrefrmEdkifiHü tpövmrfbmom0if trsm;tjym;&SdaeNyD

jzpfaMumif; axmufcHvsuf&Sdygonf/

aMu;pm;ppfonfrsm;

23/ urÇmhta&SUydkif;odkY ay:wl*Drsm; BuD;pdk;vmNyD;aemuf &cdkifrif;xH

wGif aMu;pm;ppfonf oabFmom;tjzpf trIxrf;vmaom ay:wl*D

tcsKdUonf &cdkifESifh b*Fvm;jynfwdkYwGif tpövmrfbmom0if &cdkifom;

b*Fvm;om;wdkYESifhaygif;rdMuygonf/

8787

878787

xdka'orSwpfqifh jrefrmEdkifiH

bufodkY vma&mufMuaomtcgwGif ay:wl*DwdkYESifhtwl tpövmrf

bmom0if aMu;pm;ppfonfrsm;ygvmcJhMuygonf/ rif;w&m;a&TxD;

ESifh bk&ifhaemifwdkY vufxufawmfwGif trIxrf;Muaom aMu;pm;

ppfonfoabFmom; ukvm;wdkYwGif ay:wl*DwdkYESifh twl tpövmrf

bmom0ifrsm;vnf; yg0ifMuygonf/

86. G.E.Harvey, Outline History of Burma. p.114.87. D.G.E. Hall, Early English Intercourse with Burma, p.49.



(25)

&cdkifrSwpfqifh a&mufvmMuolrsm;

24/ &cdkifjynfü txufwGiftpD&ifcHNyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; tpövmrf

bmom0ifwdkYrSm tESHUtjym;a&muf&Sdaeygonf/ rif;&mZmBuD;

vufxuf yJcl;udk vma&mufwdkufcdkufcJh&mü aMu;pm;ukvm;

ppfonfrsm; yg0ifMuygonf/ yJcl;ysufNyD;aemuf (1600)aemufqHk;ü

oefvsifNrdKUudk iZuFmESifh taygif;tygwdkYudk tyfESif;cJhygonf/

awmifila&mufyef;ao;

25/ xdkpOfu oabFmqdyfNrdKUrsm;udk ydkifqdkifydwfqdkYxm;ojzifh

awmifilom;rsm;rSm awmifilwGif &Sdaom ukvm;yef;ao; olaX;

ol<u,fwdkYvufwGif a&S;u&Sdaom txnftvdyfrsm;udkom 0wf&

aMumif; od&ygonf/ þodkYjzifh awmifilü ukvm;yef;ao;rsm;

(1600)ckESpfavmufu a&mufaeNyDjzpfaMumif;od&ygonf/

8888

888888

oefvsifa&muf ukvm;yoD (2000)? (3000)

26/ taemufbufvGefrif;vufxufwGif ay:wl*DwkdY\ vufrS

oefvsifNrdKUudk wdkufcdkuf,lonf/ wdkufyGJ(1612)ckESpfwGifvnf;

aemufrS trIxrf;ukvm;yoD (2000)?(3000)ESifh oabFm(5)pif;

ppfula&mufvm&m ¤if;teuf (4)pif;udk vuf&zrf;rd\/ oabFm

trIxrf; ukvm;yoDwdkYudk rowfrn§pfbJzrf;,lcJhygonf/

8989

898989

88. Thuthodhita Yazawin, Vol. III, p. 92.

89. HY. Vol. III, pp.177-178.



(26)

&cdkifrS ukvm;yoDrsm;

27/ þrif;vufxufwGif (1615)&cdkif oHwGJodkY csDwuf wdkufcdkuf

&m oHwGJwpfNrdKUvHk;udk&í vloHkYyef;rsm;udk zrf;,lawmfrlcJhaMumif;

od&ygonf/

9090

909090

paerif;vufxuf (1707)ckESpfwGifvnf; ,lawmfrl

jrif;rSL;wdkYudkuGyfuJapí &cdkifoHwGJudkwdkufcdkufap&aMumif;qdkygonf/

vlOD;a&&&Sda&;ESifh vlta&mif;t0,f

28/ þacwfu wdkif;jynfwdkif;twGuf vlOD;a&rsm;jym;&efta&;BuD;

ygonf/ odkYjzpfí ppfqifrIwdkif;wGif tEdkif&aomEdkifiHonf Opömypönf;

rsm;omru vlrsm;udk oHkYyef;tjzpf zrf;qD;í rdrdEdkifiHodkYac:aqmif,l

vmum ae&mcsxm;ay;í toHk;jyKpNrJjzpfygonf/ ay:wl*DESifh 'wfcsf

wdkYonf rdrdwdkYydkifeufwGif vkyftm; wkd;wufap&eftwGuf wdkufcdkuf

vk,ufívnf;aumif;? 0,fívnf;aumif;? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rSvlrsm;udk

&,lMuygonf/ þvkyfief;rSm xdkpOfuvkyf½dk;vkyfpOfjzpfí jrefrmrif;

wdkYonfvnf; vlOD;a&enf;yg;aom a'orsm;wGif pdkufysKd;vkyfudkifrI

twGuf oHkYyef;rsm;udk zrf;qD;ae&mcsxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

9191

919191

tdEd,awmifydkif;rS ajymif;vmolrsm;

29/ (1688-89)ckESpfrsm;wGifr'&yfü'k±du©EÅ&uyfBuD;qdkufcJhygonf/

xdka'orSvltrsm;wdkYonf jrefrmEdkifiHodkYa&TUajymif;aexdkifcJhaMumif;

t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPDrSwfwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/

9292

929292

þodkY

a&TUajymif;aexdkifvmolwdkYwGif tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;vnf; yg0ifcJh

onf[k ,lq&ygonf/

90. Thuthodhita Yazawin, Vol. III, p. 158.

91. ibid, p. 318.




(27)

&cdkifrS0ifa&mufolwdkYudk ae&mcsxm;jcif;

30/ paerif;vufxuf oHwGJudkwkdufcdkufNyD;aemuf(2)ESpftMumwGif

(1709)ckwGif oHwGJrS&&Sdcdk0ifvmol Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;? tpövmrf

bmom0ifrsm;tm; ae&mcsxm;ay;yHkudk (1163)ckESpf?e,kefvjynfhausmf

(2)&ufaeYwGif a&Twdkufyk&ydkufrS ausmufwpfvHk;Adkvfrif;&Jausmfxif

a&;ul;aom ppfwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/þ0ifa&mufvmolwdkYrSm

txufpaerif;vufxufuoHwGJwdkuf&mrSygvmolrsm;jzpfwef&m\/

¤if;ppfwrf;t&cdk0ifvmol oHkYyef;wdkYtm; NrdKU(37)NrdKUwGifae&mcsxm;

aMumif;?(37)NrdKUteuf(25)NrdKUwGif Ak'bmom0ifwdkYudkae&mcsxm;í

(12)NrdKUwGiftpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYudkae&mcsxm;aMumif;od&ygonf/

¤if;(12)NrdKUrSm- (1) awmifil

(2) &rnf;oif;

(3) anmif&rf;

(4) ,if;awmf

(5) rdw¦Dvm

(6) yif;wvJ

(7) wbufqGJ

(8) aAm"d

(9) pnfom

(10) pnfykÞ&m

(11) ajrxl;

(12) 'DyJ&if;wdkYjzpfygonf/



(28)

Ak'bmom0ifwdkYudk ae&mcsxm;ay;aomNrdKUrsm;trnf(25)NrdKU

udkvnf;azmfjyxm;ygonf/

9393

939393

paerif;vufxufþ(12)NrdKUwGifae&m

csxm;ay;jcif;cH&aom tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYudk tpOftvmtm;jzifh

(3700)[kac:vmMuygonf/ ta&twGuf twdtusudk rqkdEdkifyg/

þtcsufESifh pyfvsOf;í tjcm;wdkuf½dkuftaxmuftxm;rsm;

udk rawGU&aomfvnf; 1145ckwGif ppfwrf;wdkif½Hk;awmfü ay;quf&

onfh vufcHppfwrf;t&vnf;aumif;? bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxuf

(1785)ck &cdkifudkatmifjrifí r[mjrwfrkedqif;wkawmfBuD;udkyifhawmf

rl&mwGif oabFmqdyfrS tr&yl&odkY &Javmif;oG,f\ qGJvm&mwGif

a&SUqHk;rSyg&aom ukvm;ysKdtpkom;wdkY oDqdkonfh-

wpfaxmifouú&mZf? ESpfaygif; ckepfq,fausmfvGef;uwnf;?

paerif;acgif atmifvufqGJ? &J&ifh*kPfa&mif[laom 'Hk;csif;

cc

ccc9494

949494

cc

ccc

t&

vnf;aumif;? paerif;vufxufwGif tpövmrfbmom0iftrsm;

aexdkkifvmyHkudk aumif;pGmod&ygonf/

tcsKyftm;jzifh jyefajymif;azmfjy&ygaomf 9-&mpk? 10-&mpkESpf

rsm;avmufuwnf;u tpövmrfbmom0ift&AfwdkYonf jrefrmEdkifiH

udk od&Sdí yifv,fc&D;tm;jzifh tpövmrfonf jrefrmEdkifiHawmifydkif;ESifh

omreftm;jzifh qufpyfrdcJhygonf/ 13-&mpkESpfrsm;wGif w½kwfjynf

bufrS tpövmrfbmomonf jrefrmEdkifiH ajrmufydkif;ESifh tv,fydkif;

odkY a&mufcJhygonf/

93. An Account of the Burmese Muslims of the Past (in Burmese)

By U Po Chai, p.39. (from now on be refered to ABM)

94. ABM, p.50.



(29)

(14)-(15)&mpkESpfrsm;wGif &cdkifbufrSwpfqifh tpövmrfonf

aemufxyfa&muf&Sdvmjyefygonf/ þrSmbufwGif tpövmrfESifh

qufpyfrIrSm ydkrdkxkxnfaumif;í jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkY wjznf;jznf;

ysHUES H YvmcJhygonf/ ukefonfrsm;? oabFmom;rsm;? oabFm

aqmufvkyfolrsm;? aMu;pm;ppfom;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? oHkYyef;

rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh a&TUajymif;vm&

olrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYonf (16)&mpkESpf

rsm;avmufrSpí(18)&mpkESpfrsm;tptxd tajrmuftjrm; a&muf&Sd

vmum jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufydkif;xd ysHUESHUvmcJhMuygonf/

txl;ojzifh(1613)ckESpf taemufbufvGefrif;w&m; oefvsifrS

ydkYaomyoDukvm;(2000)?(3000)cefY?(1615)ckESpfoHwGJudkwdkufízrf;,l

vmaom oHkYyef;wdkYwGif yg0ifaom tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;? paerif;

vufxuf(1707)ckESpfwGif &cdkifoHwGJwdkuf&mrS xyfrH&aom oHkYyef;

wdkYwGifyg0ifonfh tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;ESifh

ajrmufydkif;wdkYwGif tvHk;t&if;ESifh a&mufvmolrsm;jzpfMuygonf/

tpövmrfbmom0if a&S;jrefrmBuD;rsm;

31/ a&S;ua&mufolrsm;ESifh aemufqHk; paerif; vufxufwGif

a&muf&Sd olrsm;rS qif;oufvmMuaom tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYrSm

a&S;jrefrm ,Ofaus;rI tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;udk wjznf;jznf;

&&SdolwdkYjzpfMu&m udk;uG,f,HkMunfrIwGif uGJjym;onfrSwpfyg;

tjcm;aoma&S;jrefrmwdkYrS qif;oufaomjrefrmEdkifiH\yif&if;EdkifiHom;

ESifhuGJjym;rIr&Sdyg/ *




(30)

yif&if;EdkifiHom;rGwfpfvifrfrsm;ESifh aemufa&mufrsm;

32/ (19)&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; NAdwdoQwdkY\ e,fcsJUppfrsm;\

aemufuG,fwGif jrefrmEdkifiHawmifydkif;odkY wjznf;jznf;0ifa&muf

vmaom EdkifiHjcm;om; tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;wdkYrS qif;oufvmol

wdkYrSmvnf; jrefrmh"avhxHk;pHt& ajymif;vJ aexdkifvmMuygonf/

odkY&mwGif aemufydkif;wGif pDyGm;a&;twGuf a&muf&SdvmMuolrsm;?

jrefrmEdkifiHudk rdrdwdkYEdkifiH&if;tjzpf oabmrxm;EdkifMuaom EdkifiHjcm;

om; tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;ESifh ,if;wdkYrS oufqif;olwdkYrSmrl jrefrmh

"avh xHk;pHrsm;udk vufrcHMuonfomru jrefrmqefqefaexdkif

Muaom wdkif;&if;om; rGwfpfvifrfwdkY\ "avh xHk;pH? pmay? bmom

pum;wdkYudkyifvQif bmomtqHk;trESifh qefYusifoa,mif ajymqdk

a[majymí (20)&mpktpavmufuwnf;u wdkif;&if;om; tpövmrf

bmom0ifwdkYtm; wdkif;&if;om; pdwfaysmufí EdkifiHjcm;toGif0if

vmatmif bmoma&;ESifh vSnfhpm;um aqmif&GufvmcJhMuojzifh

tpövmrfbmom0if yif&if; tcsKdUEdkifiHom;wdkYrSm Za0Z0gjzpfaeMu

ygonf/

þodkYjzifh jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdf tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYaemufaMumif;

jzpfpOfudk tusOf;csHK;wifjy tpD&ifcHtyfygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om; tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkY wdkif;jynfwm0ef

xrf;&GufcJhMuyHkESifh ¤if;wdkYtm; a&S;jrefrmrif;wdkYu csD;jr§ifhcJhyHkudk &SmazG

awGU&SdorQ qufvuf wifjytpD&ifcHtyfygonf/



(31)

'kwd,ydkif;

jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYtm;

a&S;jrefrmrif;wdkYu csD;jr§ifhcJhyHk

cGJjcm;&efcJ,Of;jcif;

33/ a&S;jrefrmrif;wdkY vufxufwGif trIawmfxrf;Muolrsm;? csD;jr§ifh

cH&olrsm;rSm ygVdodkYr[kwf ygVdjrefrma&maESmaeaom bGJUtrnfrsm;u

rsm;jym;vSojzifh ¤if;wdkYteuf rnfolonf tpövmrfbmom0ifjzpf

onfudkcGJjcm;azmfjy&ef rvG,fulyg/ trnf&if;yg&SdvQif odkYr[kwf

&mxl;rSm tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYESifh oufqdkifygu cGJjcm;azmfjyEdkif

ygonf/ odkY&Sd&um; od&Sdí rSwfom;EdkifcJhaom ukef;abmifacwf

aemufydkif;wGifom jrefrmrif;wdkYu tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYtm; csD;jr§ifh

cJhyHktawmfrsm;rsm; odEdkifí ¤if;xufapmaom umvtwGuftenf;

i,f cGJjcm;od&SdEdkifygonf/

2-ydkif;cJGí wifjyjcif;

34/ þtydkif;udk tpD&ifcH&mwGif ukef;abmifacwftvsifumv

ESifh ukef;abmifacwf[lí (2)ydkif; cGJí wifjyvdkygonf/



(32)

ukef;abmifacwftvsif &cdkifjynfwGif

35/ &cdkifjynfwGif (16)&mpkESpfrsm;rSm tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYonf

&cdkifbk&if\ a&wyfomrsm;? ppfrIxrf;rsm;? udk,f&Hawmfrsm;?

av;udkifrsm;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhMuygonf/ 'kwd,pvif;rf&Sm;

bGJUcH oD&dok"r®(1622-38)rif;\ &mZbdaou obifwGif ppfcif;í

xGufawmfrl&m tpövmrfbmom0if ppfonfrsm;onf jrefrm? yJcl;om;

ppfonfrsm;ESifhtwl yg0ifcJhonfudk rsufjrifjzpfaom ay:wl*D

trsKd;om; bk&if*sDbmombkef;awmfBuD; ref&pf\ rSwfwrf;wGif azmfjy

xm;ygonf/

9595

959595

þrif;vufxufwGif bk&if\ ,HkMunfudk;pm;jcif;

cH&aom&mZm*k½k(tMuHay;ynm&Sd)rSm tpövmrfbmom0ifjzpfaMumif;

ruú[fNrdKUodkY(2)Budrfbk&m;zl;oGm;cJhol [m*sDjzpfaMumif;? þyk*d¾Kvftm;

wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYu &[EÅmwrQ MunfndKMuaMumif;udkvnf;

þbkef;awmfBuD; ref&pf uyif a&;om;cJhygonf/

9696

969696

taemufbufvGefrif;vufxuf (1615-28)

36/ taemufbufvGefrif;w&m;vufxufawmfwGif Zif;r,f

ukvm; yD&mr[mrufqdkolrSm EdkifiHjcm;rSoHwrefrsm;tm; BudKqdkí

bk&if\ a&SUawmfarSmufydkY&ol(1616ck)jzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/

9797

979797

omvGefrif;w&m;vufxuf (1629-48)

37/ tvm;wlyif omvGefrif;w&m;vufxufawmfüvnf; EdkifiHjcm;

oHwrefwdkYESifhqufoG,frIü &mxl;jzifh csD;ajr§mufjcif;cH&í trIawmfudk

xrf;&olwdkYwGif tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm; yg0ifonfudk awGU&ygonf/

95.Travels of Fray Sibastein Manrique, Vol. I, pp.364,390.96. ibid, pp. 352.97. Thuthodhita Yazawin, Vol. III, p.159.



(33)

(1641)ckwGif tuúywfrif;\oH oHrdwfpm; r[mruf a&muf&Sd

vmaomtcg &mZoHudk ul;&olwdkYrSm Zif;r,fukvm; owd,odef

(p'pf,mpif)ESifhpEur®m(pEurm&f)wdkYjzpfía&SUawmfarSmufwGifoHtul

tnDtjzpfae&olrSm rem0ga&(rdke0g&f)jzpfygonf/ a&SUawmfarSmuf

wGifpEurm&fu ukvm;pm(yg&Sef;)ESifhjrefrmpmudkzwf&ygonf/

9898

989898

paerif;vufxuf (1698-1714)

38/ paerif;vufxuf(1698-1714)wGif ukvm;0ef&SdaeNyDjzpf

aMumif;od&ygonf/(1706)(1068-ck?wydkYwGJvjynfhausmf-5&uf)

bGJUtrnfrsm;jzifh csD;jr§ifhawmfrl&mwGif ukvm;0ef EGm;vSpm;rSm

rPdol&bGJUrnfudk &&SdcJhygonf/

9999

999999

wyfrawmftrIxrf;t&mxrf;rsm;

39/ þrif;vufxuf(1700)ckESpfwGif cdk0ifvmaom tpövmrf

bmom0ifwdkYtm;-

vkyfajr? aeajr? pm;ajrrsm; csxm;oem;awmfrlNyD;aemuf

¤if;ouú&mZf wydkYwGJvwGif (xdkrGwfpfvifrfwdkYudk)ukvm;ysKd

aoewftzGJU pkawmfrlí 'dkif;awmf aoewfudkifay;tyfawmf

rl\/ xdkaoewftpkom;wdkYudk ta0;NrdKUodkY rcefYrxm;?

uRefawmfcH0ifa&mufolrsm;jzpfí trdefYawmfESifh vGwfNidrf;&

onf/ ta&;awmf&SdvQifvnf; eef;rawmfwef;tpkom;wdkYu

wpfAdkvfwpfwyfcefYxm;awmfrlvQifAdkvf&Haoewf(40)wefonf

(50)wefonf vdkufí xrf;&onf/ xdktrIxrf;wdkYrSm

98. Thuthodhita Yazawin, Vol. III, pp.213-214.99. ibid, p.316.



(34)

wdkif;pm&if;rif;rI twdk;tpGef0if;jyif tdrfaqmuf acsmydkY

0efxrf;? xrif;vHk;a&wnf?qdyfwnf? uif;ul;wdkY? opf&if;cGef?

tay:0ef? taumuftpm;? w&m;uGrf;zdk;? rIao;rIzGJU?

NrdKUrSNrdKUwmvGwfNidrf;í aoeyfESifh wpf0wnf; xrf;&Guf&onf/

xkdtpkom;wdkYwGifvnf; w&m;pum;&Sdonfrsm;udk BuD;onfudk

i,fatmif? i,fonfudk yaysmufatmif ¤if;wdkY\ acgiftBuD;

pma&;wdkYu pD&ifqHk;r&onf/ [k 1145 ckESpfvufcHppfwrf;

wGif &Sdxm;ygonf/

100100

100100100

ppfrIa&;wGifuRrf;usifolrsm; jzpfMuonfhtwdkif; tpövmrf

bmom0ifwdkYonf ukvm;ysKdaoewftpkwGif wdkif;jynfwm0efudk

xrf;&Guf MuaMumif; txufygppfwrf; aumufEIwfcsuft& od&Sd&

ygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí EdkifiHvkHjcHKrIudpöwGif tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYrSm

jrefrmbk&ifrif;jrwfwdkY\ "m;udk csD;jr§ifhjcif;udk cHcJh&ygonf/

csD;jr§ifhyHkESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;

40/ þppfwrf;aumufEkwfcsufwGif yg&Sdonfhtwdkif; jrefrmbk&if

rif;jrwfu tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYtm;

aeajr? vkyfpm;ajrrsm;jzifh csxm;ay;oem;cJhygonf/

ukvm;ysKdaoewftpk pkawmfrlí 'dkif;aoewfrsm;udk ,HkMunfpGm

ay;tyf½Hkomru

(1) ta0;NrdKUodkYrcefYrxm; vGwfNidrf;cGifhay;ygonf/

(2) wdkif;pm&if; rif;rI twdk;tcGef? opf&if;cGef? 0g;&if;cGef?

tay:0ef? taumuftpm;? w&m;uGrf;zdk;wdkYudk ray;&yg/

vGwfNidrf;cGifh &Muygonf/

100. ABM, p.49.



(35)

(3) 0if;jyiftdrfaqmuf? acsmydkY0efxrf;? xrif;vHk;? a&xnfh?

qdyfwnfuif;ul;wdkYrIao;rIzGJU NrdKUrINrdKUwmwnf;[laom

wm0efwdkYrS vnf; vGwfNidrf;cGifh&Muygonf/

(4) ,if;wdkYtm; csD;jr§ifhonfh oD;jcm;tcGifhta&;rSm þppfwrf;wGif

yg&Sdonfhtwdkif; -

þrGwfpfvifrftpkom;wdkYwGiftcif;jzpfyGm;íw&m;pum;ay:

aygufvmaomtcgwGif f f f f ¤if;wdkYudk tkyfcsKyfcefYcGJol ¤if;wdkY\

acgif;tBuD;pma&;wdkYu pD&ifqHk;r&jcif;jzpfygonf/ tjcm;

t&m&SdtmPmydkifwdkYuppfaq;ta&;,lcGifhr&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/

tpövmrfbmom0iftrIxrf;wdkYtm; jrefrm{u&mZfwdkYu

þenf; ESifESif csD;jr§ifhajr§mufpm;yHkrSm ukef;abmifacwfwGif taxmuf

txm;rsm;ESifh txl;xif&Sm;pGm awGU&ygonf/ cdkifvHkaom tao;pdwf

taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh wuG od&SdEdkifygonf/

ukef;abmifacwfwGif csD;jr§ifhcJhyHktaxGaxG

41/ a&S;,cifuwnf;u a&muf&SdcJhaom tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYrS

oufqif;aygufzGm;vmMuaomEdkifiHom;rGwfpfvifrfwdkYrSmukef;abmif

acwftwGif;odkY a&mufvmaomumvcefYwGif ,Ofaus;rI"avh?

bmompum;ESifh tawG;tac:wdkYrSpí jrefrmrsm;tjzpfodkY a&muf&Sdae

MuNyDjzpfaMumif;udkawGU&ayonf/ udk;uG,f,HkMunfrIüomvQif uGJjym;

Muygonf/ odkYjzpfívnf; ukef;abmifacwf jrefrmbk&if{u&mZf

rif;jrwfwdkYonf,if;tpövmrfbmom0ifEdkifiHom;wdkYtm;aus;awmf&if;

uRefawmf&if;tjzpf oabmydkufawmfrlMuíausmom;&ifom;rcGJjcm;bJ

rif;usifhw&m;ESifhtnD Ak'bmom0ifEdkifiHom;rsm;tm; apmifha&Smuf

tkyfcsKyfonfhenf;wlapmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyfonfudkodEdkifygonf/



(36)

b0vHkjcHKrIwnf;[laomaexdkifvkyfudkif pm;aomufa&;wGif

pdwfcsEdkifonfh ulnDapmifha&SmufrIrsm;? csD;jr§ifhrIrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJay;awmf

rlcJhMuygonf/ EdkifiHom;wdkYudk &if0,fom;ozG,foabmxm;onfh

arwÅmw&m;udk EdkifiHom;rGwfpfvifrfrsm;tm;vnf; trsm;enf;wl

cHpm;cGifhay;jcif;jzpfygonf/

EdkifiH? NrdKUe,f? e,fy,fpDrHtkyfcsKyfa&; a&Teef;awmftwGif;

uGyfuJaqmif&Gufa&;ponfh trwfa&;&me,fy,f? EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;

umuG,fa&;ponfh ppfrufa&;&m e,fy,f EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;wpfyg;wdkY

ESifh qufoG,faqmif&Guf&onfh EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&; e,fy,frsm;

ponfwdkYwGif tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYtm; &mxl;BuD;i,frsm;ü wm0ef

ay;cefYxm;jcif;jzifhvnf; csD;jr§ifhawmfrlcJhMuygonf/

þukef;abmifbk&if{u&mZfwdkYonf aus;awmfrsKd;? uRefawmf

rsKd;tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYtm; udk;uG,f,HkMunfrIwGif vGwfvyfrIudk

ay;xm;ygonf/ Ak'¨bmom bk&if{u&mZfrsm;jzpfí t,l0g'wGif

rwlapumrl aus;awmfrsKd;uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYudk udk;uG,faom bmom

txdkuftavsmuf csD;jr§ifhtm;ay;awmfrlonfh rGefjrwfvSaom tpOf

tvmudkvnf; wDxGifawmfrlcJhMuygonf/

ukef;abmifbk&if{u&mZfwdkYu tpövmrfbmom0ifEdkifiHom;

wdkYtm;csD;jr§ifhajr§mufpm;awmfrlcJhMuyHkwdkYudk txufwGif tpD&ifcHonfh

twdkif;-

(1) b0vHkjcHKrIwnf;[laom aexdkifvkyfudkifpm;aomufa&;?

(2) &mxl;XmeEÅ&csD;jr§ifha&;

(3) rdrdwdkYbmomtvdkuf pD&ifcefYcGJEdkifa&;

(4) bmoma&; csD;jr§ifhrIwnf;[laom acgif;pOf(4)ckcGJjcm;í

&SmazG&&SdorQ azmfjyvdkygonf/



(37)

!

b0vHkjcHKa&; tultnDrsm;

42/ EdkifiHawmfom; aus;awmfuRefawmfrsKd; tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkY

vkyfudkifaexdkif pm;aomufEdkifí t&SifhtrIawmfudk xrf;aqmifEdkif&ef

ukef;abmifacwf bk&if{u&mZfwdkYu v,f,majrcsay;oem;awmf

rlcJhonfudk bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxuf(1145)ck vufcHppfwrf;wGif

awGU&Sd&ygonf/ ,if;ppfwrf;wdkYwGif paerif;vufxufawmf

tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYtm; ae&mcsxm;ay;cJhaom a'orsm;teuf

,if;awmf? &rnf;oif;? anmif&rf;? awmifil? yif;wvJ? rdw¦Dvm?

ajrxl;a'orsm;wGif aeajr? vkyfpm;ajrrsm; csxm;ay;awmfrlyHkudk

awGU&ygonf/¤if;wdkYrSm("r®uxduq&mBuD;pkaqmif;&&Sdaoma&Twdkuf

pm&if;0ifrSwfwrf;rS&&Sdygonf)atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/

101101

101101101

,if;awmf,if;awmf,if;awmf,if;awmf,if;awmf

,if;awmfrSm csxm;&if; vlwdkYudk bk&ifhtrdefYawmfESifh vuf,m

axmifrSL; armifndKudk cefYxm;awmfrlí NrdKUolBuD; armifoD;cdkif?

armif&SefwdkYu jyoay;í acgif;BuD;armifvHk;u pm;ajr? aeajr?

vkyfajrrsm; ay;oem;awmfrlonfrSm -

101. ABM, pp.70-73.



(38)

,if;awmfNrdKUajrmuf rif;ausmif;ukef;wGif aeajray;cs&if;

ajronf ausmif;ESifh eD;pyfonfhtwGuf vGwfuif;ajymif;csí ay;&rnf

trdefYawmfESifh csay;onfh ajre,fedrdwfonf ta&SUudk ausmif;

v,fajrtxd? awmifudk uef½dk;txd? taemufudk rusnf;yif

urf;½dk;txd? ajrmufudk vTJacgif? armifpHomv,fajr txd aeajr

csay;í ae&ygonf/

vkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSm uefawmfrif;ausmif;vTJa&aomufv,fy,f?

(20)wif;BuJoabmvTJ a&aomufv,fy,f?(20)wif;BuJawmifvTJ

a&aomufv,fy,f? (5)wif;BuJ ppfyifvTJa&aomufv,fy,f

(3)wif;BuJ csay;oem;awmfrlí aexdkifvkyfpm;Mu&onf/

&rnf;oif;&rnf;oif;&rnf;oif;&rnf;oif;&rnf;oif;

csxm;&if;vlwdkYudk trdefYawmfESifh a,mufsm;wpfa,mufrSL;cefY

xm;awmfrlí olBuD; &SifaZ,swdkYu jyoay;cs&onf/

ajrrSm &rnf;oif; taemufqifjzLukef;t&yfwGif aeajrcsay;onf/

ajre,fedrdwfonf-ta&SUudk tkyfESHyifausmif;a&SUtxd

awmifudk qdk;raMumiftxd

taemufudk v,fajrmifabmiftxd

ajrmufudk rusnf;yHk opfwkyfyiftxd

ay;csoem;awmfrlí aexdkifvkyfpm;&ygonf/

vkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSm jrif;uv,fajrwGif v,fy,f 24wif;BuJ?

ukuúdKq,fa&aomufv,fjyifwGif v,fy,f 24 wif;BuJ? uefopf

v,fjyifwGif v,fy,f10wif;BuJay;csoem;awmfrlíaexdkifvkyfudkif

pm;aomufNyD;trIawmfudk xrf;&ygonf/



(39)

awmifilawmifilawmifilawmifilawmifil

awmifilNrdKUcsxm;&if;vlwdkYudk trdefYawmfESifh awmifil a&T'dkif;rSL;

udkcefYawmfrlí ¤if;NrdKUppfuJBuD; £E´ysHcsDwdkYu jyocsay;&onf/

aeajronfaeajronfaeajronfaeajronfaeajronf awmifilNrdKU ta&SUaygif;avmif;jrpftxd

awmifudk MumeDueftxd

taemufudk OwÅrmajrmif;abmiftxd ae&mcsay;íae&ygonf/

vkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSm awmifilNrdKUqiftdyfawmwGif; v,fy,f 50wif;

BuJwnfxGifvkyfpm;aexdkif xrf;&GufMu&ygonf/

yif;wvJ

yif;wvJNrdKUrSm csxm;&if; vlwdkYudk trdefYawmfESifh aumif;wm

&SnfrSL;udk cefYxm;awmfrlí yif;wvJNrdKUolBuD; armifxGef;vSbHkwdkYu

jyocsay;&ygonf/

aeajraeajraeajraeajraeajre,fedrdwfonf yif;wvJNrdKUtaemuf vlvm&Gmukef;wGif

ta&SUudk jruefa&vJtxd

awmifudk uef½dk;txd

taemufudk uefom,muef½dk;txd

ajrmufudk omrefusnf;yifvStxd

vkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSmvkyfpm;ajrrSm yif;wvJNrdKUajrmuf

jruefa&aomufv,fy,f 15 wif;BuJ

qifjzLajcuefatmufv,fy,f 10 wif;BuJ

csay;oem;awmfrlí aexdkifvkyfpm;xrf;&GufMu&ygonf/



(40)

rdw¦Dvm

rdw¦DvmNrdKUcsxm;&if; vlwdkYudk trdefYawmfESifh uavwdkif;rSL;udk

cefYxm;awmfrlí rdw¦Dvmjynfpdk;armifydefausmfESifh tMuyf armifa&T

avQmf? om,myefajrwdkif;armifygwdkYu jyocsay;&\/

vkyfajr? aeajre,fonf rdw¦DvmNrdKUtaemufu aZmif;yavG ajrwGif

ta&SUudk atmifysHv,fuefoif;½dk;txd?ajrmufudk qdyfyiftxd

awmifudk &JpHk armifyef;EdkifwdkYajrtxd?taemufudk armifxGef;cdkif

ajrtxdajrmufudk ovJa&ustxd ay;csoem;awmfrlí aexkdif

vkyfpm; xrf;&Guf&ygonf/

ajrxl;NrdKU

yef;b&JqGJvJ ac:aom ae&mwGif csxm;jcif;cH&aom vlrsm;

\ ae&ma[mif;jzpfygonf/ ¤if;ae&mwGif vkyfpm;ajr\ tvm;rSm-

ta&SUvm;aomf ig;Awftdkifacsmif;txd

awmifvm;aomf qifpG,facsmif;txd

taemufvm;aomf rl;jrpftxd

ajrmufvm;aomf qGJvJacsmif;txd e,fav;&yfowfrSwf

NyD; aygufwl; vuf,uf vkyfudkifpm;aomufNyD; bk&ifhtrIawmfudk

xrf;&GufMuonf/ ¤if;ae&mü tzsm;temrsm;NyD; taotaysmufrsm;

aomaMumifh acgif;aqmifvlBuD;rsm;u ¤if;ae&mwGif raevdkaMumif;

bk&if{u&mZfxH oHawmfOD;wifonfhtcg ajrxl;NrdKUtaemufbufwGif

usHK;ajrmif;jcm;NyD;ta&SUudk jrefrm? taemufudk rGwfpfvifrfwdkYaexdkif&ef

(3)cef;tdrfwbdcsyfaetdrfowfrSwftay;cH&zl;onfudkod&Sd&ygonf/



(41)

txufwGif tpD&ifcHcJhonfwdkYwGif vkyfpm;ajrcsxm;&mü

tcsKdUa'owGif awmpdrf;udkckwfxGifí "m;rOD;csvkyfudkif&aom ajrrsKd;

jzpfítcsKdUae&mwGif pdkufysKd;vkyfudkif qnfajrmif;a&aomuf tzkd;wef

ajrrsm;jzpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ csxm;&if;[koHk;xm;onfudk

axmufí tpueOD;uwnf;u csxm;NyD;&Sdonf[k od&SdEdkifygonf/

bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxufwGif ppfwrf;rsm; aumuf,lcJh&mü omoemh

ajrrsm;udkyifvQif ppfaq;í topfwpfzefvSLawmfrlonfudk rEÅav;NrdKU

r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;BuD; y&0PftwGif;&Sd bdk;awmfxyfwdk; ausmufpm

rsm;t& od&SdEdkifygonf/ tvm;wlyif t&mawmfajrrsm; tjzpf a&S;rif;

wdkYu tpövmrfbmom0if EdkifiHom;wdkYudk csay;oem;awmfrlonfh

aeajr? vkyfpm;ajrwdkYudkvnf; ppfaq;í jyefvnfcsxm;ay;jcif;

jzpfaMumif;udk þvufcHppfwrf;t& od&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/

EdkifiHawmfwGif tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYtwGuf ukef;abmifacwf

aemufydkif;rif;rsm;onf ppfrIxrf;wdkYtwGuf csay;aom vkyfudkif

pm;aomuf&efajrrsm;csrSwfay;oem;awmfrlygonf/ xdkaus;awmfrsKd;

uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYrSmvnf; þajrwdkYwGif vkyfudkifpm;aomufí

trIawmfudk xrf;&GufvmMuonfrSm tpOftvmBuD;wpf&yfjzpfí

aemufqHk; jrefrmrif;quf jywf&onfh (1886)ckESpftxdjzpfygonf/



(42)

@

trIawmfrsm;udk xrf;&Gufapjcif;

43/ a&S;ujrefrmEdkifiHwGif v,f,mvkyfudkifjcif;onf trsm;pk

twGuf t"dutoufarG;0rf;ausmif;jzpfygonf/ v,f,majrcsay;

jcif;jzifh b0vHkjcHKrIwdkYudk zefwD;ay;½Hkomru ukef;abmifacwf

bk&ifwdkYonf EdkifiHom;rGwfpfvifrfwdkYudk xdkufoifhonfhtm;avsmfpGm

trIawmf udkxrf;cGifhjyKjcif;jzifhvnf;oem;csD;jr§ifhawmfrlcJhMuygonf/

txufwGif tpD&ifcHcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; wyfrawmfwGif ,HkMunfudk;pm;pGm

ppfrIxrf;apcJhonfudk awGU&ygonf/

tavmif;bk&m;vufxuf

tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;ppfrIxrf;jcif;

udk,f&Hawmfaoewfpk

44/ (1756)ckESpf oefvsifNrdKUudk tavmif;bk&m;atmifawmfrl&m

wGif zrf;qD;&rdaom oHkYyef;wdkYwGif ukvm;oabFmom; cvmoDrsm;

yg0ifcJhygonf/ &efukefNrdKUodkY a&mufaomtcg ajcz0g;awmfatmuf

ukvm;pkoefvsif?&efukef&Sd ukvm;pkyoD?bk&if*sDwdkYudka&G;ppfawmfrlí

&orQvl(550)udk aemufopf?aomwufykwf'kwm0wf? yD,mrmruf?

ayg&? tefaxmfeD? iodkufwdkYudk aoG;aomufBuD;cefYí ouú&mZf

(1118)ck? 0gacgifvqef; (3)&uf t*FgaeYwGif udk,f&Hawmfaoewfpk

vTJawmfrlonf/

102102

102102102

tavmif;bk&m;\ udk,f&HawmfaoewfpkwGif

tpövmrfbmom0ifaoG;aomufBuD;(2)OD;yg0ifonfudkawGU&ygonf/

102. Konbaungzet Mahayazawindawgyi (KBZ)Vol. I, p.187.



(43)

ukvm;ysKdaoewfpk

(1757)ckESpf bGJUrnf&nfrsm; csD;jr§ifhawmfrl&mwGif ukvm;ixGef;

rSm urefpuú&wf? ukvm;omxGef;jzLrSm AEÅ&wf? ukvm;'g0wfrSm

pEÅmw&wfbGJUrsm; toD;oD;&&SdMuygonf/

103103

103103103

tavmif;bk&m;vufxufawmfwGif tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkY

tm; ta&;BuD;vSaom bk&ifhoufawmfapmifh udk,f&Hawmf

aoewfpkwGif yg0ifxrf;&Gufapjcif;jzif h csD;jr§if honfomru

ukvm;ysKdaoewfpkukvm;ysKdaoewfpkukvm;ysKdaoewfpkukvm;ysKdaoewfpkukvm;ysKdaoewfpkudkyg zGJUpnf;ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ 1758ckESpf

aumif;rIawmfudk Xmyemawmfrl&efxGufawmfrl onfhtpDtpOfwGif

pD;awmfqif\ aemufwGifygaom wl&d,mtzGJU\ aemufwGif

ukvm;ysK daoewfpk ukvm;ysK daoewfpk ukvm;ysK daoewfpk ukvm;ysK daoewfpk ukvm;ysK daoewfpk bmomtaygif; tvkyft0wftpm; ESifh

a&TZ0ga&; aoewfqGJudkifvsuf vuf0Jvuf,mpDpOfvdkuf&onf/

ol&JBuD;atmifwHcGefjzefYí 0if;awmfav;rsufESmwyfqHk;onfhaemuf

a&Tyef;? a&Txm; ukvm;ysKdoHk;pkvdkuf&onf/

104104

104104104

wpfzef ¤if;ESpf&efukefNrdKUodkY pkef&mwGifvnf; avSmfum;&JavS

orÁmefrsm;wGif wpfuRef;om; ukvm;yef;ao;wdkYvnf; "avhbmom

0rf;bJEIwfoD;OD;xkyf? odk;? rdk;BudK;om;OD;&pf? abmif;bDpaom wefqm

wdkYudk 0wfpm;qif,ifapNyD;vQif tajrmufpdefajymif; aoewfvufeuf

pGJudkif apNyD;vQif vdkufMu&onf/

105105

105105105

103. KBZ, VOl. I, p.254.

104. Ibid p.284.

105. KBZ, p.307.



(44)

a&G;vufsm aoewftpk

rif;wkef;rif; w&m;vufxufawmfwGif a&G;vufsmwyf\

trIxrf;wdkYrSm tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf[k od&Sd&ygonf/

106106

106106106

a&Tvufsmwyf?a&G;vuf0JwyfwdkYudk tavmif;bk&m;vufxuf

(1558)ckESpfwGif zGJUcJhaMumif; atmufygtwdkif;od&ygonf/

&wemodCFukef;abmifaejynfawmfBuD;wGif ouú&mZf (1118)

ckESpf? ewfawmfv? [Hom0wDNrdKUawmif aZwk0wDu eef;awmfwGif

t&yf&yf Adkvfpkwyfpku &Ja&mifjrefrmpGrf;oefolwdkYudk a&G;Ekwfawmfrl

&onhf vl&JvlvGwfxGufwdkif; atmifwdkif;&? a,mufsm;? pufrD;

'DyGysHcsDwdkYESifh bGJUpk&if;a&G;(5)? aoG;aomufvl(410)ESifh t&yf&yf

NrdKUolBuD;wdkYwGif &Ja&mifjrefrmpGrf;olwdkYudk a&G;cs,fay;tyf&rnf/

cefYxm;awmif;,lí &onfhvlaygif;(1570)? ESpfpkaygif;(1980)udk

ouú&mZf (1120)?0gacgifvjynfhausmf(13)&ufaeY vuf0JysHcsDwdkYudk

aoG;aomufBuD;cefYí a&G;vuf0J a&G;vufsm aoewf(32)?

aoG;aomufzGJUawmfrlonf/ a&G;vuf0Jaoewftpkom;wdkYudk

vuf0JeHwGif eHcRefawmf trSwfay;í xrf;&Guf&onf/ a&G;vufsm

tpkom;wdkYudk vufsmeHcRefawmftrSwfay;í xrf;&Guf&onf/

106. An Account of the Burmese Muslims published on the Cente-

nary of the founding of Mandalay by U Ba U, p.8. (from now on be

refered to UBU)



(45)

ajrxl;ppfrIxrf;rsm;

ajrxl;NrdKUqdkif&m trdefYpmcRefawmfrsm;t& tavmif;bk&m;

vufxufawmfwGif wyfrawmftrIxrf;rsm;tjzpf csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&ol

tpövmrfbmom0ifEdkifiHom; tcsKdU&SdaMumif;udk od&ygonf/

þtrdefY pmcRefwdkYrSm bk&if{u&mZfrif;jrwf\ trdefYawmft&

vTwfawmf0efBuD; rsm;uqifhqdk&onf/ ¤if;wdkYESifhpyfvsOf;í

0efBuD;rif;rsm;pm[ktrSwf tom;ygonfh trdefYawmfrsm;jzpf&m

bk&if{u&mZf udk,fwdkif ta&;w,l&SdawmfrlaMumif;udkvnf;

od&ygonf/

107107

107107107

tavmif;bk&m;eef;wufNyD;p tcsdefavmufwGif ajrxl;NrdKUwGif

ukvm;ysKdaoG;aomufBuD;rsm;jzpfaom -

ixGef;ysH? indKa&mif? &efatmifausmfxif? &mZvdef? itkef;jzL?

i{ndK? icdkif? iausmfvS? Z&m&yfiarT;? &HoGif? ausmf'if? &ZöLESifh

aoewfpma&; iyef;&nfESifh iwkwfjzLi,fwdkYtm; toD;oD;ay;xm;

aomukvm;ysKdtpkwdkYwGif oufqdkif&m aoG;aomufBuD;wdkYu pD&if

cefYcGJMuyfí rNidrfr0yf&Sd&m trsm;oabmwl vTJtyfonfh twdkif;

(vbufpm;í tyfonf) ajrxl;NrdKUajrmufbuf? awmifbuf ukvm;

ysKdtpkwGif pD&ifzG,f&Sdonfrsm;udk ajrxl;NrdKU &mZrdwÅ aersKd;&ZöL&wf

ESifhoD[ &wfom;tbwdkYupD&ifcefYcGJ&ef vTwfawmfrS trdefYpmcRef

xkwfcJhygonf/

108108

108108108

107. KBZ. I, 294-5.

108. (ABM), pp.93-94, No. 5 of Appendix B.



(46)

ukef;abmifqifjzL&Sifrif;w&m;vufxuf

tpövmrfbmom0if ppfrIxrf;rsm;

46/ oD&d"r®&mZmbGJUawmf&Sd qifjzL&Sifrif;w&m;onf 1763ckESpf

wGif xD;eef;qufcHNyD; aemufwyfzGJUtoD;oD;udkjyefvnfzGJUpnf;&mwGif

ajrxl;'dkif;rSL;pEAvausmfonf a&T0if;awmfqifacgif;'dkif;rSL;vuf,m

ausmfolxif aoG;aomuftzGJUwGif yg0ifcJhaMumif;od&ygonf/

109109

109109109

1764 ckESpf? ,dk;',m;wdkY csDwufawmfrl&aom jrefrmwyfrsm;

wGifukvm;Adkvfwyfwpfwyfvnf;yg0ifcJhaMumif;awGU&Sd&ygonf/

110110

110110110

,if;awmfNrdKU,if;awmfNrdKU,if;awmfNrdKU,if;awmfNrdKU,if;awmfNrdKU

,if;awmfNrdKUrS pkxm;&if; &cdkif ukvm;ysKd aoewftpD&if

aoG;aomufBuD;rsm; -

armifwHk;jzL? wevFmom;? touf (40)?*

armif&marmif? paeom;? touf (78)?

armifeD? paeom;? touf (55)?

armifrmonf? t*Fgom; touf (56)?

armifjymxGef;? Mumoyaw;om;? touf (65)?

armifBuD;? Mumoyaw;om;? touf (40)?

armifeH? aomMumom; touf (40)ESifh

aoewfpma&; armifBudKifyHk? aomMumom;? touf(36)wdkY

jzpfMuygonf/

109. KBZ, I 367. 110. KBZ, I 373.




(47)

&rnf;oif;NrdKU

&rnf;oif;NrdKU aoG;aomufBuD;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/

xm;&if;aoG;aomufBuD;? armifarT;?aomMumom;?touf(28)?

aoG;aomufBuD; &efcif;ol&?Mumoyaw;om;?touf(50)?

aoG;aomufBuD;armif&mpD? paeom;? touf(43)?

aoG;aomufBuD; armifpH? t*Fgom;? touf(56)?

pma&;armifvS? Mumoyaw;om;? touf(53)?

anmif&rf;NrdKU

anmif&rf;NrdKU aoG;aomufBuD;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/

pkxm;&if;aoG;aomufBuD;armifomaxG;?we*FaEGom;?touf(28)?

awmifilNrdKU

awmifilNrdKUaoG;aomufBuD;rsm;rSm atmufygwdkif; jzpfygonf/

xm;&if; aoG;aomufBuD;armifyef;ndK?we*FaEGom;? touf(45)?

aoG;aomufBuD; armifa&Tcdk? Mumoyaw;om;? touf(30)?

yif;wvJNrdKU

yif;wvJNrdKUaoG;aomufBuD;rsm;rSm atmufygwdkif;jzpfygonf/

xm;&if;aoG;aomufBuD; armifxGef;om?Ak'[l;om;?touf(59)?

rdw¦DvmNrdKU

rdw¦DvmNrdKUaoG;aomufBuD;rsm;rSm atmufygwdkif;jzpfygonf/

xm;&if;aoG;aomufBuD; armifausmfxGef;?paeom;?touf(60)?

aoG;aomufBuD; armifvHk;? touf(45)?

111111

111111111

111. ABM, pp. 68-70.



(48)

,dk;',m;odkYcsD&m

47/ ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifBuD;t&od&Sd&aom bdk;awmfbk&m;

vufxuf tpövmrfbmom0if ppfrIxrf;wdkYtaMumif;udk qufvuf

azmfjyvdkygonf/(1793)ck? ajr;awmf ppfudkif;rif;om; em;xGif;

r*FvmwGif bdk;awmfbk&m;onf ajrxl;jrif; tygt0ifjzpfaom

awmifbufudk;oif;jrif;? ajrmufbufudk;oif;jrif;rsm;udk vufzGJU

awmfrlaMumif; od&ygonf/

112

(1795)ckwGif rdw¦Dvmuefudk qnfcsDwuf&mwGifvnf; ajrxl;

wyfrsm;? a&G;vuf,mwyfrsm; yg0ifaMumif;udk od&ygonf/

113

ukvm;ysKdaoewfAdkvfaZmwAv

48/ bdk;awmfbk&m;eef;wufNyD;p (1782)ckwGif rif;avmif;ijrwfzkef;

qdkol &Srf;trsKd;om;wpfa,mufonf vl(2000)cefYESifh ntcsdefwGif

wdwfwqdwf a&Teef;awmfudk wufí pD;Muygonf/ þolykefrsm;tm;

a&Teef;awmfwGif wm0efusaom ukvm;ysKdtpkvnf;ckcHwdkufcdkufchJyg

onf/od&aomOD;aqmifolAdkvfrSm aZmwAvjzpfygonf/ olykefwdkYrSm

ta&;½IH;edrfhcJhMuygonf/ tBuD;jyKí aomif;usef;ykefuefolwdkYonf

vnf; nOfhtcgjzpfí xGufvGwfavaomaMumifh ppfar;r&&Sdonfh

twGif; ukvm;ysKdaoewfAdkvf uRefawmf aZmwAv zrf;qD;&onf

bkef;vl? &Srf;wpfa,mufudk tjyifty ppfar;onfwGifrS &Srf;jynf

jrifwGif; awmifjcm;ae ibkkef;jzpfaMumif;ESifh xGufqdkonf[k

ukef;abmifquf &mZ0ifwGif awGU&ygonf/

114114

114114114

112. KBZ, I 660.

113. ibid, 671.

114. ibid, 554.



(49)

ajrxl;NrdKUwyfrawmf trIxrf;rsm;

49/ EdkifiHom; rGwfpfvifrfrsm; ppfrIxrf;Mu&mwGif pepfwus

tpkpm&if;0ifrsm;tjzpfyg0ifMu&ygonf/ ukvm;ysKdaoewftpk0if

wdkYudk ukvm;ysKdaoewftpkom; ponfjzifh wyf\ trnfudk vdkufí

ac:ygonf/ ajrxl;NrdKUqdkif&mtrdefYpmcRefrsm;t& tpkom;rsm; tjyif

tMuyf aoG;aomuf pma&; (aoewfpma&;) aoewfAdkvf? aoewf

AdkvfrSL;? aoewfAdkvfrif;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/

txufygtrdefYpmcRefrsm;t& trnfemrESifh od&aom bdk;awmf

bk&m;vufxuf ajrxl;NrdKUqdkif&m wyfrawmftrIxrf; t&mxrf;

tpövmrfbmom0iftcsKdUrSm-

&efESifod&d? ukvm;ysKdaoewf trIxrf;(1795)

115115

115115115

ok0¶ausmfol(itlrS tGr®m&f) ukvm;ysKdtpkom; (1796)

116116

116116116

itdkaoG;aomufBuD; (1797)

iaomjzL? aoG;aomufBuD;(1802)

117117

117117117

&JvSaemf&xm aoG;aomufBuD; (1806)

118118

118118118

&Jxifaemf&xm aoG;aomufBuD; (1806)

118118

118118118

pufvSol? aoG;aomufBuD; (1806)

119119

119119119

ol&def&JvSausmf aoG;aomufBuD;(1806)

120120

120120120

&JvSausmfxif aoG;aomufBuD; (1806)

121121

121121121

&Jacgifaemf&xm aoG;aomufBuD; (1806)

iazsmf a&TvSHtkyf (1810)

122122

122122122

pufyifausmf aoG;aomufBuD; (bdk;awmfvufxuf)

jzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/

123123

123123123

115.See Appendix B, No. 14. 118.See Appendix B, 121.See Appendix B116.See Appendix B, No. 15. 119.See Appendix B 122.See Appendix B117.See Appendix B, No. 17. 120.See Appendix B 123.See Appendix B



(50)

t&m&SdBuD;rsm;

50/ þxuftqifhtwef;jrifhaom ppfrIa&;&m? &mxl;BuD;rsm;wGif

cefYxm;csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&aom EdkifiHom;tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;&SdaMumif;

,if;pmcRefawmftrdefYawmfrsm;ESifh ukef;abmifquf&mZ0ifawmfBuD;

rsm;t&vnf;od&ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm ukvm;ysKdaoewfAdkvfrif;oD[

ausmfxifaemf&wm

124124

124124124

ESifh ukvm;ysKdaoewfAdkvfrif;r[mrif;vS

ausmfacgif

125125

125125125

wdkYjzpfygonf/ þt&m&SdBuD;rsm;rSm aejynfawmfrSaeí

oufqkdif&mtpkrsm;odkY trdefYpmcRefawmfrsm;udk xkwfEdkifolrsm;jzpf

ygonf/ukvm;ysKdaoewfAdkvfrSL;

126126

126126126

rSm e,fwGifwyfrsm;udkBuD;Muyf&ol

jzpfygonf/

tr&yl&NrdKUwnfjcif;ESifh pef*grmEdkrSwfwrf;

51/ A'Hkrif;ac: bdk;awmfbk&m;onf (1783)ckESpf tr&yl&NrdKUudk

vufOD;vufrGefwnfawmfrlcJhygonf/ tr&yl&NrdKUwnfawmfrl&mwGif

tpövmrfbmom0ifjrefrmrsm;vnf; vkyfaqmifcGifh&cJhMuygonf/

¤if;wdkYwGif ukvm;0ef ukvm;pma&;ESifh a&G;vuf,mtpkom;rsm;yg0if

aMumif;od&Sd&ygonf/

127 127

127 127 127

tr&yl&NrdKUwnfNyD;í odrf;onfhESpfwGif

tr&yl&odkYa&mufvmaom Am;eJydkifzm;om;pef*grmEdk(½dkrifuufovpf

b&if*sDbmomomoemjyK)u ¤if;awGU&Sdaom tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;

taMumif;udkþodkYazmfjyxm;ygonf/

128128

128128128

NrdKUjyifqifajczHk;wGifaexdkif&

olrsm;taMumif;udkazmfjy&mwGif ,kd;',m;rsm;ESifh uonf;wdkY&yfuGuf

taMumif;udk yxrqdkygonf/ tpövmrf bmom0ifwdkYtwGuf csxm;

ay;&m &yfuGuftaMumif;udk azmfjy&mü xdk&yfuGufonf vlOD;a&

ydkírsm;onf[k xif&onf[k qdkygonf/

124. See Appendix B, No. 7. 125. See Appendix B, No. 26.126. See Appendix B, No.8. 127.Parabike No. 509. Bernard Library.128. Mandalay District Gazetteer, Vol A, p. 230.



(51)

zvfeef;&Sif bBuD;awmfbk&m;vufxuf (1819-1837)

52/ bdk;awmfbk&m;udk qufcHaom rSefeef;&Sif bBuD;awmfbk&m;

vufxufawmfwGif tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;wdkYonf a&S;rysufaom

tpOftvmtwdkif;EdkifiHawmf\ppfrIudk qufvufxrf;&GufcGifh&Mu

ygonf/EdkifiHawmftm; NAdwdoQ ta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPDu ppfqifETJwdkuf

cdkufonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHNAdwddoQyxre,fcsJUppfwGif tpövmrfbmom0if

jrefrmppfrIxrf; 0efAdkvf aoG;aomuf? tMuyfwyfom;wdkYonfvnf;

yg0ifqifETJí EdkifiHawmfudk umuG,fcGifh&&SdMuygonf/

yef;0gwdkufyGJESifh cHpyfAdkvfaersKd;*kPÖ&wf

53/ &cdkifppfrsufESma*:awmhyv’ifwGif t*FvdyfppfwyfwdkYudk

atmifEdkifNyD;aemuf (1824-1186)uqkefvjynfhaeY? ,if;onfh

uqkefvjynfhausmf(2)&ufaeYwyfyg Adkvf&Jruftaygif;wdkY atmifpnf

atmifarmif;wpfNydKifeufa<u;aMumfapí wyfOD;csKyftwGif; 0efrif;BuD;?

r[moD[ol&a&S;OD;csDwufrSm yef;0gNrdKUodkY qdkufa&mufvQif yef;0gjrpf

wpfbuf? Xmem½HkajrNrdKU½dk;ESifhpyfí urf;em;wpfavQmuf t*FvdyfwdkYu

qifjrif;tvHk;t&if;ESifh ppfyg&D trIxrf; vlwpfaomif;ausmfcefYESifh

MuHhMuHhqD;BudK&yfcHaeonfudk ausmfola&Tawmfaemf&xm?bJ0g Adkvfol&

tmumwk&ifoD[aemf&xm? cHpyfAdkvf aersKd;*k¶&wfwdkYudk jrif;pD;a&

wpf&mausmfESifh a&TxD;jzefYcgppfvsuf upm;apNyD;rS AdkvfrSL;wyfrSL;

&JrufawmfoHk;wyfom;wdkYwdkufcdkufMu&mt*Fvdyfppfonftaygif;wdkY

rcHEdkifzG,fxGufajy;Muonfudk &JrufawmfwdkY vdkufvHul;ckefowfn§pf&m

tBuD;jyKolt*FvdyfAdkvfwkdYESifh ppfyg&Dukvm;trsm;aoqHk;onf/

aoewfig;&mausmf? &xm;wiftajrmufESifh oabFmjrif;tpD;ESpfq,f?

qifig;pD;&vdkuf\??

129129129129129

þatmifyGJwGifa&TxD;jzefYíppfvsifupm;aomAdkvf

wdkYteuf cHpyfAdkvfaersKd;*k¶&wfrSmtpövmrfbmom0ifjzpfygonf/

129. KBZ, II, 951



(52)

"EkjzLwdkufyGJ-cHpyfAdkvf aersKd;*kPÖ&wf\owåd

54/ &efukefNrdKUudk t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;pD;rdMuNyD;aemuf &cdkifppfrsufESmrS

ppfolBuD; r[mAE¨Kvonf(1825^1186)ck? waygif;vjynfhausmf

(10)&uf &efukefodkYcsD&onf/ xdkYaemuf "EkjzLrSaeícH&m"EkjzLNrdKU

awmifrsufESma&Ta&mifjrbk&m;wGif Munf;aMumif;csD t*FvdyfwdkYwyfpGJ

&yfonf/ "EkjzLNrdKU ta&SUbuf a&Tunifyifewfpifuvnf; AHk;

tajrmufrsm;ESifh aeYnrjywf ypfcwfonf/ ,if;odkY "EkjzLwyfudk

t*FvdyfwdkY Munf;tm;? a&tm; tBudrfBudfrf0dkif;0ef;&Hvsuf vkyfMuH

onfudk AdkvfrSL; 0efBuD; owdk;ok"r® r[mAE¨Kvvnf; ukvm;wdkY

tajrmufAkH;rsm;udk vufeufrrSwf a&TxD;jzefYvsuf wyfxdyfodkYvSnfh

umywfum rjywfoGm;vm\/ wyfjyifuvnf; jrif;ESifh jrif;pD;ol&JodkY

vSH&SnftJarmif;qGJudkifvsuf jrif;wyfAdkvfaersKd;*k¶&wfESifhjrif;pD;

ckESpfq,fausmfjrif;a&;upm;aponf/t*Fvdyfppfonf&JrufAdkvfrSL;

wyfrSL;wdkYvnf; &J&ifhjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkaom &Jrufawmf AdkvfrSL;wdkYudk

Munfh½Ivsuf wyfawmfcdkifvHkvSonfESifh wyf&if;odkY rcsOf;ruyf0Hh

ta0;uom cGJ&HaeMu\/

130130

130130130

þ"EkjzLcHppfwGifvnf; AHk;qHtajrmuf

qHMum;wGif wyfjyifxGufí jrif;wyfESifh&J0HhpGm ppfa&;jyaom jrif;wyf

AdkvfaersKd;*k@&wfrSm yef;0gppfyGJwGif &JaoG;jycJhaom tpövmrf

bmom0if cHpyfAdkvfaersKd;*k¶&wfyifjzpfygonf/

ukvm;ysKdbkef;awmftjzpf

55/ (1194)ck?ewfawmfvqef;?(6)&ufaeY?(1832)a&S;ab;

avmif;awmf bdk;avmif;awmfwdkY vufxuf zGJUpnf;onfh tpkt0ef;?

a&TvufxufawmfzGJUpnf;onfh tpkt0ef;pm&if;wGif ukvm;ysKd

bkef;awmf tjzpf tpkaoewfaoG;aomufBuD;wdkYrSm armufwdkpenf;?

130. KBZ, II, 966-7.



(53)

ol&J aoewfaxmifhoHk;&m aoewfukvm;ysKd tpkom;wdkYudk armufwdk

a&Tydef;? rsOf;wdk ouúvwfpdrf;? ouúvwfrsOf;&Snf? ouúvyfeDudk

0wfqif&rnfh trdefYawmfESifh tpkqdkif&m 0wfqifMu&\/

131131

131131131

ukvm;ysKd

bkef;awmftjzpf tpkaoewfaoG;aomufBuD;wdkYwyfrsm;ESifh ukvm;ysKd

aoewftpkom;rsm;ygMuygonf/

jrif;cif;obif

56/ &EÅydkpmcsKyfwGif ESpfbuftpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkvnf;xm;

&Sd&ef oabmwlcsuft& ar*sm[efe&Dbmaetm; t*Fvdyf ta&SU

tdE´d,ukrÜPDtpdk;&\ udk,fpm;vS,foHtjzpf t0NrdKUwGifaexdkif

aqmif&GufcefYtyfcJhygonf/ ar*smbmaeonf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;?

rSwfwrf;rsm;a&;om;cJh&m ¤if;\pmrsm;wGif tpövmrfbmom0if jrefrm

ppfrIxrf;tcsKdU\ taMumif;udk awGU&ygonf/

(1831)ckESpfOD;avmufwGif bBuD;awmfbk&m;\a&SUawmf ppfa&;

jyyGJBuD;wpfckudk usif;ycJh\/ rdzk&m;acgifBuD;? rif;nDrif;om;rsm;vnf;

tpHktnDwufa&muf½Ipm;Muygonf/ ar*smbmaeESifh wynfhwdkYrSm

bk&if{u&mZf\ teD;wGif xkdifí ½Ipm;Muygonf/ þppfa&;jyyGJBuD;\

tpDtpOfwpf&yfrSm jrif;cif;jzpfonf/ jrif;cif;wGif jrif;udk av;buf

tajy;pD;í ajrwGifcsxm;aom vdar®mfoD;udk vSH&Snf tJarmif;jzifh

xdk;aumuf&ygonf/ trsm;yg0if,SOfNydKifMuolwdkYwGif (2)OD;om

vdar®mfoD;udkxdk;,l&&SdMu\/,if;(2)OD;teufwpfOD;rSm tpövmrfbmom

0ifjzpfaMumif; ar*smbmae\ rSwfwrf;wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf/

132132

132132132

131. KBZ, II 1052-3.

132. W.S. Desia, History of the British Residency in Burma, p.179.



(54)

om,m0wDrif;om; ta&;awmftwGif;

57/ (1836)ckESpfwGif nDawmf om,m0wDrif;om;ESifh bBuD;awmf

bk&m;wdkY tcif;jzpfyGm;Muí om,m0wDrif;om;ykefuefaomtcg

om,m0wDrif;bufESifh bBuD;awmfbk&m;bufwdkYwGif tpövmrf

bmom0if jrefrmppfonfrsm; yg0ifwdkufcdkufcJhaMumif; od&ygonf/

om,m0wDrif;bufwGif yoDaoG;aomufBuD;wpfOD;ESifhajrxl;NrdKU0ef

aersKd;aZ,solwdkYyg0ifaMumif;

133133

133133133

bBuD;awmfbk&m;bufrS Munf;

aMumif;csD(11)wyfwGif ukvm;jrif;wyfAdkvf r[moD["r®&wf\

wyfwpfwyfygí jrpfaMumif;csDwyfwdkYwGif a&G;vuf,mAdkvf r[m£E

rif;acgif\ wyfwpfwyfygaMumif; od&ygonf/

om,m0wDrif;vufxuf (1837-46)

58/ om,m0wDrif;vufxufawmfwGifvnf; tpövmrfbmom0if

jrefrmwdkYtm; EdkifiHawmfwGifppfrIxrf;apjcif;jzifh qufvufcsD;jr§ifhawmfrl

onfudk awGU&ygonf/ om,m0wDrif;onf (1841)ckwGif &efukefNrdKU

odkYMunf;aMumif;? a&aMumif;pkefqif;awmfrl&mwGif eef;OD;aemuf

0ef;usifwGif ukvm;ysKdtpkaoewftrIxrf;rsm;

135135

135135135

yoDukvm;

tajrmuf trIxrf;rsm;

136136

136136136

a&G;vufsmaoewf

137137

137137137

a&Tqdkif;a&TavS

rdk;BudK;? "m;pGJrif;0ef ukvm;ysKd

138138

138138138

ukvm;ysKdaoewftrIxrf;

139139

139139139

c

ajrxl;NrdKUaoewftrIxrf;rsm; yg0ifaMumif; od&ygonf/

þodkYjzifh ukef;abmifacwfokOf;onfhwdkifatmif EdkifiHawmf

umuG,fa&;ESifh ppfrIa&;wdkYwGif qufvuf csD;jr§ifhjcif;cHcJh&ygonf/

aemufqHk;rif;ESpfyg;jzpfaom rif;wkef;rif;ESifh oDaygrif;wdkYvufxuf

awmfrsm;wGif tpövmrfbmom0if jrefrmwdkYtm; ppfrIa&;ü csD;jr§ifhawmf

rlcJhMuyHk ydkrdkod&ygonf/

133. KBZ, II, 1083 134. KBZ, II, 1084 135. KBZ, II, 1194136. KBZ, II, 1195 137. KBZ, II, 138. KBZ, II, 1196139. KBZ, II, 1199



(55)

rif;wkef;rif;ESifh oDaygrif;wdkY\ vufxufawmfrsm;wGif

ppfbufü csD;jr§ifhcJhyHk

59/ (1853)ckwGif rif;wkef;rif;om;ESifh nDawmf uaemifrif;om;

wdkYonf aemifawmfyk*Hrif;tm; ykefuefí &wemoCF a&TbdkNrdKUodkY

xGufcGmcJhMuygonf/ þta&;awmfyHkwGifvnf; om,m0wDrif;\

ta&;awmfyHkrSmuJhodkY tpövmrfbmom0if ppfrIxrf;wdkYonf ESpfbuf

pvHk;wGif yg0ifcJhaMumif; od&ygonf/

140140

140140140

rif;wkef;rif;w&m; txGwf

txdyfodkYa&mufaomtcgwGif trsm;enf;wl tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkY

tm;csD;jr§ifhcJhygonf/ (1853)ck?(1215ck?ewfawmfv)wGif ajreef;wGif

Oykof,lNyD;aemuf trIxrf;(700)ausmfudk t0wftxnfrSpí xrif;

csufjyKwfauR;awmfrl&mü tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;jzpfaom 0vDcHjrif;

wyfom;rsm;ESifh tuúywfjrif;wyfom;rsm;ygaMumif;od&ygonf/

141141

141141141

rif;wkef;rif;ESifh oDaygrif;wkdY\ vufxufawmfrsm;wGif

tpövmrfbmom0if jrefrmwdkY ppfrIxrf;cJhyHkESifh tcsD;jr§ifhcH&yHkwdkYudk

wpfaygif;wnf; tusOf;tm;jzifh azmfjyvdkygonf/

tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkY yg0ifaom wyfzGJUrsm;

60/ þrif;ESpfyg;vufxuf tpövmrfbmom0if jrefrmwdkY yg0if

trIxrf;cJhaom wyfwdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonfudkod&ygonf/

aoewftpkwyfrsm;

(1) a&G;vuf,maoewftpk

(2) uif;wm; ukvm;ysKdaoewftpk (uif;wm;ESifh ukvm;ysKd 2pk

aygif;jzpfonf/)

140. KBZ, III, 12

141. ibid, 170.



(56)

tajrmufwyfrsm;

(3) pMumtajrmufwyf

(4) r*Fvmtajrmufwyf

(5) r*Fvmtajrmuf ql;avukef;wyf

(6) r*Fvmtajrmuf bHk;tdk;wyf

jrif;wyfrsm;

(7) 0vDcHjrif;wyf

(8) tuúywfjrif;wyf

tjcm;wyfwdkYwGifvnf; csD;jr§ifhcH&ol &Sdaumif;&Sdygrnf/ twdtus

rqdkEdkifyg/

vuf,mwyf

142142142142142

61/ a&G;vuf,mwyfrSL;rSm rif;ysHcsD bGJUcH OD;[m&Sifjzpfygonf/

rif;ESpfqufolaumif;jyKcH&aomyk*¾dKvfjzpfygonf/(1879)ck? (1241?

oDwif;uRwf)wGif oDaygrif;w&m;a&SUawmfarSmufüppf0wfwefqmESifh

ppfa&;cif;usif;jyoaomwyfrsm;wGifa&G;vuf,maoewfpGJ(389)a,muf?

aoewfAdkvf(rif;xifod'd&mZm)(OD;acgif)OD;pD;aomwyf(1)wyfyg&Sdonf/

143143

143143143

a&G;vuf,mtrIxrf;wdkY\ vuf,meHcRefwGif a&G;vuf,m[laom

pmvHk;rsm;udk&Híaq;xdk;xm;onf/ ,mvufzrdk;wGifvnf; tvm;wl

aq;xdk;xm;onf[kod&ygonf/

144144

144144144

oDaygrif;vufxufawmfwGif

trIxrf;awmfrlcJhaomAdkvfwpfOD;rSma&T*kPfjzpfaMumif;od&ygonf/

145145

145145145

142. UBU, 12143. KBZ, III, 518-522.144. UBU, 133145. ibid



(57)

(1866)?(1228)ckESpf jrifuGef;ESifh jrif;cHkwdkifrif;om;wdkY ykefuef

aomif;usef;NyD;aemuf ta&;edrfhí awmifbuf t*FvdyfydkifeufwGif;odkY

qkwfcGmcJh&m(9)c½dkif(ausmufqnfc½dkif)twGif;&SdvlwdkYudk cefYcGJpnf;

Muyf&ef rif;wkef;rif;w&m;onf a&G;vuf,maoewfwyfudkapvTwf

cJhygonf/

146146

146146146

a&G;vuf,mAdkvfudkvnf;(9)c½dkiftkyfcefYygonf/ ta&SU

bufwpfvTm;wGifrNidrfroufjzpfjyef&m a&G;vuf,maoewfAdkvf

rif;acgifol&defESifhtrIxrf;(500)udkapvTwfcJhygonf/t*FvdyfwdkY\

jrefrmEdkifiHwwd,e,fcsJUppfjzpfyGm;vmcJhaomtcg (1885ck) ckcHwdkuf

cdkuf&ef þwyfrStpNrdKUrS&yfqdkif;apmifhcJhygonf/

147147

147147147

rif;ESpfyg;vufxuf

awmfwGif a&G;vuf,mwyfü Adkvfrif;OD;ajymif;ESifh wyfrSL;OD;ay:&Sif*

(tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;vnf;) trIxrf;cJhaMumif; od&ygonf/

148148

148148148

(1857)(1210?waygif;vqef;-3&uf) rEÅav;NrdKUwnf&ef

NrdKU&majrwGif awm&Sif;ajrn§djcif;jyKMuaom ppfonftrIxrf; (2000)

wGif a&G;vuf,mwyfom;(400)? Adkvfrif;uif;rif;acgif uGyfuJí

ygaMumif;qdkygonf/

149149

149149149

rEÅav;NrdKUodk Y aejynfawmf a&TUajymif;vmcJhNyD;aemuf

a&G;vuf,mwyfudk eef;NrdKUwGif (,ck vGwfvyfa&;ausmufwdkif ta&SU

buf) ta&SUNrdKU½dk;teD;wGif wyfpGJaexdkifapí eef;wGif;ü trIxrf;

&aMumif; od&ygonf/

146. ibid; KBZ, III, 332

147. KBZ, III, 713.

148. UBU, plate 6 & 8

149. Parabike No. 454, Bernard Library; UBU 8




(58)

uif;wm;ukvm;ysKdaoewftpk

62/ a&G;vuf,mwyfuJhodkYyif bk&if{u&mZfrsm;,HkMunfudk;pm;jcif;

cH&aomwyfjzpfygonf/r*Fvm(ausmfrdk;)wHcg;aygufaom eef;wGif;vrf;

wpfavQmufta&SUbufwGif uif;wm;tpk0ifrsm;?taemufbufwGif

ukvm;ysKdtpk0ifrsm;ae&mcsxm;í eef;NrdKUwGif;ü ppfrIxrf;apygonf/

oDaygrif;vufxuf txufazmfjyyg ppfa&;jyyGJwGif uif;wm;aoewf

Adkvfrif;vSrif;xifausmfol uGyfuJí aoewfpGJ trIxrf;(335)OD;

ygonf[kod&ygonf/ jcaoFh½kyfywfvnfwGif wyftrnfudk vufzrdk;

ay:wGif xdk;&onf qdkygonf/

ppfxGufcsdef? odkYr[kwf &efolESifh &ifqdkifcsdefwGif uif;wm;

ukvm;ysKdtpkom;wdkY Budrf;0g;Muaom ppf[def;oH*teuf tcsKdUudk

azmfjyvdkygonf/

(1) uif;wm;ukvm;ysKdrausmfvm;a[htarmfxm;wJhvl*kPfay

r,Hk&ifaoa&mh? oka`EajrvufwD;? ajymvdkufwJhtNyD;/

(2) a&TjcaoFhrQrSwfaq;awmf?ajray:a&ay: awaZmfvTwf?

yGJwdkif;usdwfwJh*kPfwHcGef? b0*frdk;pGef qGwfcsnfhrqdkif;/

(3) &meef;ydkifuRef; rIxrf;wGif? vlvGefrdkY vlwHcGef aevdkxGef;

av;uRef;xdbGm;/

150150

150150150

ta&SUbufa'orsm;wGifqlylvIyf&Sm;rIay:aygufojzifhwyfrawmf

om;rsm;udkapvTwfESdrfeif;ap&m? uif;wm;Adkvfrif;vSrif;xifausmfol

aoewfxdíusqHk;cJhaMumif;aMu;eef;a&muf&SdcJhonf[kod&onf/

151151

151151151

150. UBU, 135-6.151. KBZ, III 614.




(59)

(1883ck) xkdYjyif Aef;armfwGif rNidrfroufjzpf&m uif;wm;Adkvf

rif;&JausmfacgifESifhuif;wm;trIxrf;(400)wyfwdkY oGm;a&mufESdrfeif;cJh

&aMumif;ESifhvnf; od&ygonf/

152152

152152152

(1885)ck? t*FvdyfwdkYESifh wwd,ppfjzpf&mwGif uif;wm;Adkvf

rif;vSrif;xifausmfol (OD;pHvS) uif;wm;rSL;ESifhtrIxrf;(195)wdkYonf

AdkvfcsKyfOD;csKH(tpövmrfbmom0if)\wyfrsm; awmif;wGif;BuD;

Munf;aMumif; csDwufcJh&mwGif yg0ifcJhMuygonf/

153153

153153153

uif;wm;trIxrf;wdkY\ tquftEG,fwdkYrSm a&Tbdkc½dkif&Gm

(40)wGifvnf;aumif;? ukvm;ysKdtrIxrf;wdkY\ tquftEG,frsm;rSm

&rnf;oif;? ,if;awmf ponfha'orsm;wGifvnf;aumif; ygawmfrlNyD;

aemuf qufvufaexkdifvmcJhMuygonf/

tajrmufwyfrsm;

63/ rEÅav;NrdKU&m wDxGifpOf tajrmufypfazmuf&mü tajrmuf0ef

rif;vSoD&drif;xif(OD;a&Tcif)\vufatmufwGif (tpövmrfbmom0if)

tajrmufrSL; OD;a&Tabmf? OD;pEdkifESifh tajrmuftpkom; 30? yg0ifypf

azmuf&onf[kod&ygonf/

154154

154154154

rnfonfhtajrmufwyf[lí cGJjcm;

rod&yg/(1857)ck?(1219ck?0gqkdvqef;-12&ufaeY)tr&yl&rS

rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;udk,fawmfwdkif xGufvmawmfrlaomtcgwGif

a&SUoHk;wyf aemufoHk;wyf? 0if;&Hudk,f&Htcif;tusif;? wyfOD;awmfu

vSnf; pMumwif tajrmufBuD;wpf&mudk tajrmuf0ef? tajrmufrSL;

wdkYMuyfí tajrmufwyfESifh xGufawmfrlonf[k od&ygonf/

155155

155155155

152. ibid, 650 153. ibid, 709.154. Parabike No. 454, Bernard Library; UBU 8155. UBU, 229; KBZ,III, 521-2.



(60)

oDaygrif;vufxufawmf ppfa&;cif;usif;jyo&mü pMum

tajrmufAdkvf?Adkvfrif;OD;[m&SifESifhtajrmuftrIxrf;vl(113)a,muf

yg&Sdygonf/ ¤if;OD;[m&Sif\ tajrmufwyfonf Aef;armfwGif qlyl

aomif;usef;olwdkYudk oGm;a&mufESdrfeif;cJh&\/ (1884ck) ¤if;wyfwGif

tajrmufig;vHk;ygonf[kqdkygonf/

156156

156156156

tajrmufAdkvf Adkvfrif;

OD;[m&Sifonf t*Fvdyfvufxuf(1914)ck?touf(82)ESpfwGiftedpö

a&mufygonf/ ¤if;tm; oN*ØK[f&m rEÅav;OoQpfukef; ocFsKdif;&Sd

ocFsKdif;pmwGif yk*Hrif;w&m;BuD; vufxufawmfrS oDaygrif;jrwf

vufxufawmfwdkif rif;oHk;qufajrmuf olaumif;awmftjyKcH&aom

tajrmufAdkvfrif;OD;[m&Sif[k rif;oHk;qufcsD;ajr§mufjcif;udk cH&aMumif;

azmfjyxm;ygonf/OD;[m&Sif\vufatmuf pMumtajrmufwyfwGif

tajrmufAdkvftjzpfrif;(2)quf(rif;wkef;rif;ESifh oDaygrif;)vufxuf

csD;jr§ifhcH&ol tpövmrfbmom0ifrSm Adkvfpdefjzpfygonf/tjcm;tajrmuf

wyfwdkYwGif tajrmufAdkvfrif;rsm;tjzpf csD;jr§ifh cH&onf[kod&aom

tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYrSm r*Fvmtajrmuf OD;us,f? r*Fvmtajrmuf

ql;avukef; OD;armif? r*Fvmtajrmuf bkef;tdk; OD;a&mifwdkY jzpfygonf/

OD;armif\vufatmufwGif AdkvfOD;ESpfESifh aoG;aomufBuD;OD;vluav;

wdkY trIxrf;aMumif;vnf; od&ygonf/

157 157

157 157 157

jrefrmjynf wwd,t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUppfwGif þtajrmufwyfwdkY

onf xdkpOfu t*Fvdyfjrefrme,fpyf&Sd rif;vScHwyfodkY oGm;a&mufwyf

pGJí csDwufvmol t*FvdyfwdkYtm; ckcHwdkufcdkufcJhMuygonf/*þtajrmufwyfom;wdkYrSqif;oufvmolwdkYonf rEÅav;c½dkif?

ausmufqnfc½dkifESifh rdw¦Dvmc½dkifwdkYwGif ysHUESHUaexdkifvsuf&Sdygonf/

156. KBA 650-1.; UBU 139. 157. UBU 142.*aemufqufwGJrSwfpk(18)Munfh



(61)

jrif;wyf

64/ 0vDcHjrif;wyfrSm wyfrSL;jzpfaomjrif;wyfAdkvf0vDcHudktpGJjyKí

ac:aom wyfjzpfygonf/ yxr t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUppfwGif oÞdjycJhaom

cHpyfAdkvfaersKd;*k¶&wf*\om;[kqdkygonf/ 0vDcHjrif;wyfAdkvftjzpf

csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&pOf ¤if;\om;jzpfonfh AdkvfpkrSm jrif;wyf\ 'kwd,Adkvf

tjzpf trIxrf;&ygonf/ rif;wkef;rif;w&m; rEÅav;odkY rajymif;rD

0vDcHjrif;wyfajr§mufpm;jcif;cH&yHkudk qdkcJhygNyD/ ajymif;a&TUvmNyD;aemuf

rEÅav;NrdKU?usKH;ta&SUawmifaxmifh?r[m0dok'g&mrausmif;wdkufac:

ta&SUouFef;wdkuf\taemufbufwGifae&mcsxm;ay;awmfrlcJhonf/

,aeYwdkif 0vDcH&yf[k ac:Muygonf/

158158

158158158

Adkvfpk\om;OD;armifBuD;rSmvnf; oDaygrif;vufxufawmfwGif

0vDcHjrif;wyfütrIxrf;cGifh&cJhygonf/þwyfrSjrif;onftm;vHk;rSm

tpövmrfbmom0ifjzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/ tuúywfjrif;wyfudk

tkyfcsKyf&olrSmvnf; tpövmrfbmom0ifjzpfaMumif;ESifh qdkygonf/

0vDcHjrif;wyfESifhtwl rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;onf (1853)ckwGif

þjrif;wyfudkvnf; ay;urf;auR;arG;csD;jr§ifhawmfrlcJhygonf/

159159

159159159

158. ibid, 5

159. ibid,




(62)

rif;BuD; tcsKyf&mxl;txd csD;jr§ifhyHk

65/ wwd,t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUppfjzpfaomtcg jrefrmppfonfawmf

wdkYudk atmufjrpfpOfaMumif; awmifwGif;BuD;aMumif;ESifh awmifil

aMumif;? ppfoHk;aMumif;csDwufap&mawmifwGif;BuD;aMumif;wGif

rEÅav;NrdKU0eftuúywfjrif;0efyifv,fNrdKUpm;rif;BuD;r[mrif;xif&mZm

OD;csKHudk tkyfcsKyfcefYí ppfxGufapcJhygonf/

160160

160160160

¤if;wyfwGif (uif;wm;

Adkvfrif;vSrif;xifausmfolESifh uif;wm;trIxrf; oHk;&mhwpfq,fhig;?

tajrmufvHk;a&ESpf?pdefvufa&oHk;wpfwyf?a&TjynfAdkvfrif;vSrif;xif

ordefoHvdkufESifh a&TjynftrIxrf; vlwpf&m tajrmufvHk;a&wpf?

pdefvufa&ESpfwpfwyf? tuúywfjrif; trIxrf; vludk;&mhudk;q,f?

tajrmufvHk;a&ig;? pdefvufa&ESpfq,fwpfwyf? blabmif;xrf;vl

ESpf&mwpfwyf? onfav;wyfwGif ygonfh &Jbuf vufeufudkif

wpfaxmifhajcmuf&mESpfq,fhig;udk NrdKU0eftuúywf0ef? yifv,fNrdKUpm;

rif;BuD;r[mrif;xif&mZmtkyfcsKyfíaoewfcJ,rf;ud&d,m atmifpnf

atmifarmif;atmifvH tjynfhtpHkESifh awmifwGif;BuD;aMumif; csDwuf

aponf/ (oDaygrif;vufxufawmfwGif ppfaMumif;wpfckvHk;udkyif)

wm0efay;csD;jr§ifhawmfrlcJhaMumif;od&ygonf/

ppfrIxrf;BuD;i,frsm;tjzpf csD;jr§ifhcH&ol

tjcm;tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;

66/ ukef;abmifqifjzL&Sifrif;vufxuf? rPdyl& uonf;jynfESifh

,dk;',m;jynfrsm;udk wdkufcdkufatmifjrif&mwGif yg0ifppfrIxrf;cJhaom

ppfuJBuD;rif;aersKd;*k¶&wf tquftEG,f umZDOD;bfdk;rSm rif;wkef;rif;

ESifh uaemifrif;ta&;awmfyHkwGif yg0ifxrf;&GufcJhol ajrxl;NrdKUom;

jzpfaMumif;od&ygonf/

161161

161161161

160. KBZ, III , 709-10 161. UBU 34; ABM 74-5



(63)

¤if;tjyifajrxl;rSrif;(2)yg;vufxufcsD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onfhod&aomtjcm;

yk*d¾KvfwdkYrSm- OD;BuD; aoG;aomufBuD;

OD;ausmfh aoG;aomufBuD; (om;)

OD;NzdK; aoewfpma&;

OD;,def; aoG;aomufBuD;

OD;pH uif;Adkvf arSmfawm&Gm

AdkuH uGrf;cHAdkvf bkwfawm&Gm

OD;zef uif;Adkvf ajrmif;i,f&Gm

rif;AE¨K(OD;&dwf) aoewfpma&;

rif;wkef;rif;vufxurif;wkef;rif;vufxurif;wkef;rif;vufxurif;wkef;rif;vufxurif;wkef;rif;vufxuf

OD;ausmf wyfAdkvfrSL; awmif0ufwkd;&Gm

OD;,Gef; wyfrSL; ajzmufqdyfyifukef;&Gm

OD;[m&Gwf wyfrSL; (OD;,Gef;\om;)

OD;x,f wyfrSL; ajrmif;i,f&Gm

oDaygrif;vufxufoDaygrif;vufxufoDaygrif;vufxufoDaygrif;vufxufoDaygrif;vufxuf

OD;tdk aoewfpma&; usKD;ukef;&Gmom;

OD;bdk;jr aoewfpma&; usKD;ukef;&Gmom;

ponfjzifh trsm;yif&Sdygonf/

a&T"m;Adkvf

67/ ¤if;jyif txufütpD&ifcHcJhaom cHpyfAdkvfaersKd;oD&d&mZm

*k¶&wf\ 'kwd,om;rSmvnf; rif;(2)yg;vufxufawmfwdkYwGif

a&T"m;Adkvftjzpf tcsD;jr§ifhcH&aMumif;udk od&ygonf/

162162162162162

162. UBU 70



(64)

pm&if;udkif (0g)

vufeufudkiftrIxrf;rsm;ESifh

vpm&du©m

68/ jrefrmrif;tkyfcsKyfyHkpmwrf;? yOörydkif; ? tcef;BuD; (12)cef;?

i,f(53)? oDaygrif;w&m;vufxuf &oHk; cefYrSef;ajcpm&if;wGif

tydk'f(553)? (3)(4)(5)vpmay;pm&if;rsm;atmufü -

a&G;vuf,mppfonfOD;a&(386)a,muftwGufvpmaiG

(52260)usyf?

uif;wm;(333)a,muftwGuf vpmaiG

(45660)usyf?

bkef;awmfjzpf(282)a,muftwGufvpmaiG

(38000)usyf?

tuúywfjrif;(961)a,muftwGufvpmaiG

(133120)usyf

[k toD;oD;ay;xm;ygonf/

tajrmufwyfrsm;twGuf pk½Hk;í ay;xm;ojzifh pMum? r*Fvm

ponfjzifh cGJjcm;í rodEdkifyg/ 0vDcHjrif;udkvnf; tjcm;trnfjzifh

ay;xm;ygojzifh azmfxkwfjcif; rjyKEdkifyg/



(65)

xrf;udk,fESifh aemufaxmufrsm;

69/ þodkYaMu;aiGvpmawmfaxmufyHh½Hkomru a&S;u&Sdvmaom

tpOftvmt& wyfrawmfom;wpfOD;twGuf ¤if;\Zmwda'orS

yk*¾dKvf(10)OD;udk owfrSwfwm0efay;í ¤if;\tdrfrIa&; tdrfom;rsm;

ta&;wdkYudk ulnDaqmif&Gufap&ygonf/ trIxrf;aeaom ppfonf

udk ]xrf;udk,f}ac:í xdkppfonfwpfOD;vQif ulnD&onfh e,fcHvl

(10)OD;udk ]aemufaxmuf}[kac:ygonf/ tpövmrfbmom0if

ppfrIxrf;wdkYtwGuf aemufaxmufpm&if;rsm;udkvnf; þpmwrf;

tydk'f-516(u) vufeufudkifppfom; xrf;udk,fESifh aemufaxmufrsm;

taMumif; acgif;pOfatmufwGifay;xm;ygonf/ tpövmrfbmom0if

ppfonfwdkYESifh ,if;wdkY\aemufaxmufrsm;udk aumufEkwfazmfjy

tyfygonf/

a&G;vuf,m xrf;udk,f (386)? aemufaxmuf (3860)?

uif;wm; xrf;udk,f (333)? aemufaxmuf (3330)?

ukef;awmfjzpf xrf;udk,f (282)? aemufaxmuf (2820)?

tuúywfjrif; xrf;udk,f (961)? aemufaxmuf (9610)?

txufygpm&if;t& tpövmrfbmom0ifEdkifiHom;wpfOD;

ppfrIxrf;rsm;tjzpfcsD;jr§ifhcH&wdkif;(10)OD;rSm yg0ifulnD&onfjzpf&m

þbmom0ifwdkY\ wdkif;jynfwm0efxrf;&Guf&yHkwdkYrSm tjcm;bmom0if

rsm;enf;wlyif pkaygif;yg0ifum wm0ef,l&onfjzpfygonf/



(66)

tkyfcsKyfrIbufwGif tcsD;jr§ifhcH&olrsm;

70/ txufwGifazmfjycJhaom awmifwGif;BuD;aMumif;csDrif;BuD;

r[mrif;xif&mZmbGJUcH OD;csKH*rSm wyfrawmfppfaMumif;udk tkyfcsKyf

&onfomru rEÅav;NrdKU0ef tuúywfjrif;0efESifh yifv,fNrdKUpm;vnf;

jzpfygonf/

163 163

163 163 163

OD;csKHrSm ppfrIxrf;jzpfonfhjyif wpfNydKifeufwnf;yif

tkyfcsKyfrIt&m&SdjzpfaMumif;od&ygonf/odkYjzpf&um; a&S;jrefrmrif;wdkY\

vufxufwGif csD;jr§ifhcH&olwdkYudk ppfbuf e,fbuf[k cGJjcm;&ef

rvG,fulyg/e,ft&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf 0efBuD;rif;om;rStp ppfa&;wGif

vdkovdkyg0iftrIxrf;&onfomjzpfygonf/

awGU&Sd&aom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& tpövmrfbmom0if

a&S;jrefrmBuD;wdkYrSm tBuD;? acgif;tBuD;tpD&if? olBuD;? NrdKUolBuD;?

NrdKU0ef? NrdKUpm; ponfjzifh 0eftqifhESifh rif;BuD;(0efBuD;)tqifhrsm;txd

csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&aMumif;od&ygonf/ þodkYtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&mbufwGif

csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&yHkrsm;udk wwftm;orQ pkcGJxkwfí tusOf;tm;jzifhwifjy

tpD&ifcHvdkygonf/

71/ tavmif;bk&m;vufxufawmf ajrxl;NrdKUwGif ukvm;ysKd

tpDt&ifwdkYtm; pD&ifcefY&ef cefYtyfcsD;jr§ifhawmfrlcJhyHkrSm atmufyg

twdkif;jzpfygonf/

tavmif;bk&m;vufxuf

uefYbvlNrdKUe,f cg;axmuf&if;&Gm? AvDwum OD;bdk;eD?

pkaqmif;odrf;qnf;xm;aom waMumif;pmcReftrdefYawmfrsm;t&

od&Sd&onfrSm-

163. KBZ 709, 710, 743.




(67)

ajrxl;tpD&if ukvm;ysKd oD[&yf

72/ tavmif;bk&m;eef;wufawmfrlonfh (1752)ckESpfwGif ajrxl;

NrdKUwGif oD[&yftm; tpD&ifcefYcJhygonf/odkY&mwGif12?acgif;om;wdkYu

oD;jcm;pD&ifvmMuojzifh(1757)(1119ck?wefaqmifrkef;vqef;-10

&ufaeYwGif)oD[&yfomvQifpD&ifap&rnf/ajrxl;NrdKUay:wGiftay:0ef

taumuftpm;?w&m;uGrf;zdk; qdyfwnfrif;rI? rif;cif; ay:xGuforQ

oD[&yfu wpfvHk;wpf0wnf;pD&ifaumufcHqufoGif;ap? 12 acgif;

om;wdkYu oD;jcm;pD&if&aumif;onf rqdkom[k tavmif;bk&m;\

trdefYawmft& vTwfawmf0efrif;rsm;u pmcReftrdefYawmfxkwfay;

cJhygonf/

164164

164164164

odkY&mwGif aemufxyf 10tdrfacgif;om;wdkYu qD;xm;

aMumif;ESifh oHawmfOD;wifjyefvQif ESpfbuf rsufESmpHknD oHawmfOD;

wifaptrdefYawmf&Sdonf/ q,ftdrfacgif;om;wdkY ac:vsuf rvdkuf

aMumif;avQmufjyef&m i,fom;pdwfwlvQif pD&ifap[k (1758)ckESpf?

(1120)jynfhESpf yxr0gqdk vqef; (12)&ufaeYwGif tavmif;bk&m;

trdefYawmfcsonfhtwdkif; vTwfawmf0efrif;rsm;u pmcReftrdefYawmf

aemufxyfxkwfay;jyefygonf/

165165

165165165

ol&defok0PÖausmf

73/ 1757ckESpf?(1119ck?wefaqmifrkef;vqef;- 3&ufaeY)wGif

bk&ifhtrdefYESifh vTwfawmf0efrsm;u ajrxl;NrdKUwGif tay:0ef taumuf

tpm;qdyfwnfyGJudk aumufpm;jcif;udk ol&defok0PÖausmfu jyKvkyfcg

tbudktyfí qufoGif;&ef pmcReftrdefYxkwfcJhygonf/

166166

166166166

164. Appendix B No.2

165. ibid No.3

166. ibid No.1



(68)

&mZpuúoD[&yf

74/ wpfzef(1760)ckESpfwGif ajrxl;NrdKUtpD&ifESifh pyfvsOf;í rNidrf

rouf&SdaomaMumifh om;awmftm; ajrxl;NrdKUpm;cefYí &mZpuú

oD[&yftm; pD&ifap&ef t&Sifrdzk&m;acgifBuD;bk&m;trdefYawmfESifh

vTwfawmf0efwdkYu pmcReftrdefYawmfudk (1122ck? uqkefvjynfhausmf

10 &ufaeYwGif)xkwfay;cJhygonf/ iausmfwifqdkoltm; pD&ifcGifh

ray;bJ aESmifh&Sufol

167167

167167167

wdkYtm; aejynfawmfodkYac:í wm0efxrf;

&Gufapygonf/

bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxuf

75/ bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxufawmfwGif ajrxl;NrdKUe,ftwGuf

xkwfjyefcJhaom vTwfawmft&Sifrdzk&m;0ef? tdrfa&SUrif;0ef? ppfudkif;

0ef? ukvm;0ef? aoewf0ef ponfwdkY\ trdefYpmcRefawmfwdkYwGif

ajrxl;NrdKUqdkif&m NrdKU0ef? NrdKUtkyf? ppfuJ? NrdKUrolBuD;? NrdKUolBuD;?

olBuD;NrdKUpma&;? NrdKUracgif; tpD&if ponfwdkYxH trdefYxkwfaMumif;

awGU&Sd&ygonf/þtcsufudkaxmufí txl;ojzifh tpövmrfbmom

0if aus;awmfrsKd;uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYaexdkif&ma'owGif tcsKyfjzpfaom

tpD&ifrSpí txufatmuftkyfcsKyfrIt&mBuD;i,frsm;tjzpfcefYxm;

csD;jr§ifhcJhonfudkod&Sd&ygonf/*tpD&ifae&mwGif aoG;aomufBuD;rsm;

udkvnf; cefYxm;aMumif; awGU&\/ od&Sd&aom tpD&ifwdkYrSm &mZol?

ijrwfxGef;? &Jxifaemf&xm? &JvSaemf&xm? aersKd;ausmfacgif

jra&Tawmf iol&def &JausmfvSwkdYjzpfygonf/

168168

168168168

aejynfawmfwGifvnf; ukvm;0efudk cefYxm;aMumif;? od&

aom ukvm;0efwdkYrSm rif;BuD;r[m&JvSausmfxif? r[mrif;xifwdkYjzpf

167. Appendix B, No.4 168. ABM , p.80-101; Appendix B* aemufqufwGJrSwfpk(21)Munfh



(69)

aMumif; ukvm;ysKdaoewf0efudkvnf; cefYxm;aMumif;? od&aom

ukvm;ysKdaoewf0efwdkYrSm oD[ausmfxifaemf&xmESifh r[mrif;vS

ausmfacgifwdkYjzpfaMumif; txufwGif tpD&ifcHcJhygonf/

EdkifiHjcm;a&;qdkif&mwGif csD;jr§ifhjcif;

76/ bBuD;awmfbk&m; eef;wufNyD;aemuf (1819ck) &mxl;rsm;

cefYxm;jcif;? bGJUrsm;csD;jr§ifhjcif;udk jyKawmfrl&mwGif &EÅa&Tawmifudk

ukvm;0efcefYaMumif; od&ygonf/

169169

169169169

ukvm;0efrSm EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkYESifh qufqHa&;wGif pDrHuGyfuJ&ol

t&m&SdBuD;jzpfygonf/rif;wkef;rif;ESifhoDaygrif;w&m;wdkYvufxufwGif

cefYxm;csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&olwdkYrSm tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;jzpfMuygonf/

txufwGif tpD&ifcHcJhonfhtwdkif; paerif; vufxufuwnf;u

(tydk'f-38) ukvm;0efcefYvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/

,Gef;BuD;jynfESifh oHtquftoG,f

77/ EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;wGif tpövmrfbmom0ifwdkYtm;cefYxm;

apvTwfonf[ktqdk&Sdygonf/bBuD;awmfbk&m;vufxuf(1822)

ckESpfwGif ,Gef;BuD;jynf(,ck-AD,uferf)rS oHrsm;a&mufí oHbufjyK

umapvTwfjcif;cH&aom pdE´oD&dAm&yf(aemifwGif aersKd;oD&d&mZ

*k¶&wf[kac:xm;ygonf/)rSm tpövmrfbmom0ifjzpfaMumif;tqkd

&Sdygonf/ (1830)ckESpfwGif ,Gef;BuD;oHrsm; wpfzefa&mufvmjyef&m

&efukefNrdKUwGif&Sdt'lvmwdkufüwnf;cdk&aMumif;vnf;awGU&ygonf??

170170170170170

,if;yk*¾dKvfrSm yxrt*FvdyfppfwGif &J0HhpGm trIxrf;cJhaom cHpyfAdkvf

aersKd;*k¶&wfyifjzpfonf[k tqdk&Sd&m þtcsufudkvnf; twnf

rjyKEdkifrD tao;pdwf qef;ppf&ef vdkonf[k ,lqygonf/

169. KBZ, I, 802.170. KBZ, II, 920,1048-50;UBU 65.



(70)

jyifopfESifh qufqHa&;

78/ om,m0wDrif;vufxufawmfwGif ukvm;0eftjzpf csD;jr§ifhjcif;

cH&olrSm r[moD[rif;xifjzpfygonf/ jyifopfjynf ukefonfBuD;

pEedu&wf uGyfa*:&ewfonf vufaqmifyPÖmrsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmf

twGif;a&mif;0,fazmufum;cGifh&&ef ukefonfBuD; ippftm;(1840ck)

wGifapvTwf&m 0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;rsm;? jyifopfbmoma&; jrefrmjyef

qdkNyD; wifpmavQmufpmrsm;ESifhwuG ukvm;0ef r[moD[ rif;xifESifh

twl0ifapaMumif;?ippftm; rçawmfrlNyD;vQifa&mif;0,fcGifhay;aMumif;

ESifh odk;wGifa'gif;wHqdyfcwfí oD&daomu&mZm"r®*k¶&wfbGJUESifh

a&Txm;ay;awmfrl\[k awGU&Sd&ygonf/

171171

171171171

bBuD;awmfvufxuf yk*HNrdKU0ef

79/ bBuD;awmfvufxufwGif yk*HNrdKU0eftjzpf cefYxm;csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH

&olrSm OD;aywvlac: tpövmrfbmom0ifwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; od&

ygonf/ ¤if;\om;jzpfol [m*sDrSefa&;om;aom jrwfqk&vuFm

(1865? 4)wGif

brif;zsm;vnf;? w&m;rwdrf? bkef;awmfxdefonf?

&mZdE´mbd? avmif;rked[k? jynfBuD;ocif qifrif;&Sif\?

uRefwGif uRef,Hk?wdkif;vHk;wkefrQ?vTJyHkr<uif;?"m;ydkifESif;onf?

a&S;rif;omvGef;?yk*H0efwnfh/

[k pyfqdkxm;ygonf/

172172172172172

171. KBZ, II, 1184-5

172. UBU 49.



(71)

csD;jr§ifhjcif;ESifh rxdkufwefolrsm;

80/ jrefrmrif;wdkYucsD;jr§ifhajr§mufpm;ygvsuf csD;jr§ifhjcif;ESihf rxkduf

wefol tpövmrfbmom0if a&S;jrefrmBuD;tcsKdUvnf;&Sdonfudk azmfjy

vdkygonf/ yk*Hrif;vufxuf tpövmrfbmom0if OD;bdkifqyfrSm

tr&yl&NrdKUawmf\ NrdKU0eftjzpf cefYtyfcsD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&ygonf/ ¤if;

NrdKUpma&;OD;ydefrSmvnf; tpövmrfbmom0ifjzpfygonf/ xdkOD;ydef\

vlrI0efxrf;vkyfief;wpf&yfjzpfaom wHwm;&SnfBuD;rSm tr&yl&NrdKU

teD; ,aeYwdkif&Sdaeygao;onf/ odkY&mwGif xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkYrSm csD;jr§ifhjcif;

rcHxdkufaomtjyKtrlrsm;udkjyKrlcJhMuojzifh (1851)ckESpfwGiftjypfay;

uGyfrsufjcif;cHcJh&ygonf/ ukef;abmifquf r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;wGif

azmfjyyg&SdonfrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/

(1213)ckESpf?wefaqmifrkef;vqef;(6)&ufaeY ½kyfpHkyGJcHíMunfhawmfrl&m NrdKU0ef

cefYxm;ol iydkifowfonf emcHia&T&orD;jyKvkyfol rdESpfudk a&Tem;awmif;rIESifh

vufraxmufwef;rSm csKyfxm;&mu vGwfNyD;vQif eef;awmftaemuftwGif;

pHum; rdzk&m;taqmifrSm 0ifxGufí a&Tzvm;udk cdk;,laomaMumifh a&SUodkY

tyfíppfaMumonfudkr[kwfrrSefppfcsufa&;NyD;vQif a&Teef;awmftaemufwGif

ppfcsufxGufay:onfqdkí twGif;awmfrSm rwdkifwMum;tavsmuf brf;qD;

onfudkyGJMunfhawmfrlonfh twGif;Mum;odawmfrlí NrdKU0efiydkifowfESifh

NrdKUpma&;iydkwdkYudkar;awmfrl&mrwdkifrajymac:aMumif;udkxGufqdkonf/ aemuf

¤if;wdkY r[kwfrrSefjynfoljynfom;udkn§if;yef;ESdyfpuf?aMu;aiGpm;,l axmifwGif

owfjzwfjyKusifhaMumif;rsm;udk tvHk;pHkodawmfrlí NrdKU0efiydkifowfESifh vQyfjzwf

qdk;oGrf;&mygolNrdKUpma&;iydef?wHcg;eDrSL;ia&Tabmf? aps;acgif;irIef? wef;acgif

i&Sifav;?iusm;BuD;?iMuHwdkYudk vTwfawmfu ar;jref;apí pmqufoGif;csuf

twdkif; ewfawmfvjynfhausmf ckepf&ufaeY uGyfrsufawmfrl\/

(ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;?wwd,wGJ?pm-86-87)*




(72)

rif;wkef;rif;vufxuf

81/ rif;wkef;rif; vufxufawmfESifh oDaygrif; vufxufawmf

wdkYwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;bufü &mxl;BuD;rsm;wGif csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&aom

tpövmrfbmom0ifjrefrmwdkY\ taMumif;udk twefyifod&ygonf/

ukvm;0efrif; - r[mrif;acgifoD[ol

82/ 'kwd,t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUppftNyD;wGif yJcl;e,fudk t*FvdyfwdkYodrf;

,lMuygonf/aejynfawmfwGif rif;wkef;rif;u uaemifrif;om;rsm;

ta&;awmfyHkay:aygufvmaeojzifhatmufjrefrmjynfppfa&;udktav;

rwif;EdkifMuyg/rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;xD;eef;pdk;pHNyD;aemuf(1853ck)wGif

t*Fvdyft&m&Sdrsm;&Sd&m jynfNrdKUodkY ukvm;0ef r[mrif;acgifoD[olESifh

tajrmuf0efrif;vSoD&drif;xifwkYdudk apvTwfcJhonf/ t*FvdyfwdkYu

yJcl;e,fudkodrf;ydkufaMumif;?ESpfEdkifiHr[mrdwfjzpfvdkaMumif; trSmpmay;

vdkufíjyefvmMu&onf/þwGif ausmfarmfNrdKUpm; 0efBuD; owdk;rif;BuD;

r[mrif;vSoD[ol trSL;jyKonfh tzGJUudk xyfrHapvTwf&ygonf/

e,fedrdwfausmufwdkifpdkuf owfrSwfa&;pmcsKyfudkum; vufrSwfrxkd;cJh

Muyg/

173 173

173 173 173

þukvm;0efrif;tm; rif;wkef;rif;w&m;ESifh tdrfa&SU

udk,fawmfBuD;wdkYu tvGefo'g,HkMunfawmfrlaMumif;od&ygonf/

173. KBZ, III, 150-1.



(73)

ukvm;0ef rif;vSrif;xif&mZm

83/ r[mrif;acgifoD[olwGif om;r&Sd&um; ¤if;\ae&mü oruf

jzpfol OD;'Gef;ac: OD;aexGef;tm; rif;vSrif;xif&mZmbGJUtrnfESifh

ukvm;0ef&mxl;udk rif;wkef;rif;BuD;u qufvufay;oem;awmfrl

ygonf/ 0efwdkY\ tpD;teif; taqmifta,mif? a&TxD;(2)vufESifh

qifpD;cGifhwdkYudk oem;awmfrlygonf/

174174

174174174

OD;pdk;ESifh vufsm&pf c½koif;

84/ (1865)ckESpfwGif tdEd,jynfrS a&S'0wf(rlqvD'g0wf)NrdKUrS

vusfm&pfc½koif; yoDukvm;uRefawmfrsdK; tpdk;aqmif,lvmía&muf

vm&m xl;jraomywåjrm;ausmufwdkYufdk BudK,louJhodkY BudK,lqufoGif;

&ygonf/

175175

175175175

a&S;tpövmrfbmom0ifjrefrmwdkY\ EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,f

aygufa&mufrIwGif aqmuf&GufEdkifyHkudk awGU&ygonf/

NrdKU0efNrdKUpm;rsm;

85/ oDaygrif;vufxufawmf NrdKU0efNrdKUpm;rsm;tjzpf csD;jr§ifhcH&onhf

od&orQaom tpövmrfbmom0if jrefrmrsm;rSm-

r[mrif;vSrif;xif&mZmbGJU&OD;aemfcH?uav;wdefnif&mZN*dK[fNrdKU0ef

176176

176176176

r[mrif;acgifausmfxifbGJU& OD;jym;? ipOfhul;NrdKU0ef/

177177

177177177

r[mrif;ausmfoD[ armif&pf? wy,fNrdKUpm;/

178178

178178178

174. ibid, 749.175. ibid, 319.176. ibid,753177. ibid, 755.178. ibid, 748.



(74)

OD;csHK ynmawmfoif

86/ wwd, t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUppfwGif awmifwGif;BuD;aMumif;udk

tkyfcsKyfí csD&aom rif;BuD;r[mrif;xif&mZm OD;csHKtaMumif;udk

tpD&ifcHcJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ OD;csHKrSm ajrxl;NrdKU0ef Adkvfvdef;\om;

jzpfaMumif;? rif;wkef;rif;w&m;vufxuf uaemifrif;om;BuD;\

tpDtpOfESifh EkdifiHjcm;odkY ynmawmfoif(90)ausmf apvTwf&mwGif

tDwvDjynf ppfynmESifh uwåDyg&ufvkyfonfhynm&yfudk oif&ef

apvTwfjcif;cH&aMumif;? wwfajrmufí jyefa&mufvmaomtcg

ppfbufwGiftrIxrf;&aMumif;?xdkYaemuf rEÅav;NrdKU0ef rif;vSrif;acgif

ol&defOD;a&Trdk; tjypf&Sdít&mrStEkwfcH&aomtcg

179179

179179179

(1881)ckESpfwGif

rEÅav;NrdKU0eftjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&ygonf/ wwd, t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU

ppfwGifAdkvfcsKyftxdcsD;jr§ifhhjcif;cH&ítpD&ifcHcJhonfhtwkdif; awmifwGif;

BuD;aMumif;csDcJh&ygonf/ t0cHNrdKUrSjyefíckcH&ef trdefY&í jyefvm&m

vrf;c&D;ü t&Sif(2)yg; ygawmfrlaMumif; pum;od&í ESvHk;qdkYum

tedpöa&mufcJhonf[kqkdygonf/ bk&if{u&mZftay:wGif txl;cifrif

opöm&Sdaom tpövmrfbmom0ifa&S;jrefrmBuD;wpfOD;jzpfayonf/

180 180

180 180 180

179. ibid, 571-2.

180. UBU, 157.




(75)

ausmuf&JNrdKUpm; rGv’mtDprmtif

87/ xl;jcm;pGm csD;jr§ihfjcif;cH&aom tjcm;yk*¾dKvfBuD;wpfOD;rSm

ausmuf&JNrdKUpm; rGv’mtDprmtif*jzpfygonf/ zcifrSm rGv’m

tDb&m[ifjzpfí a&Tbdkrif;? yk*Hrif;? rif;wkef;rif;wdkY vufxuf

ydk;zJuwåDygESifh eef;oHk;ypönf;trsdK;rsdK;udk qufoGif;cJhygonf/

rif;wkef;rif; vufxufawmfwGif rGv’mtDprmtifrSm r[m

abm*"e&mZ bGJUjzifh olaumif;jyKjcif;cH&ygonf/

oDaygrif;vufxufawmfwGif taumuf0ef&mxl;jzifh csD;jr§ihf

jcif;cH&\/ (1883)ckwGif ausmuf&JNrdKUudk tydkifpm;ay;awmfrljyef

ygonf/ xdkYjyif rif;vSpnfolbGJUESifh a&TxD;(2)vuf? a&Tezl;pD;?

a&TpvG,fESifh a0grsm;udkvnf; oem;awmfrl\/ eef;wGif;0if&m qifpD;

cGifhudkvnf;ay;awmfrlonf/

(1873)ck? rif;wkef;rif; vufxufawmfwGif tD&efjynfrS

oHrsm;a&muf&Sd&mwGif rGv’mtDprmtifaetdrfwGif wnf;cdkí ¤if;uyif

OD;aqmifum tcpm;0if&aMumif;? bmomjyefqkd wifavQmufzG,f

rsm;udk 4if;udk,fwdkifyif aqmif&Gufay;&aMumif;ESifh oHwrefqufoG,f

a&;wGif ukvm;0ef\wm0efudk xrf;&GufaMumif; od&ygonf/

181181

181181181

181. ibid, 121-130.




(76)

xif&Sm;aom wl&d,m*Dw tEkynm&Sif

88/ rGv’mtDprmtiftm; csD;jr§ifhyHkudkazmfjy&mwGif xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;\

q|rajrmufom;jzpfaom rGv’m OD;tvD ac: armifarmifvwfrSm

a&S;a[mif; jrefrmwl&d,m*DwwGif xl;cRefpGmwwfajrmufaom tEk

ynm&Sif jzpfygonf/ rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;\ eef;wGif;wl&d,mynm

&Sif (£E´ma'0)q&mBuD;xHwGif avhvmoifMum;cJholjzpfygonf/

apmif;aumufudk ydkifEdkifpGmwD;Edkifonf qdkygonf/ r[m*Dwusrf;

jzpfaom(*Dw0daom"eDusrf;)udk a&S;OD;vufrGefa&;om;cJhonf jzpf

aom *Dwynm&SifBuD;jzpfygonf/*

csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&aom tjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;

89/ rif;wkef;rif;ESifh oDaygrif;wkdYvufxufawmfwGif tjcm;enf;

rsm;jzifh csD;jr§ihfjcif;cH&aom tpövmrfbmom0if jrefrmtrsdK;orD;

trsdK;om;rsm; &Sdygao;onf/

tysdKawmfvlysdKawmfrsm;

od&Sdaom tpövmrfbmom0iftysdKawmfrsm;rSm-

qifwJ&Gmpm; cifav;BuD;- rif;wkef;rif; rdzk&m;acgifBuD;\tysdKawmf/

'0g;&Gmpm; cifpdef**- oDaygt&SifESpfyg;xH cpm;&ol?

rcifav;- qifjzLr&Sif tysdKawmf/

rroefY- oDaygrif;\ rdzk&m;acgifBuD; pkzk&m;vwf\ tysdKawmf?

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(77)

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(78)

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(79)

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(80)

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(82)

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(83)

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(84)

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(85)

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183. Mandalay District Gazetteer, p. 230.



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184184

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ysdKtpktrIxrf;wdkYwGif pD&if&ef&SdorQ rif;rIrif;cif;w&m;pum;&Sdonf

rsm;udk pD&ifNrJ xHk;pH&Sdonfhtwdkif;tkyfcsKyfpD&ifyg&rnfhtaMumif;ESifh

tpD&ifcHvQifqkdif&m ajr;awmf0efrif;tkyfcsKyfpDrHap/ cefYtyfonfh

pmcRefawmfrsm;&Sdygonf/ pmay;tyfygrnfhtaMumif;ESifh pmcRefawmf

rsm;udk tpD&ifcHonfhtwkdif; ajrxl;NrdKU&Sd ukvm;ysdKtpktrIxrf;

uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYwGif rif;rI rif;cif;? w&m;pum;pD&if&ef&Sdonfrsm;udk

aoG;aomufBuD;? acgif;pma&;wdkYESifh ijrwfxGef;u tkyfcsKyfpD&ifap?

tpD&ifijrwfxGef;onf ajrxl;NrdKU ukvm;ysdK tpkom;wdkYwGif om,m

Nidrf0yfatmif rif;rIrif;cif;? w&m;pum;? ckd;ao; rD;yGm;&Sdonfrsm;udk

aoG;aomufBuD;acgif;wkdYESifh ppfaMumpD&if&rnf/



(97)

bk&m;orD;awmf ajrxl;ocifbk&m;BuD;pmbk&m;orD;awmf ajrxl;ocifbk&m;BuD;pmbk&m;orD;awmf ajrxl;ocifbk&m;BuD;pmbk&m;orD;awmf ajrxl;ocifbk&m;BuD;pmbk&m;orD;awmf ajrxl;ocifbk&m;BuD;pm

(11)ajrxl;NrdKUukvm;ysdKaoG;aomufBuD;?acgif;pma&;?tMuyfi,fom;

wdkYu ukvm;ysdKuRefawmfrsdK;wdkYwGif aersdK;*kPfj'yfom; ijrwfxGef;udk

tpD&ifcefYí pD&ifygaprS uRefawmfrsdK;trIxrf; qif;&Jom;wdkY Nidrf0yfpGm

trIudkxrf;&GufEdkifygrnf??txufcefYxm;ol&mZol&itdkwdkYudkEkwfodrf;NyD;

ijrwfxGef;udkpD&ifygapí &&Sdonfh vmbfvmbudk xHk;pH&Sdonfhtwdkif;

acgif;pma&;aoG;aomufBuD;wdkYa0iSpm;,lygap&rnhftaMumif;ESifhtMuyf?

vifxdrf;pufiatmifjzL?iawmbk?iyef;ndKwdkYESihftrIxrf; uRefawmfrsdK;

wpku tpD&ifcHonfhtwkdif; &mZol&udkEkwfí ouú&mZf 1154ck?

e,kef vqef;5&ufaeY ijrwfxGef;udk w0wnf; tpD&ifcefYonf/

ijrwfxGef;vnf; ukvm;ysdKuRefawmfrsdK;acgif;pma&; aoG;aomuf BuD;

tMuyfi,fom;wdkY oabmwlnDonfhtwdkif; ckd;ao;rD;yGm; pD&ifcif;

pD&if&efw&m;pum;&Sdonfrsm;udkodrf;ydkufpD&ifíb@mawmf?t&mawmf?

pD;yGm;awmf&S donfrsm;udk 6v wBudrfqkdif&modk YqufoGif;&rnf/

pD;yGm;awmf? b@mawmf qufoGif;onfhjyif&onhf vmbf vmb&Sdonf

rsm;rSm xHk;pH&Sd&m acgif;pma&;aoG;aomufBuD;wdkYESifh a0rQpm;&rnf/



(98)

t&Sifrdzk&m; 0efrif;pmt&Sifrdzk&m; 0efrif;pmt&Sifrdzk&m; 0efrif;pmt&Sifrdzk&m; 0efrif;pmt&Sifrdzk&m; 0efrif;pm

(12)ajrxl;NrdKUwdkif;olBuD;? NrdKUpma&;?ukvm;ysdKaoG;aomufBuD; wpkwdkY

ukvm;ysdKtpkom;wkdYwGifrif;rIrif;cif;?w&m;pum;ay:&SdonfrSmxdkacgif;

aoG;aomufBuD;wpkESifh uRefawmf ab;?bdk;?b?tpfudkwkdY qufcHpD&if&

ygonf??ab;?bdk;?b?tpfudkwdkYt&mudktpOfrjywftkyfcsKyfpD&ifqufoGif;

&ygrnfhtaMumif;&Sdcdk;oHawmfOD;wifonf/ ukvm;ysdKtpD&if &mZol&udk

EkwfíijrwfxGef;uajrxl;NrdKU ukvm;ysdKtpkom;wdkYwGif w&m;pum;

ay:&Sdonfrsm;udkpD&ifqufoGif;ap??tBuD;pma&;wdkYuijrwfxGef;udkcefYxm;

pmay;?ouú&mZf1146ckewfawmfvqef;2&ufaeYbk&m;orD;awmf\trdefY

awmfudkxrf;&Guf&onhftwdkif;ukvm;ysdKtpD&ifijrwfxGef;uukvm;ysdK

pkwdkYwGifw&m;pum;ay:&Sdonfrsm;udkijrwfxGef;upD&ifap??pD&ifí&onhf

uGrf;zdk;? pD;yGm;awmf t&mawmfESifhpyforQudk rSefuef ukefpifatmif

pm&if;us,f? pm&if;csKyfESifh rSwfom;í (6)v wBudrf qufoGif;ap/


(13)ajrxl;NrdKUtpD&ifNrdKUolBuD;?NrdKUpma&;?olBuD;i,facgif;tBuD;wdkYESifhukvm;

ysdKaoG;aomufBuD;acgif;aoewfudkiftrIxrf;wdkYajrxl;NrdKUaeukvm;ysdKaoewf

om;wdkYwGifpD&ifNrJxHk;pH&Sdonfhtwkdif;ijrwfxGef;upD&ifíqdkif&mqufoGif;ap/

1155ck?0gacgifvjynfhausmf3&ufaeYeef;rawmft&Sifrdzk&m;trdefYawmfwdkYudk

OD;xdyfxufqif&Guf&onfhtwdkif;ajrxl;NrdKUe,fav;&yf&Spf&yftwGif;&Sdae

onfh ukvm;ysdKaoewftpkom;wdkYwGif ijrwfxGef;udktpD&ifcefYí pD&if

aponf/tpD&ifijrwfxGef;vnf; ajrwl;NrdKUe,f av;&yf&Spf&yftwGif;&Sd

aeonfh ukvm;ysdKaoewftpkom; wdkYwGif ab;? bdk;? bwdkY pD&ifNrJxHk;pH

&Sdonfh twkdif; tkyfxdef;pD&ifí &onfukd pm&if;us,f? pm&if;csKyfESifh

6v wBudrf qkdif&m½Hk;awmfrSm qufoGif;&rnf/



(99)

ppfudkif;ocifbk&m; 0efrif;wdkYpmppfudkif;ocifbk&m; 0efrif;wdkYpmppfudkif;ocifbk&m; 0efrif;wdkYpmppfudkif;ocifbk&m; 0efrif;wdkYpmppfudkif;ocifbk&m; 0efrif;wdkYpm

(14)ajrxl;NrdKUtxufwdkuftpD&ifNrdKUolBuD;? NrdKUpma&;?uGrf;zdk;xdef;wdkY

ajrxl;NrdKUaeukvm;ysdKtpD&ifpma&;?aoG;aomufBuD;wdkYuukvm;ysdKaoewf

pma&;NrdKUolBuD;?NrdKU0ef?taumuftpm;?w&m;uGrf;zdk;?cdk;ao;rD;yGm;&Sdonf

rsm;udkuRefawmfwdkYupD&ifíqkdif&m½Hk;awmfrSmNrdKUudkiftqufqufqufoGif;

&ygonf/NrdKUudkifcefYol iatmifyef;onfukvm;ysdK uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYwGif

w&m;pum;?cdk;ao;rD;yGm;&Sdonfudktac:tcstaESmifht,SufESifh&SdcJhonf/

ukvm;ysdKaoewftrIxrf;&efESifhoD&dolpGJudkifonfhaoewfudkvnf;odrf;?

aoewfqdkíaiG2ydómausmf3ydómcefYpm;,lcJhonfhtaMumif;ESifh&Sdcdk;

oHawmfOD;wifonfwGifajrxl;NrdKUae ukvm;ysdK aoewftpkom;wkdYrSm

pD&ifcif;pD&ifzG,f w&m;pum;? ckd;ao;rD;yGm; &Sdonfrsm;udk NrdKUudkifwdkYu

rppfraMumrpD&ifapESifh/ukvm;ysdKtpD&ifwkdYuom pD&ifNrJtwkdif;pD&if

ap&rnf/rD;yGm;b@mudkarmif½HkrSmqufap/armif0efwdkYtpm;ay;&efESifh

oD&doloGif;aoewfrSL;?NrdKUudkifiatmifyef;ppfaMumpm;,lonhfaiG3

ydómausmfudkvnf;pm;,lonfrSefvQifaoewfudkiftrIxrf; jzpfonfh

rppfaMumoihf/pm;,lorQaiGudkjyefay;ap/ouú&mZf1157ck? oDwif;

uRwfvqef;11&ufaeY eef;rawmft&Sifrdzk&m;trdefYawmfudk OD;xdyf

&Gufqif&onfhtwkdif; ajrxl;NrdKUae ukvm;ysdKtpkom;wkdYrSm pD&ifcif;?

pD&ifzG,fw&m;pum;?cdk;ao;rD;yGm;&Sdonfrsm;udkajrxl;NrdKUudkifwdkYurpdppf

rpD&ifom?/ ukvm;ysKdtpD&ifwkdYu ppfaMumpD&ifí&onhf rD;yGm; b@m

awmfudk qkdif&m½Hk;awmfrS qufoGif;ap/ ukvm;ysdKuRefawmfrsdK;&HESihf

oD&dolwGif aoewfrI NrdKUudkif iatmifyef;u aiG3ydómausmf ppfaMum

awmif;,lonf/ rSefvQifvnf; aoewftrIxrf;jzpfonf? rppfraMum

rawmif;r,lom&efESifh oD&dolu ay;ukef/ &orQaiG 3ydómausmfudk

trdefYawmftwdkif; jyefay;&rnf/



(100)

ppfudkif;ocifbk&m; 0efrif;wdkYpmppfudkif;ocifbk&m; 0efrif;wdkYpmppfudkif;ocifbk&m; 0efrif;wdkYpmppfudkif;ocifbk&m; 0efrif;wdkYpmppfudkif;ocifbk&m; 0efrif;wdkYpm

(15)ajrxl;NrdKUtkyf?NrdKUolBuD;?NrdKUpma&;?ukvm;ysdKaoewfaoG;aomuf

BuD;acgif;pma&;wkdYajrxl;NrdKUaeukvm;ysdKtpkom; itlrS ok0PÖausmfol

om; ijrwfxGef;u w0wnf; pD&ifap/ &mZol&udk rpD&ifapESifh? EIwf/

cdk;ao;rD;yGm; w&m;pum;udkvnf; ijrwfxGef;u pD&ifap/ ouú&mZf

1158ckwefaqmifrkef;vqef;15&ufaeY eef;rawmfbk&m; trdefYawmf

jrwfudk OD;xdyf&Gufqif&onhftwdkif; tcGefawmfay;tyfonfESifhtnD

ajrxl;NrdKUe,fav;&yf &Spf&yftwGif; ukvm;ysdKtpkom;wdkYwGif tpD&ifwdkY

pD&ifNrJxHk;pHtwkdif;ijrwfxGef;urif;rIrif;cif;?w&m;pum;? cdk;ao;rD;yGm;

ppfaMumpD&if&ef&Sdonfrsm;udk ppfaMumpD&ifí qufoGif;ap/


(16)ajrxl;NrdKUtpD&ifNrdKUolBuD;? NrdKUpma&;?olBuD;i,f?acgif;tBuD;ESifh

ukvm;ysdKaoG;aomufBuD;tMuyfaoewfudkiftrIxrf;wdkYukvm;ysdKtpkom;

wkdYwGiftay:0eftaumuftpm;? w&m;uGrf;zdk;pD&ifcif;? pD&ifzG,f&Sd

onfrsm;udk xHk;pHtpOf&Sdonfhtwdkif; ijrwfxGef;u pD&if qufoap/

ouú&mZf1158ck? uqkefvjynfhausmf9&ufaeY ajr;awmfocif bk&m;0ef

wdkYxHxkwfjyefawmfrlonfhtrdefYawmf&if;ESifhtnD ajrxl;NrdKUe,f av;&yf

&Spf&yftwGif;aexdkifonfhukvm;ysdKuRefawmfrsdK;wdkYwGifpD&ifcif;pD&ifzG,f

&Sdonfrsm;ukdxHk;pHtpOf&Sdonfhtwkdif;pD&ifap??tpD&ifijrwfxGef;uvnf;

ukvm;ysdKuRefawmfrsdK;wdkYwGifpD&ifcif;pD&ifzG,f&Sdonfrsm;udkbk&m; trdefY

awmfjrwf&if;ESifhtnD BuD;onfhpum;udki,fatmif? i,fonfh pum;udk

yvyfí ajyNidrf;atmif pD&ifí&onhf pD;yGm;b@mrsm;udk pm&if;csKyf?

pm&if;us,fESifh 6v wBudrf b@mwdkufodkY qufoGif;&rnf/



(101)


(17)ajrxl;NrdKUtkyf?NrdKUolBuD;?NrdKUpma&;?ukvm;ysdKaoewfpma&;

aoG;aomufBuD;tMuyfi,fom;wdkYajrxl;ukvm;ysdKtrIxrf;rsm;uRefawmf

rsdK;wdkYrSmaersdK;ausmfacgifom; ijrwfzl;ESifh aoG;aomufBuD;itdk bufí

tkyfcsKyfpD&ifap/ouú&mZf1159ck?jymodkvqef;14&ufaeY eef;rawmf

bk&m;trdefYawmfjrwfudkOD;xdyf&Guf&onfhtwkdif;ajrxl;ukvm;ysdKaoewf

trIxrf;uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYrSmaersdK;ausmfacgifom;ijrwfzl;ESifhaoG;aomufBuD;

itdkwdkYudkpD&ifaponf??ukvm;ysKdaoewftrIxrf;uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYwGif

rif;rIrif;cif;?tay:0eftaumuftpm; w&m;uGrf;zdk;pD&ifcif; pD&ifzG,f

&Sdonfrsm;udk a&S;xHk;pH&Sdonfhtwdkif; ijrwfzl;? itdkwdkYvnf; ukvm;ysdK

aoewftrIxrf;uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYwGiftay:0ef?taumuftpm;? w&m;

uGrf;zdk;? pD;yGm;?b@mt&mESifhpyfqdkiforQudkppfaMumpD&ifí 6v wBudrf

qkdif&modkYqufoGif;&rnf/


(18)ukvm;ysdKaoewfpma&;?aoG;aomufBuD;?tMuyfwkdYaersdK;ausmfacgif

aqGom;?rsdK;om;?oem;awmfrl&mygq,ftdrfudkpm&if;ygqdk\??aoewfpma&;

aoG;aomufBuD;wdkYurcefYrxm;apESifh?aersdK;ausmfacgiftbxH aersdK;

ausmfacgifxrf;&Gufap/ply&mZmudktydkifcefYxm;ol?vl3a,mufudkvnf;

vJvS,fcefYxm;ap??1169cke,kefvqef;12&ufaeYtrdefYawmfudkOD;xdyf&Guf

&onfhtwkdif;aersdK;ausmfacgifaqGom;rsdK;om;oem;awmfrl&mygq,ftdrf

udkpm&if;ygqdkí ukvm;ysKdaoewfpma&; aoG;aomufBuD; tMuyfwdkYu

tcefYrxm;ESif h ? aersdK;ausmfacgiftbxH aersdK;ausmfacgifESif h

trdefYawmftwdkif; Nidrf0yfpGm xrf;&Guf aexdkifap&rnf/



(102)

ppfudkif;0efrif;pmppfudkif;0efrif;pmppfudkif;0efrif;pmppfudkif;0efrif;pmppfudkif;0efrif;pm

(19)ajrxl;NrdKU0ef?NrdKUolBuD;?NrdKUpma&;?ukvm;ysdKaoewfpma&;aoG;aomuf

BuD;wdkYaersdK;ausmfacgifudkukvm;ysdKaoewftpkuEkwfíoem;awmfrlonfh

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ukvm;ysdKaoewftpkrS Ekwfí oem;awmfrlonfh aqGom; rsdK;om;

q,ftdrfaxmifvlwdkYudk a&TvHStkyfiazsmfESifh xrf;&Gufap/

bk&m;ajr;awmf ppfudkif;0efrif;wdkYpmbk&m;ajr;awmf ppfudkif;0efrif;wdkYpmbk&m;ajr;awmf ppfudkif;0efrif;wdkYpmbk&m;ajr;awmf ppfudkif;0efrif;wdkYpmbk&m;ajr;awmf ppfudkif;0efrif;wdkYpm

(20)i'lZm?ia&Tjrwf?ijrwfomOD;?ia&Tjr?i&Tef;?ia&TBuD;?ijrwfomrif;?ia&Trif;?

ia&TjrwfwdkYudkbdk;b½dkuf&mrysufqufcHxrf;&Gufítbdk;aersdK;ausmfacgifESifh

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rIcif;&SdorQudkacgif;tkyfajymqdkaqmif&Gufrnfholr&SdaomaMumihfacgiftkyf

xdef;Edkifrnfholtpfudkarmifa&Tom;udk acgif;cefYxm;tkyfxdef;aqmif&Guf

aponfht&yf&yftrItcif;tcefYtxm;ay:xGufusa&mufonfrsm;udk

acgif;armifa&Tom;qifhqdk&mwpdwfw0rf;wnf;emcHxrf;&GufMu&rnf/

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ukefatmif cGJcefY aqmif&Gufí taMumif;&SdorQudk wnDwnGwfwnf;

acgif;tkyfqifhqkd pD&ifap&rnf/



(103)

tdrfa&SU0efrif;wdkYpmtdrfa&SU0efrif;wdkYpmtdrfa&SU0efrif;wdkYpmtdrfa&SU0efrif;wdkYpmtdrfa&SU0efrif;wdkYpm

(21)ajrxl;NrdKU0ef?NrdKUolBuD;?NrdKUpma&;?aus;&GmolBuD;i,fwkdYESifhukvm;ysdK

aoewfpma&;?aoG;aomufBuD;acgif;tBuD;wdkYajrxl;NrdKUaus;&Gm&Sdukvm;ysdK

tpkutrdefYawmfygtdrf17tdrfteuf10tdrfaxmifom;yGm;orD;yGm;43?

ESpfpkvl?53rSmaersKd;ausmfacgifudkoem;awmfrlíiwdkif;aersKd;ausmfacgifESifh

xrf;&Gufap?tpkpm&if;rSmESdrf?aoG;aomufBuD;iomjzLESifhtdrfh&ifpkom;yGm;orD;yGm;

tdrf485pk?55rSmaoewfpma&;aoG;aomufBuD;wdkYudktyf?qkdif&mtpkrSmxrf;ap/

ouú&mZf1164ck?oDwif;uRwfvqef;9&ufaeYtrdefYawmfudkOD;xdyf&Guf&onfhtwdkif;

aersdK;ausmfacgifudkoem;awmfrl&if;iEk&ifao?r,m;rdydef?om;iomxGef;?

om;i'g?baxG;iwkwf?om;ia&TOD;?baxG;iomjzL?iyGifhausmf?r,m;atmif?

r,m;rdyHkao;?om;iawm?rdvSom;itdk?om;ia&Tjr?baxG;ia&T?om;ijrwfarT;?

baxG;iom?nDiomrSef?rdawm?om;iapavref?itDb&m[if?baxG;ia&TjzL?

om;ia&TtdyfieDaw? r,m;rdxGef;om? om;i,lpGwf? nDiclZm? iomEdk;?

om;icsif;?nDiNidrf;? nDi&GJ? nDi&Tif? baxG;iomxGef;atmif?om;ia&TOD;?

nDiawm? nDia&Tzl;? baxG;iomwkwf? om;iNidrf;? baxG; iomaxG;?

itdkvnfao;? r,m;rd<u,f? om;ia&TrIH? baxG; ivHk;?om;i'lZm?

nDi&Trf;? baxG;ioGif? om;iwuf? iqif? om;ijcif;? nDijrwfacG;?

om;ivHk? ao/ r,m;rdyHkom? om;iolom?nDindK?baxG;irSefwdkY

tdrfaygif;53teufpkHaoESpftdrf?usef51udkukvm;ysdKtpkpm&if;rSm&Sdoa&GU?

aersdK;ausmfacgifESifh xrf;&Gufapygonf/ ajrxl; NrdKU0ef? NrdKUolBuD;?

NrdKUpma&;&GmolBuD;wdk YESifhukvm;ysdKaoewfpma&; aoG;aomufBuD;

tMuyfwdkYuraESmifhr,Sufom trdefYawmf t&if;wdkif; aersdK;ausmfacgif

ESifh xrf;&Gufap/



(104)

vltkyfrif; eEa&Tawmifpmvltkyfrif; eEa&Tawmifpmvltkyfrif; eEa&Tawmifpmvltkyfrif; eEa&Tawmifpmvltkyfrif; eEa&Tawmifpm

(22)ajrxl;NrdKUukvm;ysdKtpD&ifaoG;aomufBuD;wdkYaersdK;ausmfacgifudk

oem;awmfrlonfh10tdrfaxmifom;wdkYudkaoewfpma&; aoG;aomuf

BuD;wdkYu raESmihfr,SufapESifh Nidrf0yfpGmaeap/ trdefYawmfudk OD;xdyf&Guf

&onfhtwdkif;aersdK;ausmfacgifudkoem;awmfrlonfh10tdrfaxmifom;wkdYudk

ukvm;ysdKtpD&if aoG;aomufBuD;wdkYu raESmifhr,Suf rodrf;r½kef;ESifh/

Nidrf0yfpGmaexdkifap&rnf/

aoewf0efrif;pmaoewf0efrif;pmaoewf0efrif;pmaoewf0efrif;pmaoewf0efrif;pm

(23)ajrxl;NrdKU tpD&if?ajrydkifolBuD;?aus;&GmolBuD;? acgif;tBuD;wdkY

odefeDNrdKU ppfuJ r,m;rdESif;cufuaersdK;ausmfacgifESifhxrf;&if;aqGom;

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Nidrf0yfpGm aexdkif ap&rnf/



(105)

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(106)

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(107)

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(108)



(109)

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Adkvfb&Sif



(110)


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urÇmhtvif;?

twGJ(2)?trSwf(19)

(1954)?Zlvdkifv?

Many remained, settling in Canton, Hangchow and

others ports, forming sizeable Moslem comuninities - in

fact Canton has the earlies known mosque in China, built

in 627AD five year before Prophets’ death.

Islam in China

Union Press, HongKong.

Notes:

A wooden tablet in this mosque bears the inscription ‘Done

in Ting Hai Tsing Kwan the first year of the Tang Dy-

nasty’ which would date the construction at AD 627.

Islam in China, pg-9.



(111)

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(115)


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(116)


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(117)


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(118)

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(119)

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(120)

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cs&ef usefppfom;ESifhwdkifyifpDrHMuonf/



(121)

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(122)

"The scenes are vivid, the events as described are plusible andprobable. Daw Khin Myo Chits account of the campaign againstThaton,for example, is a master piece in weaving together the knownfacts and possibilities as visualized by a rich imagination assisted bystudious research and sheer invertion." Saya Dr. Maung Maung in

his foreword.(Chief Justice)

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(123)

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(124)


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tnTef;ESifh rSwfcsufrsm;



(125)

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pm-180? &mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfyHkusrf;? Edkifyef;vS

'k-Budrf? 1997 rwf jr0wDpmaywkduf



(126)


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e,fopftjzpf owfrSwfyHkudk



(127)

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(pm 75-76)

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(128)

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vufcHauseyfNyD; txnftvdyfaumif; cgom? &wem? a&TaiG

ÓPfylaZmfay;í jyefoGm;aMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/

(pm 79-82)

0PÖausmfxif [mzdZf[pH&Sm;uvnf;-

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oHvsif'&f*gtw¬KyÜwåd



(129)


'&f*gawmfrsm;'&f*gawmfrsm;'&f*gawmfrsm;'&f*gawmfrsm;'&f*gawmfrsm;

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aomfvnf; tav;tjrwfjyKí þaygif;avmif;odkY oGm;Muonf/

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aqmufvkyfxm;avonf/ rGwfpfvifrf bmom0ifrsm;uvnf; AvD

ausmif;wpfaqmifESifh wnf;cdkZ&yfrsm; aqmufxm;avonf/ ¤if;

tjyif trdk;tumESifh orHwvif; tkwf t*FawjzifhjyKvkyfxm;aom

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ocFsKdif;i,frsm;ESifh tvSrf;ra0;aom awmifxdyfwpfckay:wGifvnf;

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a'oonf yifv,furf;pyfjzpfcJh&m wpfcgaomf ukvm;&GufavSBuD;

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ac:aMumif;? olwdkYoGm;a&muf0wfjyKaMumif;rsm; ajymjyayonf/



(130)

aygif;avmif;&yfol&yfom;rsm; ,HkMunfcsufrSmrl xdkodkY

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onf[kajymjyayonf/

xl;jcm;csufum;- oufqdkif&m ,HkMunfcsuf ESpfrsKd;ESifh

aqmif&Gufjcif; ESpfrsKd; uJGvJGapumrl þae&mwGif 0ufom;rpm;&

a&SmifMuOfrIwlnDMuayonf/

xm;0,f,Ofaus;rItjrKawxm;0,f,Ofaus;rItjrKaw

xm;0,f,Ofaus;rItjrKawxm;0,f,Ofaus;rItjrKawxm;0,f,Ofaus;rItjrKaw?(pm37-39)

armif;ruefaus;&GmwGifvnf; ESpfpOfqift½kyfudk ewfyJG

ay;Mu&onf/ e&ywdpnfolrif;vufxufu ukvm;&GufavSBuD;rsm;

onf xm;0,fbufrS qifrsm;udk wif,loGm;MupOf armif;ruef

yifv,fwGif avSwpfpif;ysufcJhonf/ aoqHk;aom avSolBuD;u

ewftjzpf 0ifyl;NyD; rdrdqifudk tavsmfawmif;onfutpjyKí qif½kyf

xk jyKvkyfvsuf ewftdrfESifh xm;ay;cJh&onf/ ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; qifudk

a&csKd;ay;jcif;trIjyKum ewfuefawmhyJGrsm; ay;ae&vsuf&Sdonf/

þqif½kyfqdkifewfonf [dE´Ljzpfonf/

xm;0,f,Ofaus;rItjrKawxm;0,f,Ofaus;rItjrKawxm;0,f,Ofaus;rItjrKawxm;0,f,Ofaus;rItjrKawxm;0,f,Ofaus;rItjrKaw

1968-at;at;pmyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef



(131)

weoFm&Dwdkif;NrdwfNrdKUrS ½dIufcfr'Dem olawmfpifBuD;\'&fweoFm&Dwdkif;NrdwfNrdKUrS ½dIufcfr'Dem olawmfpifBuD;\'&fweoFm&Dwdkif;NrdwfNrdKUrS ½dIufcfr'Dem olawmfpifBuD;\'&fweoFm&Dwdkif;NrdwfNrdKUrS ½dIufcfr'Dem olawmfpifBuD;\'&fweoFm&Dwdkif;NrdwfNrdKUrS ½dIufcfr'Dem olawmfpifBuD;\'&f*g*g*g*g*gawmfawmfawmfawmfawmf

[Z&wf½Idufcfr'DemrSm vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; ckESpf&mausmfu

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ay:xGef;cJhaom olawmfpif 0vD BuD;jzpfygonf/

at'D(13)&mpkESpfavmufu ,dk;',m;jynf&Sd bmoma&;

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xdkvltkyfonf ,ck&Sdaom awmifajcü aexdkifvkdufMuum

tdE´d,jynfrS oabFmwpfpif;pif;udk apmihfarQmf aecJhMuavonf/

jyifopfESifhay:wl*DoabFmom;rsm;u xdkvltkyfudk uRef;"m;jyrsm;tjzpf

ypfy,fcJhMujcif;jzifh qdk;0g;aomESpfwpfESpfwGif vlaygif; 60 cefY&Sdaom

vltkyfBuD;rSm a&m*gqdk;BuD;wpfckusa&mufNyD; q&mBuD;ESifh wuG

xdkawmifwGif toufqHk;cJhMu&ayawmhonf/ usef&Sd vltenf;u

q&mBuD;ESifhaemufygrsm;udk jr§KyfESHMuNyD; tay:rSwkdifrsm;udk pdkufxlcJhMu

ayonf/ usefvlrsm;vnf; NrdwfuRef;ay:wGif wuGJwjym; ysufpD;Mu

NyD; t&Af (3-4)OD;rQom tdE´d,jynfokdY jyefa&mufvmMuavonf/



(132)

þonftaMumif;jzifh awmifxdyfrS tavmif;*lrSm ½Idufcfr'Dem

trnf&Sdaom q&mBuD;\tavmif;*ljzpfaMumif;od&um awmifajc&Sd

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trnfrsm;rSm t&ADtac: qD&D,rf? r&fwAef? weif;pm&DwdkYrS

qif;oufvmjcif; jzpfayonf/

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r&fwAef - pOfhtdk;?&m0iftdk;

weif;pm&D - vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ai;armoGm;vm&mae&m



(133)



(134)



(135)



(136)



(137)



(138)



(139)



(140)



(141)



(142)



(143)


yef;ao;a0g[m&

1/ yk*HausmufpmtcsKdUwGif awGU&onfrSm

yoDyefao

585 ckESpfxdk; rif;teEÅol (av;rsufESmbk&m;)

(u-39-40)

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604-ckESpfxdk;? anmif&rf;BuD; orD;tdrf&mausmif;ausmufpm

awmifbufausmufcsyf(u-5)

yk*Hausmufpmvufa&G;pif

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2/ yk*HausmufpmtcsdKUwGif

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twJG(3)tydkif;

1973?Zlvdkif?

wuúodkvfyHkESdyfwdkuf



(144)

yef;ao;(tif;0acwf)

3/ tif;0acwf?r*FvmapwD "mwfawmfydkY tcrf;tem;udk r*FvmapwD

armfuGef;wGif wifxm;onfrSm-

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rdef;r a,musfm;? ukvm; yef;ao; yef;ao;

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wpf&mhwyg;? jym;om;taxG/

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*gxmajcmufq,fysKdU(75)



(145)

5/ tHhcsD;qdknD? jynfudkrSDvnf;? aZmf*Dwjcm;? ykPÖm;wuGJ? oif;wJG

oHus,f? xm;0,fwifaus; yef;ao;yef;ao;

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(wifvSaomf1400-1500Armordkif; roo 8-42-2-146-74rS)

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jyefvQif aetdrfudk a&mif;csoGm;cGifh r&SdaMumif;udkvnf; od&ygonf/

q&mrmC\ ykodrf&mZ0if



(146)

ouú&mZf(583)ckwGif eef;wufaom yoDrif;vufxufü

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(pm-13)

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yk*Hacwfykodrf(406-648)?yk*Hacwfykodrf(406-648)?yk*Hacwfykodrf(406-648)?(1044-1286)

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! yoDrif;eef;pH (8-ESpf)

@ atmfvHaw (tl&f'l) (1-ESpf)

# tuúywfrif; (3-ESpf)



(147)

ukvm;rsm;ESifh[Hom0wDykodrf

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avonf/

xdkYtjyif ZrÁL'Dy Oaqmif;usrf;? pmrsufESm(58)ü ykodrfe,fudk

ydkif;jcm;íjy&mwGif ]rGef(21)quf?jrefrm?ukvm;(24)qufe,fonf}

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tjym; aexdkifcJhMu[efwlavonf/

(q&mrmC\ykodrf&mZ0if? pm-157)



(148)


wpfaeY eHeufcif; ausmufawmfNrdKU uRefawmfwdkY wnf;cdk&m

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NrdKUa[mif;rSyvuf0odkY

odef;azjrifh

pmrsufESm(259)rS(260)

ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfaumfrwD?

1974?

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&efukef



(149)

usdKUyifwufNrdKUpm; cifjrBuD;\nDr



(150)


armifwHk;jzL\tw¦KyÜwÅdudk wdkif;&if;rGwfpfvifrf pmjyKpmqdk

yk*d¾Kvfausmfrsm; twGJ(2)? pm-1 wGifazmfjyxm;onf/



(151)



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(154)


rEåav;acwf ArmrGwfpfvifrf ukvm;ysKdwyfrEåav;acwf ArmrGwfpfvifrf ukvm;ysKdwyfrEåav;acwf ArmrGwfpfvifrf ukvm;ysKdwyfrEåav;acwf ArmrGwfpfvifrf ukvm;ysKdwyfrEåav;acwf ArmrGwfpfvifrf ukvm;ysKdwyf

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(155)

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(156)

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(157)

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(158)



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(160)

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(161)

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(162)


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(163)

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(164)


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(165)

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(166)

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(167)

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(168)

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(169)

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(170)



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(176)


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(177)

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(178)

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(179)

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(180)

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(181)

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(182)

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(183)


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(184)



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(187)



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(191)

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(192)

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(193)

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owif;pmudk OD;pD;xkwfa0cJhonf/ awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;twGuf

t&if;&Sifpepfay:aygufvmykHtaMumif;jzpfaomOa&mypD;yGm;a&;orkdif;

trnf&Sdusrf;wpfapmifudka&;om;xkwfa0onf/



(194)

ppfNyD;umv (1945)ckESpfwGif ArmrGwfpfvifrftzGJUtpnf;

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vkyfxkdufonfrsm;udk n§dEIdif;í uGsEfkyfwkdYjzpfapvkdaomArmrGwfpfvifrf

rsm;[laompmwrf;ud ka&;om;xkwfjyefcJ honf/xkwfNyD;rMumrD

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NAdwdefEkdifiHqdkif&mjrefrmppfoHrSL; (AdkvfrSL;BuD;tqifh)tjzpf vnf;aumif;

aqmif&Gufonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf pmayESifhordkif;a&;&m

okawoDvkyfief;bufwGif ydkrdktm;pdkufjyefonf/ (1948)ckESpfwGif

jrefrmEdkifiHawmforkdif;udk a&;om;jyKpkxkwfa0cJhonf/ aemifaomf

xkdpmtkyfudk wuúodkvf0ifwef; ausmif;okH;pmtkyftjzpf ESpftwefMum

jy|mef;okH;pGJcJhonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;pmtkyfwGif a&S;a[mif;acwf jrefrmEdkifiH?

NrdKUpm;&Gmpm; bk&ifacwf? t&if;&Sifpepf0ifacwf? jynfaxmifpk jrefrm

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a0g[m&tpm;(1937ckESpfu aumvdyfausmif;tkyfBuD; OD;azarmifwif

ESifh?*syefacwfuygarmu©OD;bnGefYwkdY tokH;jyKzl;aom) orkdif;a0g[m&

ae&mrSef&ap&efzGifhqdkBudK;yrf;rItwGufvnf;aumif;? xl;jcm;acwfrD

aom orkdif;tjriftwGuf vnf;aumif; xif&Sm;onf/ usrf;OD;wGif

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ocifEkwdkY\ csD;usL;*kPfjyKqkdrdefYxm;rIrsm;awGU&onf/

jrefrmpmjyKpka&;ESifh bmomjyefaumfr&SifzGJUaomtcg tzGJU0if

tjzpfyg0ifonf/



(195)

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jr0wDr*¾Zif;wkdYwGif ,Ofaus;rIorkdif;ESifh ppfa&;qdkif&m aqmif;yg;

trsm;a&;cJhonf/ xkdYjyif cav;*sme,f? Armhacwfowif;pmESifh

jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwkdYwGif uav;oli,frsm;twGuf aqmif;yg;

rsm;a&;cJhonf/ ppfynm*sme,fwGif ppfa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tvsOf

rjywfa&;cJhonf/

(1952)ckESpf &efukefNrdKUvkH;qkdif&m wrefawmfaeYusif;ya&;

aumfrwDwGif Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef,lonf/ jrefrmhtoHrS toHvTifh

cGifhudk aumfrwDu pwifwm0ef,lvdkufonf/

(1954)ckESpfpufwifbmv(5)&ufaeYwGif zGJUpnf;aom jrefrm

rGwfpfvifrfuavmif&Sifrsm;tzGJUu em,utjzpf wifajr§mufonf/

(1954)ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&wdkufwGef;tm;ay;rIjzifh

tpövmrfomoema&;oufoufaqmif&GufEd kif&ef jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEdkifiHtpövmrfomoema&;&maumifpDXmecsKyfzGJUpnf;wnfaxmif

aomtcg A[dktrIaqmiftjzpfyg0ifonf/ usrf;jyKaumfrwD tzGJU0if

vnf;jzpfonf/ (1956)ckESpfwGif rdw¬DvmNrdKUwGif usif;yaom yxr

tBudrf jynfvkH;uGswf nDvmcHBuD;u twGif;a&;rSL;csKyftjzpf

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uG,fvGefcsdeftxd twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfwm0efudk atmifjrifpGm aqmif

&GufcJhonf/

(1956)ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfrS tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;onfh aemufwGif

jrefrmEdkifiHordkif; aumfr&Sifü usrf;jyKt&m&Sd tjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf/

ta&SUzsm;ESifh jrefrmhordkif;uxdutjzpfvnf; (1959rS60xd) &efukef

wuúodkvfü trIxrf;cJhonf/



(196)

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taMumif;udkazmfjyaom avmuxdyfyef pmtkyfudk t*Fvdyfbmom

jzifha&;cJhonf/

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tm;&ESpfoufp&m&Sdygw,f}[kvnf;aumif;?

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pmtkyfjzpfygonf/

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tqkdyg rifpmESifhywfoufonfh pmtkyfESpftkyfudk ordkif;aumfr&SifrS

ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhjcif;jzpfonf/

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taMumif;? wdkif;ESihfjynfe,fqkdif&m taMumif;rsm;ESifh uif;axmuf?

uif;axmuftrsKd;orD;uJhokdY vlrIa&;qdkif&m taMumif;rsm;ESifh ysLvlrsKd;?

uyÜvDuRef; tp&Sdonfh orkdif;qdkif&m taMumif;&yfrsm;udk "mwfykHajrykH

taxmuftxm;rsm; a0a0qmqmjzifh a&;om;cJhonf/



(197)

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ya'ompmapmif? 0dZÆmESifhodyÜHwuúodkvf jrefrmpmtoif;? owåaA'

toif;? rGwfpvifausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;toif; ponfwdkYrS

xkwfa0aom r*¾Zif;rsm;ESifh aiGwm&D? jr0wD? ½Ir0? rkd;a0? ppfjyef?

ppfynm*sme,f? ynmwefaqmif? ynmavmu? ,Ofaus;rIpmapmif?

ordkif;wHcGef?urÇmhtvif;pmapmif?tpövmrfpmapmif?vkyfom;jynfolU

aepOf t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmowif;pmwkdYü aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;cJhonf/

aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;&mü Ad kvfrSL;b&Sif? OD;b&Sif[laom

uavmiftrnfrsm;tjyif pHatmif? AkdvfrSL;ÓP? armifyifwnf?

okawoD? wkdif;(4)&Jabmfa[mif;? uif;axmufarmif? 0&D;pH [laom

uavmiftrnfcGJrsm;jzifhvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/ tpövmrfpmapmifwGif

uav;rsm;twGuf ykHjyifa&;&mü 'g0wf[def; trnfudkokH;cJhonf/

q&monf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd aoG;&if;om;&if;vlrsKd;EG,frsm;\

bmompum;udk wwfuGsrf;onf/ rGefcrmtkyfpk wdAufjrefrmtkyfpk

xdkif; okdYr[kwf w½kwfbmompum;rsm;udk wwfuGsrf;onf/ xkdrQru

tdE´ d,bmompum; trsm;tjym;udkvnf; avhvmxm;onf/

t*Fvdyfbmompum;udkum; ta&;a&m tajymyg uRrf;usifonf/

xkdodkYuGsrf;jcif;aMumifhvnf; EdkifiHwum okawoDwkdYtv,fwGif

0ifqhHEdkifonf/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmpmESifh a&S;rGefpmwdkYwGifvnf; wu,f

tm;xm; udk;pm;&oljzpfonf/ ygVdbmomudk aumif;pGm uRrf;onf/

Ak'¨bmom ygVdusrf;pmrsm;wGif ESHYpyfonf/

q&monf pmzwftm;aumif;onf/ c&D;vnf;tvGef xGuf

Edkifonf/ odyÜHenf;us okawoeudk tm;oefonf/ jynfwGif;rSm

omru EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSmyg orkdif;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;

Ekdifolvnf;jzpfygonf/



(198)

q&monf tapmykdif;jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;usrf;udk jyKpkaepOf

(1970)ck?Zefe0g&D(7)&uf?nae(5)em&D?rdepf(50)wGif ESvkH;a&m*gjzifh

tv’m[ft&SiftrdeYfawmfcH,lcJhonf/ruG,fvGefrD]taemf&xmh t&if

ujrefrmEdkifiH}pmtkyfudkvufpowfcJhonf/uG,fvGefcsdefü AdkvfrSL;

b&SifwGifZeD;owåaA'Xmeuxdua':cifarBuD;ESifhom;armifÓPfxdef?

orD; rÓPfopf? reDvm? rat;at;? raxG;axG;wkdY usef&pfonf/

q&m uG,fvGefonf[k owif;Mum;onfESifh q&mudk cspfol?

av;pm;ol?wefzkd;xm;oltrsm;tjym; vma&mufar;jref;Munfh½I *g&0

jyKMuonf/ bmoma&;? vlrIa&;toif;tzGJUrsm;? Xmeqdkif&mrsm;?

vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;? wynfhwyef;rsm; txl;ojzifh &efukefwdkif;

twGif;&Sd tpövmrfaumifpDcGJrsm;omru e,ftoD;oD;rS owif;Mum;

Mum;csif; a&muf&SdvmMuolrsm;jzifh pnfum;vSonf/

jynfvrf;?a&T[oFmvrf;aetdrfrS½kyfuvmyfjr§KyfESH&m wmarGodkY

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&dyfomvrf;wpfavsmuf ½Iav½Iav rsufjcnfa0rQ &Snfvsm;rsm;jym;

onf/um;acgif;wGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtvH? ]tv ’m[f[k

twfuA&f}pmwef;yg tpövmrfaumifpDtvHwdkY wzsyfzsyf vl;vGifhae

ojzifh wpfvrf;vkH; teDa&mif ydwfwef;BuD; qufaeonf/ wmarG

okomefodkY BudKa&mufESifholwkdYrSmvnf; wkd;raygufatmif&Sd aeonf/

xm0&cGJcGmoGm;NyD;jzpfaom AdkvfrSL;udk ajrjr§KyfESHjcif;rjyKrD wGif;0odkY

wa&GUa&GUwkd;í aemufqkH;*g&0jyKvkdol trsm;tjym;rSm vltkyfBuD;

aemufwGif uspf&pf&Smaomfvnf;ynma&;0efBuD;XmerS t&m&SdBuD;

rsm;? trsKd;om;pmqkd q&mBuD;aZmf*sDESifh ordkif;aumfr&Sif tzGJU0ifrsm;?

wuúodkvftodkif;t0kdif;rSyk*¾dKvfrsm;onfwGif;EIwfcrf;0em;wGif&ifwGif;

pum; trSmtxm;rsm; ajymMum;aeoa,mif rwf&yf taetxm;

&SdaeMuonfudk awGU&onf/ AdkvfrSL;udk taoapmí ESajrmMuonf/



(199)

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cifrifcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/

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a&wm&Snfvrf;&Sd w½kwfbkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;odkY oGm;avh

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azG;azG;&Sdaom w½kwfq&mBuD;xH w½kwfpmudkoloif

ygonf/ uGsefawmfu tazmfvdkufoGm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

q&mwynfhajymMuaom uGduGduGuGwkdYudk uRefawmfem;

rvnfyg/q&mBuD;xHutjyefwGif 21vrf;? awmifbuf&Sd

w½kwf pmtkyfqdkifodkY 0ifMuygonf/ qkdif&Sifonf olUudk

odaeygonf/ olvkdcsifaom pmtkyfrsm;udka&mif;ygonf/

olum; w½kwfbmomjzifh a&;om;aomorkdif;udk qnf;yl;

avhvmaeaMumif; aemufrSod&ygonf / olUudk tm;usí

w½kwfpmudkw½kwfrav;wpfOD;xHrS uRefawmfoif,lzl;

ygonf/ ai:apmifusd0ghpDAs,fu rwufcJhyg/ olESif h

uGsefawmf ESpfESpfcefYtwlwGJcJhygonf/ olonf ausmufpm

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aus;vufawm&GmjyKjyifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pdwfygvufyg

aqmif&GufoljzpfaMumif;od&aomtcgydkíav;pm;cJhygonf}

[k (1970)jynfhESpf?rwfvxkwf aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;wGif *kPfjyK

a&;om;ygonf/



(200)

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AdkvfrSL;b&Sif uG,fvGefoGm;jcif;um; jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;

vkH;twGuf omru urÇmwpf0ef;&Sd okawoDrsm;

tzkdY&myg BuD;rm;vSaom qkH;½IH;rIwpf&yfjzpfygonf/

olum; ynmt&m0,f xl;cRefxufjrufvGef;vSay&m

q&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;? pma&;q&mtjzpfvnf;

aumif;? bmoma&;acgif;aqmif tjzpfvnf;aumif;?

½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm; avhvmol ordkif;ynm&Siftjzpf

vnf;aumif;?ausmufpmu°nf;pm avhvmoltjzpf

vnf;aumif; bufpkH ausmfMum;olyif jzpfonf/

olonf tvkyfudk rqkwfrepf0g,rpdkufxkwf vkyf

wwfNyD;owådESifhcH,lcsuftjynfh&Sdoljzpfygonf/

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xif&Sm;aeOD;rnfjzpfygonf/

(þ ]aZ,sausmfxifAdkvfrSL;BuD;b&Sif\ tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;}

azmfjycsufrsm;onf ygarmu© a'gufwmatmifaZmf a&;om;jyKpkaom

]wdkif;&if;rGwfpfvifrfpmjyKpmqdkyk*¾dKvfausmfrsm;}twGJ-2rSul;,lazmfjy

jcif;jzpfygonf/)

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