100 Years of Injustice100 Years of Injustice

Last Civil Rights legislation passed during Last Civil Rights legislation passed during Reconstruction (1865-1877)Reconstruction (1865-1877)– 1313thth, 14, 14th &th & 15 15thth Amendments Amendments– Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866

Installment of: Black Codes, Ku Klux Klan, Jim CrowInstallment of: Black Codes, Ku Klux Klan, Jim Crow– Severely restricted civil and voting rights for African Severely restricted civil and voting rights for African

Americans with the use of both laws and terror.Americans with the use of both laws and terror. 1896- 1896- Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson

– Establishes rule of Separate but EqualEstablishes rule of Separate but Equal Finally in the 1950’s, movements towards equality Finally in the 1950’s, movements towards equality

arisearise

Move Towards EqualityMove Towards Equality 1954- 1954- Brown vs. Board of EducationBrown vs. Board of Education

– Segregation is “inherently unequal”Segregation is “inherently unequal”– Declares Declares Plessy vs. FerugsonPlessy vs. Ferugson unconstitutional unconstitutional

1957- Little Rock 91957- Little Rock 9– 9 students blocked from entering formerly all-9 students blocked from entering formerly all-

white schoolwhite school– Eisenhower sends federal troops to insure Eisenhower sends federal troops to insure

students get instudents get in Civil Rights Act of 1957Civil Rights Act of 1957

– Did not accomplish muchDid not accomplish much

Acts of nonviolence: civil disobedienceActs of nonviolence: civil disobedience– Sit-ins at parks, theatres, libraries, public facilitiesSit-ins at parks, theatres, libraries, public facilities– ““freedom riders”freedom riders”

The Freedom RidesThe Freedom Rides

Over the spring and summer, Over the spring and summer, student volunteers begin taking student volunteers begin taking bus trips through the South to bus trips through the South to test out new laws that prohibit test out new laws that prohibit segregation in interstate travel segregation in interstate travel facilities, which includes bus and facilities, which includes bus and railway stations. Several of the railway stations. Several of the groups of "freedom riders," as groups of "freedom riders," as they are called, are attacked by they are called, are attacked by angry mobs along the wayangry mobs along the way

SetbacksSetbacks 1963- MLK Jr. arrested1963- MLK Jr. arrested

– writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail”writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Eugene “Bull” ConnorEugene “Bull” Connor

– Uses fire hoses and police dogs on black demonstratorsUses fire hoses and police dogs on black demonstrators– Images of brutality televisedImages of brutality televised

Sixteenth Street Baptist ChurchSixteenth Street Baptist Church– Four young girls killed in bomb explosion. Four young girls killed in bomb explosion.

Malcom X assissinated Malcom X assissinated – He had recently abandoned the Black Muslim faith He had recently abandoned the Black Muslim faith

March 7March 7thth 1965, “Bloody Sunday” 1965, “Bloody Sunday” – Police use tear gas, whips, and clubs against black Police use tear gas, whips, and clubs against black

marchers supporting voting rightsmarchers supporting voting rights

Prominent Civil Rights’ Prominent Civil Rights’ advocatesadvocates

Rosa Parks-Rosa Parks-– refuses to give up seat (1955)refuses to give up seat (1955)– Leads to the Montgomery Bus Boycott (lasts until 1956)Leads to the Montgomery Bus Boycott (lasts until 1956)

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.– Advocated civil rights through nonviolent methods.Advocated civil rights through nonviolent methods.– 1963 March on Washington- “I Have a Dream” speech.1963 March on Washington- “I Have a Dream” speech.– Assassinated April 4, 1968 in Memphis Tennessee.Assassinated April 4, 1968 in Memphis Tennessee.

James MeredithJames Meredith– First black student to enroll at University of MississippiFirst black student to enroll at University of Mississippi– Kennedy sends 5,000 federal troops to control riotsKennedy sends 5,000 federal troops to control riots

Malcom XMalcom X– Founded Muslim Mosque Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity.Founded Muslim Mosque Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity.– More radical civil rights character- didn’t promote integrationMore radical civil rights character- didn’t promote integration– Taught black supremacy and provided foundation for the Black Power MovementTaught black supremacy and provided foundation for the Black Power Movement

Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael– Leader of SNCCLeader of SNCC– Coins the phrase “black power”- an assertion of black pride Coins the phrase “black power”- an assertion of black pride

LegislationLegislation 2424thth Amendment Amendment

– abolishes poll tax at the ballotabolishes poll tax at the ballot

Johnson signs Civil Rights Act of 1964Johnson signs Civil Rights Act of 1964– Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, or Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, or

national origin. national origin. – Federal government has power to enforce desegregationFederal government has power to enforce desegregation

Congress Passes the Voting Rights Act of Congress Passes the Voting Rights Act of 19651965– Eliminates literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses Eliminates literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses

that restrict black votingthat restrict black voting

Executive Order 11246: Affirmative ActionExecutive Order 11246: Affirmative Action– Civil rights laws not enoughCivil rights laws not enough

Civil Rights OrganizationsCivil Rights Organizations NAACPNAACP

– National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People– Formed in response to the practice of lynching Formed in response to the practice of lynching – Goal- ensure political, educational, social and economic equality of Goal- ensure political, educational, social and economic equality of

minority group citizens of the United States and eliminate racial prejudice. minority group citizens of the United States and eliminate racial prejudice.

SCLCSCLC– Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceSouthern Christian Leadership Conference– MLK Jr. was a principle founderMLK Jr. was a principle founder– Prominent force in civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience.Prominent force in civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience.

SNCCSNCC– Student Nonviolent Coordinating CommitteeStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee– Gave black youths a place in the movement.Gave black youths a place in the movement.– Turns radical under Stokely CarmichaelTurns radical under Stokely Carmichael

Black PanthersBlack Panthers Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby SealeFounded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther

Party for Self-Defense) was an African-American Party for Self-Defense) was an African-American revolutionary organization. revolutionary organization. – It was active in the United States in 1966.It was active in the United States in 1966.– It dissolved in 1967It dissolved in 1967

Desired equality in four areas: Desired equality in four areas: – education education – housing housing – employment employment – civil rights civil rights

The language of the Black Panthers was violent as was The language of the Black Panthers was violent as was their public stance. their public stance. – preached for a "revolutionary war" preached for a "revolutionary war" – They were willing to use violence to get what they wantedThey were willing to use violence to get what they wanted

An African-American party, but were willing to speak out An African-American party, but were willing to speak out for all those who were part of an oppressed minority for all those who were part of an oppressed minority group. group.

In the same year that the United States In the same year that the United States

enters World War I, anti-black riots are held enters World War I, anti-black riots are held in St. Louis, Illinois and more than 100 black in St. Louis, Illinois and more than 100 black citizens are either killed or injured. More citizens are either killed or injured. More than 10,000 black New Yorkers hold the than 10,000 black New Yorkers hold the Silent Parade to protest the violenceSilent Parade to protest the violence

19781978 Unita Blackwell, founding member of the Unita Blackwell, founding member of the

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, becomes the first black woman mayor in the becomes the first black woman mayor in the history of Mississippi in the city of history of Mississippi in the city of Mayersville. She had once been denied the Mayersville. She had once been denied the right to vote thereright to vote there

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