2.3 particle induced x-ray emission pixensl/lectures/phys178/pdf/chap2_3.pdf · 2.3 particle...
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2.3 Particle Induced X-Ray Emission PIXE
The previous section concentrated on X-ray fluorescence. Thissection discusses a different X-ray production technique thatcan lead to the development of 2-D/3-D elemental imaging.
Technique is based on the use of 2-6 MeV particle accelerators
The PIXE arrangements
Faraday Cup
Si(Li) detector
Proton beam
sample
X-rays
Typically proton beams; protons transmit energy to the inner-shell electrons, ionize atoms with subsequent X-ray de-excitation
PIXE SpectrumM-shell
L-shell
K-shellKα1 Kβ1Kα2
Lα1 Lα2
Ex=E (n,l)i-E (n,l)f
Same energies as in theprevious section, onlyexcitation mechanismis different!
X-Ray Energies as before!Characteristic X-Ray Energies
0
10
20
30
40
0 20 40 60 80 100Atomic Number A
X-ra
y en
ergy
[ke
V]
Ka
Kb
La
Lb
L series−
= − ⋅ ⋅ −
E Z eV
nxi
( ) . [ ]σ 22 2136
12
1
K series−
= − ⋅ ⋅ −
E Z eV
nxi
( ) . [ ]1 136 112
2
Sensitivity of PIXE
coun
ts
energy
PIXE shows superior peak-background sensitivity than electron beam induced or X-ray fluorescence methods. This reduces the samples size and improves sensitivity to 0.5 - 5 ppm value range.
Micro-beam techniquesProton beam isfocused onto aµm spot-size andthen scanned inx-y directionacross the sample
micro-beam line applicationsparticle beam
sample steerer
quadrupol
Mapping of gold globules grown on crystal surfaces
Mapping of Deuteriumconcentration inhuman hair.
External PIXE beam applications
Micro beam penetrates thin Ni exitwindow. Distance in air dependson initial energy. The range for 2.5 MeV protons in air is 10 cm.
10 cm
Si detector
Applications in Art & ArchaeologyGold jewelry artifacts, • pottery, • ancient record books, • painting material• writing material in Medieval & Renaissance manuscripts, • Dinosaur bone and eggshell fossil,• Human and Neanderthal man bone• obsidian tools, • human bones, • rock varnish.
Because of limited depth-profile of method mostly applications in surface studies!
Tracing Material OriginsThe red stone eyes of the statue of the Parthian goddess of love Ishtarwere originally thought by Louvrecurators to be made of colored glass
PIXE analysis showed that the inlays were rubies. AL2 SIO4 (F,OH)2+(Cr,Fe rich)
Where did the rubies come from?
Comparison of Fe versus Crcontent in Ishtar rubies withrubies from various provenances shows strong indication thatrubies did originate from Burma.Ancient trade connections between near and far east empires!
Systematic study of Ruby impurity concentrations with PIXE
Thailand and Burma are the mainsupplier of natural rubies. The color of Thailand ruby is violet to deep crimson, of Burma ruby from pinkish to blood red. PIXE analysis of 60 rubies indicated that lighter color of Burma rubies results from higher impurity concentration on Chromium or Vanadium.
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.13
0.25
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
Vanadium C
oncentration
Iron Concentration
Thailand
Burma
Native American and European CopperCopper made objects havebeen found in 1400-1500 AD‘pre-colonization’ settlements along the Ohio River valley.PIXE analysis of the relativeAg, Sb and Pb content revealedorigin from native sources (A)or European (trade) sources (B)
Depth-profiling with PIXEPIXE opens with the opportunity for depth profiling an additional dimension in art and artifact analysis. Sequences of layers can be analyzed to probe the preparation procedure and the preparation techniques.
Range of protons in matter
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0 1 2 3 4 5
proton energy [MeV]
rang
e [
mm
]
carbonirongold
Simple Approximation Formula for Range Calculations
R cmA
R cm
[g/cm ]A
AA
Aair
A
A
[ ] . [ ]≈ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
≡≡
−32 10 4
3
ρ
ρ density in atomic number of absorber
Example: range R208 of 3 MeV protons in Lead (A=208, ρ=11.35 g/cm3)
R
R
208
208
≈ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
≈ ⋅ =
−
−
32 10208
113513
529 10 53
4
3
..
[ ]
.
cm
cm mµ
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
proton range in air Rair [cm]
prot
on e
nerg
y [M
eV]
3 MeV protons on Nickel/Iron layer
Confirm the observed range of the 3 MeV proton beam in Nickel!A=58, ρ=8.9 g/cm3
R
Robserved is about
58
58
≈ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
≈ ⋅ =
−
−
32 1058
8 913
35 10 3532
4
3
..
[ ]
.
cm
cm mmµµ
Beam Stopping in Reality
7 MeV beam energyR≈60 cm
0.3 MeV beam energyR≈1cm