active transportation & public health · 2011-07-26 · active transportation & public...
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Active Transportation & Active Transportation &
Public HealthPublic Health
German Marshall Fund Transatlantic German Marshall Fund Transatlantic
Cities Network Oakland MeetingCities Network Oakland Meeting
Sandra Witt, DrPHSandra Witt, DrPH
Deputy Director of Planning, Policy and Health EquityDeputy Director of Planning, Policy and Health Equity
Alameda County Public Health DepartmentAlameda County Public Health Department
Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Health Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/Ethnicity
2.3 years4.9 years
7.8 years
Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Health Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH Poverty
Life Expectancy at Birth by Neighborhood
Poverty, Alameda County
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
<10% 10-19.9% 20-29.9% 30+%
Neighborhood Poverty Group
Lif
e E
xp
ect
an
cy (
Years
)
Source: Alameda County vital statistics files, 2001-2005.
The Obesity EpidemicThe Obesity Epidemic
Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1990BRFSS, 1990
No Data <10% 10%–14%
*BMI ≥30, or ~30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” female
Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1994BRFSS, 1994
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%
Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1997BRFSS, 1997
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20
Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2000BRFSS, 2000
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20
Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2004BRFSS, 2004
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%
Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2007BRFSS, 2007
<10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%-29% ≥30%
11
24
33
13
2018
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
White Latino African
American
Asian/PI All Races Alameda
County
Source: CHIS 2003
Adult Obesity by Race/Ethnic Group, Adult Obesity by Race/Ethnic Group,
Oakland Oakland
10
23
7
18
4
30
0
10
20
30
40
Obesity Diabetes
Perc
en
tag
e o
f A
du
lts
< HS Education HS Education >HS Education
Adult Obesity and Diabetes Prevalence
by Education Level, Oakland
Source: CHIS 2003
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Piedm
ont
Pleas
anto
nFr
emon
tAla
med
aD
ublin
Cas
tro V
alle
y
San L
orenz
oLive
rmore
New
ark
San L
eand
roEm
eryvil
leH
ayw
ard
Oak
land
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
% Overweight% Poverty
Obesity and Poverty in Alameda
County School Districts 2000-2003
The Neighborhood ContextThe Neighborhood Context
Land Use PatternsLand Use Patterns
Mega-Mileage Moms
•Average minutes per day spent in car:
- Women overall: 64 minutes
- Single mothers: 75 minutes
Surface Transportation Policy Project: 2000
Overall: Compared to 1969
Americans drive:
- 88% farther to shop
- 137% farther for errands
•Family “chauffeur”
�� Percent of Percent of children who children who walk or bike to walk or bike to school:school:
�� 1974: 1974: 66%66%
�� 2000: 2000: 13%13%(CDC, 2000)(CDC, 2000)
We have changed
how much we
walk or bike
““People who live in People who live in
neighborhoods with a mix of neighborhoods with a mix of
shops and businesses shops and businesses
within easy walking distance within easy walking distance
have a 35% lower risk of have a 35% lower risk of
obesity.obesity.””
Larry Frank, et al, American Journal of Preventative Medicine
Land Use Pattern Affects Travel—Higher
Density Can Reduce Vehicle Trips
Land Use Pattern Affects TravelLand Use Pattern Affects Travel——Higher Higher
Density Can Reduce Vehicle TripsDensity Can Reduce Vehicle Trips
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Density in Units/Acre
Tri
ps /
Ho
useh
old
(A
DT
)
MTC 1990 Household Travel Survey
Vehicle Trips
Walking Trips
Significant reduction as we go from
3-4 units/acre to over 20 units/acre
SafetySafety
Includes adults who report no light, moderate, or vigorous physical activity
Source: California Health Interview Survey
Percent Adults Who Report Being Inactive,
by Race/Ethnicity
4.55.3
8.0
9.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
White Latino Asian/PI Af Amer
Physical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by Income
Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Varies by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by Income
Source: CHIS 2003
1614
7 7
0
5
10
15
20
Not Safe to Exercise
Outdoors in Neighborhood
No Place to Walk or
Exercise Near HomePerc
en
tag
e o
f A
du
lts
Oakland Alameda County
Neighborhood Safety and Availability of Neighborhood Safety and Availability of
Places to Walk/Exercise, OaklandPlaces to Walk/Exercise, Oakland
Annual Motor VehicleAnnual Motor Vehicle--related related
Pedestrian Injuries or DeathsPedestrian Injuries or Deaths
January
1996-March
2007
Creating Opportunities for Creating Opportunities for
Improved HealthImproved Health
��Collective responsibility to create safe and Collective responsibility to create safe and healthy neighborhoods for our residents.healthy neighborhoods for our residents.
��Effective strategies:Effective strategies:�Health Impact Assessments (e.g. Estuary Specific Plan)
�Higher density, mixed use, more pedestrian and bike friendly communities
�Neighborhood-based planning
�Community-oriented policing
��LowLow--income communities of color, which are income communities of color, which are suffering from the worst outcomes, must be suffering from the worst outcomes, must be prioritized for improvementsprioritized for improvements