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Ad Astra 2016

Year 11

Physics &

Chemistry

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Notemaking in Physics

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Notemaking in Chemistry  Conductivity of heat and electricity Metals are good conductors of electricity because of the mobility of the delocalised electrons within the lattice of positive ions. When a metal is used in an electrical circuit, electrons entering one end of the metal cause a similar number of electrons to be displaced from the other end, and the metal conducts. In the solid state, the positive ions do not act as charge carriers. They remain vibrating about fixed positions within the lattice, as the delocalised electrons move. However, when a molten metal conducts electricity, both the delocalised electrons and the positive ions are able to move and act as charge carriers. The delocalised electrons are also responsible for the rapid transmission of heat energy in metals. When one end of a piece of metal is heated, the kinetic energy of the positive ions and the delocalised electrons in the heated region increases, that is, their rate of movement increases. The heat energy is conducted along the piece of metal by the more energetic electrons and positive ions colliding with less energetic electrons and ions. However, because the electrons are delocalised, they are able to move quite freely through the lattice and so cause a transfer of the heat energy along the metal that is more rapid than for most other materials. Malleability and Ductility The delocalised electrons in metals do not ‘belong’ to any particular positive ion in the lattice, so metallic bonding is said to be non-directional. Therefore, if sufficient force is applied to the metal, one layer of positive ions can slide, or slip, over another without disrupting the metallic bonding. This means that, after the layer of positive ions has moved, there are still attractive forces between the delocalised electrons and the positive ions holding the lattice together in the newly deformed metal. As a result, metals can be hammered readily into sheets or drawn into wires without breaking,  Draw  a  table  in  the  space  below  to  summarise  the  properties  of  metals  discussed  above                                

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Physics Scenario A group of students are using a pendulum in a Physics experiment. The motion of the pendulum bob is shown in the diagram below.

The students get ready to start the experiment. They raise the pendulum bob, which has a mass of 0.2 kg through a vertical height of 0.1 m and allow it to swing freely. (a) Calculate the gravitational potential energy of the pendulum bob before

they release it? (3 marks)

(b) What is the velocity of the pendulum bob at its fastest point?

(4 marks) (c) Will the pendulum return to the same height it was released from?

(1 mark) ________________________________________________________

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(d) Explain your reasoning in (c). (3 marks)

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Chemistry Scenario The  labels  fell  off    four  test  bottles  containing  solutions  of  sodium  carbonate,  sodium  nitrate,  sodium  sulfate  and  sodium  bromide.  You  have  been  asked  to  precipitation  reactions  to  identify  them.      The  student  was  provided  with  labelled  solutions  of  lead  (II)  nitrate  and  magnesium  nitrate  and  barium  nitrate  and  told  to  use  these  to  correctly  identify  which  solutions  were  in  the  four  test  tubes.    The  results  are  summarised  in  the  table  below.  Use  your  knowledge  of  solubility  rules  to  identify  which  of  the  sodium  salts  were  in  each  of  the  four  test  tubes.       Test  Tube  1   Test  Tube  2   Test  Tube  3   Test  Tube  4  Addition  of  10  drops  of  Pb(NO3)2(aq)    

White precipitate

 No  Reaction  

White    precipitate  

White    precipitate  

Addition  of  10  drops  of  Mg(NO3)2(aq)    

 No  Reaction  

 No  Reaction  

 No  Reaction  

White    precipitate  

Addition  of  10  drops  of  Ba(NO3)2(aq)    

 No  Reaction  

 No  Reaction  

White    precipitate  

White    precipitate  

 Test  Tube  1  contains          Test  Tube  2  contains        

 Test  Tube  3  contains          Test  Tube  4  contains              

 

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Chemistry  Data  Sheet  Questions  

Q1:       What  is  the  atomic  number  of  Cobalt?  

Q2:         What  is  the  colour  of  silver  oxide?  

Q3:       What  is  the  colour  of  Iodine  in  an  organic  solvent?  

Q4:     Strontium  belongs  to  which  period  and  group?  

Q5:     Is  silver  sulfate  soluble  or  insoluble?  

Q6:   What  is  the  value  of  the  Universal  Gas  Constant,  R?  

Q7:   What  is  the  colour  of  the  element  Bromine?  

Q8:     Which  solutions  would  be  coloured  pink?  

Q9:   1  atm  is  equivalent  to  how  many  kPa?  

Q10:   What  is  the  valence  shell  electron  configuration  of  Se  in  its  ground  state?  

 

Physics  Data  Sheet  Questions  

Q1:       What  factor  does  the  metric  prefix  ‘pico’  represent?  

Q2:         What  is  the  approximate  quality  factor  for  slow  neutrons?  

Q3:       What  is  the  formula  for  change  in  momentum  (impulse)?  

Q4:     What  is  a  tonne  equivalent  to  in  kilograms?  

Q5:     What  is  the  mass-­‐energy  relationship?  

Q6:   What  is  the  rest  mass  of  an  electron?  

Q7:   What  is  the  atomic  number  of  Uranium?  

Q8:   What  is  the  latent  heat  of  fusion  for  H2O?  

Q9:   What  is  the  mass-­‐energy  equivalent?    

Q10:   What  is  the  symbol  for  the  metric  prefix  ‘micro’