al-andalus & christian kingdoms 2º d+f

THE EARLY HISTORY OF

AL-ANDALUS

The Conquest of the Iberian Peninsula

By the early 8th century, Muslims

expanded from the Arabian peninsula

and controlled most of North Africa.

In 711 they crossed to the Iberian

Peninsula.

Characters In 711, one faction requested help from MUSA, a Muslim ruler in North Africa.

The muslims defeated the Visigoths King

Roderic in the Battle of Guadalete.

However, Musa did not have power to their

allies.

Abd al-Rahman I, he founded the

independent Emirate of Crdoba in 756.

THE EARLY HISTORY OF

AL-ANDALUS

Dates

In a few years they

conquered nearly all the

Iberian Peninsula. In the

mid-8th century most

members of Umayyad

were killed.

Questions

1. Which parts of the Iberian

Peninsula were not conquered

by the Muslims.

2. Who was Musa?

3. What does Abd al-Rahman

founded?

4. At what century does the

Muslims expanded?

5. What name does the Muslims

put to the capital?

THE CALIPHATE OF

CRDOBA

It was a period of exceptional achievement in Al-Alandalus followed thefoundation of the Caliphate of Crdoba in 929. This was created by Abd al-Rahman III who became its caliphate.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMm6oKyDh0w&list=PL42D40667C080

A02E

Abd al-Rahman III ruled through a chief minister, ministers and provincialgovernors. He strengthened his authority by repressing internak revolts andresisting the Christian kingdoms in the north of the Iberian peninsula.

CHARACTERS

STAGES

The city of cordoba was one of themost populus in the world

Was the height of alandalus civilisation, when cordoba was a great cultural

centre

The role of the caliph weakenedgreatly from the late 10th century. A

general called Al- mansur becamecaliph in 976

QUESTIONS

Who created the caliphate of Cordoba?

Do you think Baixeras painting was a realistic reprsentation of the caliphscourt? For example, were a woman

really present?

The taifa statesAfter the collapse of the caliphate of Crdoba in 1031, Al-andalus Split into many independent states called

taifas.

From

this

to

this

there were many conflicts between them. The larger states, like seville and toledo, fought against each other to take control of

smaller taifas

Which areas did

the muslimscontrol

around the year 1100?

And in 1300?

.

the Christian kingdoms took advantage of the lack of unity of al-andalus. They attacked the taifas and forced them to pay parias

The Christian kingdoms were a growing threat to the taifas, especially after they took Toledo in 1085. The following year the Muslims called for help of the

almoravids, who had established a Berber empire in northern Africa.

Which of this cities

did the muslimsstill hold

at the start of

the 14th century:

Zaragoza,Toledo,

Valencia, Cordoba , Granada?

The almoravids and the Almohads

From the 11 century, al-andalus was continually on the defensive.Twice al-andalus received military assistance from Berber Muslim

empires in North Africa.-the almoravids crossed over the Iberian peninsula in 1086. They

took over most of the taifa states. Although they won some victories against the Christian kingdoms. They fragmented into

small taifa states in 1140s.

Explainsthe

followingterms:TaifasParias

A DIVERSE SOCIETY

The Conquerors and their descendant became the most powerfullgroups in Andalus society

ARABSFrom Middle East.Were the land-owning aristocracy.Held polithycal power.

BERBERFrom North Africa.Also helped to conquer the Iberian Peninsula.However, they recived less land and whealth than the Arabs.Sometimes rebelled against theirauthority.

CONQUERORS

MOZARABS AND JEWISH

Initially muslims were a small minority of population but however many christians converted

to islam

Mozarabs Were christians who

did not convertv toislam

Mozarabs left the AL-ANDALUS to live inChristian north.

The Jews Were merchants, artisans

and scholars. They lived in separate

neighbourhoods calledJewish quarters.

Differentarchitectures:

1.- Caliphate architecture. The most excepcional buildingWas great Mosque of Cdoba. The palace at MedinaAzahara, near Crdoba, was also a fine example of caliphate architecture.

2.- Tarifa architecture. The rulers of the tarifa states built fortresses, like thecastle in Mlaga. They also built palaces, such as the Aljaefera Palace inZaragoza.

3.- Almohad architecture. Buildings were fairly plain in the north Africanstyle, but they had decorative patterns. The Giralda and the Tower of Goldin Seville were outstanding examples pf Almohad architecture.

4.- Nasrid architecture. Abundant decoration was revived. Walls werecovered in plasterwork and ceramics.The Alhambra and the Generalife in granada are exceptionalexamples.

Activities

1.- Describe the social structure of Al-Andalus. Was it an equal society? Explain your answer.

2.- Explain the following terms:

Muladi:

Mozarab:

Medina:

The origins of Christian

Spain

1.1Christian survival in

the north

In Cantabria, the kingdom ofAsturias was created. In the Pyrenees, the Kingdom ofNavarre was established. Whilethe Aragonese and Catalancounties emerged further East.

From 711, the muslims conquered most of the IberianPeninsula, but they never took control of the north. Inthe 8th and 9th centuries, a group of small Christiansstates were precursors of the later Hispanic kingdoms:

1.2 Christian survival in the

north

For nearly 800 years, Al Andalus and a series, of christian states existed together on the IberianPeninsula.Al- Andalus was stronger up to the 10th century. From then on, the Christian kings grew in powerand began to take Muslim territories.

The Kingdom of Asturias

In the early 8th century, anAsturian or Visigoth noble calledPelayo established the Kingdom ofAsturias. Pelayo and his followersdefeated the Muslims in the Battleof Covadonga in 722. That was thestarted of the ChristianReconquest of Al- Andalus.

Over two centuries, the Kingdom ofAsturias expanded into Al- Andalus.Under Pelayos successors, Oviedobecame its capital city. Alfonso III(886-910) took advantage ofconflicts in the emirate of Cordobato advance into the Duero rivervalley.

In the 10th century, thecapital wasmoved tothe city of Leon, and the kingdombecameknown as the Kingdomof Leon.

Counties and Kingdoms of the

Pyrenees

The Pyreenes formed part of the Carolingian Empire afterCarlemagne established the Hispanic March as a defensive frontireregion to defend his Empire against the Muslims. In the 9th century

the Carolingian Empire broke apart and developed 3 regions:

1. Navarre the countIigo Aristaexpelled theFranquish formPamplona and declared himselfKing of Pamplona. That later becamekingdom of Navarre.

2. Aragn - thecounties of Aragon, Sobrarbe andRibagorza broke away. In 820 CountAznar Galindez rose to power.

3. The Catalan counties thecount Wilfredo the Hairywon the independencefrom the Franquish. Theymaintained good relationswith the Caliphs of Cordoba. Theindependence consolidatedin the 10th century.

Activities

Act 1, 2 page 96

Act 5 page 97

Esther Prez, Maia Barba y Helena Vega

The kingdoms of Len and

Castile

INTRODUCTION

During the 11, 12 and 13 centuries.During that time, Len and Castile where closely linked toeach other.They expanded if theyconquered new territories.Sometimes, they were ruled bythe same monarch.Sometimes formed separatedkingdoms.

Characters

Count Fernn Gonzlez (930-970),established his authority over all

Castile. He was a vassal of the king of Len.

Other important characters:Fernando I.Alfonso VIII.Fernando II.Fernando III.

STAGES AND

PERIODS

Kingdom of Len was founded in 910County of castile was created in 951.In 1035 the county of Castile became

the Kingdom of Castile.In 1230 the kindom of Len and the

kingdom of Castile fusionated and became the Crown of Castile

Activities

1.- Who was Fernn Gonzlez?2.- Explain the differencebetween the Kingdom of Castile and the Crown of Castile. 6.-When were Len and Castile definitietly united?

Of page 98

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsXcxoGtrFw

Jimena DinastySancho III counties of Aragn,

Castile and part of Len.Death: in 1035

Garca Snchez: inherited Navarre. Fernando I: Inherited Castile.Ramiro I: Inherited Aragn.

Gonzalo: The counties of Sobrabe and Ribagorza.

The last king of Jimena dinastywas Sancho VII the strong.Navarre was conquered by

Fernando the Catholic.

The county of Aragn became partof the Kingdom of Navarre.

When Sancho III of Navarredied, his son Ramiro became

Ramiro I, the first king of aragn

Ramiros son, Sancho Ramirez reunitedthe kingdoms of Aragn and Navarre.

Ramn Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, became engaged to

marry Petronilla of Aragn.This united Aragn and the Ctalan

countries. (Crown of Aragn)

9. What do the striped areas in the timeline indicate?

10. What happened to thekingdoms of Navarre and Aragn

when Sancho