middle ages chapter 7 chapter 8. middle ages aka = dark ages –little trade –no education –mass...

Middle Ages

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Middle Ages

• AKA = Dark Ages– Little trade– No education– Mass invasions

• Historians say it was not dark

• Est. new civilization

• Medieval – Latin for “middle ages”

Germanic Kingdoms

• Goths, Vandals, Saxons, Franks

• Mostly farmers or herders

• Small communities

• No written law

• King elected by tribal council

• Warrior and king pact

King Clovis

• King of the Franks

• Conquers Gaul

• Converted to Christianity

Muslim Empire

• Islam formed in 600s

• Move across the Middle East, N. Africa, and into Spain

Charles Martel

• Raised an army to battle the Muslims in Frankish lands

• 732 – Battle of Tours– Martel’s Army defeats the Muslims

Charles the Great

• “Charlemagne”

• Takes the throne in 768

• Ruled the empire built by his grandfather, Charles Martel

• Fought: Muslims in Spain, Saxons in the North, Avars and Slavs in the East, and Lombards in Italy

Charlemagne

• 799 – Pope Leo III asked him for help against rebellious nobles

• Pope makes Charlemagne emperor of Rome

• Results:– East and West split more– Unites Christians in Europe– Sets up power struggle

Gov’t of Charlemagne

• Nobles as governors

• Missi dominici – supervisors/advisors

• Officials expected to keep written records

Society of Charlemagne

• Encouraged Latin learning

• Set up schools

Legacy of Charlemagne

• Died in 814

• Son, Louis I rules– Grandsons fight over and divide the empire

with the Treaty of Verdun

• Known for:– Extending Christianity– Set up a strong, efficient government

Invasions

• Muslims

• Magyars from Hungary

• Vikings from Scandinavia– Farmers ruled by chieftains– Explored, traded, pillaged

Feudalism

• Def. – a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords known as vassals– Land is exchanged for military service

• Feudal contract – exchange of pledges

• Fief – estate that may include peasants

• Liege lord – 1st lord

Contract

• Protection in exchange for land, peasants, 40 days of military service, money, and sometimes advice

Feudal Organizer

Knights and Nobles

• Knight – a mounted warrior

• Sent at age 7 to father’s lord’s castle– Learn to ride and fight– Learn to maintain armor and weapons

• Fight with swords, axes, and lances while on horseback

– Strict discipline– Laziness was beat out– Dubbed a knight at conclusion of training

Noblewomen

• Took over duties if husband was away

• Some event went to war

• Some were involved in politics

• Widow retain land

• Don’t typically inherit

• Dowry – land

• Women were apprentices as well

Chivalry

• Code of conduct

• Require bravery, loyalty, and honesty

• Fight fairly

• Only applied to nobles

• Must protect the weak

• Troubadours – wondering musicians

Manor System

• Lord’s estate

• Self-sufficient

• City-state

• Peasants – serfs- bound to the land– NOT slavery

Peasants and Lords

• Worked certain number of days

• Repaired fences, roads, bridges, ect

• Paid inheritance fee

• Paid mill fee

• Semi-annual fee (Christmas and Easter)– Paid with goods

• Guaranteed food, housing, and land

Land division

• Woods and hunting is for the Lord ONLY

• Land is divided in strips

Peasant Life

• Harsh, long hours

• Hungry in the winter

• Few live longer than 35yr.

• Diet: black bread and veggies– Very little meat– Fish if time allows

Section 3

The Medieval Church

Role of the Priest

• Contact of the church

• Celebrated mass

• Administered the sacraments

• Spread teachings of the Church

• Interpreted the Bible

• Medical

• education

Village Church

• Social center

• Place of worship

• Lives revolved around the church

• Village pride

• Relics

• Cathedral – church of the bishop

Church Women

• “men and women are equal before God”

• Women on earth were weak and more likely to sin – Need the guidance of men

• Protection:– Min. age for marriage– Men could be fined for abuse

• Women had harsher punishments

Monasteries and Convents

• Benedictine Rule – vows– Obedience to the head of the convent or

monastery– Poverty– chastity

• Daily division of activities• Scientists• Hospitals, schools, orphanages, shelters,

hotels

Church Power

• Secular – worldly

• Medieval popes claim papal supremacy

• Popes have their own army

• Bishops & archbishops = nobles– Each has own land and army

• Church officials & secular rulers are interlinked = family/association

Doctrine on Salvation

• Do good works• Believe in Christ• Participate in the sacraments

– Give church power• Excommunication – kicked out of the church• Interdict – excommunication of a region

• Canon Laws– Laws passed by the courts– Court system

Corruption & Reform

• Wealth & power reduce discipline

• Priest allowed to marry

• Priesthood – inherited

Pope Gregory VII

• Outlaw marriage

• Eliminated secular involvement

• Prohibits simony – the selling of church offices

Monk Orders

• Friars – traveling monks

• St. Francis of Assisi– Founded the Franciscans– Preached poverty, humility, and love of God

• St. Dominic– Dominican order– Combat heresies

Women in the Order

• Dominican Nuns

• Poor Clares

– Only allow wealthy women for dowries

• Beguines – poor women

Jews of the Middle Ages

• Spain – center religious tolerance– Many Jews

• Christians blame Jews for any problems– Many move to E. Europe

Section 4

Economic Recovery

Agri. Revolution

• Plows, horses– Allow more land to be farmed

• Lords have more land cleared

• Creation of 3-field system– Grain, legume, unplanted

Trade results

• Cities form around trade route due to lack of war/invasion

• Charter – permission and rules for a new town– Requires yearly fee

Commercial Revolution

• Capital and credit are used

• Partnerships – groups of merchants

• Use of insurance

• Tenant farming begins

Middle Class

• Merchants, traders, artisans

• Unhappy nobles and clergy

Guilds

• Groups of merchants and artisans

• Unions

• Somewhat of a government– Taxes, laws, financial spending for the city

• Guild Training– 7 – become an apprentice– 7 years of training– Result as a journeymen

Women in Guilds

• Ownership/membership

• Craft of father or husband

• Inherit business

• Control certain goods

Cities of the Middle Ages

• Overcrowded

• Narrow streets

• Fire hazards

• Division of guilds

• Trash filled streets

Chapter 8 Section 1

Unification of Regions

Royal Power

• Early monarchs have little power

• Noble and church have power– Courts, taxes, armies

• Monarchs– Establish courts and bureaucracies– Tax systems– Armies– Relationships w/ Middle class

England

• Conquered by Anglo-Saxons

• 1066 – King Edward died w/o an heir

• Harold – chosen by nobles

• William – Duke of Normandy claims throne– Gets army and support of Pope– Won @ Battle of Hastings– Became William the Conqueror

Royal Power of William

• Fiefs given to Church and French Lords, AKA barons

• Required ALL vassals to make him liege lord

• Census in 1086– Domesday Book

• Castle, fields, pigpens

Legal System of Henry II

• 1154 – Henry II takes throne– Sent out justices– Common law – a legal system based on

custom and court rulings– Jury system

• Jury – men sworn to tell the truth

Church vs. Gov’t

• Henry II claims right to put clergy on trial

Evolving Gov’t• King John

– Lost lands in France to King Philip II of France– Innocent III excommunicates John

• Interdicts England

– Magna Carta 1215 – great charter• Forced by nobles• 1) Nobles get rights• 2) Set the monarch under the law• Included due process of law• Also had habeas corpus

Development of Parlaiment

• Great Council

• Legislative Branch

• 1295 – Edward I asked Parliament to approve $ for wars in France

Monarchs of France

• Capetian Kings – 300 years of rule– Hugh Capet elected– Makes throne hereditary– Gained lands by playing nobles against each

other– Set up an effective bureaucracy– Gain support of church and Middle class

Philip II

• Gave gov’t positions to middle class

• Gave charters for new towns

• Extended French lands

Louis IX

• Persecuted heretics and Jews

• Led knights in 2 crusades

• Declared a saint

• Expanded court system

• Ended serfdom

• Outlawed private laws

Philip IX vs. Pope Boniface VIII

• Taxation of clergy

• Pope escapes capture

Pope vs. Pope

• 1305 – French Pope elected– Moves capital to French Border

• Another pope is elected in Rome

• The fight for power

Estates General

• 3 body system– Clergy, nobles, and townsfolk

The Crusades

a series of wars fought between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land

• Council of Clermont Pope Urban II calls for a Crusade to free the Holy Land

• Create a Crusade Graphic Organizer

Pope Urban II’s Reasons

• Increase power

• Heal the split in the church

• Christians fighting Muslims and not other Christians