the middle ages 500-1200 ad the dark ages early middle ages- few advances or developments why:...
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THE MIDDLE AGES 500-1200 AD
The Dark Ages Early Middle Ages- few advances or developments Why: Invasions, language barriers and decline in:
trade, education, population, cities Europe goes from one government (Rome) to many
that change frequently with wars
The Franks Germanic people in central Europe Clovis- leader, converted to Christianity
Charles Martel
ruler of the Franks in 719 AD expanded kingdom, defeated
Muslims After Martel, the Pope names
Pepin (Martel’s son) king- began Carolingian rule.
Charlemagne b/cm king in 771 largest empire since
Rome crowned emperor set up counties, ruled by
a count (wealthy noble) The count collected taxes, tolls, built forts, led armies
stressed education- schools in monasteries.
Charlemagne crowned by the Pope
Monasteries and ConventsReligious communities est.
by the Church*Monasteries- ran by monks*Convents- ran by nuns*Religious centers w/
schools & libraries
Pope Gregory I – declared Church was responsible for all Christianity
NEW INVADERSThe Vikings from Scandinavia aka Northmen or Norsemen worshipped war gods (Odin, Thor) attacked Cent. Europe w/
“longboats” (go up rivers to shallow water)
experts - long sword & battle axe took land in Iceland, France and
England colonies in Iceland, Greenland
and Russia
Toward the end of the 8th century CE, Viking seafarers from what we now call Norway (A), Denmark (B), and Sweden (C) embarked on a series of daring voyages for trade, colonization, and sometimes even plunder. Over the next 250 years, they planted settlements in Europe — from the British Isles (D) and France (E) to Italy (F) and Russia (G). Vikings from Norway, in particular, became the first Europeans, ever, to establish a passage across the Atlantic to North America. They did it in stages, setting up bases, as they went, in the Shetland Islands (H), Faroe Islands (I), Iceland (J), Greenland (K), and — for
just a few years — in the place they called Vinland (L).
The Vikings 1000 AD - Leif Erikson led
settlers to North America (Canada), they called it Vinland
Vikings lived in N. America about 10 years, 500 years before Columbus
The Magyars
great horseback riders - fierce warriors from the East (Hungary)
attacked towns & monasteries
took slaves
Europe Looks for Help Invaders caused panic - people
looked for protection – turned to local kings
FEUDALISMPolitical / social system King granted a fief (land) to nobles (lords) for services,
loyalty, protection Nobles granted land to knights for protection Knights granted land to peasants for service
CHIVALRY Code of conduct and ideals-
including loyalty, bravery, purity, kindness, honesty, generosity
Fight for God, his king, lord and lady
Rules for fighting, treating prisoners and treating women
Women worshipped Troubadours praised women
in poems & songs.
CHIVALRY
FEUDALISMKNIGHTHOOD- began training
age 7, b/cm squire at age 15Care for horses, learn to fight, clean armor &
weapons, cook, serve
*Laziness punished w/ beatings
Older knight “dubbed” young knight
Knights would fight for their lords
Tournaments for practiceCompetitions in sword, axe, mace
Jousting most popular
Each knight had a Coat of Arms
FEUDALISM SERFS- bound to the land,
could not leave Worked the fields, built
roads, bridges, fences, castles
Made payments to the lords for protection
Harsh life - long days Ate bread, some vegetables Animals pulled in the house
at night Disease, life expectancy- 35.
THE CASTLE Built for defense from
invaders High walls- could be 8-12
ft. thick Towers for observation Villagers, food & animals
brought inside during attacks
Castle Siege
attack on a castle
could take weeks
Weapons- siege tower, battering ram, trebuchet and mangonel
Items shot over the walls- pots of burning lime, boulders, human heads, diseased cows, dead horses, prisoners
THE CHURCHHeaded by the Pope or Pontiff
-Papacy- office of the Pope (Cardinals, Archbishops)
-Clergy- church officials-Bishops- supervised priests-Priests- performed marriages,
baptisms, mass, sacraments
-Tithe- 1/10 of income -Canon Law- law of the Church.
Power of the PopeThe Pope could use: Excommunication- kicked out of the Church
Interdiction- ban sacraments
Deposition- declare a king is no longer king
HOLY ROMAN EMPIREOtto I (Otto the Great) (936-973)
ruled Germany & Italy, supported by the Pope, defended the empire
Kings & Popes Collide in power struggle
Pope Gregory VII vs. King Henry IV Pope banned Henry from appointing
Church officialsHenry called the Pope a “false monk”.Henry excommunicated, waited 3 days in
snow before forgiven. Pope more powerful
PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH
Priest marrying, having children (out of wedlock)
Selling church positionsBriberyKings appointing bishopsGambling, drinking,
illiteracy
CHURCH REFORMS
EducationBanned marriage for
clergyOath of celibacyFriars (traveling
monks) spread the word of God
The Rise of IslamIslam Muhammad: Founder of Islam
Islam: "surrender to Allah“
Muslims: followers "those who submit to god's will"
Quran: holy book - writings/expressions of Muhammad
IslamFive Pillars of Islam *”There is only 1 God and His name is Allah”
*prayer facing Mecca – 5 times a day
*give to the poor
*fasting during Ramadan
*hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca
Jihad: a "holy war" Muhammad and his successive caliphs (Muslim rulers) waged “jihad” to spread Islam over Persian Empire, Egypt, India, North Africa, Spain
1453 - conquered Constantinople took control of the Eastern Roman Empire
Islamic Empire: Muslim countries threatened to crush Christian Europe
Islam
THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS”
The Pope declared war on “infidels” (Turks & Muslims) who occupied Holy Land/Jerusalem
Pope hoped the knights would stop fighting each other & fight the Muslims
THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS”First Crusade (1097)50,000+ knights marched
to Constantinople wearing red crosses
2nd attack captured Jerusalem, Edessa, Tripoli and Antioch
Second CrusadeEdessa fell into Muslim
control Christians lose Jerusalem
THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS”
Third Crusade“The Three Kings Crusade”-Philip Augustus - France-Frederick I “Barbarossa” -
Germany -Richard the Lion-Hearted -
England tried to recapture Jerusalem.Philip went home - Barbarossa
drowned - Richard fights Muslim king Saladin. Christians gain the right to visit the Jerusalem
5 later Crusades most unsuccessful.
THE CRUSADES
TOWNS AND TRADE AGRICULTURAL BOOMEurope warms
horses plow 2Xs faster than oxen
3-field system- plant 2/3, let 1/3 rest
More food – more people
The 3 field system OR “Crop rotation”
TRADE BOOMmore people - more trade
# artisans increased
Towns fairs- buy and sell
*Guilds- artisans (bakers, glassmakers, tailors, druggists, etc.)To control wages, prices, standards for products
TOWNS / TRADE BOOMTOWNS- most about 2,000
people Paris had 60,000. Towns formed on trading routesTowns not well designed- no
sewers or running water, animal / human waste in the street
Most towns controlled by the merchants & businessmen.
LEARNING BOOMUniversities in Europe [Paris,
Bologna (Italy) and Oxford (England)]
Scholars (scholastics) – teachers - studied in libraries of the Middle East studied Greek & Roman works
LiteratureGeoffrey Chaucer (“The
Canterbury Tales”)Dante (“The Divine Comedy”)
ENGLAND vs. FRANCE NORMAND INVASION
William the Conqueror- led Normandy (northern France) Invaded England
*October 14, 1066- The Battle of Hastings- William defeated Harold of the Saxons
claimed England & gave away English land
ENGLISH GOVERNMENT*The Magna Carta- “Great
Charter” King overtaxed the people, they revolted, King forced to accept
trial by jury, no taxation without representation
Parliament est. to make laws
US govt.- based on Magna Carta.
The Great SchismDIVIDED CHURCH
Philip IV of France arrested the Pope and elected French pope
Two Popes
Italian Pope Urban VI
French Pope Clement VII
Popes excommunicated the other
1417- Schism over w/ Pope Martin V
Challenges to the Pope
John Wycliffe and Jan Hus – Bible & Jesus are the authority - not the pope, clergy shouldn’t live in luxury
Hus- burned at the stake
THE BUBONIC PLAGUE From Asia, Mongols carried the disease (shot diseased
bodies over city walls) Italian merchants carried plague to Europe *The Carriers- fleas on black rats, bacteria called
Yersinia Pestis
What were the symptoms of the plague?
The Black Death* Swelling boils called buboes* Skin turned red, purple, black* Skin decayed and smelled* High fever, delirium * Death in 5-7 days* The Fear - cause unknown* Treatment unknown* Dirty towns were rat breeding
grounds* Cures - blood letting* Blamed volcanoes, earthquakes,
Jews
Effects of the Plague 1347 to 1353 over 35
million died Trade declined - inflation Peasants revolts Church lost followers
HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR (1337-1453)ENGLAND & FRANCE
Both claimed Northern France
English Edward III claimed French crown- war followed
*Battle of Crecy (1346)
English used longbow- arrows pierced armor, traveled 300 yards, French lost 1/3 of army
HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR (1337-1453)*Battle of Poitiers- French (35,000+) outnumber English (7,000) - English win w/ long bow
*Battle of Agincourt (1415) – 6,000 English vs. 30,000 French- English archers won again
Treaty- King Henry V of England to b/cm king of France after the death of Charles VI
Joan of ArcFrance desperate
-peasant girl of 13 had
-visions & heard voices of saints
-told her to drive English from France and make Charles VII king.
-Joan convinced Charles VII to let her lead an army
Joan of Arc*May 7, 1429- Joan attacked an
English fort near Orleans- had to retreat on the 1st attack. 2nd charge- won
French took Orleans, saved Paris
Charles VII was crowned king
Joan of ArcJoan captured, turned over to the Church, found guilty
of heresy & witchcraft, burned at the stake 1431
End of Middle Ages Knighthood & Chivalry over
Joan was made a Saint in 1920