Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Chapter 13Chapter 13

I. Development of GermanyI. Development of Germany

► Middle Ages: Middle Ages: medieval period medieval period (AD 500-1500)(AD 500-1500)

A.A. Invasions of Western EuropeInvasions of Western Europe1.1. Disruption of TradeDisruption of Trade2.2. Downfall of citiesDownfall of cities3.3. Population shiftsPopulation shifts4.4. Decline of learningDecline of learning5.5. Loss of common languageLoss of common language

Development of Germany Development of Germany (cont’d)(cont’d)

B.B. Germanic Kingdoms EmergeGermanic Kingdoms Emerge1.1. Replaced Roman ProvincesReplaced Roman Provinces2.2. Government changed from written laws Government changed from written laws

(Rome) to rule by tradition and loyalty to (Rome) to rule by tradition and loyalty to German ChiefsGerman Chiefs

C.C. Germans adopt ChristianityGermans adopt Christianity1.1. MissionariesMissionaries2.2. MonasteriesMonasteries3.3. Rules for monksRules for monks

II. Rulers of GermanyII. Rulers of Germany

A.A. Clovis: Clovis: Leader of Franks (people from Gaul; Leader of Franks (people from Gaul; est. large kingdom)est. large kingdom)► Spread ChristianitySpread Christianity

B.B. Charles Martel: Mayor of Palace; Charles Martel: Mayor of Palace; unofficially ruled kingdomunofficially ruled kingdom

Battle of Tours (ended Muslim threat to Europe)Battle of Tours (ended Muslim threat to Europe)► Carolingian Dynasty: ruled Franks from 751-987Carolingian Dynasty: ruled Franks from 751-987

C.C. Pepin: Pepin: CM’s son; anointed “King by the CM’s son; anointed “King by the Grace of God” by the PopeGrace of God” by the Pope

Rulers of Germany (cont’d)Rulers of Germany (cont’d)

D.D. Charlemagne: Charlemagne: “Charles the Great”“Charles the Great”► Reunited Empire Reunited Empire

(greatest since Rome)(greatest since Rome)► Defeated Muslims; Defeated Muslims;

spread Christianityspread Christianity► ““Roman Emperor” by Roman Emperor” by

Pope; signified joining Pope; signified joining of Germanic Power, of Germanic Power, church, and Roman church, and Roman heritageheritage

► Greatest Greatest accomplishment: accomplishment: encouraged learningencouraged learning

Rulers of Germany (cont’d)Rulers of Germany (cont’d)

E.E. Pope Gregory IPope Gregory I► Broadened Papal authorityBroadened Papal authority► Became Became secularsecular (worldly) leader (worldly) leader

(politics)(politics)► Used church $ to raise armies, repair Used church $ to raise armies, repair

roads, help poor, negotiate peace roads, help poor, negotiate peace treatiestreaties

III. Attacks on Western III. Attacks on Western EuropeEurope

A.A. Vikings:Vikings:► Germanic peoples Germanic peoples

from North from North ► Eric Bloodaxe, Eric Bloodaxe,

Thorfinn SkullsplitterThorfinn Skullsplitter► Fast raids, incredible Fast raids, incredible

warshipswarships► Reign of terror Reign of terror

ended when they ended when they converted to converted to Christianity; warmer Christianity; warmer climate led to ag. climate led to ag. (1000)(1000)

Attacks on Western Europe Attacks on Western Europe (cont’d)(cont’d)

B.B. Magyars and MuslimsMagyars and Muslims► Magyars: nomadic peoples from East (800)Magyars: nomadic peoples from East (800)

► Superb horsemenSuperb horsemen

► Muslims: attacked from SouthMuslims: attacked from South► 700: planned to conquer and settle700: planned to conquer and settle► 900: plundered900: plundered► Struck from seaStruck from sea

* Attacks from all 3 caused widespread panic and * Attacks from all 3 caused widespread panic and suffering. People stopped looking to central suffering. People stopped looking to central ruler and looked to whoever could defend themruler and looked to whoever could defend them

IV. FeudalismIV. Feudalism

► Political system where nobles use Political system where nobles use land but owe loyalty to the kingland but owe loyalty to the king

► System has a System has a lordlord (landowner) who (landowner) who grants grants fieffief (land) to a (land) to a vassalvassal (person (person receiving land) in exchange for receiving land) in exchange for military service and protection military service and protection

► KnightsKnights: mounted horsemen who : mounted horsemen who pledge to defend their lord’s lands in pledge to defend their lord’s lands in exchange for fiefexchange for fief

Feudalism (cont’d)Feudalism (cont’d)

Feudalism (cont’d)Feudalism (cont’d)

►SerfsSerfs: peasants; could not lawfully : peasants; could not lawfully leave the place they were bornleave the place they were born Majority of peopleMajority of people Not slaves; could not be bought or soldNot slaves; could not be bought or sold What they What they producedproduced belonged to the lord belonged to the lord

Feudalism (cont’d)Feudalism (cont’d)

►ManorManor: lord’s estate; basic economic : lord’s estate; basic economic arrangementarrangement

►Specifics of the ManorSpecifics of the Manor Several square milesSeveral square miles Contained house, church, workshopsContained house, church, workshops Self-sufficientSelf-sufficient

Feudalism (cont’d)Feudalism (cont’d)

►Life on the Manor:Life on the Manor: Lord gave serf: housing, farmland, and Lord gave serf: housing, farmland, and

protectionprotection In return, Serfs tended land, cared for In return, Serfs tended land, cared for

animals, maintained estateanimals, maintained estate Peasants didn’t travelPeasants didn’t travel Paid taxes on everything (wood, grain, Paid taxes on everything (wood, grain,

mill, marriage, etc)mill, marriage, etc) Owed Owed tithetithe: church tax: church tax

V. Standards & Technology of V. Standards & Technology of KnightsKnights

►Technology:Technology: Stirrups, saddlesStirrups, saddles

►Role: defend territory of lordRole: defend territory of lord

►Code of Chivalry:Code of Chivalry: Display courage and loyaltyDisplay courage and loyalty Defend Defend 3 masters: feudal lord, heavenly 3 masters: feudal lord, heavenly

Lord, and chosen ladyLord, and chosen lady

Standards & Technology of Standards & Technology of Knights (cont’d)Knights (cont’d)

►Training:Training: Sons of noblesSons of nobles Age 7—sent to another castleAge 7—sent to another castle

--Page: waits on hosts/ practices fighting skills--Page: waits on hosts/ practices fighting skills

14—squire: servant to a knight14—squire: servant to a knight 21—Full-fledged Knight21—Full-fledged Knight

VI. Role of WomenVI. Role of Women

►Most powerless (like most men)Most powerless (like most men)

►Noblewomen: Noblewomen: Could inherit estateCould inherit estate Could send knights to warCould send knights to war Act as commander and warrior (throws Act as commander and warrior (throws

rocks and arrows)rocks and arrows) Most limited; confined to houseMost limited; confined to house

Women (cont’d)Women (cont’d)

►Peasant women:Peasant women: MajorityMajority Endless laborEndless labor

VII. LiteratureVII. Literature

►Themes: brutality of knighthood and Themes: brutality of knighthood and warfarewarfare Love storiesLove stories Glorified chivalryGlorified chivalry Heroes (king Arthur)Heroes (king Arthur)

►TroubadoursTroubadours: traveling poet musicians: traveling poet musicians

VIII. The Church’s RoleVIII. The Church’s Role

► Became powerful b/c of weak central govt.Became powerful b/c of weak central govt.

1. Structure: Pope= head of church1. Structure: Pope= head of church clergy=bishops and priestsclergy=bishops and priests

► Canon LawCanon Law: church law followed by everyone: church law followed by everyone► SacramentsSacraments: important religious ceremonies: important religious ceremonies

► Manor system divided people; church Manor system divided people; church bonded thembonded them

The Church’s Role (cont’d)The Church’s Role (cont’d)

2. Power:2. Power: When Charlemagne crowned Roman When Charlemagne crowned Roman

Emperor, unknowingly set stage for future Emperor, unknowingly set stage for future conflictsconflicts

►Otto I: most effective ruler of GermanyOtto I: most effective ruler of Germany Invaded Italy b/c Pope said soInvaded Italy b/c Pope said so Crowned Emperor of Crowned Emperor of Holy Roman Empire: Holy Roman Empire:

strongest kingdom from Charlemagne's strongest kingdom from Charlemagne's fallen empire (Germany and Italy)fallen empire (Germany and Italy)

IX. Conflict with the ChurchIX. Conflict with the Church

►Church not happy that kings had Church not happy that kings had control over the clergycontrol over the clergy

►Lay InvestureLay Investure: ceremony where kings : ceremony where kings and nobles appointed church officials and nobles appointed church officials Pope felt kings should not have that Pope felt kings should not have that

powerpower

►Pope Gregory VII banned lay investure Pope Gregory VII banned lay investure in 1075in 1075

IX. Conflict with the ChurchIX. Conflict with the Church

Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture

King Henry IV demands that pope resign

Gregory excommunicates Henry

Henry begs for forgiveness

Gregory forgives him, eventually

Lay investiture – King can determine who the bishops of the church

Conflict with the Church Conflict with the Church (cont’d)(cont’d)

►King Henry IV: ordered Pope Gregory King Henry IV: ordered Pope Gregory VII to step down. Gregory refused and VII to step down. Gregory refused and excommunicated Henry.excommunicated Henry.

►Henry eventually forgivenHenry eventually forgiven

►Concordat of WormsConcordat of Worms: compromise that : compromise that allowed church alone to appoint allowed church alone to appoint clergy, but kings held a veto power.clergy, but kings held a veto power.

X. Disorder X. Disorder

►By 1172, Germany needs a strong rulerBy 1172, Germany needs a strong ruler Choose Frederick I “Barbarosa”Choose Frederick I “Barbarosa” Forceful personality, brutal tactics; invades Forceful personality, brutal tactics; invades

ItalyItaly Knights defeated by Italians (Battle of Knights defeated by Italians (Battle of

Legnano)Legnano) Fredrick I dies 1190; empire falls apartFredrick I dies 1190; empire falls apart

►The inability to unite the Germanic The inability to unite the Germanic kingdoms allows France and England to kingdoms allows France and England to establish strong central authorities. establish strong central authorities.