anp bodytissues

8/3/2019 ANP BodyTissues

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From Cells to Organ Systems

Cells combine

to form tissues,

and tissuescombine to

form organs


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TissuesGroups of closely associated

cells that have a similarstructure and perform a

specific function


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Types of Tissue


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FOUR Types of Tissue1. Epithelial = covering

2. Connective = support3. Muscle = movement

4. Nervous = control


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Epithelial Tissues Layers of cells that cover internal or

external surfaces of the body(skin, lips, digestive, respiratory, reproductive,and urinary lining, inner surfaces of blood vesselsand heart, etc)

Glands - Secreting cells derived from epithelia(pancreas, thyroid, pituitary gland, etc.)


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Epithelial Tissues

Cellular LayerBasementMembrane


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General Features of Epithelial

Tissues

Cellular Layer + Basement Membrane No Blood Supply

Touching Each Other Rapid Rate of Cell Reproduction


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Epithelial Tissue Functions

Physical protection from- injury- dehydration- biological agents

Control permeability: substances that enters orleaves the body crosses an epithelium

Provide sensation: touch sensors, etc Produce specialized secretions: respiratory

tract

Absorption of molecules:kidneys


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Simple: just onelayer or cell shape

Stratified:multiple layers andcell shapes

Classes of Epithelial Tissue


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Simple Epithelia

Type Cell shape Example

Squamous Squashed

(flat)

Lines blood

vessels and lungs

Cuboidal Cubed Lines the kidneytubules

Columnar Columns Lining of digestive

tract

Pseudo-

stratified

Flat cells give

rise to

columns

Appear

stratified

In respiratory

tubes to move

mucous/particles

out of lungs


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Human Anatomy, Larry M.Frolich, Ph.D.


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Epithelial Tissue


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Epithelium-Human Stomach


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Can You Identify the

type of Epithelium?

A B

C

D

EQuiz!!


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Glandular Epithelia

Epithelial tissues that secretes a product

- has glands

Glands may be a single cell (digestivetract) or composed of many cells


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Glandular Epithelia

Exocrine glands -products secretedinto ducts (eg.

salivary and sweatglands)

Endocrine glands -

products secretedinto blood stream(eg. pituitary and

thyroid glands)


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Glands:epithelial cells that make

and secrete a water-based substance

Exocrine Glands Secrete substance onto

body surface or into bodycavity

Have ducts

e.g., salivary, mammary,pancreas, liver, sweat

Endocrine Glands

Secrete product into bloodstream

Either stored in secretorycells

Hormones travel to target

organ to increase response No ducts

e.g., pituitary, thyroid


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Connective TissueWhat is it?

Living cells within a

non-living extracellularmatrix


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Tissues specialized for maintenanceof integrity and support of organs

Made from matrix proteins and cellsin different composition andproportions

Consistency varies from liquid, gelto solid

Good nerve & blood supply except

cartilage & tendons

Connective Tissues


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Connective TissueConsists of two basic elements:

Cells far apartExtra-cellular matrix (ECM)

Extracellular Matrix (between cells):1. Protein Fibers2. Ground substance


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Functions

Support & binding tissues

togetherPermits free diffusion ofnutrients & metabolites

Store energy as fat

Immunological protection


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It Binds,

It Supports,

It Strengthens,

It Protects, It Insulates,

It Compartimentalizes,

It Transports, It is a major site for stored energy,

It is involved in our immune system


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Types of connective

tissue

Connective tissue properCartilage

BoneBlood


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Connective tissue proper

Loose (Areolar) connective

tissue

Dense connective tissue

Adipose connective tissue


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Underlies epithelia in soft places

such as GI tract and lungs

Found around organs Few fibers, some cells, sparse ECM ECM supported by collagen and elastic

fibersCells mostly fibroblasts and migratoryimmune cells, adipocytes

Loose connective tissue


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Loose connective tissue


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Lots of strong fibers, predominantly collagen Few cells, mostly fibroblasts

Dependent on composition can be as hardas a bone or elastic as in skin Collagen can be arranged precisely such as

in tendon or cornea or scattered as in skin Dense connective tissue can also be elastic

(collagen and elastic fibers) as in skin orlarge arteries


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Largest cells in the connective tissue

2 types

White fat cells

Brown fat cells

ADIPOSE

(fat cells or adipocytes)


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Connective tissue that providesmechanical support and protection

Mostly calcified matrix with few

cells Very important storage of calcium Mechanical strength derived bothfrom composition and overallorganization Spongy or compact

Bone


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Network of fibers in rubbery groundsubstance

Resilient and can endure morestress than loose or denseconnective tissue

Types of cartilage:1. hyaline cartilage (ends of bones)2. fibrous cartilage (joints)

3. elastic cartilage (ear lobes)

CARTILAGE


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Very resilient connective tissue Covers the articular surfaces of

joints

Supports large airways, nose, earsetc

Primarily glycosoaminoglycans withfew fibers and very few cells

Cartilage


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A B

C

D E

Which is not connective tissue?

F


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CARTILAGE

Types of cartilage:1. hyaline cartilage most common type

- weakest with fine fibers & milk-glass

appearance (ends of bones, nose, fetal bones)2. elastic cartilage elastic & collagen fibers

- flexible (ear lobes, epiglottis)

3. fibrous cartilage /fibrocartilage - strongcollagenous fibers withstand greatpressure & absorb shock, reduce friction

( knee joints, intervertebral disks)


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So can you guess the type of cartilage?

hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage


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Functions of Cartilage

supports surrounding tissue, e.g.,external ear, nose

weight-bearing capability shock absorbing function, e.g.,

synovial joints sliding properties (decrease friction

at joints)


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Bones consists of few cells +calcified matrix

Very important storage of calcium Connective tissue that provides

mechanical support and protection Spongy or compact

Bone


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Bone -spongy or compact

Compact

- osteocytes (bone cells) inlacuna around Haversion canals

- canals (with nerve fibres)

supply blood to cells

- offshoot canals canaliculi


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Bone-Spongy or compact

Spongy exists on the ends of bone

- not as dense as compact butstronger

- bars & plates for reinforcement


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BLOOD

Blood connective tissue- blood cells+ liquid matrix

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes)

- separated by plasma

- also present in plasma are

platelets (fragments of bone

marrow cells) blood clotting


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BLOOD

2 Types of blood cells

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

- contains the oxygen

White blood cells (leukocytes)

- fight infection


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Muscle

Muscle: A tissue composed of fiberscapable of contracting to effect

bodily movement Muscle is the primary tissue in the

Heart (cardiac MT)

Walls of hollow organs (Smooth MT)Skeletal muscle - makes up nearly half the bodysmass


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Muscle Tissue

Cells of muscles - known as fibers

Plasma membrane is called a sarcolemma

Cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm

Muscle contraction

Depends on two types ofmyofilaments (contractileproteins)

- actin

- myosin

These two proteins interact & generate contractile

force


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Functions of Muscle Tissue

Movement Skeletal muscle - attached to skeleton & moves

body by moving the bones

Smooth muscle squeezes fluids and othersubstances through hollow organs

Maintenance of posture enables the body toremain sitting or standing

Joint stabilization

Heat generation - Muscle contractions produceheat

Helps maintain normal body temperature


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Types of muscles

Muscle

Tendons

Connectivetissue

Blood vessel

Musclefibre

Skeletal muscles:Attached to bones. Movesbody by moving the bones.

Smooth muscle:

Surround organs, tubes, eg.stomach, urinary bladder,blood vessels. Contractpropels content through

organs (eg. expel urine).

Cardiac muscles:Heart muscle makes yourheart pump blood.


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Some Muscles

10. Extensor Group

1. Gastrocnemius

2. Sartorius

3. Deltoid

4. Sternocleidomastoid

5. Tibialis

6. Hamstring group

7. Rectus Abdominus

8. Triceps

9. Biceps


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DID YOU KNOW THAT

Musclea Latin word for little mouse

There are about 650 muscles in the humanbody.

Every person has a unique tongue print.

Hiccups are spasm of the diaphragm.


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Cells of Nervous Tissue

Found in the brain & spinal cord (CNS)

Neurons

Thefunctional unit of the nervous system Transmit electrical signals (action potentials) to

other neurons or effectors

Neuroglial (Glial) cells Nonexcitable

Support and protect neurons


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Neurons

Cell Body. aka Soma or Perikaryon

- Contains usual organelles plus other structures eg.Nissl bodies

Dendrites: short, often highly branched.- Receptive regions of the neuron, conducts

impulses

Axons. Long cytoplasmic process capable ofpropagating a nerve impulse

- Transmits impulse away from soma


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Neurons

3 Structural

categories

1. multipolar

2. bipolar3. pseudounipolar


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Neuroglial (Glial) cells

Neuroglia supporting cells in the CNS(Do not transmit nerve impulses)

Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes:

Wrap around portion of only one axon many times- inner fatty layer form myelin sheath (insulation).

- outer surface is the neurilemma (promotes growth indamaged cells)

Satellite cells: surround neuron cell bodies inganglia, provide support and nutrients

NODES OF RANVIER gaps in these cells (pass on impulses)


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Membranes

Cutaneous membranes Skin: epidermis and dermis

Mucous membranes, or mucosa Lines every hollow internal organs that opens to the outside of

the body- digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary tract.

Serous membranes, or serosa Lines sealed internal subdivisions of the ventral body cavity

(not opened to the outside) Slippery membranes lining the pleural, pericardial and

peritoneal cavities The fluid formed on the surfaces is called a transudate

Synovial membranes Line joints


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(a) Cutaneous membrane

(b) Mucous membrane

(c) Serous membrane


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Membranes

Lines internal organs & cavities

If lines organs -visceralIf lines cavity - parietal


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Serous Membranes

Ventral Body Cavity

Pleural membrane lines thoracic cavity &

lungsPeritoneal membrane lines abdominal

cavity & enclosed organs

Pericardial membrane lines thepericardial cavity & surrounds heart

E h b i di id d i t P i t l


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Pleural membrane1. Parietal Pleura - Thorax

2. Visceral Pleura - Lungs

Peritoneal membrane

1. Parietal Peritonium Abdominal cavity

2. Visceral Peritonium enclosedorgans

BOTH RUN TOGETHER TO FORM DOUBLE MEMBRANE = MESSENTARY

Pericardial membrane

1. Parietal Pericardium Pericardial cavity

2. Visceral Pericardium - heart

Each serous membrane is divided into Parietal or

Visceral


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Synovial Membrane

Composed thin outer layer of stratifiedsquamous & a thicker underneath layer of

connective tissueLine cavities surrounding joints and tendon

sheaths

Secrete synovial fluidlubricant


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Support- framework that supports bodyand cradles its soft organs

Protection- for delicate organs, heart,lungs, brain

Movement- bones act as levers for

muscles Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate

Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis


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- Cartilage

- Bone- Joints

- Ligaments (bone to bone)- Tendons (muscle to bone)


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Cartilage

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage


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HYALINE CARTILAGE

- Articular cartilage covers ends of bonesand moveable joints

- Costal cartilage

attach ribs to thesternum

- Respiratory cartilage forms

respiratory passages and larynx- Nasal cartilage forms external nose


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Articularcartilage


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Costal cartilage


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Respiratory cartilage


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Nasal cartilage


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ELASTICCARTILAGE

- Forms external ear

- Forms epiglottis


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FIBROCARTILAGE

Withstands heavypressure & tensile forces

- Intervertebral disks- Knees and elbows


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Fibrocartilage


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BONES

Skeleton Greek fordried up body

Composed of 206 bones1. Axial skeleton 80

bones2. Appendicular skeleton 126 bones


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Long bones

Short bonesSesamoid bones

Flat bonesIrregular bones


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Long Bones- metacarpals, metatarsals,phalanges, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia,fibula

Short Bones- carpals, tarsals

Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum

Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facialbones

Sesamoid- patella


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L b


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Long bones

- Diaphysis

shaft

- Epiphysis ends of bone; contain red

marrow- Medullary cavity contains yellow

marrow

- Epiphyseal plate found betweendiaphysis and epiphysis; long bonegrowth


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Distal

epiphysis

Proximalepiphysis

diaphysis

yellow marrow

epiphyseal line

periosteum

compact bone

spongy bone

Endosteum

hyaline cartilage

Sharpeys fibers

Short bones


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Sesamoid


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Sesamoid

bonesform within atendon e.g.patella


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Flat bones

Thin, flattened, and slightlycurved

Diploe spongy bone foundbetween compact bone layers


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Diploe


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Irregular bones

complicated

shapese.g.

vertebrae,pelvis

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