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Ara~an Sosyat Bilimler

Enstitusu

iLMi DERGiSi

9-10

li~WKEK I Bi~KEK - 2010

.V • .L.. I I 0

AMHrr1£1 rr15AAAT KATAPbl 3EKET >KAHA AHbiH KOOMAYK nAMAAllAPbl.

ABBOT A.II,1UI

3eKeT - KOOMJlYK KaTMapnap.zu,m, Ke.neiinep MeHeH 6awnap.zu,rn opTocyH.na MaTepHa.JI,l(biK :>KaHa MOpaJJ.l(biK Kerrype Khl3MaThlH eTeeqy n6a.naT. KooM,ZJ;ory aJKLipLIM.I'tbi 6yren, )l(eK Kepyy, e-rremyy, Kbl3raHJY c.ouncryy )KaT carraTTapra 6ereT 6onoT. KooMJlYK TbJ'HqTI,ll<Thi, 6efum.JI]lJIT<TII :>~<apaTaT. 3eKeT a.naMJlbl 3JJ,I{Im Kepenme )Kaparaa na«.nanyy mnTep.mr )l{acooro yiipeTeT. Ke.neii-KeM6ar~ap.zn,IH Ke.neii.Jm:I<TIIH .napTLIHaH )KaT HIIITepre 6ap.OIII, )!(aMaH )l(OJirO rymyynepyHe TOCKOO.ll 60JIOT. MJ'I<Ta)l(,l.(bliDI opy:s,nanraH a.naM.nap.IJ.DIR TyYpa, aK >Konro rymyrr eMYP cypyynepyRe ce6en 6onoT. 3et<eT - a,naM.zu,m capaa:.zn,~ ce3RMHH aJaiin.m, 3Jire )l<ap.naM 6epyyre y:KpeTeT. 3Jire )l(ap,naM 6epYYHYH LlpaxaT.DIHaH, )l(aHa3biiDmaH .naa.M cLn.zn,rpaT. A,na.M.zu,m MaJI-MYJIKKe 6onroH aiiii<epe CyHyyC).'H 6aca.IU.(anm, e3YMTIYJI,D;yi<, 6oii KeTepyyqynyK, 3'DIKI>IM,l(LIK councryy Tepc canarrapra 6ereT KOeT. A]laM.zn,IH >KyperyH )J<y:MDlapTbiii 6oopJ'Kep, M33pHM,z:wY 6o.rryyra KeH,UypeT. 3eKeT MaJI-MYJIKTery KHpnep]lH Ta3aJiaHT.

IUiroqeBbte CJioBa: HcnaM .nmm, n6a.naT, 3eKeT, 3eKerrHB KOOM.llYK naB:.nanapLr.

ZAKAT AS A FORM OF WORSHiP AND iTS SOCiAL BENEFiTS

ABSTRACT

"Zakah" (giving alms) in the lexicon means a thing which increase gradually. In the technical Shariah meaning, Zakat means that part of wealth whose payment has been ·made obligatory by Allah. Similarly, giving of specified part of the wealth who are entitled to get it, is also called Zakat. Giving this wealth is called Zakat because it cleanses the heart and mind of the payer, it cleanses also his wealth. Zekat is one of the most important matters of economic and social life. Because of this it is :freguently mentioned about in the Kur'an. The practice of zakat has many benefits. This article aims to indicate the social aspect of zakat and its benefits.

Key Words: Islam, Worship, Zakat (Obligatory alms), Social Benefits.

DiNt BiR iBADET OLARAK ZEKAT VE TOPLUMSAL FAYDALARI

OZET

islam dininin be~ temel esasmdan biri olan zekat, toplumsal yardunla~inamn ib§det olarak yerine geti:rilmesinin ad.Idrr. Diger )Jir ifadeyle zekat, toplumun farkh· kesimleri arasmda kurulacak maddi ve manevi kopriiniin ibadet sevab1 icrerisinde mecburi hale getirilmi~ ~eklidir. Zekat, toplumu birbirine baglayarak toplumsal ban~J saglar ve insanlara · topluma yonelik fayd~h i~ler yapmayt ogretir. Falcirlerin zaruri ihtiyacrlar altrnda ezilmesini ve bu ihtiyacrlanm kar~tlarnak iizere kotii yola dii§melerini engeller. ihtiyac1 kar§llanan insanlar

• A):.(RaH MeM.llJXor.uy, Om M<U.1llei<ernn< ymmepcJITemmm ApamaH ryMamrrap.zu,uc BBCTWfYTYHYH Teonorwllj>aK)'.lThTenm:HB OK'JTYY'f'jcy, amemduboglu@yyu.edu.tr . .

211

dogru ve iffetli bir hayata yonelirler. Zekat, se-':Veti ve mall arm<hrdt~ bibi aym zamanda k.i~ileri de olgunla~tmr. insanda ol~abilecek mal :hlislDl, a~m mal ve diinya sevgisini azaltrr, bencillik ve cimrilik gibi kotii huylan engeller. insanm kalbini anndmr. i~ bu makalede ozelde KrrgiZistan, genelde butiin Musll.iman toplumlarm sosyal ban~1 ve huzuru i<;in C(Ok onemli bir faktor olan zekat ve toplumsal yararlan l.izerinde durulmakta<hr.

Anahtar Kelimeler: islam Dini, ibadet, Zekat, Toplum.

I. HC.JIAM ) ~Iii H 11 H,u;E <<llliA,!(A T» TYIITYHYIY

«I16a,naT» ce3YH apa6 rnmmeH KbipiDI3 TIDIHHe oo.napcaK, «MOIOH CYHYY, 6am miyy, KYJitrYJIYK, Ta6omyy, c'bromyy» .nereB Maammep.nu TYJOHTaT. 1 Mcna.M .zrmnm.ne «n6a,naTT'biH>> Tap >KaHa KeH; MaaHHcH 6ap. TieH,neHFil:I Arrna Taanara KapaTa 6arrecTereH CyHyyCYH, 6epHrrreHJJ.J.ITHH ,naJIHJ1,nereH ce3KM-T)'IOM, oH:-TyniYHYI< >KaHa aMan-ImiTepmnm 6ap,nbirDI, 6.a. MoMHyH}J.ar.bi MIDI)J,eTTep.I(H an<apbrn, a.nan-apaMTa I<.Dm,naT MaMHITe >Kacoo MeHeH .A.r.mam.m a.nan >KOJIYllaH JKYI)ymy T<eH; MaaHH.ne <rn6a.nan> 6onyn caHanaT.

2 Eyn

eiiyrreB «Amla Lrpaa3bi 6ono zypram> )KaJIIILI 3JJJJ;HH )Ka.I<.IIILIJILII"bi, aTa-)K)lprryH na.B:,nacbl yrryg. an<ap:Dirrqy HIDTep.l(IDI ap 6HpH e3yxqe H6a.naT. Y:B:-6ynelfY, 6ana-6ai<.DrpaHDI a,l.(an >Kon MeHeH 6aryy, ryyraH-·ryymr<aH.l(apra Kapanamyy .l(a hairraM6apbi6bT3)l.LIH KYITYY xa,zn~cTepHHJJ.e <<H6a,uaT» r<aTaphl Kaparrraa. ,I(eMei<, MYCYITMaH 6a.rracLI yqyH HHeTKHe )l(apama ap 6up mmm H6a.naTI<a aH:namyy M'{MKYHJ1:YrY 6ap. A.n6erre, 6yn )l(ep.ne maprutrra 1'LIHyy ca.JILmraa f<YHee mrrrep.zn;I H6a.naT HHern MeHea )l(acooro ypyr<caT 6epHIT6eiiT. hipac, 6yn Aml:a Taanam.m 6yH:pyr<TapLma Kapa.Ma-KapmLr I<a)l.aM TamTOO .nereH,l(HK.Ke )l<aTaT.

An 3MB Tap MaaHHCH TeMeHKY'le; H6a.naT - Amlara raaa I<YJitrYITYK KbiJ1yy Yli'{R

MYCYITMa.H 6aJJacLma 6yropyrrraa 6eJII1fJIYY HID-aMan.l(ap. Eynapra aaMa3, opo3o, 3eKeT, a)KJ)IJIDIK, Kafu,rp-ca.nara, RTIIKacp, AimaHh! 3HI<Hp KbiJlYY c~ouncryy a6a.narrap KHpeT. ,I(eMeK, H6a.narrap )!(aHa a.rrap)l.DI an<apYYffYH TapH3H zyypanyy Anna Taana Tapa6'bmaH 6Hn.nnp:HJrreH. MYHY MYCYITMaH.l(apra a3Hpem MyxaMMe,n (ca.rrrra.rrnaxy aneH:xH sacarrnaM) IIa.HraM6ap'bi6LI3 ~en<eH. OmoH,IJyi<Ta:H H6a,n;arrap)l.bt IIaH:ra.M6aph!6LI3 yitpen<eH Tapa3.ne opya:.nazyy 3apLm. .

<ilifia.l(aT» TyiiiyHyiYR"fH Tap )!(~IRa I<ef( MaaHHITepH Hern3H 6HpH-6HpHH TOnyKTan zypaT. MycyJJMaH a.l(aM MORlryli.narhl nap3 n6a.l(arrap)l.bl an<apLm, mapiDITll>m HerH3HH)J.e apaM-a,narrra 3TIDIT MaMWie )l(acoo MeHeH e~ Ketmpce, -Ky.l(aH: 6yropca- aHLIH ap 6np HIIlli

n6a,nan<a a:B:namaa 6onoT. Tiap3 HaMa3,napom oeyraR, opo30CYH KapMaraH, 3eKenm 6epreH MYCYJIMaH a.l(aM)l.LIH a,l.(an )l(QJI.l(O TamTara.H ap 6Rp Ka.l(aMLI, ap 6Hp mrrn HHenrne )l(apama H6a.naT 6orryn 3cemeneT. AJI 3MH KHM.nHp 6npee «MeH HTIITen )KaTa.M. HaMa3 o:Kyraara y6aKTLIM )KOIO> .n;en nap3 a6a.narrap)l.DI an<ap6aca, qon KYHee KMJiraH 6orroT. AH.u:biKTaH. "tt.cycyiTMaH a,naM arrra~ nap3 R6a.nauap)l.bl aTKapbllllbT Ka)l(eT.

I16a.l(aT HcrraM .l(IIHHH.lJ;e >Kann.I3 )J(apaTKaH A.rrn:ara raHa I<LI.JibmaT. .HcnaM.na <<naHraM6aprrapra )Ke aa.JILIM.-orryiDiapra n6a.naT I<Lmyy, c'bllibmyy» .nereH TYJUYHYI< )!(OK. )J(apaTKaH Ar.ma Taana hliibii< Kypaa.n:a 6yTYJi.neH: a.l(aMJaT ypnan.ma TeMemqqe I<atip:omaT: «3il, aJJ;aMJJ;ap! CuJJepJJ;B JJ;a, CHJJepre qeiimncunepJJ;n JJ;a :mapaTKaH ~aJirhi3 3re~epre

. 4 n6aJJ;aT KLIJJTLJJia! MptKfll, KOpKoopcyi{ap (3cHB;epre r<en33pc.~mep)?!» HcnaM )J;IfiiH

60IOE[qa, )J(apaTKaH Amla,naH 6aiTIKa Hepcerrepre Ta6:omyy a,naM)l.bi McnaM)l.aH tibrrapaapbi 6LIID'biK. Y-qypJH.l(a 6ynapra (M.l(OJI.l(opro) cLllibm:ra.H 6ymapacTapra )KOOn KaTap'bi

1 H6a MaH3yp, MyxaMMe~ 6HB My:KappaM, J!Hcaayn:L-Apa6, «a6.It>>, Eeiipyr, T. IV, 259-279. 2 El.mal.ili Hamdi Yaztr, Hak Dini Kur'fm Dili, 1stanbu11935, I. 95. H6a~aT Mace.neca 6orolf<Ja t<ea;HpH

Maan:r;w:aT arryy Y'fYl'I KapaJU>13: <<ihadet» Diyanet islam A.osiklopedisi (DiA), XIX, 232-251. 3 EyxapiDi, A:3aa, 18; Haca.Ifi:i, MaaacHK, 220. 4 .

EaKapa cypecy, 21-an.

212

'fYDIYPYJir8H «an-Kaacpnpyym> cypecYB~e: <<Aii'na.m (3ii, Mp:aMMa.ll): "3ii, ~eaam.tpnap! Men cJJnep cLiih.mrau uepcenepre CLiiiLm6anMLIB, Cunep }larLI Men cLriiLmran (*aJ1r~>l3 A rmara)o CLIHI>IH6aiic~>~n.ap. ,I(ar-Lt }la MeB cnnep Cl>liil>luran uepcenepre cLriil.m6aiiMMH, :maua .na cnnep ~teD Cl>liil.mrau (Armara) cMiiLm6aiicMnap. Cnnep,nnu AJ~ep - 93yaap Y'fYB, a 1\feRim .I(HRUM - 63YM "f'IYR!» - ,neJieT.

A3Hpem Mea naiiTaM6ap.DJll <<Ky.D;aih> JKrum «Ky.D;aii;D;Dm 6anac})I» I<aTap:E.I 1<epyn, ara R6a.D;aT I<Jillif'aH,llap >KeBYH,ne Kypaa asrrrap})IHhlR 6HpHH,~J;e MbiH,IJ;aH .D;eneT: «~IHALtrLIB}la, MapHHM yyny Hca MacDXTII "Ann a" }lereuAep Kaam,Ip 6onyniTy. AKLiiiKarra, MacHX: "3ii, Hcpaun ypnaKTapLI! A.rmara ICYJI'IYJIYK Ia.mrMJia! Meuun 3reM- cunepnu }la 3reu;ep! KHM Annara mepmc Komco, Anna ara lieiiDmTR apaM KLIJiaT. ARLm :lKaiii>I ­To30K OT)'. Omon}loii 3JJe, 33aJILIM.Ilapra map}laM'ILmap 6oJI6oiiT!"-}len aiiTTLI»5

' MCJiaM .runm:a:,ne a.llaM 6anac])IJibUi 6yn .zcyfu-:~ere J<e.JimiimWH e3eK Mai<canr - 6yJI

)J(mr3 )l(apaTJ<aH Amrara R6a,naT KbTJIYYo Eyn 6anma 3apWIT cypeCYH.D;e )l{apa:ri<aH Alina: «Men :~KHBn:ep.llll :lKaHa a}lal\f)lap,n~>I manrLt3 93fM9 u6aJiaT KLinyynapLI yqyn raHa :lKaparrbiM» 6 Jieih.

M6a.naT - 6yn e3YH )Ka.JlThl3 AmraHJ>rn I<YJlY xaTapr,t Kepreu rrea.neimH )J(apaTKama 6oJiroH MOIDH cyr:ryyqyrryry, Am,rn a}lan )KOJIY MeReu "'YJ)ymy 0

H6a.uaT - )l{apaTKaR A.Jmara 6onron 3H; apyy, 3:S: yrryy cyiiyyHyH 6e.1II'HcJ.L A.naM

6anac})I 6yir apyy ce3HMHH )l(apaTKaB Ky~ence Amm )Kap.rn,1K-6yHp}'KTapr,ma 6am Ifl.Gm, Tblliyy canrau uepcenepRHeH am.rc 6o.n:yy MeRes: raua .L(a.JUIJI.D;eii anaTo

H6a}laTTLm KOpKfB 'ILrrapyyqy TananTap:

1. lii>IH MKJiac:

lh.m r,IKJiac - u6a.narrbm KepK)'H 'lbiTapbm, aLKap.biH aqyyqy aTe TYHYK ce3HMo Eyn apyy ce3HM 6oro}fqa KemereR KypaB asrrrap:E.IH,L(a Tai<bi6aa.rn,II<Ka, H6a.uaTKa 6ar.DITTaJibm, Maa.rn,IM,nanraao Macenes:, 6yn 6an1rra I<YTTYY aJITTap.L(a: «lKapancaH 3reM 2.llliJierryy.JiyKe 6yiipyiiT. Ap 6up Me"'!Hrrml an,n:LIJI.lla myJynap.n:y KLI6Lmara Tf3.ll9D, .JlDH.lle qbJH biKJiacrau Ara {A.rlnara raua) ~aJILIHbm-:lKan6aprLma!. .. »7

, «(3 .ii, MyxaMMa.n) - Llpac, MeR .llHB,ne 6up raea A.nJiara 6epumm, u6a.a:aT KLmyyr a 6yiipyJir aHMLlB - .llCrDB!»8

, <<A.Jlapra 'lbiBhlTbl ,l{DB.llH Ta33 oeKeM KapMan, 6Hp raaa Annara CLiiihtuyyra 2KaHa R~ta3 oKyn, JeKeTTII (THemenyy) opyn}lapra 6epyyro 6yiip)'K KLIJibiH}lbl. MbiHa ymyJJ raHa - 3KLIHK3TTLIH * OJiyB KapMaHraH a.l{aMJI3p.llbiH Ta3a ,L(IIHH»9

, «HaMaJLIR xymyy (%IH })ll(JiaC) MeHeB OicyraH MOM)'li­M)'CYJIMaH.llap uiirunHKKe :lKernn:rrn •.• »10 ,L(ener.

<<Xymyy» - 6yn rreH.l{emm rypras:-rypnanr MeHeH :>KapaTI<aB AmraHbm an,z:u:.:w.n:a Typr aH.ZU,IIl>IH aan:an-ryroy ce3HMHo A3HpeTH ITaiirruvr6apbi6bi3 Amlamm I.rpaa3bT.JII,If':bi yqyH

l:fbm })ll(Jiac MeHeH aTKap})m6aras: H6a.L(aT eypynaii, rraii.L(aCI:.13 apai<eT 69nyn 3cerrTenepH.H aiiTKaa11

0 OmoBJlYKTaH MycyJIMau neH;l(e HaMa.s yqypyR.l(a 6onc.YH~ opo3o yqypyR.D;a 6onc)'R, aifroop, ap Kaqas: 'lbiH >KypeKTeH )J{a..JITI.I3 )J(apaTKaa Amlara ras:a 6eT a.rn,m, Am.m Ke3eMe.nyH.L(e -cypraH.IU:>IIl>m 3tr J<aqaH 3CRHeH %rrap6amr,r KCl)I<eTo

5 Mmr.na cypecy, 72-MT. 6 3apwrr cypecy, 56-SJITo 7 Aapa<f> cypecy, 29-a;n:. 8 3yMap cypecy, ll-aJiT. 9

0 Ea.IDi:H:Ka cypecy, 5-SJITo 10

0 MyMHHyya cypecy, 1-2-aJriTapo 11

0 Eyxapm:i, HMaa, 41.

213

2. 3Jire Kopyu6o&lJY.JIYK:

3nre Kepyuyy ycryB H6a.u;aT ' KI.myy H6a,naTTbm 6epeKe-KyTy mm,naii TypCYH am;r «R6a,naTThTIO> KacHenmea TOJIYI< KaH.zzyy Typ,ne a>t<i.tpan.m, rrea,neHR oop ICDip.I(aarr.na I<a.JIThlpaapni TOJIYI< MYMJ<YH. 3nre Kep~ JKH )l(f3JlYYJiep.zcyH J:S: Hpil.nern eJrelierryKTepyByi:I xaTapnmaB op}'H arraT. Eyn 6an.rrra Kypa.H aKITapniB1>IB 6HpRH,ne MbiB,D;aH .neneT: <<hlpac, 3KB )Kf3JcyyJiop A.IJJiaHLt an~araara apaKeT K.biJibtmaT. An 3MD

A.JI (A.JIJia TaaJia) anapra aJI~aMqt.JJILIKI'bm 3MBe 3Jteo~anm KepceTeT! AJiap HaMa3ra a~a~apra Kepyuyy yqyu raua )KaJIKOOJIOlfYII 'fYpywaT. AJIJiaHLI aTe a3 (TJi!f. yqyuau r aua) 3CTemeT. Anapra ~a (MoMyH.uapr a), 6yJiapra ~a (KaanLtpJiapra) KOmyJia aJI6aii, opTo.uo apcap a6aJI.na 6oJIYWaT ... »12

•

3. Ta3aJILtK:

H6a,naT K&myy yq:yH 3:S: arrraq .naapaT, rycyn )J{e TruiMM)'M anyy MeHeH ChipTK&I TB.aa.n:bU'LI6bO~I caKTan, aH.Ua.H coB, pyxaRlrli )l{aKTa.H HHeTH6H3,UR ·iyg,nen, ap KaH,naii hrnnac ~ep.neu am.rc 6orryn, )KaJITbl3 2KapaTIGUIJU>IB bipaa3LUIDIIDIB raua Ta6yyra 6eT a.n:biiiiLI6bi3 Kepei<.

4. TypytcryyJIYK:

MycyJIMau 6anacbi H6a.u;arrapblll 6MYIJJ'HYH ai<.@pLma ~eH:Im aTKapbiiiiLI KepeKrnrn )J{6JiYH.,ll;6 xerrrerea rurrrap.na Maam.IM,nairrau. Eyn 6arhl.TTa XIDRp cypecYHJle: <UlCapaTKaH 3 r eo;e aJIKLliU aii:TLm; · ~aaa3ana! Cam)lara 6am KoiiroH,llop.uon 6oJI! KeJ ~rraura qeiiHH )l(apaTKaH 3reae JtyJI'I)'JIYK MUJI.UeTHMR 8To!»13 an 3MR MapiDIM cypacya..na: « ... An (A.nna Taana) THPYY TypTaHLIM~a Mara aaMa3 OKymyl\fJlY, JeKeT 6epmnUM.Uif 6yiipy.ny»14 .neneT.

Eyn rurrrap.nau .na Maam.IM 6onrou.noii, MYCYJIMa.H a.naM 6anaraTKa )J{eTKeH KYJI,U;eH TapTa aMYIJyayR aK&IpbiBa .neH:pe A nmun;m 6yiipyx-)l{apnLIKTapbma KapaTa )l<oorrryy 6orryn ::tcemerreT. OmOH,ZzyKTaH ap 6Hp MYCYJIMaH 6arracn1 YTYPYM.DYK 6yn )J{arrtoo.no Arrna Taana Tapa6blllaH 6enrm~eiiTeH TY6enyx 6aJCDlTTblll ,n:rurp MhlibaM-JpeJKenepa MeHeH ap.uaKTyy MyxaMMe.n (cannannax:y arrefurn ~tacannaM) TiaitraM6apbi6bi3.1l;biB ynrycYBJle aMYIJ Keq:apmmr 3ap.r,m.

ll. 3EKETTIIH MAI:(bl3:bl, 15 M.AAffiiJIYY JIYrY )KAffA ID.APTT AP:bl . . 3eKeT neKCHKOJIOI1UIJII:iU< Maamr.n;e, «Ke6eiiyy, 6HYY, 6epeKere 6eJI6HfY, Ta3a.JIOO»

.neren TYJIIYHYKT6p.IJ:Y 6epeT. HcnaM,na TeMemcyqe am.IKTanaT: «3eKeT - 6yn, MaTep~aJI.Il;biK )I(aKTaH 6e.rrrnnyy emeM,ne Ma.JI-MYJIKKe 33 6onroa a,naM 6afur.orroiHLIH 6e.rr:rnnyy errrieMYH Loom KypaH.!(a KapcaTYJITeH an;aM.I(apra 6epyy».16

12• Hnca cypecy, 142-143-rurrrap.

13• XroKp c\'lJecy, 98-99-rurrrap.

14• MapWlM cypecy, 31-aJIT.

15• 3eKer Macenec.R J?lCJJaM YKYT'}'BJla <<Km:a6ym.-xapaJJO> )!(aHa <d<Hra6}'1Ii-ar.maam.» anyy KBTemep.11e e3

aJJ.Ilb[Htla mnrenren. Eyn Macene 6moma xapam.t3: A6y IOcy<P, .5b<y6 6.RR H6paxmf, Kwra6ym,-xapaJK, EynaJ<, 1302, (TYPK TIJ.JIRBe KOToproa: Ali Ozek, t01F y., tstanbul, 1973); H6n Pa21<a6, A6ym.-<DapiDK, Am.­J?IcmxpiDK m1 aXI<aaMHID>-xapiDK, (6acMara .llaHp.llaraH: A6.nynnax CE>l)l.lUIK, MI>TCblp - 1934; A6y Y 6aH.Il, A.rrb-KacbTM 6rm CanaM, Arrr:.-AMBaa.n:L (6acMara .nrurp.naraa: MyxaMllfC.Il Xa.rmn Xappac, EeH.pyr- 1986); J?I6e 3ymr<aarui:x, Klrra6ym.-aMBaam., CynauMam~e KIITem<aeacbl IWT. ~ 141 (KeqypMe TYPYB.Il9 ); (6ac111ara .llrutp.llaraR: UT1001p .L(H6 ctlamt~. T. ill, 3p-PRll,A -1406/1986); Ky.nam.ra 6HH )l{a«l>ap, Am.-Xap3)!( (6acr.tara .llaHp.llarae: MyxaMMe.ll XycaM:mi a.a-3y6cilm;m1, Ear.r~a.n - 1981; Am.-Kypann:rli, ..sixs: 6tm .A,nal\t, Kma6y.m.-xap~U~< (6acMara .nrurp.r~araa: AxM~ MyxaMMe.l{ lllaK:Hp, Kaap: ac-Cana<Ptrlbr - 1949. .

16• r<apae;DI3: J?l6H H)')KaitM, 3a:iiHy.ll,D;Im 6HH H6pa:xiDt, Arrr:.-Ea:xpyp-paa.m< mapx KaB3Y.ll-.l{aJ<aaHK, EeHpyr-

1422/2002, T. IV, 256.

214

3eKeT licrraM .mmmmern 6em TYPKYKTYH 6npH. A.m,m_ mapnap:&ma )!(Oon 6epreH a.naM.nap yqya 3eKer 6epyy nap3 6onyn 3cemener. 3eKernm rraP3,a6a.nar 6orrroH.nyry 1mm KypaH )!{aHa cyRHeT. MeHeH racTbii<Ta.nraa. 17

MyHyH a.ta.Ipene cypam ere oop 6orropy, omoay MeHeH 6npre 3eKeT 6epreH,D;ep ai<bipene aK:&I6enrH aJII:&n<qac:&I MeHeH a.rrap:&I MTia amm aiinmar.18

TeMOHKY maprrap 3eKeiTBB nap3 6oJIYIIIYB TaJian KLIJiaT:19 ,

1. MycyJIMaH, a.ta.IJI-3CH TOJiyK, 6anararKa )l(eTKeH a.naM 6orryy

2. EeJIDIJieHreH (mrcan) eJI1IeM.D;e MaJI-MYJII<Ke 33 6orryy

3. 3eKer yqya: 6erryHreH MYJIKTYH ycyYHeH 6Rp :>Khiii.ZU,IH erymy

4. 3eKeTH 6ep11ne rypraa: MaJI-M)'JIKTY Korr;no.ayyra TOJJYK MYMJ<Ylf'IY.JIYKTYH 6orrymy

5. 3eKeTI<e 6eprurqy Mrui-MYJlKTYB Ke6eHyi1 rypyyqy e3reqerryKTe 6onymy

6. 3eKeTI<e 6epmrqy 1ITJIKTYH Kap:&I3,naH nmmap:&r 6onymy

3eKeTIHH TOJIYK opyu,naJILimbi rrYJI 3apt.m maprrap20

1. HneT: 3eKeT - 6yn H6a..nar. A.H..rr;I.ncrali 3eKeT H6a.nar:&I ycrya .na IDieT K:&IJIYY mapr: :HMaM A3aM ar:&IM:&I 6oroHTia, 3eKeTI'H 6epyy yqypya:.na mieT I<lilliYY KepeK. Ac:&rpece, 3eKerrH 6erryn-6enyn 6epyy MYMJCYH 6oJIT'OR)zyTy yqya: aH:&I 6e.nyy yqypya.na 6np JKOJTy mrer .K:&IJzyy )l(enmrryy?1

2. 3eKerrn 83 33Jiepnae Tanmt.tpyy (Tal\1JIBK): Tar:&rpaai< aiiTKaH.na, 3eKeTI"H 3eKeT ana rypraa a.naM,n:&m 33nHrRHe erKe3yy Keper<. 22

3eKeT 6ep.I-Jne rypraH Marr-MYJII<Tep 2Ka.Ha eJ11JeM.n;epy, 3eKeT 6epHne zypraH )l(epnep, 6eprme rypraH y6ar:&I )!(aHa a.nenTepH c:&UII<Tyy Macerrerrep cp:&m:&IX KFITenrepmme ere Ke~H JiliiiTerrrea:.23

EH3 6yn Macerrenepre TOKTon6ocTOH 6orrroay 3eKenmr aiip:&IM KOOMJlYK naii.na.rrap:&IHa TOKTOJIMOKqy6y3.

17. KapaiU>t3: Bilmen, OmerNasuhi, Hukuk-1 tslamiye ve Isttlabat-t Ftkbtyye Kamusu, istanbul1986, IV, 77;

:>Ka3Mprrn, A6;zyppaxMaH, A..rn.-4Jmoc 'barram.-Ma3aaxH6H.lib-ap6at.a, MI.tcLip - 1939, T. I, 590 (TY.PK THJIHHe KOToproR: Mehmet Keskin, Dort Mezbebe Gore islam Flklu, istanbul, 1993: s. 845); M. Erkal, Zekat - Bilgi ve Uygulama, istanbul 2004; Kap,nasB:H, I0cy4J, <t>mcxY3-3aKaT, EeiipyT - 1980, T. I, 38.

18• Too6a cypacy, 34-rurT.

19• llia$Hoffi:f, MyxaMMe,n 6RR H.clpRc, Klrra6ym.-YMM, Eei%pyr, T. II, 27-28; 116R Xa3M, A6y M:yxaM:r.te.n Alm,

AliL-Myxannaa (6acMara .ltaJIP,ltanm: A. Ill;u;,rap-M. Myanp, KaRp -1347/1352, T. VI, 111; H6a Ky~aaMa, Myxaw.te,n 6mr A6.nrumax, Am.-Myrmdt, KaRp, T. III, 50; Capaxcrrn, lilaMcyMRH, AliL-Ma6cyr, MhlcLip -1324, T. II, 162; Kaacaru:mH, Anay.w:tmi A6y :SaJ<p, Ea,namyc-caHacm 4Jxm TapTIW6BIII-mapaaH, Eeiipyr: ,l(aapym.-Mcu.pB$a- 1420/2000, T. II, 8-16; MaBcm:m:H. A6,tzymrax 6RB Max.MY.n. Am.-I1xnllrp, KaRp-1951 ' T. r, 99; Taxasmi, AxMa~ 6RH MyxaMMe,n, Am.-MyxTacap (6acMara .nrurp.l(anrn: A6ym.-Ba<Paa a,m:,­

A4JrarorK, KaRp - 1380, 45-6; Mapnmamdi, EypxaR)'JU(HB A6yn-XacaH, A.m.-XH.na.srry mapxa 6B.n!IJlTWD,­My6TaJ(H, (6acMara .naRp.naraB: AxMa.n MaxMy.n IIJaxaa.na, .l(aMaCK: Jlaapym.-«%>ap4Jyyp- 1427/2006, T. m, 327; I16R Pym.n, Ka3tl A6ym.-Ba.JlH.n MyxaMMe,n 6mi AxMa,n 6RB MyxaMMe.n 6RH Pym,n a.m,-Xaqm.n, EH,na.&tym.~lltY,j(-raxB,n Ba HHXaJl1)'JIL-MyKT8CK]:( (rypr< THJIHBe KOToproa: Vecdi Akyiiz, fstanbul, 1991, T. n, 83.

20. Eyn Macene.ne ap Kaiic&t Ma3xarrrap.ltbrn K93 Kapamrapt.t yqyH KapaJlbt3: I16a Pym,n, T. II, 83; .AJn,-)J{a3BJ>I'rH,

846-852-6.6. 21 • Ca,npym-mapm.R., A6,tzynnax 6ro:r Mac'by,ll, MyxTacapym.-Bm<o»: MaT.a mapxa mcmcaapyp-pRBaJI, Eeijpyr:

,l(aapym.-eyry6WIL-IDIMlrWr- 1426/2005, T. I, 230. 22

• Ca,npym-mapm..ll, T. I, 229. 23. r<apaf{T>t3: I16H Pym.n, T. II, 83-136; A..rn.-:>Ka3Hpltif, 846-894-6.6.; H6R H)')KaiD.t, T. II, 318-380; Kaacaa.Ft:Rii,

T. II, 5-111; Mapnma.a:IDi, T. ill, 323-370. . . 215

3eKeTI<e 6epmryyqy MaJI-MYJIKTep24, 3eKeT KHM,Ilepre 6epH11eT25, 3eKeT 6epYYJiYH yqypy, 3eKeT 6epyyHyRTaplii3H, 3eKeT 6epyyHyR a.nerr-TapTH6H

m. 3EKETTHH KOOM,l(YR ~Phl

3eKeT Kypm;na _JKaHa CYRHeTTe 3:S: Kerr 3CKepHJITea 6yiipyt<Tap.z:o;m 6Hplil. 3eKer zyypanyy Kypa.H,na KerrTereEI 6yiipJKTap 6ap. Anap.z:o;m aiipLIM.nap:r,t TeMeHKyrrep:

«HaMa3 OKJII, 3eKeT 6epmi, aKI>rpeTI<e HIIIeiiTeEI MOM}'EI-MyCyJIMrumap 3recR Tapa6:r,ma.EI Tyypa JKOJIJJ.O . .l(an omorrop :~-rlinmin<Ke .JKe-ryyqyrrep!»26

« ... A.3arr 6onc.{'El om orr mepm< KOIDKOEI,nopro! A.rrap 3eKeT 6epmnneii.T JKaHa aKI>rpeme .na HIIIemmmeiiT!»2

•

JilcJiaM.z:o:,m 3R: Marunmyy e3re~erryKT8pYJlYH 6HpH - .nyihre Taam:.JM:&TRDIH Hern3R MaTepiDI MeHeH pyxaHIDimm, .nyihre MeHeH aKI>tpeTTHH opTocyEI,na T)'JreEI Tapm6H, Tel{ caJIMaKT)'Yrryry. HcrraM Macenemr Tei< MaTepiDI MeHeH raHa Kapa6aiiT, TeK .nyii.He Ha3api.I MeaeH raRa Ha3ap can6aiiT, pyxaR1fH Ha3ap MeHeH, aKbrpeTTliiK Ke3 Kapam MeaeH .na KapaiiT. 3eKeT MI>ma ymyn eH;yTieH .na e3re~e Maamrre 33. Ce6e6JI 3eKeT - 6yrr pyxa.muiT Meaea MaTepiDIHDm opTOcya.na TYJYllTeH 6aiiJiam:.rrrrnm JKaaa Tel{ CaJIMaKTYYJIYKTYB aern3,nepmnm 6HpH 6onyn JcerrTerrer.

3eKeT .na HcrraM,l(hlH 6aUII<a 6yiipJKTap:r,r cbm;ap:r,r, JKY3ere JKemm am:r,rp:r,ma TypraR TapR3,ne TapTHIII<e Ca.JibiiiTaH. Hern3rn .KYHYMJ.WI< MJKT~IKTap.naH c:r,rpmapbl mapiDITTa 6enrnneiiTeB e.JPie~e Maii-MYJIKKe 33 6ollTOH a,naM Maii-MYJIKYHYR 2.5 naifi.I3bn£ Ke,neii­KeM6ararr,napra 6eprmm KepeK.

HcrraM .rnnnm.ne MaMJieKe'ITIIH 3KOHOMHKa.JibiK aenorn rraii:Jzy6a.Jibi MeHeH 6aiiii<.bi KHpeme 6ynan.1 3eKeT 6onyrr 3CeiiTeneT?8 MI:.ma ymyB;D;aH Maammyyrryrya.ea ynaM 3eKeT MyC}'JIMaB.nap.QI>IH HaMa3.l.(aB I<:Jilii:HmGr 3B. 6aiDKI>I MIDI,neTTepHHeH 6onyrr caaanaT. 3eKeTTHH KOOM.lJYK naH)laJiapbiH CaHan aJirbiHa lfhayy Kb:rifi.IH. A:a,nDIKTaB, 6H3 6y11 JKep,ne 3eKeTTRH I<OOM.zzyt< Uaif,nan:apblHJ:,IH aiip:E.IM,naptma TOKTOJIO KeTMei<"Uf6Ft3:

1. 3eKeT Almara bliiMaa KeliTIIpyyH:yH 6Hp .l.(aJlRIIR. A.z(aM3aTThl 6yn .zryfule.ne JKJmCH3 6a:IDiarr, 83YHe Tapnm wraa aepcerrep,nRH 6ami.-m.na 6amiK TypaT. MI:.ma omon

24• 3eKeTKe 6epWJYY'IY MaJJ-I\-fY1IKTep: I. aK'la, aJlTbiH )!(aHa ~tym. 2. coo.na 1\fYJIKY. 3. KMapaT, T)'paK->KaJ:i

){(aHa ysaa ct.rmcryy I<l'lpere (apeH.nara) 6epHMeH MYJII<Tep. 4. afun.U< a1<1>1,naa ,-ym:r<es mpeme. 5. 3aBo,n­c)>a6pm<a e~yu:rreppea TyDIKea rrnpeme. 6. MaJI-){(aH,l(l)ll<Tap. 7. t<ea 6.Wm,U<Tapr,t. 8 . .r:r;aa-3nm,nepn. 9. 6aJJ.

25. 3eKe-r 6epJUie T}'PraH ){(epJiep I a.naM.r:r;ap Too6a cypecyByR 60-rum.m.na 6esmmesrea. AJrrra Kepce-rynrea a.r:r;aM.nap TeMe:mcynep: 1. Ke.r:r;eiinep 2. I<apr,m-MHCI<HB,Itep 3. JeKeT Torrrooro MHJI.[(erryy a.n;aM,nap. 4. 1\ryaJJJiac)>a-H J<YJiyy6. 5. KYJI.[(ap. 6. Kap!>I31>I 6ap a,naM.r:r;ap. 7. Amla JKOJiyB,nan.map. 8. )I(OJI..nO KaJJraa:

a.r:r;aM](ap. 26

• Jl)'KMaR cypecy, 3-4-wrrrap. 27

• <I>yccWiaT cypecy, 6-7-rurrrap. Kypamr Kap.RM.r:r;e 3eKeT zyypanyy 6am:t<a rur:rrap yqyB Kap3l:{hl3: A.m.­MyL){(aMym-:r.ryc)>axpac, «3eKeK»; ToopaT MeHeH RIDKmr.nern 3eKeT MacenecR ryyparryy t<apaB;Lt3: A. Osman At~. Cahiliye ve Ehli Kitab Orfve Adetleri, 1st., 1996, s. 113-122. ·· ·

28• M:cnal\uta MaMJieKe'l'Tml KBpemenepH TYYPaJJYY t<apaB;LJ3: A6y IOcyc)>, l<Hra6ym.-xapa>r<, 344-6.; afq>Llt<<Ja

t<apam.n.nap: <I>ya.n A1m H6paxnM, Am.- Maaaapn;zy1fh-Maan-nfur c)>mn.-HcJiaM, Ml.lCL!p- 1972; Xacas A6;zyppaxMaa; Am.- MaBaapn;zym-Maa.mrfur qm11l>-¥!CJiaM, Kaap- 1961; Am.-Xam6, A6;zym.KapHM, Ac­Crurcazym-MaailJffut c)>Hm.-licJiaM, :Oeiipyr- 1975; AH-HasaBHii, A6;zyJILXaJIIn<, AH-HH3aMy.JJ.U-Maamrn c)>mn.-HcnaM, :tvwcLip - 1971; KarraB:Bii, A6.ny1fhxaitii, AT-TapaaTIDL6ym.-u,naapmJA, Pa6aT- 1346 (TYPK mmme KOToproa: Ahmet Ozel, istanbull990); Siddtk:i, S. A., Publlc Finance in islam, Lahore - 1952; Ak:yi.iz, Vecdi, Mukayeseli ibadetler ilmiha!i (1slam Ftldunda ibadetler), iz Yaymcilik, istanbull995, 3. cilt; Yenic;:eri, Celal, islam'da Devlet Btitc;:esi, istanbul 1984; Debbagoglu, Ahmet, islam iktisadma Giri~, istanbul 1979; Tug, Salih, i~lam ~ergi Hukukunun Ortaya <;oo~1, (Doktora Tezi.) ADiF y., Ankara 1963, s.112; Ahmed, Mabmud, Islam Iktisadt, c;:ev. YusufZiya Kavakc;:t, istanbul 1975. s. 168-170.

216

6a.iim;m.mm «AJDia:HhlH 6y:Hpyry» - .nen 'I:[E,m neihum Meaea 3eKer 6eprea a,na.M )l(apaTKaBDma 6orrroa cyityycyn, :>KYIJeryn.u.ery Iilli:MaHDm .u.amm.u.ereH 6onoT. Asrrra An:.na TaaJJa mm.u.aa .u.en 6yi{ypraH: «Cnnep e3yu;ep 2KaKWLI Kepreu HepceHll (A.rlna 2KOJIYHAa) capnTaMaiiLIHqa 2KaKDILtJILtKKa 2KeTe aJI6aicLio.ar· CnJIBP 3MHeAeH KaiipLIM)zyyJIYIC RLt.rrrau 6oJicoo.op, %~LirLIB,lla AJIJia 6uJJYYiiY!»2

2. 3eKeT HcnaM ,L(Hl1H811H apyy.rryryH aiinmene.HT. Ap KaH.D.aii: ~ep,n;BH eKYJI.!{epy qoryy )l(amaraB KOOMJJ.O M}'CYJIMaH.,C('DJ.B B.JJ.aM 311 KHM.D.eH .Ka:Brapi>!MbiH cypa6acTaH MJI<Ta)}(,r(apra )l(ap.D.a.M 6epyycy, ap )l(J:,IJihl TaiiKammr.IH 6eJirn.JIYY 6Rp 6enyryg M)'KTa)l(,llap MeHeH 6enyrnyn 6am:KaJiap,D;biH 6afu:I:blrcma Ke3 aprnoocy am,r 6yn a6anra aJII:.m KenreH .zzyffi,llHH Kaw:J.a.JlbtK a,romeT ,llHB 3KeH,l(IiiTHReH Kafiap 6epeT.

3. 3ei<eT M)'CyrrMaH,ll;bm Ky6enyry. Ap 6ap a,lla.M e3yne MYB63J.J:YYt e3re'tleJIY'..crepy MeHeH, niffMI>m-apa.Kern, )l(amoo mapTLI MeHeH KHMre, I<aiic:&r KOOMro, Kaiic:&r .mnrre TaaH.IJ.l>TK 3KeH,lll{rnH I<epceryrr rypar. 93reqe yqyp.u.an.t «Mea M}'CyJTMaHMDm» .u.err, 6BpOK 311 KaHJJ.aH M}'CY~aa%IJIDIKTDm maprrap:&m aTI<ap6araa a)J.a.MJ(ap I<OOM.IJ.O 6am:I<anap;:u.m e3yne M}'CyiiMaa Karap:&I MaMIDie nmyycy TIYH 6ami<a mapnap Meaea KaTap aaMB.3, 3ei<eT ci>uncryy I<e3re Kepyare:FJ n6a,narrap.IJ.l>t .u.a raK aTKapyycy Maammyy. A.lrrra MYCYJIMaa.u.ap.D.:&IH ci:.marrapLIR 6enranee.ne: «~IH.l{LtrLIB.IJ:a, MOMYH.IJ:ap- HiirHJIHKKe meTHDJTH • ••• aJiap 3eKeTHB .na 6epmneT.»30.u.en 6y:BpynraH.

4. 3et<eT omon :me yqyp.u.a 6aiinL1KTLI 6a:r.ormTan, Lipi>ICK.bi6Ll3.IJ:DI I>rpoonorou Ynyy )l{apaTI<~ Annara myrypqynyK, I>Ipaa3LUibiK 6IDI.llHPYYHYH. 6enrncn. Am.m 6yiipyryua 6am HiiyyHyH, Ara K}'.II 6onroHJrYIYHYH aHraTLI. A.ll;aM 6arracr.I 3eKeT 6epyy MeHeH YTYPYM.llYK Man-.ny.ayHecYH -ry6e.rryr< )l(bipraJI'tlbiJThiKKa aii:naHJJ.DrpaT, 6afun.m.mLm 6Bp a3 raua 6enyryn 6epyy apKbiJIYY aKDrperre aBDIH aKLI6enm aiiihll(tlaCY MeHeH aJJaT. 3et<eT a.na.M;W>m aK.bipeTTIIK ry6e.JIYI< 6aKTblCLI Y1JYH 31l COHyH ~ii<'YH1JYJlYK·

5. 3et<eT - KOOM.nyt< KaTMapnapJJ.])rn, t<e.u.eanep MeHeH 6afulap;:u.m opTOCYHJJ.a MaTepHaJI)J.Dli< )l(aBa MOpaJI)J.DII< I<errype K.bl3MB.ThiH 6T88'tJ:Y Hfia.U.aT. 3et<eT KOOIVI)J;Oty 6aif: MeHeH I<e.[{eB.D;im opTOC}'H.l(arni 6npn-6HpHHe 6onroa )l(eK I<epyyq:y.rryr<TYH 6oJIYIIIYHa ;qet< KOHOT. Myay MeaeH KaTap apanapi:.IH.D.am 6aii Ke.u.eif aH:hlpMatiLIJIDIKTapi>m )l(OHy.JIYIUYHa e6enre 6orroT. KaJIKThm Ka.Jlbm; KaTMapi>IH 6npn 6Hpime 6o.rrroa apanLIKT.bi )J<aKbiH.[{aTLm opTo opTOHKY I<aTMap.D.:&IH uerns.nen:m::rnm Ka.MCI:.I3)loo,no. KooM)J.o opTo a6arr.na eMYP cyprea 21<apaHJJ.ap)J.l>m Ke6e:Hymy 6a3ap 3KaBOMHKacLma ,[{a 6emmJJ.,Z:{HICI1i aJibm KeneT. Man-MyJIK 6np 3Jie TOIITYH :nmn HH){e >T<e KapaMari:.I:R,na (MOHOIIOIIIDIC:&IH.[{a) KaJIYYC)'HaH an:&m 't!DIThiD Ke.u.efu:rep.zum .u.a caTLm anyy J<YllYHYH apzyyc)'Ha uern3 6ono anaT. )!{aJiri:.o 3Jie 6aiirrap 3Mec KaJn<TLIH KaJII)IH: KaTMapLI ,lla KOOMlJYJIYKTa 3ti KLtiffiaJJ6acTaH 3apbiJI 6onrOH MYJ<Ta.:>I<.lli>II<TapbTH KaMCI:.J3.[{an 33H 3pKHH )l(amoo MYMKYHlJY.rryryHe 33 6onoT. OwoH.u.o:H 3Jie MaJJ-MyJIKKe 6aH.nap nrna 33.JIRK K.biJILUI.IblHa a.KTia I<azyy ThliOY cam.mra.H. A.rr6erre 6yn ,naTbl 3eKer 6epyy )l(OJIYY MeHeH Tea CanMa.KIYYJIYKTYH rypyx:ryy ryp,ne caKTaJILIIIIbiH KaMCbl3,llaHT. 31

6. Y nyy :>KapaTI<aH t<y.n,napbiHbiH mapaTLIJILIID )J<a:r.omaa 6onroa.u.o.H 3Jie )l(a!IIOO TYPM}'Dl )l(ari>lllaH .u.a ap 6amt<a .u.eB;f33JI.D.e )l(apaTI<aH. OmoHyH KlJRHea 1<33 6npn 6aH:, 1<33 6zpn I<e.u.eft )l(aHa 1<33 6npH 6orrco opTo a6an.u.a JKamamaT. Eap.D.:&ll< a.I(al\m;ap.IO">m. 6.ap.u.eii: .u.e}{T'33JI.U.e ~p~me 33CH 6orryycy MYMI<YH 3Mec. AliTKeJrn, KooM.no )l(001II<ep1:[l1Jllll( >Kaaa 3Reprrur · )J()'MIIIOO"t!}' )l(arE.maa 6.Hp:a-6HpHHeH Ken aifhlpMa't!DIJIDIKTYY MH.n,nerrep.u.n api<a.rraraa.u.ap 6ap. MI.ma ymyn )l(OOnt<ep'tJ:JIJ'Im<ryy MHJI):{errep)lR aTI<.ap6a:H: Koroyc)'HaH Kemm tibiKKaH 3bum)J.ap KOOMJJ.YH l.fii.IIDI TOKTOl)'yra apraCbl3 KbillB.T. Eap.IO">II< 3Jie

29. AaJ]J{-HMpaH cypecy, 92-rurr.

30. M)'MP.R cypecy, 1-4-rurrrap.

31• an-Xamp,7-ru!T

217

Khl3Marrap,nbiH 3"MTeK a:KlliCE.I 6np,neii 6ono 6epce, 31{ KHM oop )!(aHa )J(OOm<eptrn.JlHKryy m:JIKe blliTaa Koii6ocToH, ,nainJM 3ne )J(ea;runme Katra 6epeT. ·

7. KooM;nory IDKLipE.lMJJ.DI 6YTen, )J(eK Kepyy, etremyy, Kbl3~ cr:.Im<ryy >KaT canarrapra 6ereT 6onoT. KooMJzyK ThJHliTLUCI'I:.I, 6eHmrn,z:u;ncrR· )J(apaTaT.3 3ei<eT KOOM,Ilory HtiKH l>IpK-l>IHThiMaKThm hl,D;r:.Ipan Kenmnm aJI,D;l)IH ai:Ia -qapa ·I<epyy MeHeH 6yra 6ereT KOHOT. 3ei<eT 6epiDI6ereH KOOM,D;O 93 apa )J(ap,naM,D;amyy y:ayryna:r. :Saiinap MeHeH I<e,neiinep,nmr opTOcYH.na a,na:M,ZJ;biK_ 3H. )J(aMa:a canarrap,nr:.m 6Rpn 6onroH 93 apa Kacnn< .na rra:H.zla 6ono 6arrrraih. Eaiin:ap 6aiinl>rrEJH.a -.:mpemm 6aniKa.nap.DPI Kop TYTYJI, MeHMeHcmryy ma:aa )J(eK Kepyy 6aiiJTanaT. EaapbimiH eyrry )J(a:Ba Kb13MaTThiCbi 6onym I<epei< .IJ:ereB oii,no 6onoT. KepeK 6onco KYtJK9 canbm 6am HH,D;RpeT >KaHa 3YJIYM.zzyi<, Kyq I<on.no:ayyqyJIYK, 30p.I(}'K-30M6yrryR I<Dmyy.na:a apTI<a KaihnaiiT.Ke,neiblep,ne 6onco MJ.m,nail: 6aiinap,nr:.m e3y:ae )!(aHa 6aiirn.rrr:.ma KapaTa )J(eK K9pyy ce3RMR rraii,na 6onoT. Ap ,nam>rM aHbm 93YH9 )J(e 6aiinbm>ma 3r:.UIH 6epyyHY KaanaiiT.Yqypy I<ence yypyJiyE<TaH ,na 6ani TapTrraiiT. KooM,nory Ml>IH,na'H p~:amrii oopynap,na:a 3eKeT 6epyy J<YTI<apaT.

8. 3ei<eT KOOM)zyll Tb:mti.ThiTbm ma:aa mneimMHH 6eKeM,l.(eih. KooM.nory 6aW:Iap MeHeH Ke.IJ:eilllep,D;HH opTocy:a.nan.r aih.IpMaHbi asaH.TaT, opTO,no )I(biJIYY cesRM,nepAR n~a KLIJiaT. 3eKeT 6aiinap MeHeH Ke.IJ:eiinep.rum opTocy:a.na.r.E.I HllleHHMHEI MbiH.IJ:aH .na )J(OropKy .ue~33nre K9Tepyn bipaarryJIYKTY )1(9Hr9 canaT. OmoH,noii 3Jie 3eKeT 6a.H MeHeH Ke.ueu.n;mr opTocy:a.nan.I 3KH )J(aamt 6np6npm1e 6aiinara:a )J(aHa 6Mpn 6np:mre 6orrroH mnem.IM,r(H KaMC:r:.I3 I<brnraa 31{ HpR Kerrype 3KeH,IlHI'R mei<cm.

9. 3eKeT Man-MYJIK )J(aHa )l(aH I<ooncys.ll)'I'YH Kermn.zrma<e anapr:.I aii,nag al:[biK. A.n:6erre 6a.H a,naM 3eKeT 6epyy MeHeH I<ony:a.nan.r 6aiinb1n.m .zzym:MaH;Ziap.ua:a, yypynap.na:a )!(aHa )l<aMa:a Ke3,nea caKToo MeHeH 6Mpre.Jmi<Te 6afui::E.In.ma 6epeKenyyJiyKTY bipoonoHT. OmoH,noii 3Jie 6aniKanapra >KaKIIIbiJlbiK KblJIYY MeHeH apas.namyynap )I<OHyJIYII, anap.nr:.m .nocy 6onyn mam.m caKTaHT.

10. 3eKeT COIO'Ian,l(DIK KOOIIC)'3,D;yi<TyB )Ka.Ha )KannbJ I<aMCID.UOOHYH 6:up TYPY 6orryn ca:aanaT. MYJ<Ta>l<)lapara )l<ap.uaM 6epyy: Ke.ueii , 6eB: - 6eqepa, Kabi3.uyynap, )J(O~o Kanra:a )J(Onooqy cburrcryy ancbl3 a.uaM)lap,llbm KOJIYHaa )J(eTeJieii anapra )J(ap.uaM 6epyy 3ei<eiTRH 3B; Hern3rn Mai<carrapbmaa 6MpH 3KeH.lliD'H meKCR3.

11. 3eKeT MYJ<Ta>KTap,llbiH 6ap.l(DIK 6eeyrcrepy:ae )l{aHa 6yn 6enyKTep.zlYH ryney-6oro, )J(aH .IJ:Yiffi9cy )Ka:aa a.nen axnan.r ChJm<TYY ap KaH,lla.H MYJ<Ta>K 33JiepRHe KaMChi3.IJ:aR.llhlPYY Mai<CaTbiH K93..!:{9Wr. 3aMaM6an COI{RaJI)lbiK I<aMCoi3)laR,llbrpyy )J(9HYH.U9ry anratrl<bl IIHK:FipH 1941-)l<blJibi :aern3.nenreH. Ynyy EpRTan:rur Me:ae:a AKI.II 9KY~9PY 1941-)J(biJibl ATnciHnu<a KemiiiiHMli yqy:a qorynym eTI<epyniK9H. :Syn -qoryrryiiiTa :>I<ei<e a.uaM yqy:a COI:QiaJI)lDIK KaMCl>I3)laH,llbipyy yiOMYHJ'H Hern3.ueJimiTIDJe cre':IIfM -cn:.rrapr:.m.IKaH . . .

12. 3eKeT R6a.uaTbl IDIIT99r9 My.MI<yHtiynyry )!(OK aAaM,nap.l;UJH .na 3n Cliliri<TYY 9MYP cypymy:a9 93YlfCI9 K9M9K 6onyn, aqaptiblllbn<TaR oonaKTaTaT. 33

13. 3ei<eT a.uaM.llbl 3JI.llRH Kepenme )J(apa:(aH rraii,nanyy mnTep.un )J(acooro yilp9TeT.

14. Ke.n:eli-KeM6aran.uap.llbm Ke.ue-H.Jmi<nm .napnmaH )KaT mnTepre 6api.m, )!(aMaH :>I<OJII'O TynJyyllepy:ae TOCKOOll 60JIOT. YypyJiyK, TaJiaii-TOHOOqynyK, CORKyJIYK Cbuncryy )KaT

32• Eyn Macene}le Ke1UipH MaaJILI'MaT ~ xap3.1'{LT3: Karaoavi, Yusuf, Fak.i.rlik. Problemi K.ar~Js!Dda islam, c;ev.

A. Oztiirk, Ankara 1975, I, 45-94; Ebu Zehra, Mubaml:iled, islam'da Sosyal Daya.ru§ma, ((ev. Ethem Ruhi F1glab-Osman Eskicioglu, lstanbul 1969; Nedvi, Ebu'l-Hasen Ali, Dort Rillctin, c;ev. ismet Ersoz, istanbul 1977, s.ll5-187; Ozek, Ali-K.araman, Hayreddin-Aydm, Mehmet Ak.if-Erkal, Mehmet, ibadet ve Mtiessese Olarak Zekat. istanbul1984, s. 186-205; Ahmed, Mahmud, islam tktisadl, s. 127-129.

33. HH6 Hy>~<IIHM, T. n, 318.

218

Kepyaynrrep.ny a3aHTaT. Mytcr~Irbi op]'H,.o;anriLH a,.o;aM,.D;apm.m zyypa, ai< )Korrro rymyn eMyp cypyynepyae ce6en 6onoT.

15. 3eKeT a,.o;aM.z:o,m capa~TK ce3HMHH a3aiiThlll, ::~rrre JKap,.o;aM 6epyyre y1rpeTeT. 3rrre JKap,.o;aM 6epYYHYH brpaxan.maH, JKaHa3biTbiHaH .uaaM Chl3.z:o,rpaT. A,naM.z:o,m MaJI-My-l1I<I<e 6orrro:a amKepe cyKyy'cya 6acaH,Aanm, e3YM'JYJI.l(yK, 6on KeTepyyqyJIYK, 3bll<b"f:MW>IK cbuncryy Tepc canarrapra 6ereT KOHOT. MaM.ztDIB JKYPeryH )l(}'MIIlapn.m 6oopy:r<ep, M::>::>pHM,.o;yy 6onyyra KeH.llYPeT. •

16. 3eKeT MaJI-MyJJKTery mpnepp;H Ta3anaiiT.34 HcnaM ):(BID~ 6orolflla, 3eKeT - 6yn KeM6aran MYf<TruK a.naM,.o;ap.zn,m al<biCbi 6o.r.tyn 3CeiiTeneT. .NJ.rra: «... anap,.o;Lm Man­MyJJKYH.Ue M)'KT8.)J{ rceM6aran,.o;ap.z:o,m aKbiChi 6ap»35 .nen 6yropyrraT. 3rep 3eKeT 6epyyre Mmi.UeTTYY M)'CyJJMaH a,.o;aM 3eKemH 6ep6ece, Man-MynKyae 6:apeeHyH al<biCbm (apaM) apana.III'Tbrpraa 6onoT. Omo:a,.o;yKTaH an Man-MYJIKYH.nery 6HpeeHya al<biChm 33CHHe 6epyy MeHeH KHpnep.neH Ta3anamm.Ibt I<epeK. AlrrKeHH ::.q 6Ftp a.naM I<OOM,.D;OH a.Jil)JC JKamoo Me:aeH 6aiiJihlK TomoH: an6aiiT. Hpan.ztDI an y:K-6ynecy )!{aHa zyyraa,.o;apbi a:a,.o;aH coa KOOM Tapa6bmaR TY3Y.lii'8H ~nyKTep,.o;y KOJJ,nOHyy MeHeR 6afun,IK TOTITOHr, MM-MYJJKK8 ::>3 6onoT. Mbma ymyrr MYMI~Y,llyr<Tep.u;y naH,.o;anaFJYYHYH y3ypy KaTapbi 6a.H a,.o;aM,.o;ap KOOM,.o;ory Ke,.o;eH:, .>Kap.ztDI a,.o;aM,.D;apra Ko.rr.uoo KepceTy.II .>Kap,.o;aM 6ep.Hmll KIDKeT. KooMJlYK MYI<Ta.>K.z:o,ncrapra e3 Ca.JibiM,.o;apbm Komyynapbi I<epeK. KypaH,Ua 3eKernm a,.o;aM,l{hl Ta3anooqy KacHeTM JK~Hy.H.l(e Mblii,I(a:Hqa 6yK>pynaT: <<Anap.z:o,m MaJI-My.JIKYHeH 3eKeT an. Ce6e6H 3eKeT anyy Me:aea anap,.D;hl Ta3apnm, .>KaK!llbDihiThm apm1pra:a 6onocyro>.36

. 17. 3eKeT· ar<CJaH.hm pe3eps,.o;e KapMa.Jibm Typyn:ryH an.z:o,m anyy MeReH 6Hpre

mmecTmliDI. Kbinyyra 6an.rr 6epeT. AHTKeHH, KHpeme.nea 3Mec TyiiKy aKCJa.na:a (rramncbt3, anaca-6epececR3) 6epRJITell,I(ID'll yqyH am.I JIDITernn >Kypry3Meif)'HCJe ap KaqaH KeMlrii 6epeT. 3 ::.cH .nani MJ'HYH a3mm KeTIIImiH arr,.o;aa anyy yqy::a mmecTfiTUUII'a Tapryynan MbiH,.D;aH .Uarhl apryycYHa 6ar'biT arraT.

18. 3eKeT KOOMJzyK Tea ca.JIMai<TyyJIYKTy cai<TaiiT. Eap,.D;biK ~aM.D:ap,.D;bm 6Hp,.o;e:H .nap8.)J{a,.o;a 6aiiJI:r,m TOTITOocy My.MI<yli 3Mec. KypaH,Ua: «Arma LipLICKhl )(a 6np~mepAeH 6npuaep.no apTLifLtpaa.K IC.LJJU(bi»-.nen 6yiipyrrraH.37 EaDIKa currra 6onco Amla Taana: <<3refU(UH JKaicmLIJILrr.LIB aJiap 6enyn 6epume6u? A.rlapA.LIB .nyiiHe TDpBlfDJinrDBAeru Lip.LICKLICLIB apanapLIB .n.a 6n3 6e.rtynnyp.ayK. Ka3 6upHHeB 1C33 6np.HHHH Aapa.>KaCLIB KeTepJIYK. 3 rem:um LlpaHLIMbl anap.n;Lm )J(biiiBaraa BepceJiepDBea 2Kaicm.Lipaa~e.»38

.nen, 6ap.z:u,n< Hepce.n:e 6onrmr.n:oii ::>ne a.!(aM.n:ap.na .ua 6aH:-Ke,.o;eii, KYCJTYY-aJICbi3, 6aiJilfbi­)I()'MYIII'IY 6orroopya 6amm;araH. Omo:a,.o;yKTaH KOOM.ZJ;O ap .n:aih.JM 6aH: .uanr, Ke.neii .uanr 6o.n:ymy KepeK. AH.z:o,ucraa 6ynap.zo>m apacbiH.Aarbi amtpMaBbiR eTe qoa 6on6oocy yqya )KaHa 6aiinap.!(biP. 6aiJJI])IrbrnaH Ke.n:eiinep .ua na.M,.o;arraHa anyycy yqya Alina Tapa6'bTHaH 3eKeT rrap3 KbiJib1H!'aH.

19. 3eKeT KOOMI'O KapaTa MliJ1,l{eTHHeH KYTYJ!YY .>Ka:aa htpaa3b!%IJI])D< 6IDI}.IHPYYHYH 3Il Hem3ni .>KOJIY ::>Ke~,.o;MTR aCJ:Dn<-aifl<hrn.

34• H6a H}')Ka.H.M, omon ane X<ep.ne.

35• 3aprurr cypecy, 19-rurr.

36. Too6a cypecy, 1 03-aJlT. 37

• Haxn cypecy, 71-aJlT. 38

. 3yxpyljl cypecy, 32-aJ!T.

219