ch. 11 the industrial revolution
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 11Industries, Ideas, and the Struggle for Reform
c. 1750-1848
17th Century Agriculture
80% of W. Europeans
Open-Field System with fallow and
common lands
Agricultural Revolution (Mid 1600s)
Crop Rotation (eliminated fallow)
Nitrogen replacing crops
Improved animal feed
Enclosure MovementConsolidate land to farm
more effectively
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Pros and Cons?
Proletarianizationpeasant farmers became landless wage earners
The Dutch led the way in agriculture and drainage advancements
(then England. France lagged)
Jethro Tull’s seed drill
Food Production Way UpFood Production Way Up(England +300% 1700-1870)
• Growth stoppers = famine, poverty, epidemics, war
• Population Increase-Employment-Less infant mortality-Preventative meds-Water and sewage-Food surplus
Population Explosion 1700-1800s
Great Britain Late 1780s
toEarly 1800s
Industrial Revolution
Two “Revolutions”c. 1750-1850 c. 1870-1914
TextilesSteam engineIronRailroadsGlassmakingChemicals
ElectricityCombustion Steel (Bessemer)
TelephoneFilmChemicals
“There are few greater revolutions in human experience than the movement from the seasonal or ‘temporary’ hour to the equal hour. Here was man’s declaration of independence from the sun, new proof of his mastery over himself and his surroundings. Only later would it be revealed that he had accomplished this mastery by putting himself under the dominion of a machine with imperious demands all its own.”
-Historian Daniel Boorstin
Why Britain?
British Empire possessed key
factors of production
1. Transportationtransatlantic and domestic canals
2. Resources domestic and
colonies
3. Marketsdomestic and colonies
4. Agricultural Revolution
6. Stable Government
5. Labor ForceLabor Forceabundant and mobile
7. Strong Tariffs8. Economic
Rewardpatents, stable banks
and investors
Capitalisman economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for
profit, rather than by the state
Video\Indust Intro Vid.asf
The First Factories
The Textile Industry
Wool or Cotton
CardingSpinning
Weaving
***Cottage Industry couldn’t keep up with demand
James Hargreaves Richard Arkwright (?)
~1765 the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame
Spinning and Weaving
gradually moved to factories
-----------------------------------Products became cheaper and more
available (ex. body linen)
output and location dependent on power source
1787 - Edmund Cartwright’sPower Loom
Looms in the UK1803 = 2,400 1857 = 250,000
English cotton imports to be spun (pounds)1760=2,500,0001787=22,000,000
1840=366,000,000
Energy Sources: Plants, Animals, and Humans
a new source of power?
CoalCoal
James Watt1769: 1st Efficient
Steam Engine
Steam Engines =
more production,
new industries, and city growth
Early industry lit and lubricated by whale oil
The Iron Industry
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1780s Henry Cort’s
Puddling Furnace
Coke (high carbon coal) used to burn away impurities of pig iron
English Iron Production
1740 = 17,000 tons1740 = 17,000 tons
1788 = 68,000 tons1788 = 68,000 tons
1844 = 3,000,000 tons1844 = 3,000,000 tons
James Nasmyth’s Steam Hammer
Iron Bridges Shropshire, England, 1781
1830 George Stephenson’s Locomotive
RailroadsLower costsCheaper goodsLarger markets
Workers from the Country to Cities
Railroad changed outlook Railroad changed outlook and values of societyand values of society
“Workshop of the World”1860 England produced 20% of the world’s industrial goods
1851 London Great ExhibitionCrystal PalaceCrystal Palace
Burned down in 1936
Transformation of Society
BritishBritishQueen Queen VictoriaVictoria
(1819-1901)(1819-1901)r. 1837-1901r. 1837-1901
Victorian EraVictorian Era
Total British
Population1780
9,000,0001851
20,000,000+
Manchester, England (Cotton Industry)20,000 residents in 1750
400,000 residents in 1850
1852 Manchester’s Royal Charter gave House of Commons representation
Effects on Population
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
David Ricardo (1772-1832)
Population would always exceed food
supply
“Iron Law of Wages”Wages would always be low
due to population growth
Both do not see their theories become reality, butMany short-term problems for the masses
Changing Working and Living Conditions
New Class of Factory Workers“class-consciousness” - capital vs labor
Is Industrialism good for the workers? Society?
1799 Combination Acts1799 Combination Actsoutlawed unions and strikesoutlawed unions and strikes
Unskilled laborers drove Unskilled laborers drove down wagesdown wages
Sexual Division of Labor
“Separate Spheres”
Women Paid LessDead-End Jobs
-------------------------------Men Primary Wage
Earnerspatriarchal traditions
Working Conditions Shift Work, More Discipline, Less Freedom, Hot, Dirty, Dangerous, Long Hours, Low Pay
Friedrich Friedrich EngelsEngels(1820-1895)
Accused middle class (owners) of “Mass Murder” and “Robbery”
The Condition of the Working Class in England
1844 Factory Rules - The Foundry and Engineering Works of the Royal Overseas Trading Company, Berlin
(1)…working day begins at 6 A.M. precisely and ends, after the usual break …, at 7 P.M. … Workers arriving 2 minutes late shall lose half an hour’s wages…(6) No worker may leave his place of work otherwise than for reasons connected with his work.(7) All conversation with fellow-workers in prohibited…(9) Every worker is responsible for cleaning up his space in the workshop…(10) Natural functions must be performed at the appropriate places …(12) …all overseers and officials of the firm shall be obeyed without question… Disobedience will be punished by dismissal.
Luddites Smashed Machines they felt were putting them out of work
• Abandoned and pauper kids
• “Apprentices” worked 13-14 hour days
• Humanitarian Attitudes– Use of Pauper Children
Forbidden in 1802
Resistance by cottage workers led to child labor
Michael Thomas Sadler
(1780-1835)
1832 Sadler 1832 Sadler Commission Commission and Reportand Report to
Parliament
Parliament and Child Labor1833 Factory ActLimited child labor(ages 9-13 = 8 hour days)
***2 hours education for children under 9
Fear of collapsing family structureFear of increased sexuality of working-class youth
British 1842 Mines Actprohibited underground work for all
women and boys under 10
1847 Ten Hours Act: women and 13-18 year-olds limited to 10 hours/day
1834 Poor Law made relief more unpleasant than any job
Worker Unions and collective bargaining
1824 Combination Acts Repealed
ChartistsChartists wanted Universal Male Suffrage,
shorter hours, lower food prices
English Chartists 1838 National Petition…with all these elements of national prosperity, …. we find ourselves overwhelmed with suffering. The energies of a mighty kingdom have been wasted in building up the power of selfish and ignorant men…
We Demand Universal Suffrage.We Demand the Ballot.
…To public safety as well as public confidence, frequent elections are essential.
We Demand Annual Parliaments.…abolishing all property qualifications in the members
Living Conditions1792-1815
Living Conditions ↓
Food Prices Rise Faster Than Wages
Gustave Doré
In industrial England life expectancy never averaged over 30 years old
After 1840 diet, pay, and clothing improved labor hours increased housing did not improve Why?
Factory Owners and Cotton Lords• Varied Backgrounds
– Merchants, artisans, Quakers, Scots, Protestants, Jewish, etc.
• Pro-Free Market (laissez-faire)
• The “New Aristocrats”• Women pushed toward
“feminine” domestic activities - “Victorian values”
• Class-Conscious
Indust. spread to the ContinentWho is Ahead? Who is Behind?
Challenges for the continent• Revolutions and wars• GB wanted to keep secrets• Expensive
– Copying alone doesn’t always work
• Cheap British goods• Resistance from landowning elites
Advantages for the continent
• Copy the British (what worked?)– ex. William Cockerill took secrets to Belgium
• More Government support• Geography• Nationalism
• Protective TariffsProtective Tariffs• State funded roads, State funded roads,
railroads, and canalsrailroads, and canals• Government support for Government support for
private investors private investors (banking)(banking)
Government Support
German Friedrich List
Economic Nationalism
-------------------------------------- Protective Tariffs for “national security”
1834 Zollverein
Zollverein - Tariff-Free Zone
But…-Many jobs changed slowly-1850 Farm and domestic labor still most common-Small-scale production unchanged in many crafts