Chapter 12

Renaissance and Reformation

1350-1600

Renaissance

• What is the Renaissance? p- 344

- The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas- political, social, economic and cultural.

- Most important- changes that took place in the way people viewed themselves and their world

Renaissance – “rebirth”

• This era (1300’s and 1400’s) was a time of rebirth after the disorder and disunity of the medieval world

Renaissance Origin-Italy

• Florence- (similar to Athens)

- Intellectual, writers, artist, thinkers - money - militaryWhy?• Italy was the center of

ancient Roman history• Italy’s cities had survived

the Middle Ages.

What are the most important characteristics of the Renaissance?

• Italy was largely an urban (powerful City-states) society. Within this society was a secular(worldly) view point.

• Was an age of recovery from the disasters of the 14th century. (plague, political instability, and a decline of church power)

• New view of human beings emerged. Individual ability became important. Well rounded, universal person was emphasized, like Leonardo da Vinci. (he was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician)

 

The Italian States

• Italy had failed to develop a centralized monarchical state (not a strong ruler). So there was a number of city-states, three of them-Milan, Venice, and Florence, expanded and played crucial roles. They prospered from a growing trade.

The Three Cities

• Milan was one of the richest city-states. • Venice was a link between Asia and western

Europe. Led by a group of wealthy merchant-aristocrats.

• Florence dominated the region of Tuscany. Florence was very successful in wars against neighbors. Controlled by Medici family and especially Cosimo de Medici. Later Lorenzo de Medici would dominate when Florence was the cultural center of Italy.

Medici Family- Patron of the Arts(financial supporter of the arts)

                                                                                

Lorenzo Medici represented the Renaissance idea. He was a generous patron and under him, poets and philosophers frequently visited the Medici family palace.

• In the 1400’s, the Medici family of Florence organized a banking businessthat prospered into other businesses.• The Medici family became the uncrowned rulers of the Florentine government for many years.

Italian Wars

• Attracted to riches in Italy, 30 years of war between France and Spain. Spain sacked Rome in 1527 and resulted in Spanish domination in Italy.

 

 Machiavelli on Power

• Niccolo Machiavelli, in his book “The Prince,” described political power in Italy. He told how to acquire and keep political power. He believed that morality had little to do with politics. Attitude toward power must be based on an understanding of human nature, which he was basically self-centered. A prince must be willing to let his conscience sleep he should act on the behalf of the state.

Machiavelli“How to Succeed in Politics”

• Whatever the form of government, Machiavelli held, only success and glory really matter.

• Do whatever it takes to get to the top.

• Ruthless

                           

Niccolo MachiavelliStatesman and Political Philosopher

1469 - 1527    No enterprise is more likely to succeedthan one concealed from the enemyuntil it is ripe for execution.                                     —Machiavelli from The Art of War

Renaissance Society Had Three Estates of People

The First was the ClergyThe second was Nobility

Many nobles had experienced declining income yet still had retained their lands and titles. They were expected to fulfill certain ideas. “The Book of the Courtier,” by Castiglione says nobles were born, not made, must have character, grace, and talent; had to be a warrior and follow a certain standard of conduct. The aim of nobles was to serve his prince in an effective and honest way.

Castiglione- WriterIdea: You should be smart in all subjects but not too smart or

good at any one subject.

• In 1528, the year before his death, the book by which he is most famous, The Book of the Courtier , was published. It describes the ideal court and courtier. The book defined the ideal Renaissance gentleman.

The prettier you are on outside, matches how you are on inside.

Three Estates Con’t• The third estate was the Peasants

and Towns People.–Peasants were still 85-90% of

population. Many were becoming legally free in Western Europe.

Three Estates Con’t

• Townspeople also made up the third estate.–patricians-wealth from trade, industry,

and banking–burghers-shopkeepers, artisans, guild

masters, and guild members.–workers and unemployed, 30-40% of

population

Family and Marriage• Family bond was the source of great

security. Arranged marriages were common. Marriage contracts included a dowry. Father-husband was center of family, he had complete authority. Children became adults when their fathers went before a judge to free them.

Johannes Gutenberg

• Invented movable type and printed the Gutenberg Bible. Led to the rise of literacy and to the spreading of ideas during the Renaissance.

Section 1 Review• Renaissance means what?• Rebirth• What are the most important characteristics

of the Renaissance?• Urban society• An age of recovery from plagues, political

upheaval, and decline of Church authority.• A higher regard for the value of the individual

human.

Section 1 Review• The Book of the Courtier was written by

who?• Castiglione• Means worldly?• Secular• This book said a noble should fulfill certain

ideas, perform military exercises, and gain a classical education.

• The Book of the Courtier

Section 1 Review• Sum of money given to the groom by the

wife’s family.• Dowry• Political work by Machiavelli• The Prince• He encouraged rulers and would-be rulers to

believe that human nature was self-centered.• Machiavelli

Section 1 Review• The city-state that was led by a group of

wealthy merchant-aristocrats was what?• Venice• Turning point that caused Charles VIII of

France to lose the Italian wars.• The invasion and sack of Rome in 1537• How did the printing press contribute to the

Renaissance?• It brought renewed interest in learning and

culture, spread ideas faster and more widely then ever before.

IDEAS AND ART

Section 2

What movement was at the heart of the Renaissance?

• At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as

___________.

Humanism- dealing with everyday life, worldly tangible ideas rather than spiritual or religious ideas

• Questioned everything• Education- learn as much

as you can about the world around us- stimulate the individual’s creative powers.

• Realism- perspective, anatomy, shading, oil paint

Petrach has often been called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, did more than any other individual to foster the development of humanism. (He began the emphasis of Ideas and Art of the Renaissance using pure Latin.) He described the intellectual life as one of solitude.

Francesco Petrarch

Vernacular Literature

• Some writers wrote in the Vernacular.(language spoken in their own regions)

DanteWrote in Italian vernacular the Divine Comedy. Was a story of the soul’s journey to salvation. The poem had three sections; Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven/Paradise.

Dante Aligheri

Divine Comedy

ChaucerUsed English vernacular in writing The Canterbury Tales. A collection of stores by pilgrims journeying to the tomb of St. Thomas Beckett at Canterbury, England. Portrayed a range of English society.

Christine de Pizan French women who wrote “The Book of the City of Ladies,” argued that women could learn as well as men if they could attend the same schools.

Cervantes

• Spanish• Wrote “Don Quixote”-

about Medival Chivalry

Shakespeare

• 37 plays= comedies and tragedies• Sonnets• poems

Romeo and Juliet

Renaissance Education• Renaissance humanists believed that education

could dramatically change human beings. Wrote books on education and open schools

based on their ideas. At the core of these schools were the liberal studies. According to the humanist, students should study history, moral philosophy, rhetoric, letters, poetry,

mathematics, astronomy, and music. They also emphasized the physical education. Humanist educators thought the humanist education was a practical preparation for life. Its theme was

to create complete citizens.

What are some examples of art or literature during the Renaissance?

Renaissance artists to imitate nature.

• New Techniques in Painting. – Frescoes are in the first masterpieces of

the early renaissance. A fresco is a painting done with fresh plaster and water based paint. These paintings introduced the laws of perspective and a new realistic style. (3-D) Artist also began to investigate the movement of human anatomy.

da Vinci, “Adoration of the Magi”

Perspective study for “Adoration of the Magi”

“Mona Lisa”Leonardo da Vinci

inventor, anatomy, notes backwards,(had to read in a mirror) dissected

humans.

Leonardo da Vinci, “Last Supper”

Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy

“Last Supper” Perspective

Michelangelo’s “David”

• Biblical shepherd who killed the giant Goliath

• Recalls the harmony and grace of ancient Greek tradition

Michelangelo’s Detail

Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel

Raphael’s “School of Athens”Imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientists.

Raphael’s “School of Athens”Clockwise:Plato (Leonardo), Aristotle,Raphael,Michelangelo

Sofonisba Anguissola• Towards the end of the

Renaissance, Italian noblewoman Sofonisba Anguissola (1532 - 1625) became the first female artist to reach international fame. She was so famous, in fact, that most of her paintings that still exists today are self-portraits. Her innovative portraits are best noted for their warm colors, crisp details, and the highly expressive eyes.

New Techniques Con’t

• Sculpture and Architecture. – The sculptor Donatello studied the statues

of the Greeks and Romans. The architect Fillippo Brunelleschi (BROO nuhl EHS kee)once inspired by the buildings of classical Rome. His church designs included classical columns and rounded arches. Artist, sculptors, and architects sought to reflect a human centered world.

Filippo Brunelleschi• One of the figures

responsible for the development of the Renaissance style in Florence, his chief work is the dome of the cathedral there. Erected between 1420 and 1461, it is (measured diametrically) the largest in the world, and served as the model for Michelangelo's design for St Peter's in Rome.

•

Renaissance

100 years to get to Northern Europe

The Northern Artistic Renaissance• The artists of Northern Europe became interested in

the Renaissance but their approach was different than the Italians. – Northern Europeans painted illustrations for books

and wooden panels for alter pieces. The most important northern school of art was in Flanders.

– Jan van Eyck was among the first to use and perfect the technique of oil painting. This type of painting could use a wider variety of brilliant colors.

– Albrecht Durer, a German was greatly affected by the Italians. He made trips to Italy and borrowed a great deal of what the Italians knew. He tried to achieve the standard of ideal beauty that was based on a careful examination of the human form.

Van Eyck BrothersJan and Hubert

• Oil paintings of daily life

- oil last longer

- takes longer to

dry, shading

-does not look so

flat, movement

Pieter Bruegel

• Painted daily life

Section 2 Review• Renaissance painters of northern Europe

painted what?• Detailed books of illustration• Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and

Michelangelo were all associated with what?• Painting during the High Renaissance• What form of Latin was used by the ancient

Romans?• Classical

Section 2 Review

• Paintings and sculptures of the Renaissance were more what?

• Realistic• Liberal arts ,Physical Education ,and

Rhetoric were stressed by what kind of educators of the Renaissance?

• Humanist

Section 2 Review• Renaissance women were educated in what?• Religion and Morals• What is the study of ancient classics?• Humanism• Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine

Chapel?• Michelangelo

Section 2 Review• What is a painting done on fresh, wet plaster?• Fresco• What was Dante’s masterpiece?• The Divine Comedy

PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Section 3

Protestant Reformation

• Why was there a need for reform within the church?

- people had begun questioning the church due to plague and crusades

- corruption, greed in church (rich priest and clergy who had taken a vow of poverty)

Prelude to Reformation

• The Protestant Reformation is the name given to the religious reform movement that divided the Western church into Catholic and Protestant groups. Martin Luther began the Reformation. The earlier developments set the stage for this change.

Christian Humanism• One such change grew from widespread

changes in intellectual thought that became known as Christian humanism. The major goal of this movement was reform of the Catholic Church. The Christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves. The best known humanist was Desiderius Erasmus.

Erasmus• The most significant contribution

of Erasmus to the Protestant Reformation was undoubtedly his publication of his 1516 Greek-Latin New Testament.

• It was this book that was used as the primary source-text to translate the New Testament into German for the first time in 1522.

• It was this book that was used as the primary source-text to translate the New Testament into English for the first time in 1526.

Need for Reform

• Why the call for reform? –Corruption was one reason. A series of

Popes failed to meet the church’s spiritual needs. As leaders of the Papal States, however, they often were more concerned with Italian politics then they were in the interests of spiritual matters.

Why the call for reform? Con’t…

• Many church officials used their church offices to advance their careers and their wealth.

• People wanted to know how to save their souls, and many parish priest were unable or unwilling to offer advice or instruction, ordinary people desired meaningful religious expression and assurance of their salvation.

• According to church practice at that time a person could gain an indulgence, released from all or part of the punishment for sins. The church actually sold indulgences!

What pushed Christians over the edge?

Indulgences• Indulgences- money to pay off your sins - church needed more money = not only do

you have to pay for your sins, but for your ancestors need to have fines paid to be forgiven of their sins.

- continued abuses and corruptions

Martin Luther (1517)

• Went for a walk, struck by lightening, changed his way of thinking.

• Didn’t agree with everything the church was doing. Martin Luther said some things needed to change.

95 Theses

• Martin Luther’s idea and arguments

• Posted on church door, (church center of everyday life)

• Word spreads fast• Circulated to Europe

(printing press)

Reaction

• Recant- take back- church encouraged Luther and he said no

• 1521Church upset= Church excommunicated him

• Holy Roman Emperor- wanted him quite- (Edict of Worms) declared him an outlaw- exiled.

1524 Peasant Revolt

• Luther denounced revolt

• Violence is not the answer

• Demanded end to serfdom

• 70,000-100,000 people died

• 50,000 homeless

The Rise of Lutheranism

• Luther’s religious movement soon became a revolution. He also set up new religious services to replace the Catholic mass. The services consist of Bible readings, preaching of the word of God, and song. Luther’s doctrine soon became known as Lutheranism and the churches as Lutheran churches. Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith.

Politics in the German Reformation• From its very beginning, the fate of Luther’s movement

was tied closely to political affairs. Politically he was dealing with Charles V, the Holy Roman emperor. Charles wanted to keep his enormous empire under the control of his dynasty the Hapsburgs. Religiously, he hoped to preserve the unity of his empire by keeping it Catholic. Unfortunately, Charles had political problems with France as well as internal political problems in his own empire. Germany was a land of hundreds of territorial states. As a result there was much religious conflict. To end the religious war in Germany a treaty called the peace of Augsburg was signed. This agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. The German states were free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.

1555 Peace of AugsburgCreated New Church

• Teachings: 1. Salvation= faith 2. Religious truth- Bible alone, translate to read yourself= don’t depend on Pope 3. No church hierarchy- everyone equal – you can pray yourself 4. Rejected sacraments 5 of 7 ( kept Baptism and

Eucharist/Communion) 5. Banned indulgences, prayers of saints, pilgrimages to religious sights, confession 6. clergy could marry

Section 3 Review• Who ruled Spain, the Austrian lands, and the

Low Countries?• Charles V• Belief in the ability of humans to reason and

improve themselves• Christian Humanism• Luther taught that justification by faith(being

made right before God) was the central idea of what?

• Protestantism

Section 3 Review• Acceptance into heaven• Salvation• Luther taught what about the selling of

indulgences?• It was wrong• Title held by Charles V• Holy Roman Emperor• He taught that Christianity should show

people how to lead good lives.• Erasmus

Section 3 Review• Release from punishment for sin• Indulgence• This recognized the division of Christianity in

Germany into Catholic and Lutheran states.• The Peace of Augsburg• Luther’s attack on abuses of the Church• The Ninety-five Theses

SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM

Section 4

Divisions in Protestantism

• The peace of Augsburg meant that Christian unity was forever lost.

Zwinglian Reformation

Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zurich. The city council of Zurich began to introduce religious reforms. And the church service consisting of scripture reading, prayer, and sermons replace the Catholic mass. His movement began to spread to cities in Switzerland and he sought an alliance with Martin Luther. Essentially religious war broke out in Switzerland and his army was defeated. His enemies killed him, cut up his body, burned the pieces, and scattered the ashes. Leadership of Protestant faith in Switzerland now passed to John Calvin.

John Calvin (1536)“Institutes of Christian Religions”

• Teachings very similar to Luther

1.) Church control that is not corrupt- Complete Theocracy 2.) Predestination 3.) Sinner and Saint -Sinner- can’t overcome sin - Saint- overcome sin

Created Theocracy in Geneva

• 1541• Set up Theocracy-

government ran by church• Saw themselves as

“chosen people”• crusaders- job to build a

Christian society• No fighting, no swearing,

no dancing, not theatres• Get rid of all temptations

Reformation Spreads

• Anabaptist- radical group (Quakers, Mennonites, Amish) - ideas= 1. older to baptize 2. God created everything so no private property 3. religious toleration 4. separation of church and state

Sir Thomas Moreadviser to Henry VIII

• Utopia- explains how life would be if no government corruption

• Put more faith in church than government

• Henry VIII killed him for his beliefs

Church of EnglandPolitical Reasons (Quest for Son)

• 1527= Henry VIII - King of England

- married to Catherine of Aragon

- daughter- Mary Tudor

1527 Annulment

• Pope said no• Why?

Didn’t want to anger Catherine's nephew Charles V = H.R.E. & Spain

1534- Act of Supremacy

• Created the church of England-Protestant• Pope not in charge – Henry has the power

- annuls marriage to wife

- married Anne Boleyn (Catherine’s lady

in waiting)

- daughter- Elizabeth

Quest for a Boy

• Accuses Anne Boleyn of being unfaithful and locks Anne in Tower of London- executed for adultery

• Henry married 4 more times• Son Edward- sickly, weak (1537)

1547 Henry Dies

• Edward VI took the throne

• 1554 Edward dies at 16.

Mary Tudor

• Pushes Catholic faith• Hates Elizabeth

- ships her to Woodstock

- Elizabeth prettier

- persecuted Protestants

= “Bloody Mary”

Mary Tudor

Elizabeth

1558 Elizabeth I

• Mary dies• Elizabeth I took throne

- restore unity

- religious compromise

-creates New Church of England

Catholic Reformation• The Catholic Church also had a

reformation in the 16th century, giving a new strength and enabling it to regain much that it had lost. Three chief pillars; the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent supported the Catholic Reformation.

Catholic Reformation

• 1545 Pope Paul III

- Revive Morals

- stop corruption=

(indulgences)

Council of Trent• Went over every aspect of Catholic Church1. salvation- faith + good deeds (need to help out fellow

man and practice good deeds.)2. Bible- major source visions, miracles, etc= additional sources3. Penalties against corruption -INQUISITION- you have to prove you’re a good Christian -brought back from the Middle Ages

Reformation and Society

• During the reformation the lives of most women and Jewish people did not improve.– Women and Family

• The Protestants developed a new view of the family. The family could be placed at the center of life. Obedience was not a women’s only role. Important to bear children.

– Anti-Semitism• Martin Luther expected Jews to convert to

Lutheranism. When they resisted, Luther wrote that Jewish synagogues and houses should be destroyed. In the Papal States, Jews would not convert to Christianity and were segregated into ghettos.

Who was targeted?

1. Jews

2. Witches

3. Protestants

4. Heretics- anyone that questioned the Catholic church

Persecution of the Jews

• Lived in Ghetto

- walled off portion of city

- limited food, resources

- land taken away

- yellow badge

- jobs

Witches

• 1450-1750• Witch hunts

- agents of the devil

- had to blame someone

- prove you are not a witch- if you

survived it meant you were a witch, otherwise you died

Section 4 Review• His Consistory punished people who

misbehaved, oversaw Genevans’ moral life and doctrinal purity, and operated as a court.

• Calvin• The belief that God determined in advance

who would be saved• Predestination• He dissolved Catholic monasteries, had

Thomas More beheaded, and had his marriage to Catherine ruled “null and void.”

• King Henry VIII

Section 4 Review• The damned• The reprobate• Believed the church and state should be

separate.• Anabaptists• Meetings that reaffirmed Catholic teachings• The Council of Trent• He believed in the “eternal decree” of an all-

powerful God.• John Calvin

Section 4 Review• Believers in adult baptism• Anabaptists• They believed they were doing God’s work,

they were determined to spread their faith to other people?

• Calvinists• Declared a marriage invalid• Annul

End of Chapter 12

Society of Jesus= “Jesuits”

Scientific Revolution (1500-1600)

New Discoveries

Will see again in chapter 17

Ptolemy

• The universe is earth centered• Church supported

Copernicus (Polish)- Protestant

• 1543 challenged Ptolemy• Heliocentric- (sun centered)- model of universe

Tycho Brahe

• Provided evidence that supported Copernicus’s theory.

• Set up an astronomical observatory

• Danish- crazy protestant

Kepler

• German- crazy protestant

• Orbits not exact circles

• ellipse

Galileo- (Italian) Catholic

• Supported Kepler• Invented telescope

to prove• Heretic• inquisition= recant

Scientific Method• New approach to science not based on the

Bible, Aristotle or Ptolemy• Based on observation and experimentation

Isaac Newton

• Using math, he showed that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun= gravity

• All motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically.

Robert Boyle

• Paved the way to modern chemical analysis of the composition of matter

• Distinguished element and chemical compounds

• Explained the effects of temperature and pressure on gases

Andreas Vesalius

• First accurate and detailed study of human anatomy

Francis Bacon and Rene’ Descartes

• Bacon stressed experiment and observation

• Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding.

“I think therefore I am”

Both helped bring the scientific method to the pursuit of all knowledge.