B mn:Mng Vin Thng t i NCKHSV: NH TUYN PHN CP TRONG MNG CM BIN KHNG DY WSNSinh vin: Nguyn Hong Sn D07VT3 (ch tr) Nguyn nh Quang D07VT3 L Minh Ngc D08VT3 V Mnh Thng HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNGKHOA VIN THNG I==========H Ni, T11/2010MC LCMC LC...................................................................................iiDANH MC HNH.......................................................................ivTHUT NG VIT TT.................................................................vLI NI U.............................................................................viChng I:TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN.................................11.1. Khi nim mng cm bin.................................................11.1.1. nh ngha....................................................................................11.1.2.Cu trc c bn ca mng cm bin.............................................11.1.3. c trng c bn ca mng cm bin.........................................11.1.4. Mt s chun mng cm bin......................................................21.2. M hnh giao thc mng....................................................21.2.1. Theo m hnh OSI.........................................................................31.2.1. Theo mt phng qun l..............................................................41.3. Cc cu trc c trng ca mng cm bin.........................41.3.1. Cu trc phng (flat architecture)................................................41.3.2. Cu trc tng (tiered architecture)..............................................51.4. Cc k thut truyn dn s dng trong mng cm bin........81.4.1. Bluetooth......................................................................................81.4.2. WLAN...........................................................................................81.4.3. Zigbee..........................................................................................91.5. ng dng.........................................................................91.6. Kh nng m rng v pht trin......................................101.7. Kt lun.........................................................................11Chng II: NH TUYN TRONG MNG CM BIN........................122.1. Thch thc trong vn nh tuyn.................................122.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn.................................................132.2.1. nh tuyn truyn trc tip........................................................132.2.2. nh tuyn thng qua s tha thun.........................................152.2.3. nh tuyn theo v tr.................................................................152.2.4. nh tuyn phn cp..................................................................17nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTChng III: GIAO THC NH TUYN PHN CP LEACH V PEGASIS183.1. LEACH............................................................................183.1.1. Tng quan v LEACH:.................................................................183.1.2. Hot ng ca LEACH:...............................................................183.2. PEGASIS.........................................................................243.2.1. Tng quan v PEGASIS...............................................................243.2.2. Hot ng ca PEGASIS.............................................................243.3. So snh PEGASIS vi LEACH.............................................293.3.1. u im.....................................................................................293.3.2. Nhc im................................................................................30Chng IV: M PHNG HOT NG NH TUYN TRONG WSN....314.1. Cng c m phng OMNet++...........................................314.1.1. Gii thiu OMNeT++..................................................................314.1.2. M hnh trong OMNeT++...........................................................324.1.3.Hng dn ci t OMNET trn Windows..................................354.2. Thc hin m phng........................................................364.2.1. LEACH........................................................................................384.2.2. PEGASIS.....................................................................................404.3. Kt lun.........................................................................43PH LC...................................................................................44A1. LEACH topo.....................................................................44A2. PEGASIS topo..................................................................45TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................46TI LIU THAM KHO

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTDANH MC HNHHNH 1.1: M HNH MNG CM BIN THNG THNG .....................................................1HNH 1.2: KIN TRC GIAO THC CA MNG CM BIN .....................................................3HNH 1.3: CU TRC PHNG ..................................................................................5HNH 1.4: CU TRC TNG ....................................................................................5HNH 1.5: CU TRC MNG PHN CP CHC NNG THEO LP .............................................6HNH 1.6: CU TRC MNG PHN LP XP TNG ...........................................................6HNH 1.7: CU TRC MNG PHN CP LOGIC ................................................................7HNH 1.8: NG DNG TRONG QUN S ......................................................................9HNH 1.9: NGI NH THNG MINH S DNG CM BIN ...................................................10HNH 1.10: MNG WSN CNH BO CHY RNG ........................................................10HNH 2.1: TRUYN THNG IP INTEREST. .................................................................13HNH 2.2: PHA CI T GRADIENT .........................................................................14HNH 2.3: NG TRUYN D LIU C CHN C NNG LNG CAO NHT ........................14HNH 2.4: CC CHIN LC CHUYN TIP GI.............................................................16HNH 2.5: GII THUT NH TUYN KHNG HIU QU .....................................................17HNH 3.1: TRNG THI CC PHASE CA LEACH .........................................................18HNH 3.2: LU THUT TON PHN B CA LEACH .................................................20HNH 3.3: LU HOT NG N NH TRNG THI CA LEACH ...................................21HNH 3.4: NHIU V TUYN. NODE A TRUYN D LIU N NODE B GY NHIU N NODE C .....22HNH 3.5: M HNH MNG CM BIN CHY GIAO THC NH TUYN LEACH .........................23HNH 3.6: XY DNG CHUI S DNG THUT TON GREEDY ............................................25HNH 3.7: X L LI KHI MT NODE TRONG CHUI CHT................................................26HNH 3.9: CU TRC MNG HNH CHUI...................................................................29HNH 4.1. M PHNG MNGTRONG OMNET++ ......................................................31HNH 4.2. CU TRC PHN CP MODULE TRONG OMNET++ .........................................32HNH 4.3. CC KT NI TRONG OMNET++ ............................................................34HNH 4.4. TRUYN BN TIN ..................................................................................35HNH 4.5. M HNH M PHNG NT CM BIN ............................................................37HNH 4.6. CHN NODE CH V THU THP D LIU BNG LEACH .....................................39HNH 4.7. TO CHUI V CHN NODE CH TRONG PEGASIS .........................................40HNH 4.8. THUT TON CHN NODE CH CHY TRONG TNG NODE .....................................41HNH 4.9. THUT TON THU THP D LIU BNG TOKEN .............................................42Hnh 4.9. Thut ton thu thp d liu bng TOKEN

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTTHUT NG VIT TTT vit tt Ting Anh Ting VitCDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo mCSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access a truy nhp cm nhn theo sng mangDS-SS Direct Sequence - Spread Spectrum Tri ph chui trc tipGAF Geographic AdaptiveFidelity Chnh xc tng thch a lGEARGeographic and Energy-Aware Routingnh tuyn da theo s nhn bit v a l v nng lngIEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersVin k thut in v in tISM Industrial, scientific, and medical Cng nghip, khoa hc, y tLEACHLow-Energy Adaptive Clustering HierarchyPhn nhm phn bc tng thch nng lng thpLEACH-CLow-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy-CentralizedPhn nhm phn bc tng thch nng lng thp - tp trungLEACH-FLow-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy-FixedPhn nhm phn bc tng thch nng lng thp - C nhMAC Media Access Control iu khin truy nhp mi trngPAN Personal Area Network Mng vng c nhnPEGASISPower-efficient Gathering in Sensor Information SystemTp trung hiu sut nng lng trong h thng thng tin cm binQoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch vSAR Sensor Aggregates Routing Giao thc cm bin kt hpSMP Sensor Management Protocol Giao thc qun l cm binSPINSensor Protocols for Information via NegotiationGiao thc thng tin cm bin thng qua sm phnSPIN-BCSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation -Broadcast mediaGiao thc thng tin cm bin thng qua sm phn mi trng qung bSPIN-EC SPIN-PP with a low energy threshold Giao thc thng tin cm bin thng qua s m phn im im vi mc

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTngng nng lng thpSPIN-PPSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation Point to PointGiao thc thng tin cm bin thng qua s m phn im imSPIN-RL SPIN-BC for lossy networksGiao thc thng tin cm bin thng qua sm phn mi trng qung b cho mng suy haoTDMATask Assignment and Data Advertisement Protocola truy nhp v phn chia theo thi gianUWB Ultra-Wideband Bng siu rngWPAN Wireless Personal Area Network Mng v tuyn c nhnWSN Wireless Sensor Network Mng cm bin khng dyLI NI UNgy nay x hi pht trin mnh m nn song song vi l nhu cu trao i thng tin, gii tr, t ng ha khng ngng tng ln. Nhng h thng dy cp phc tp li khng th p ng y nhng khu vc xa xi cht hp, v nhu cu mi lc mi ni ca ngi s dng. Do nh c nhng tin b nhanh chng trong khoa hc k thut v cng ngh, s pht trin ca mng cm bin khng dy WSN c to nn t nhng cm bin gi thnh r, a chc nng v tiu th t nng lng nhn c nhng s ch ng k.Bn cnh nhng u th c c, mng WSN ang phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc,mttrong nhngthch thc ln nhtlngunnng lngbgiihn v khng th np li. Hin nay rt nhiu nh nghin cu ang tp trung vo vic ci thin kh nng s dng hiu qu nng lng ca mng cm bin trong tng lnh vc khc nhau. Trong ng ch nht l phng php s dng giao thc nh tuyn phn cp tm ng i gia cc node mng qua ko di ng k thi gian sng ca mng WSN.Vic nghin cu ny s gp phn tng bc lm r hot ng ca giao thc nh tuyn phn cp ng thi hng ti ci thin phng php nh tuyn trong WSN p ng nhu cu ng dng ca mng thc t.Trc thc t , c s nh hng v ch dn ca ThS. Nguyn Th Thu Hng, nhm sinh vin chng em chn tn ti nh tuyn phn cp trong mng cm bin khng dy WSN. ti c trnh by trong 4 chng:

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT Chng I: Tng quan v mng cm bin. Chng II: nh tuyn trong mng cm bin. Chng III: Giao thc nh tuyn phn cp LEACH v PEGASIS. Chng IV: M phng hot ng nh tuyn trong mng WSN.Chng em xin by t lng bit n ti cc thy c gio trong khoa Vin Thng 1, c bit tiThS. Nguyn Th Thu Hng v ThS. Nguyn Ngc ip,cc thy c tn tnh ch bo v cho chng em nhng li khuyn quan trng trong sut qu trnh chng em nghin cu ti ny.Do kin thc v kh nng ca chng em cn hn ch nn ti ny khng trnh khi thiu st, chng em rt mong nhn c sgp ca cc thy c, cc bn sinh vin ni dung ca ti c hon thin hn na.H Ni, ngy 19 thng 11 nm 2010Nhm sinh vinChng I:TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN1.1. Khi nim mng cm bin 1.1.1. nh ngha Mng cm bin khng dy(Wireless Sensor Network) l mt cu trc mng c to ra bi s lin kt ca cc node cm bin vi nhau trn mt h thng kin trc mng khng dy linh hot, trong cc node thng l cc thit b n gin v nh gn, gi thnh r to nn s kt hp cc kh nng cm bin, x l thng tin v cc thnh phn lin lc to kh nng quan st, phn tch, phn ng li vi cc s kin, hin tng xy ra trong mi trng xung quanh.1.1.2.Cu trc c bn ca mng cm binMt mng cm bin c bn bao gm4 phn: Cc cm bin c phn b theo m hnh tp trung hay phn b ri rc. Mng li lin kt gia cc cm bin (hu tuyn hay v tuyn). im trung tm tp hp d liu (Clustering) B phn x l d liu trung tm

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTHnh 1.1: M hnh mng cm bin thng thng1.1.3. c trng c bn ca mng cm binMt nodetrongmngWSNthngthngbaogm2phn: phncmbin (Sensor) hoc iu khin (MCU - Micro Controller Unit) v phn giao tip v tuyn (RF transceiver). Do s lng node trong WSN l ln v khng cn cc hot ng bo tr, nn yu cu thng thng i vi 1 node mng l gi thnh thp (10 50 USD) v kch thc nh gn (din tch b mt vi n vi chc cm2).Do gii hn v ngun nng lng cung cp, gi thnh v yu cu hot ng trong mt thi gian di, nn vn tiu th nng lng l tiu ch thit k quan trng nht trong mng cm bin. Mt trong nhng u im ln ca WNS l chi ph trin khai v lp t c gim thiu, d dng lp t v kch thc nh gn, d s dng. Mng c th c m rng theo mun v ty theo mc ch s dng m c th thit k cc nt mng sao cho ph hp. Cc nt cm nhn c b vi x l bn trong thay v gi d liu th ti nt ch c th x l n gin v gi d liu c x l theo yu cu. Cc nt mng c th hot ng trong cc iu kin mi trng khc nghit chnh v vy ngy nay WSN tr thnh mt gii php hp dn v mang n s tin li v nhiu phng din v c im trong nhiu trng hp k c vic lm gim s nguy himchoconngi trongnhngiukinmitrngkhcnghit. Mththng WSN hon thin c kh nng theo di v cnh bo mc an ton ca mi trng hoc nh v s di chuyn ca cc i tng trong phm vi ca n. 1.1.4. Mt s chun mng cm bin

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTLp vt l Lp lin kt d liu Lp mng Lp truyn ti Lp ng dng Do phm vi ng dng cua WSN rt rng ln, tnh cht, c trng ca mng ph thuc vo ng dng trin khai c th. Do vy, cc cng ty, cc phng th nghim vn thng pht trin, trin khai giao thc ring (MAC, Routing, synchronisation ...) ph hp cho tng ng dng c th da trn cc thit b phn cng (transceiver chip) trn th trng. Mt s chun WSN c bit n l: ALOHA system (U. of Hawaii) PRNET system (U.S. Defense) WINS (U. of California) PicoRadio (U. of California) MicroAMPS (M.I.T) MANET (Mobile ad-hoc Network) Zigbee: da trn physical layer v MAC layer ca chun WPAN 802.15.41.2. M hnh giao thc mng M hnh giao thc bao gm lp vt l, lp lin kt d liu, lp mng, lp truyn ti, lp ng dngvkhi chia theomtphng qun lth baogm phn qunl nng lng, phn qun l di ng v phn qun l nhim v. M hnh giao thc m nt ch v cc nt cm bin s dng c trnh by nh trong hnh 1.2:Hnh 1.2: M hnh giao thc ca mng cm bin1.2.1. Theo m hnh OSI-Lp ng dng:Ty tng nhim v ca mng cm bin m cc phn mm ng dng khc nhau c xy dng v s dng trong lp ng dng. Trong lp ng dng c mt s giao thc quan trng nh giao thc qun l mng sensor (SMP), giao thc qung b d liu v ch nh nhim v cho tng sensor (TADAP), giao thc phn phi d liu v truy vn cm bin (SQDDP).

5q u n l n n g l n g q u n l d i n g q u n l n h i m v nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT - Lp truyn ti: Lp truyn ti gip duy tr lung s liu khi ng dng mng cm bin yu cu. Giao thc lp vn chuyn gia sink vi ngi dng (nt qun l nhim v) c th l giao thc UDP hay TCP thng qua internet hoc v tinh. Cn giao tip gia sink v cc nt cm bin yu cu cc giao thc kiu UDP do cc nt cm bin hn ch v b nh. Hn na cc giao thc ny cn phi tnh n s tiu th cng sut, tnh m rng v nh tuyn tp trung d liu .-Lp mng:Lp mng quan tm n nh tuyn d liu cung cp bi lp truyn ti. Vicnhtuyntrongmngcmbinnchart nhiu thchthcnhmt cc nt dy c,nng lng hn ch Do vy thit k lp mng trong mng cm bin phi tun th cc nguyn tc sau: Tnh hiu qu v nng lng phi c t ln hng u. Cc mng cm bin gn nh l tp trung d liu. Tch hp d liu v giao thc mng. Phi c c ch a ch theo thuc tnh v bit v v tr.Nhn chung, lp mng c chia thnh ba loi da vo cu trc mng: nh tuyn ngang hng, nh tuyn phn cp, nh tuyn da theo v tr. V mt hot ng, chng c chia thnh nh tuyn da trn a ng (multipath-based), nh tuyn theo truy vn (query- based), nh tuyn negotiation-based, nh tuyn theo cht lng dch v (QoS-based), nh tuyn kt hp (coherent-based).- Lp lin kt d liu: chu trch nhim ghp cc lung d liu, d khung d liu, iu khin li v truy nhp mi trng. N m bo giao tip im - im, im - a im tin cy. Mi trng c tp m v cc nt cm bin c th di ng nn giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) phi xt n vn cng sut v phi c kh nng ti thiu ho vic va chm vi thng tin qung b ca cc nt ln cn.- Lp vt l: chu trch nhim la chn tn s, pht tn s sng mang, iu ch, lp m v tch sng.Bn cnh , cc phn qun l cng sut, qun l di chuyn v qun l nhim v s gim st vic s dng cng sut, s di chuyn v thc hin nhim v gia cc nt cm bin. Nhng phn ny gip cc nt cm bin phi hp nhim v cm bin v tiu th cng sut tng th thp hn.1.2.1. Theo mt phng qun l-Phn qun l nng lng: iu khin vic s dng cng sut ca nt cm bin. V d, nt cm bin c th tt khi thu ca n sau khi thu c mt bn tin t mt nt ln cn trnh to ra cc bn tin ging nhau. Tng t, khi mc cng sut ca nt cm bin thp, nt cm bin pht qung b ti cc nt ln cn thng bo n c mc cng sut thp v khng th tham gia vo cc bn tin chn ng. Cng sut cn li s c dnh ring cho nhim v cm bin.

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT- Phn qun l di ng: pht hin v ghi li s di chuyn ca cc nt cm bin duy tr tuyn ti ngi s dng v cc nt cm bin c th lu vt ca cc nt cm bin ln cn.Nh ,cc nt cm bin c th cn bng gia cng sut ca n v nhim v thc hin.- Phn qun l nhim v: cn bng v ln k hoch cc nhim v cm bin trong mt vng xc nh. Khng phi tt c cc nt cm bin trong vng u phi thc hin nhim v cm bin ti cng mt thi im nn mt s nt cm bin thc hin nhim v nhiu hn cc nt khc tu theo mc cng sut ca n. Nhng phn qun l ny cn thit cc nt cm bin c th lm vic cng nhau s dng hiu qu cng sut, chn ng s liu trong mng cm bin di ng v phn chia ti nguyn gia cc nt cm bin.1.3. Cc cu trc c trng ca mng cm bin1.3.1. Cu trc phng (flat architecture)Trong cu trc phng (flat architecture) (hnh 1.3), tt c cc nt u ngang hng v ng nht v mt hnh dng v chc nng. Chng giao tip vi sink qua multihop s dng cc nt ngang hng lm b tip sng.Hnh 1.3: Cu trc phngVi phm vi truyn c nh,cc nt gn sink hn s m bo vai tr ca b tip sng i vi mt s lng ln ngun. Gi thit tt c cc ngun u s dng cng mt tn s truyn d liu, do chia s thi gian l c th. Mc du vy, hiu qu ch t c khi c ngun chia s n l nh thi gian, tn s1.3.2. Cu trc tng (tiered architecture)i vicutrctng(tieredarchitecture)(hnh1.4),cccmctoragip cc ti nguyn trong cng mt cm gi d liu single hop hay multihop (ty thuc vo kch c ca cm) n mt nt nh sn,thng gi l nt ch cm (cluster head).

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTTrong cu trc ny,cc nt to thnh mt h thng cp bc, mi nt mt mc xc nh thc hin cc nhim v nh sn.Hnh 1.4: Cu trc tngTrong cu trc tng,chc nng cm nhn,tnh ton v phn phi d liu khng ng u gia cc nt. Nhng chc nng ny c th phn theo cp, cp thp nht thc hin tt c nhim v cm nhn, cp gia tnh ton, cn cp cao nht cng phn phi d liu (hnh 1.5)Hnh 1.5: Cu trc mng phn cp chc nng theo lpNi cch khc, nhng nhim v xc nh c th c chia khng ng u gia cc lp,mi lp c th m nhn mt nhim v xc nh trong tnh ton. Khi ,cc sensor cp thp nht c vai tr l mt b lc thng di n gin, tch nhiu khi d liu, ng thi cc nt cp cao hn ngng lc d liu ny. S phn tch chc nng ca cc mng cm bin phn nh cc c im t nhin ca cc nt, cn gi l s phn

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTbit theo logic. V d, mt tp hp con cc nt vi kh nng truyn thng phm vi

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTHnh 1.6: Cu trc mng phn lp xp tngNh vy, mt tp hp con cc nt trong mng c th c phn bit mt cch logic bi chng i din thc hin mt nhim v cho cc nt khc. Nhng chc nng nh vy phi bao gm s tp trung d liu, truyn thng qua mng xng sng, hoc kt hp nh tuyn gia cc nt. Nhng qui tc logic ny to nn mng phn cp logic (hnh 1.7). v c th thay phin nhau nh k m bo s cng bng.

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTHnh 1.7: Cu trc mng phn cp logicKhi cc nt c kh nng tnh ton cao hn hot ng,cc nhim v tnh ton s c chuyn sang cc nt ny t cc nt t kh nng hn. Nu khng c computer servers nh vy, mt cm cc sensor cn chn ra mt nt thc hin cc nhim v nh tp trung d liu. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp ch c nt c ti nguyn vt l thch hp thch hp cho vic thc hin cc nhim v nh sn. Mt nt vi h thng nh v ton cu (global positioning system - GPS) ng vai tr ch cht trong vic nh v hoc ng b thi gian l mt v d. Do vy, rt nhiu cc mng cm bin hin nay c thit k theo cu trc phn cp l iu tt yu.Qua nhng phn tch trn ta thy mng cm bin xy dng theo cu trc tng hot ng hiu qu hn cu trc phng do:- Tui th cao hn mng phng: trong trng hp phi tnh ton nhiu, mt b x l nhanh,cc chc nng mng phn chia gia cc phn cng c thit k ring s hiu qu hn, ph thuc vo thi gian yu cu thc hin tnh ton. Tuy nhin, vi cc nhim v cm nhn trong khong thi gian di, cc nt tiu th t nng lng ph hp vi yu cu x l ti thiu s hot ng hiu qu hn. - tin cy: mi mng cm bin phi ph hp vi vi s lng cc nt yu cu, tha mn iu kin v bng thng v thi gian sng. Vi mng cu trc phng,qua

4nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTphn tch, thng lng ti u ca mi nt trong mng c n nt l

,_

nW, trong W l rng bng tn ca knh chia s.- Tnh kinh t ca cu trc tng: nh v cc ti nguyn v tr hot ng hiu qu nht. Qu thc, nu trin khai cc phn cng thng nht, ch cn mt lng ti nguyn ti thiu mi nt thc hin tt c nhim v. Do s lng cc nt cn thit ph thuc vo vng ph sng xc nh,nn chi ph ton mng s khng cao. Thay vo , nu mt s lng ln cc nt vi chi ph thp thc hin nhim v cm nhn, mt s lng nh hn cc nt vi chi ph cao hn c ch nh phn tch d liu, nh v v ng b thi gian, chi ph ton mng s gim.Tm li, dng cu trc tng em li s tng thch gia cc chc nng trong mng. 1.4. Cc k thut truyn dn s dng trong mng cm bin1.4.1. BluetoothBluetooth l cng ngh khng dy cho php cc thit b in in t giao tip vi nhautrongkhongcchngnbngsongvtuynthngquabngtnchungISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) trong di tn 2,4 2,8 GHz dnh ring cho cc thit b khng dy trong cng nghip, khoa hc, y t.c im ca Bluetooth l cng sut tiu th thp, gi thnh r . Bluetooth dng k thut tri ph, song cng hon ton . Khi kt ni im im .cho php cng lc kt ni vi 7 thit b ng thi trong Bluetooth ng vai tr nh master cn cc thit b khc ng vai tr slave.Bluetooth c th gip cc thit b giao tip c vi nhau ngay c khi chng khng c chung trong mt phng ch cn chng c trong khong cch ti a l 100m, v ty thuc vo mc nng lng ca thit b . Cc thit b c th kt ni vi nhau nm trong 3 mc nng lng: Mc 3 (1 mW): ph bin nht cho php kt ni trong phm vi 10m Mc 2 (2,5 mW): t thy nht, cho php kt ni trong phm vi 20m Mc 3 (100 mW): l mc c phm vi kt ni xa nht, ti a l 100mTuy nhin Bluetooth cng c nhng nhc im nht inh nh tc truyn tin thp (khong 720kbps).1.4.2. WLANL mng LAN khng dy vi c im ni bt l tnh linh ng, tc cao hn v cung cp cho s lng ngi dng vi mt cao. Chun IEEE802.11g v 802.11n l

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTcn thit cho ng dng bng thng rng v mt cao. Chun IEEE802.11e l cng ngh cung cp cht lng dch v cao qua giao tip khng dy. Chun IEEE802.11i p ng tt yu cu bo mt thng tin.Tuy vy WLAN cng mang mt s c im hn ch nh mi trng kt ni khng dy l khng kh nn kh nng b tn cng ca ngi dng l kh cao, tn hiu b nhiu do tc ng ca cc thit b khc. Bn cnh , mt mng chun vi cc thit b chun ch c th hot ng tt trongphm vi vi chc mt, nu mun m rng th phi mua thm repeater hay access point dn n chi ph tng.1.4.3. ZigbeeZigbee l mt cng ngh c xy dng da trn tiu chun IEEE, p ng cho s pht trin rng khp ca mng WSN.Tiu chun IEEE 802.15.4 cung cp chun tc d liu thp vi thi gian s dng pin nhiu thng ti nhiu nm v t phc tp. Zigbee mang mt s c im sau: Tc truyn d liu thp Phm vi hot ng tt ca Zigbee l 10m 75m. S dng cu hnh ch t cho php kt ni ti a 254 node mng. Node mng Zigbee vn hnh tn t nng lng, n c th gi v nhn cc gi tin trong khong 15ms.1.5. ng dngWSN c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t:- Qun s : theo di, nh v cc mc tiu, chin trng, cc nguy c tn cng nguyn t, sinh ha, .Hnh 1.8: ng dng trong qun s- Y t : gim st bnh nhn trong bnh vin, qun l thuc, iu khin cc trang thit b t xa

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT- Gia nh : thit k ngi nh thng minh, iu khin cc thit b in, thit b si m, gim st an ninhHnh 1.9: Ngi nh thng minh s dng cm bin- Mi trng : gim st chy rng, thin tai v cc bin i kh hu- Thng mi : iu khin trong mi trng cng nghip v vn phng, gim st cc phng tin giao thng.- Gim st v cnh bo cc hin tng a chn.Hnh 1.10: Mng WSN cnh bo chy rng1.6. Kh nng m rng v pht trin

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTTim nng ca WSN l rt ln nhng nhng ng dng thc t ca n th cha c khai thc trit . Mt h thng mng giao tip thng minh, tin dng, tit kim nng lng cng vi nhng ch li m WSN em li s khin WSN tr nn ph bin v l mi quan tm ln ca con ngi trong th k 21. Kh nng m rng ca mng cm bin khng dy ph thuc vo s khc phc cc nhc im ca chnh n. Nhc im u tin l nng lng, v cc node sensor c kch thc nh, nn ngun ca n cng t, nu nh chng ta c th np li nng lng cho cc sensor th thi gian hot ng v cng sut pht ca cc node s tng ln. Nhc im th hai l di thng b gii hn do ngun cung cp cho vic pht tn hiu b hn ch, hin nay vic truyn d liu gia cc node l khong 10-100Kbits/s. Do s gii hn bng thng gy nn s kh khn trong giao tip gia cc sensor, nh hng n vic ng b ha.Hn ch tip theo l v vi x l v b nh ca cc sensor. Tc thp gy nn kh khn v vic x l thng tin. B nh t gy nn kh khn trong vic lu tr v tng hp d liu. Gii quyt c vn ny m khng lm tng kch c cng nh thi gian sng ca cc sensor th vic m rng ng dng ca mng cm bin khng dy s khng cn l tng lai xa.1.7. Kt lun Kh nng ng dng ca WSN l gn nh v hn nhng nhng ng dng thit thc ca n li cha c khai thc trit . Mt h thng mng giao tip thng minh, tit kim nng lng cng vi kh nng p dng thc t cao s l mt u th tt WSN c th ph bin rng khp vi gi thnh r - mt chun cho tng lai.

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTChng II: NH TUYN TRONG MNG CM BIN2.1. Thch thc trong vn nh tuynMc d mng cm bin c kh nhiu im tng ng so vi cc mng adhoc c dy v khng dy nhng chng cng biu l mt s cc c tnh duy nht m to cho chng tn ti thnh mng ring. Chnh nhng c tnh ny lm cho tp trung mi nhn vo yu cu thit kcc giao thc nh tuyn mi m khc xa so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong cc mng adhoc c dy v khng dy. Vic nhm vo c tnh ny a ra mt tp cc thch thc ln v ring i vi WSN.Chnh v nhng c im ring bit ca mng cm bin m vic nh tuyn trong mng cm bin phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc sau: Mng cm bin c mt s lng ln cc nt, cho nn ta khng th xy dng c s a ch ton cu cho vic trin khai s lng ln cc nt v lng mo u duy tr ID qu cao. D liu trong mng cm bin yu cu cm nhn t nhiu ngun khc nhau v truyn n sink. Cc nt cm bin b rng buc kh cht ch v mt nng lng, tc x l, lu tr. Hu ht trong cc ng dng mng cm bin cc nt ni chung l tnh sau khi c trin khai ngoi tr mt vi nt c th di ng. Mng cm bin l nhng ng dng ring bit. Vicnhnbit v tr lvnrt quantrngv victphpdliuthng thng da trn v tr. Kh nng d tha d liu rt cao v cc nt cm bin thu lm d liu da trn hin tng chung.Mc ch chnh ca mng cm bin l truyn thng d liu trong mng trong khi c gng ko di thi gian sng ca mng v ngn chn vic gim cc kt ni bng cch a ra nhng k thut qun l nng lng linh hot. Trong khi thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn, chng ta thng gp phi cc vn sau: c tnh thay i thi gian v trt t sp xp ca mng Rng buc v ti nguyn M hnh d liu trong mng cm bin Cch truyn d liu

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT 2.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn2.2.1. nh tuyn truyn trc tipTruyn tin trc tip l mt giao thc nh tuyn d liu trung tm mng WSN. Chc nng chnh ca giao thc l tit kim nng lng cho mng bng cch to ra s tng tc gia cc node qua s trao i thng ip trong phm vi ln cn.Thnh phn chnh ca giao thc ny l gm cc thng ip interests, data messages, gradients v reinforcements. Khi mt node no cn gi liu, n s pht qung b theo chu k gi interests n cc node xung quanh xc nh xem c node no c d liu m n ang cn khng. Hnh 2.1 miu t qu trnh truyn thng ip interest.Hnh 2.1: Truyn thng ip Interest.Sau khi truyn thng ip interest, trong mng hnh thnh vic xy dng gradient (c th xem nh hng v tc truyn) ti cc node mng hnh thnh lin kt gia trm gc v cc node c d liu. Trong qu trnh ci t gradient trm gc s to ra nhiu tuyn. ng c cht lng tt nht s c gi li trong khi cc ng c nng lng thp hn s b loi b. Hnh 2.2 m t qu trnh pha ci tgradient.

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT Hnh 2.2: Pha ci t GradientSau khi thit lp c ng truyn, qu trnh truyn d liu bt u. Trong sut qu trnh truyn d liu, nu ng truyn b hng hoc nng lng ca mng khng p ng c yu cu th mt ng truyn khc c nng lng thp hn s c s dng. Hnh 2.3 m t ng truyn d liu c chn c nng lng cao nht. Hnh 2.3: ng truyn d liu c chn c nng lng cao nht

5nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTK thut truyn tin trc tip c hiu sut s dng nng lng cao, n nh vi mi trng c c tnh ng.2.2.2. nh tuyn thng qua s tha thuni tng chnh ca nh tuyn ny l tnh hiu qu ca vic pht thng tin t mt node no n tt c cc node trong mng. Cc giao thc n gin nht l flooding v gossiping. Flooding yu cu mi node gi mt bn sao d liu cho tt c cc node ln cn cho ti khi d liu c truyn ti ch. Gossiping dng tnh ngu nhin gim s bn sao v yu cu ch mt node nhn c mt gi d liu v sau chuyn tip ti cc node c chn trc.S n gin ca flooding v gossiping do quy lut hot ng n gin v khng i hi cuhnhmngphctp. Tuynhin, doccnodecchntrcnncth ng truyn d liu khng phi l ng c nng lng cao nht dn n vic gy lng ph ti nguyn mng. c im ca giao thc ny l cc node cng gi bn sao d liu gy ra bng n cc gi, s tr gi l gim cht lng ca mng.Cc gi sau khi nhn c gi qung co, nu mun nhn gi d liu phi gi mt gi yu cu cho cc node ngun. Do cc node ch gi d liu cho cc cc node quan tm, hn ch kh nng b bng n gi nh trong flooding v gim ng k lu lng d tha trong mng. y l c im ca giao thc SPIN nhm gii quyt hn ch ca giao thc truyn thng. Trong giao thc ny, mi node mng c th theo di s tiu th nng lng trc khi pht hay x l d liu. Khi mc nng lng xung thp, node s ngng gi d liu, vic truyn d liu s do mt node khc c nng lng cao hn m nhim do SPIN gip ko di thi gian sng ca cc node.2.2.3. nh tuyn theo v tr Mc tiu ca giao thc ny l dng thng tin v v tr tm ra tuyn lin lc hiu qu nht t ngun ti ch. Trong giao thc ny, mt gi d liu t node ngun s c gi ti cc node trong phm vi ln cn c khoanh vng trc. Vng gii hn ny s do node ngun quyt nh hoc cng c th do cc node trung gian m nhim trnh vic gi d liu b gi lng vng trong mng. c im ni bt ca giao thc ny l mi node ch cn bit thng tin v node ln cntrc tip ca n do giao thc ny gim ng k overhead v nng lng tiu th do qu trnh truyn ch quamt chng. V vy giao thc ny ph hp vi cu hnh mng c nng lng thp. Tuy nhin hiu qu truyn tin cn ph thuc vo mt mng, v tr xc sut ca cc node v quan trng hn l quy c truyn gi ti ch. Phn quan trng ca giao thc ny l quy c truyn gi ti ch cui cng. Trong qu trnh truyn tin, mi node s quyt nh bc tip theo da vo v tr ca n, v tr ca cc node ln cn v node ch. Do cht lng ca vic truyn tin ph

7nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTthuc vo s hiu bit ca node v cu hnh ton mng, iu ny khng ph hp trong mng WSN do nng lng trong mng l hn ch. gii quyt vn ny mt s cc gii php c a ra. Di y l mt v d c th.Xt m hnh nh trn hnh 2.4, node hin ti c d liu cn truyn l MH. Qu trnh chn la cc node trung gian tip theo trn nguyn tc node gn node ch hn MH s c chn. Chin thut most forward - within R (MFR) s chn node nm xa MH nht trong s cc node nm trong vng c nh sn. Theo , bc k tip c chn bi MH chuyn tip d liu l MFR. Mt chin thut khc l nearest forward progress, la chn node gn MH nht. Do node NFP s c chn.M hnh compassing routing chn node c gc nh nht c to bi ng ni t MH ti ch v t MH ti node c chn.Do CMP s l node c chn. M hnh low energy forward chn node ti thiu nng lng c yu cu .Node LEF s c chn.Hnh 2.4: Cc chin lc chuyn tip gi.

Mc d n gin, nhng khng phi lc no cng tm c tuyn hay nh tuyn hiu qu. M hnh hnh 2.5 cho thy r hn v trng hp ny. Node cn chuyn gi d liu cho D, nhng trong m hnh th khong cch t S2 v S3 ti D u xa hn so vi khong cch t S1 ti D.

8nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT Hnh 2.5: Gii thut nh tuyn khng hiu qunh tuyn theo v tr ph hp vi mng WSN v yu cu t thng tin cho iu khin v tng tc, tuy nhin cc lin kt bt i xng v cc ng giao nhau lm tng phc tp ca giao thc.2.2.4. nh tuyn phn cp.nh tuyn phn cp l loi nh tuyn d trn s phn cp theo cm hoc theo chui, li dng cu trc ca mng t c hiu qu v nng lng, s n nh, s m rng. Trong loi giao thc ny cc nt mng c ch nh hoc t t chc thnh cc cm (hoc chui) trong mt nt c mc nng lng cao hn cc nt khc s ng vai tr l nt ch. Nt ch thc hin phi hp hot ng trong cm v chuyn tipthngtingiacccm(hocchui)vi nhau. Victothnhcccm(hoc chui) c kh nng lm gim tiu th nng lng v m rng thi gian sng ca mng.nh tuyn phn cp gm 2 thut ton tiu biu l : LEACH v PEGASIS. C th v 2 thut ton ny s c cp r hn trong chng III.

9nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT Chng III: GIAO THC NH TUYN PHN CP LEACH V PEGASIS3.1. LEACH 3.1.1. Tng quan v LEACH:LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy)l giao thc phn cp theo cm thch ng nng lng thp dng trong mng cm bin WSN. y l giao thc thu thp v phn pht d liu ti cc sink, c bit l cc trm c s. Vi mc tiu chnh ca LEACH l: Ko di thi gian sng ca mng Gim s tiu th nng lng bi mi nt mng S dng tp trung d liu gim s bn tin truyn trong mng3.1.2. Hot ng ca LEACH:Hot ng ca LEACH c chia thnh cc vng (round), mi vng c bt u vi pha thitlp(set-up phase),khi ccclustertthit lp,sau lphan nh (steady-state phase), khi xy ra qu trnh truyn d liu n trm gc (base station). gim thiu chi ph overhead, trong pha n nh di hn so vi pha thit lp. Hnh 3.1: Trng thi cc phase ca LEACH3.1.2.1. Pha qung b (Advertisement Phase)

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTBan u,khi cc cluster c to,mi node quyt nh c hay khng tr thnh cluster-head cho vng hin ti. S quyt nh ny da trn t l phn trm mong mun tr thnh cluster-head trong mng (xc nh u tin) v s ln node tr thnh cluster-head trc cho n thi im hin ti. S quyt nh ny c thc hin bi node la chn mt gi tr ngu nhin gia 0 v 1. Nu gi tr ny thp hn gi tr ngng T(n), node s tr thnh cluster-head ca vng hin ti. Ngng T(n) c xc nh bi: ( ) ( )0( )1 mod 1/P T nP r P 'P = t l phn trm mong mun tr thnh cluster-headsr= vng hin tiG l tp cc node cha tr thnh cluster-heads 1/P vng trc .S dng ngng ny, mi node s tr thnh cluster-head mt vi im trong 1/p vng. Trong sut vng th 0 (r=0) mi node c mt xc sut P tr thnh cluster-head. Cc node l cluster-head vng th 0 s khng th l cluster-head 1/P vng tip theo. Do , xc sut cc node cn li tr thnh cluster-head cn c tng ln, v c t node hn c iu kin tr thnh cluster-head. Sau 1/P -1 vng, T=1 cho cc node cha tr thnh cluster-head, v sau 1/p vng, tt c cc node mt ln na iu kin tr thnh cluster-head. Phin bn tip theo ca giao thc ny s bao gm mt ngng da trn nng lng tnh ton cho cc node c nng lng khng ng u. Trong trng hp ny,chng ta gi s rng tt c cc node bng u vi nng lng bng nhau ng u gia cc node. Mi node m chn chnh n tr thnh cluster-head cho vng hin ti, n qung b mt bn tin Advertisement (ADV) cho cc node cn li,s dng giao thc non-persistent CSMA. Bn tin ny l mt bn tin nh cha ID ca nt v mt tiu phn bit bn tin ny nhl mt bn thng bo.i vi pha cluster-head-advertisement, cluster-heads s dng giao thc CSMA MAC, v tt c cluster-heads truyn bn tin Advertisement cng nng lng truyn dn. Cc node non-cluster-head phi gi b thu trong sut qu trnh pha thit lp lng nghe bn tin advertisements ca cc node l cluster-head.Sau ,mi non-cluster-head quyt nh cluster m n thuc v cho vng hin ti. S quyt nh c da trn mnh tn hiu nhn c ca bn tin Advertisement. Gi s cc knh truyn l i xng, cluster-head c bn tin

3n G n G n G nu nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTAdvertisement c lng nghe vi cng tn hiu ln nht l cluster-head cn t nng lngcn thit cholinlc.Trong trnghpcalinkt,mt cluster-head ngu nhin c chn.Hnh 3.2: Lu thut ton phn b ca LEACH3.1.2.2. Pha thit lp nhm (Cluster Set-Up Phase)Sau khi mi node quyt nh nhm m n thuc v, n phi thng bo cho node cluster-head rng n s l thnh vin ca nhm. Mi nt truyn bn tin yu cu lin kt (join-request (REQ) tr li nt c chn cluster-head s dng non-persistent CSMA. Bn tin ny l mt bn tin ngn cha ID ca nt, ID ca cluster-head v mt

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTtiu . Trong sut pha ny, tt c node l luster-head cn gi trng thi tip nhn bn tin.3.1.2.3. To nh thi (Schedule Creation)Ccnodelcluster-headnhnccbntinvccnodemunlthnhvinca nhm. Da trn s lng ca node trong nhm, cluster-head to mt nh thi TDMA thng bo cho cc node thnh vin thi im n c th truyn. nh thi ny c qung b tr li cc node trong nhm. Vic to nh thi ny nhm trnh c xung t gia cc node trong mng,ng thi gip cc node duy tr trng thi ch khi cha n phin truyn, gip tit kim nng lng.3.1.2.4. Truyn d liu (Data Transmission)Hnh 3.3: Lu hot ng n nh trng thi ca LEACH

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTMt khi cc nhm c to v cc nh thi TDMA l c nh, d liu c th bt u truyn i. Gi s cc node lun lun c d liu truyn,n s truyn i trong sut thi gian nh trc ti cluster-head. Vic truyn ny s dng mt lng nh nng lng (la chn da trn cng tn hiu bn tin cluster-head advertisement ). Sng radio ca mi non-cluster-head c th c tt cho n khi thi im cho php truyn nh trc, do gim thiu nng lng tiu th trong cc node. Cc node cluster-head cn gi cc b thu d liu bt nhn d liu t cc node trong nhm. Khi tt c d liu c nhn, cluster-head thc hin chc nng x l tn hiu nn d liu thnh mt tn hiu duy nht. V d: Nu d liu l audio hay cc tn hiu ng t,cluster-head c th kt hp cc tn hiu n l thnh mt tn hiu tng hp. Tn hiu tng hp ny c th c gi ti trm gc gim bt kch thc bn tin truyn. Khi trm gc xa,s truyn d liu ny tiu tn mt lng ln nng lng. y l trng thi pha n nh trong hot ng ca cc mng LEACH. Sau mt thi gian nht nh c xc nh u tin, vng tip theo bt u vi mi node xc nh nu n nn tr thnh cluster-head cho vng hin ti v qung b thng tin,nh c miu t trn. 3.1.2.5. Multiple ClustersPhn trc chng ta m t lm sao cc cluster n l giao tip trong s cc node trong cluster . Tuy nhin,v tuyn vn l min qung b. Chng hn,truyn dn trong mt cluster s nh hng (v do lm suy bin) s giao tip gia cc cluster gn nhau.Hnh 3.4: Nhiu v tuyn. Node A truyn d liu n node B gy nhiu n node C

5nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTV d:Hnh trn cho thy phm vi truyn thng ca mtnodev tuyn.Node A trong khi truyn thng tin cho node B th li lm nh hng n truyn dn ca node C. gim bt loi nhiu ny,mi cluster giao tip s dng m CDMA khc nhau. Do ,khi mt node quyt nh tr thnh cluster-head,n chn ngu nhin t danh sch cc m tri ph. N thng bo cho tt c cc node trong nhm s dng m tri ph ny. Sau cluster-head lc tt c nng lng m n nhn c s dng m tri ph nh trc. Bi vy, nng lng v tuyn ca cc nhm ln cn s c lc ra v khnglm nh hng titruyn dn ca cc node trong nhm. S phn b knh sao cho hiu qu l mt vn kh khn, thm ch ngay c khi c mt trung tm iu khinring chy cc thut ton cn thit.Khikhng cn ch nhiu n vn hiu qu bng thngth s dng m CDMAs gii quyt c vn atruy cp trong mt cch thc phn phi.3.1.2.6. Nhm phn cp (Hierarchical Clustering)LEACH c th c m rng thit lp cc nhm phn cp. Trong kch bn ny, cluster-head c th giao tip vi cc siu node l super-cluster-head v nh vy cho n lp trn nht ca phn cp, ti im m d liu c truyn n trm gc. Trong mng ln, s phn cp ny c th tit kim c mt lng ln nng lng. Hnh 3.5: M hnh mng cm bin chy giao thc nh tuyn LEACHTrong phn trn chng ta cp n LEACH, mt giao thc nh tuyn da trn nhm ti thiu ha nng lng s dng bng cch phn phi ti ti tt c cc node nhng im khc nhau v thi gian. LEACH out thc hin cc thut ton nhm tnh bng cch yu cu cc node tnh nguyn tr thnh cc cluster-head nng lng cao v thch nghi vi cc nhm da trn cc node m c chn lm cluster-head ti thi im xc nh. Ti nhng thi im khc nhau, mi node c gnh nng v d liu thu c t cc node trong nhm, hp nht d liu thu c mt tn hiu kt hp, v

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTtruyn tn hiu kt hp ny ti trm gc. LEACH c phn b hon ton, khng i hi thng tin iu khin t trm gc,v cc node khng yu cu hiu bit v mng ton cc cho LEACH hot ng. Phn b d liu trong s cc node trong mng l hiu qu trong vic gim nng lng tiu tn ton din v nng cao thi gian sng ca h thng. 3.2. PEGASIS3.2.1. Tng quan v PEGASISPEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems -Tp trung hiu sut nng lng trong h thng thng tin cm bin) l h giao thc nh tuyn v tp hp thng tin cho mng WSN. PEGASIS thc hin 2 nhim v: Ko di thi gian sng cho mng. ng b nng lung ti tt c cc node mng v gim tr cc gi d liu.3.2.1.1. M hnh p dngPEGASIS p dng trn m hnh mng bao gm tp hp cc node c phn b ng nht trn mt vng a l. Trong mi node u bit c thng tin vv tr cc node khc trong ton mng. Bn cnh chng cng c kh nng iu khin cng sut v bao ph mt vng ty . Cc node ny cng c trang b b thu pht sng s dng cng ngh CDMA. Trch nhim ca cc node ny l thu lm v truyn d liu n cc sink,thng thng l cc trm c s. Mc ch pht trin mt cu trc nh tuyn v mt s tp trung d liu gim thiu s tiu th cng sut v truyn d liu c tp trung n trm c s vi tr truyn dn nh nht trong khi vn cn bng s tiu th cng sut gia cc node trong mng. 3.2.1.2. c trngGiao thc ny u tin h tr vic ko di thi gian sng ca mng nh t c vic tiu th nng lng ng nht v hiu sut nng lng cao qua tt c cc node trong mng, th hai lm gim tr truyn d liu n sink.Gii thut ny s dng m hnh cu trc dng chui.3.2.2. Hot ng ca PEGASIS3.2.2.1. PEGASIS c bna. Xy dng chui To mt chui cc node cm bin - mi node c th nhn v truyn d liu ti node bn cnh . Qu trnh thm cc node vo chui c thc hin tun theo thut ton Greedy. Bt u vi node xa sink nht m bo cc node xa sink u c node ln cn gn n v trong thut ton Greedy khong cch gia cc node s tng dn v cc

4nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTnode nm trong chui s khng c thm li, cc node mng c thm dn vo chui lm chui ln dn, k t node hng xm gn nht. xc nh c node ln cn gn nht mi node s s dng cng tn hiu o khong cch ti cc node ln cn ca n. Sau khi xc nh xong, cc node s iu chnh cng tn hiu sao cho ch c node ln cn gn nht nghe c.Hnh 3.6: Xy dng chui s dng thut ton Greedyb. Chn node chSau khi chui c thnh lp, bc tip theo l chn node ch. Mt node trong chui s c trn lm node ch, trch nhim ca node ch l truyn d liu tp hp c ti trm c s. Vai tr node ch s b dch chuyn v tr trong chui sau mi vng chu k. Vic quay vng node ch trong chui nhm m bo cng bng trong tiu th nng lng gia cc node trong mng. Tuy nhin cng cn ch rng vic thay i c khi dn n node ch ri xa trm c s (sink), khi node ny li cn yu cu cng sut cao truyn n trm c s.Node ch c chn bng cch sau: vng th i th node th i mod N (N l s node trong mng ) s lm ch. c. Truyn d liuVic tp trung d liu trong mng dc theo chui. tp hp d liu mi vng, mi node s nhn d liu t node hng xm v hp nht vi d liu n thu nhn c v truyn n node hng xm tip theo trong chui. Trong mt vng, chng ta c th s dng mt c ch iu khin token passing khi to bi node ch bt u vic truyn ti d liu t 2 u ca chui. Chi ph l rt nh v kch thc th bi l rt nh. u tin node ch s gi mt th bi ti node cui cng bn phi cui chui. Trong khi nhn c tn hiu ny node cui s gi d liu n thu lm c n node ln cn theo chiu xui trong chui, sau node ny tp

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT34567821trung d liu v li tip tc gi n node ln cn gn n nht, c nh vy cho n khi gi n node ch. Sau node ch s li tp trung d liu v gi n sink. V d: Trong hnh, node c2 l node ch, v n s chuyn tip cc th bi trong chui ti node c0, node c0 s truyn d liu ca n ti node c1, node c1 hp nht d liu truyn n n v d liu n thu nhn c ri tip tc truyn v nodech. Saukhi nhndliutc1,nodechc2s chuyn tip cc th bi ti node c4 v mi vic din ra tng t, node c4 node truyn d liu ca n ti node c3. Node c3 hp nht d liu ca node c4 vi d liu ring ca n v sau truyn n node ch.Node c2 ch nhn d liu t c hai hng xm v sau hp nht d liu ca n vi cc d liu ca hng xm. Cui cng,node c2 truyn mt bn tin n BS.d. X l li khi node cht Khi mt node b cht, chui s c cp nht li bng cch b qua node trong chui. Nh trong hnh 3 khi node 7 cht, node 8 s c gng lin lc vi node 6.Hnh 3.7: X l li khi mt node trong chui cht. 3.2.2.2. PEGASIS ci tina. Thay i phng php chn node chTrong gii thut PEGASIS c bn, chng ta thy rng mc d nng lng c chia s cho cc node nhng cc node xa trm BS s b tiu th nng lng nhiu hn v do nhanh chng cht i. Nh vy s nh hng n thi gian sng ca ton mng. Sau y, ta a ra mt ci tin trong qu trnh chn node ch lm tng thi gian sng ca mng. Chng ta s khng cho cc node xa trm BS v c nng lng thp lm node ch.Tt c cc node s tnh ton t s Ri nh sau:Ri=Pai/PTxi

2BSnh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTTrong :Pai : nng lng ca node i ti thi im hin ti. PTxi : nng lng cn thit node i truyn n trm c s.Node cui chui s bt u gi gi cha gi tr Rica n vpha node hng xm trong chui. Mi node nhn gi ny s so snh gi tr hin ti trong gi vi gi tr R ca n. Nu cao hn, n n gin s chuyn tip gi, cn nu nh hn, n s bin i gi vi gi tr hin ti ca n v chuyn tip n node cnh n trong chui. Node c gi tr R cao nht s l node ch. Node ch s thng bo cho cch thnh vin trong chui bit. Vic bu chn node ch c thc hin theo mt s vng no .S vng la chn node ch thay i thch ng theo mc nng lng hin ti ca mi node. Ti thi im bt u, mc nng lng ca mi node khc nhau tng i nh v cc node vn c mc nng lng rt cao. Mt khi c la chn lm node ch, node s gi vai tr ny trong mt s vng. Sau n khi to chu k la chn node ch khc v do lm gim s mo u lin kt vi node ch. Khi mc nng lng ca cc node gim th s vng chn li node ch cng gim v do trnh c mt node tiu th nng lng qu nhiu khi lm node ch. Khi mc nng lng ca node tr nn qu thp, vic chn node ch s din ra thng xuyn mi vng. K thut ny m bo cc node c nng lng cao v gn trm BS s c nhiu c hi lm node ch hn. Vic chn node gn trm BS lm node ch s gim tng chi ph truyn trong mng.Sau khi chn node ch. Node ch s truyn th bi dc theo chui n node cui chui. Nodenybt ucmnhndliuvtruynnnodebncnhntrong chui. Node ny s tp hp d liu ca n v d liu nhn c trong mt gi v truyn n node bn cnh n trong chui. C nh th, d liu c truyn n trm c s (BS).b. Khc phc tr bng chui conMc d c nhng ci tin ng k so vi LEACH, nhng PEGASIS vn tn ti mt s hn ch, ng k nht l tr trong mng kh ln, c bit l nu kch thc mng ln th chui s rt di v s lng bc nhy rt cao khi truyn d liu t cui chui n trm c s.

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTHnh 3.8: Khc phc tr ca PEGASIS khc phc tr chng ta c th chia mng ra thnh nhiu khu vc con, mi khu vc con ny s thit lp nn mt chui. Tng ng vi mi chui con s c mt node ch. Cc node ch ny li c th lin kt vi nhau to thnh chui cp cao hn v chui ny s li chn node ch truyn n trm BS. c. Tp trung d liu song songMc d n gin nhng m hnh tp trung dng chui d gy ra tr trc khi d liu tp trung c truyn n sink. Mt phng php gim tr ny l tp trung d liu song song dc theo chui, v s cng gim nhiu hn nu cc node c trang b b thu pht s dng CDMA.Dng n gin nht l cc node 2 pha node ch ln lut truyn d liu n khi n node ch.cchtlungcao hnccnodeuccp cc b thu pht dng CDMA trnh can nhiu gia cc node ln cn. Hnh 3.9 minh ha gii thut tp hp d liu song song.

4nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTHnh 3.9: Cu trc mng hnh chuiGi stt cccnode bituc cc thng tinchung vclinkt thnh chui. N l s node tham gia vo chui. Xt node 3 v tr s 3 l node ch trong vng ang xt, mc u tin cc node c nh s chn s pht d liu tp hp c cho node bn phi ca mnh. Mc k tip, cc node ang gi cc d liu tp hp c nh s li v cc node nh s chn s pht d liu cho node ngay bn phi ca n. mc cui cng, node 7 uc nh s 1 l nt cha d liu ln cn cui cng ca node ch node 3. Node 7 s gi ton b d liu tp hp trc cho node ch. Sau node

6V tr node V tr node V tr nodenh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTch s pht ton b d liu ca chui cho trm gc. Thut ton chui song song tit kim ng k nng lung tiu th ti cc node v tr gi.3.3. So snh PEGASIS vi LEACH3.3.1. u imPEGASIScnhngci tinngkhnsovi LEACHvthi giansng. PEGASIS tit kim nng lng mt s giai on. C th nh sau: Vic tphpd liucc b,khong cch m hunh cc node trong mng truyn d liu nh hn nhiu so vi vic truyn d liu ca cc node thnh vin n node ch trong cm ca LEACH. Khi lng d liu node ch trong PEGASIS nhn c nhiu nht l hai bn tin trong khi ca LEACH l 20 (nu mng c 100 node), nhiu hn rt nhiu. Ch cmt nodetrongmngtruyndliuntrmcstrongkhi LEACH c 5% s node truyn n trm c s.3.3.2. Nhc imMc d c nhng ci tin ng k so vi LEACH, nhng PEGASIS vn tn ti mt s hn ch nh sau: Tr trong mng kh ln, c bit l nu kch thc mng ln th chui s rt di v s lng bc nhy rt cao khi truyn d liu t cui chui n trm c s. Cc node trong chui phi bit cu hnh mng v iu ny khng phi lun lun d dng i vi mng cm bin. Xy ra hin tng tht c chai ti node ch. Tc l d liu tp hp c n node ch th node ch khng cn nng lng truyn n trm BS na.Feature PEGASIS LEACHKhong cch truyn DL Nh LnLng DL node ch nhn c Nhiu nht 2 bn tin~20 bn tin(mng 100 node)S node truyn DL n trm c sMi cm ch 1 node 5% s nodeTrKh ln (TL thun vi k.thc mng)TBYu cu vi cc node Phi bit cu hnh mng Khng cn bit cu hnh mng

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTNng lng node ch Xy ra hin tng tht c chai

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTChng IV: M PHNG HOT NG NH TUYN TRONG WSN4.1. Cng c m phng OMNet++ 4.1.1. Gii thiu OMNeT++OMNeT++lvit tt cacmtObjectiveModularNetworkTestbedinC++. OMNeT++ l mt ng dng cung cp cho ngi s dng mi trng tin hnh m phng hot ng ca mng. Mc ch chnh ca ng dng l m phng hot ng mng thng tin, tuy nhin do tnh ph cp v linh hot ca n, OMNeT++ cn c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nh m phng cc h thng thng tin phc tp, cc mng kiu hng i (queueing networks) hay cc kin trc phn cng...Hnh 4.1. M phng mngtrong OMNeT++OMNeT++ cung cp sn cc thnh phn tng ng vi cc m hnh thc t. Cc thnh phn ny (cn c gi l cc module) c lp trnh theo ngn ng C++, sau c tp hp li thnh nhng thnh phn hay nhng m hnh ln hn bng mt ngn ng bc cao (NED). OMNeT++ h tr giao din ho, tng ng vi cc m

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VThnh cu trc ca n ng thi phn nhn m phng (simulation kernel) v cc module ca OMNeT++ cng rt d dng nhng vo trong cc ng dng khc.4.1.2. M hnh trong OMNeT++Mt m hnh trong OMNeT++ bao gm cc module lng nhau c cu trc phn cp. su ca ca cc module lng nhau l khng gii hn, iu ny cho php ngi s dng c th biu din cc cu trc logic ca cc h thng trong thc t bng cc cu trc m hnh. Cc module trao i thng tin vi nhau thng qua vic gi cc message (message). Cc message ny c th c cu trc phc tp tu . Cc module c th gi cc message ny theo hai cch, mt l gi trc tip ti a ch nhn, hai l gi i theo mt ng dn c nh sn, thng qua cc cng v cc kt ni.Cc module c th c cc tham s ca ring n. Cc tham s ny c th c s dng chnh sa cc thuc tnh ca module v biu din cho topology ca m hnh. Cc module mc thp nht trong cu trc phn cp ng gi cc thuc tnh. Cc module ny c coi l cc module n gin, v chng c lp trnh trong ngn ng C++ bng cch s dng cc th vin m phng.4.1.2.1. Cu trc phn cp ca cc moduleMt m hnh trong OMNeT++ cha cc module lng nhau c cu trc phn cp, trao i thng tin vi nhau bng cch gi cc message. Mi m hnh ny thng biu din cho mt h thng mng. Module mc cao nht trong cu trc phn cp c gi l module h thng. Module ny c th cha cc module con, cc module con cng c th cha cc module con ca ring n. su phn cp i vi cc module l khng gii hn, iu ny cho php ngi s dng c th d dng biu din mt cu trc logic ca mt h thng trong thc t bng cu trc phn cp ca OMNeT++.Cu trc ca m hnh c th c m t bng ngn ng NED ca OMNeT++. Hnh 4.2. Cu trc phn cp module trong OMNeT++Cc module c th cha nhiu module con v c gi l module kt hp.Cc module n gin l cc module c cp thp nht trong cu trc phn cp. Cc module

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTn gin cha cc thut ton ca m hnh. Ngi s dng trin khai cc module n gin bng ngn ng C++, s dng cc th vin m phng ca OMNeT++.Tt c cc module d l n gin hay phc tp u l cc i tng c th ca cc kiu module. Trong khim tcc mhnh, ngis dngnh ngha racc kiu module,cc i tng c th ca cc kiu module ny c s dng nh cc thnh phn ca cc kiu module phc tp hn.Cui cng,ngi s dng to module h thng nh mt i tng c th ca kiu module c nh ngha trc , tt c cc module ca mng u l module con (hoc l con ca module con) ca module h thng.Khi mt kiu module c s dng nh mt khi dng sn (building block), s khngthphnbitlmtmodulenginhayphctp. iunychophp ngi s dng c th tch cc module n gin ra thnh nhiu module n gin c nhng trong mt module kt hp, v ngc li c th tp hp cc chc nng ca mt modulekthptrongmtmodulenginmkhngnhhnggncckiu module c ngi s dng nh ngha.Kiu module c th c lu tr trong mt file ring r. iu ny cho php ngi s dng c th nhm cc kiu module li v to ra mt th vin thnh phn.4.1.2.2. Message, cng, cc lin ktCc module trao i thng tin bng vic gi cc message. Trong thc t, message c dng khung (frame) hoc l cc gi tin (packet) c truyn i trong mng. Cc messagecthccutrcphctptu. Ccmodulengincthgi cc message i mt cch trc tip n v tr nhn hoc gi i theo mt ng dn nh sn thng qua cc cng v cc lin kt.Thi gian m phng a phng (local simulation time) ca mt module tngln khi module nhn c mt message. Message c th n t mt module khc hoc n t cng mt module (message ca chnh bn thn module self-message c dng thc hin b nh thi).Cng (gate) l cc giao tip vo ra ca module. Message c gi i qua cc cng ra v c nhn vo thng qua cc cng vo. Mi kt ni (connection) hay cn gi l linkt (link) ctobntrongmt mcntrongcutrcphncpcacc module: bn trong mt module kt hp, mt kt ni c th c to ra gia cc cng tng ng ca hai module con, hoc gia cng ca module con vi cng ca module kt hp.

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTHnh 4.3. Cc kt ni trong OMNeT++Tng ng vi cu trc phn cp ca mt m hnh, cc message thng di chuyn qua mt lot cc kt ni vi im bt u v kt thc l cc module n gin. Tp cc kt ni i t mt module n gin v n mt module n gin c gi l route. Cc module kt hp hot ng ging nh cc cardboard box trong m hnh, trong sut trong vicchuyntipccmessage gia cc thnh phnbn trongv th gii bn ngoi.4.1.2.3. M hnh truyn gi tinMt kt ni c th c ba tham s c trng rt thun tin cho cc m hnh m phng mng thng tin. Ba tham s ny bao gm: tr ng truyn (s): l tng thi gian n ca message b tr i khi truyn qua knh T s li bit (s li/bit): l xc sut cc bit b truyn sai. Do xc sut mt message di n bit truyn i chnh xc l:P(message gi i c nhn chnh xc) = (1 - ber)ntrong ber l t s li bit v n l s bit ca message. T s li bit nh hng n qu trnh truyn message qua knh. Cc message truyn i u c mt c li, c ny s c thit lp khi vic truyn message c li T s d liu (bit/s): c s dng tnh thi gian truyn mt gi tin. Khi t s ny c s dng, qu trnh gi message i trong m hnh s tng ng vi vic truyn bit u tin v message c tnh l n ni sau khi bn nhn nhn c bit cui cng.

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTCc tham s ny l tu chn. Gi tr ca chng khc nhau trn tng kt ni, ph thuc vo kiu ca lin kt (hay cn gi l kiu ca knh truyn channel type).Hnh 4.4. Truyn bn tin4.1.2.4. Tham sCc module c th cc tham s. Cc tham s ny c th c t gi tr trong cc file NED hoc cc file cu hnh ompnetpp.ini. Cc tham s ny c th c dng thay i cc thuc tnh ca cc module n gin hoc dng biu din cho topology ca m hnh. Cc tham s c th c kiu l chui, s hc, gi tr logic hoc cng c th cha cy d liu XML (XML data tree). Cc bin kiu s trong cc biu thc c th nhn gi tr t cc tham s khc, gi hm, s dng cc bin ngu nhin t cc ngun phn tn hoc nhn gi tr trc tip c nhp vo bi ngi s dng.Cc tham s c kiu s c th c dng cu hnh topology rt d dng. Nm trong cc module kt hp, cc tham s ny c th c dng ch ra s module con, s cng giao tip v cch cc kt ni ni b c to ra.4.1.3.Hng dn ci t OMNET trn Windows - Phin bn Windows h tr: Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7 (32-bit) - Yu cu:Cn ci t trc Java runtime (JRE). http://www.java.com - Ci t OMNeT++:Download gi OMNeT++ 4.1 win32. http://omnetpp.org/download/ Extract file zip ra th mc ci t OMNET (C:\omnetpp). Ch : tn th mc phi khng c du cch (space)Chy file mingwenv.cmd trong th mc omnetpp-4.1 s hin ra giao din dng lnh. Ti du $ g 2 dng lnh sau bt u qu trnh ci t:

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT$ ./configure $ make Sau khi qu trnh ci t hon tt, khi ng IDE bng lnh: $ omnetpp- Cc bc m phng viOMNeT++:1. m hnh OMNeT + + xy dng t cc thnh phn (module) m cc thnh phn ny giao tip vi nhau bng bn tin trao i. Module c th c lng nhau,ngha l,mt s module c th c nhm li vi nhau to thnh mt module t hp. Khi to m hnh, cn nh x h thng cn m phng vi mt h thng module truyn thng phn cp.2.nh r cu trc ca m hnh bng ngn ng NED. C th son tho NED trong mt trnh son tho vn bn hoc trong trnh son tho ha ca Eclipse da trn m phng IDE OMNeT + +.3. Cc thnh phn tch cc ca m hnh (modules n gin) phi c lp trnh trong C++,sdngnhnm phng v lp thvin (simulation kernel and class library).4. To ra mt file omnetpp.ini ph hp lu gi cu hnh OMNeT++ v cc thng s ca m hnh. Mt file cu hnh c th m t mt vi m phng chy vi cc tham s khc nhau.5. Xy dng chng trnh m phng v chy n. Vic ny s lin kt code vi nhn m phng OMNeT++ v mt trong nhng ni cung cp giao din ngi dng OMNeT++.C giao din dng lnh (batch) v tng tc.6.Kt qu m phng c vit vo cc tp tin vector v v hng u ra. C th s dng Analysis Tooltrong Simulation IDE quan st chng. Cc tp tin kt qu l dng vn bn, do cng c th x l chng vi R, Matlab hoc cng c khc.

4.2. Thc hin m phngL do chnh chn OMNET + + m phng ny l n cho php v tr ca cc module nm bt k ni no. y cng l l do ti sao chng ta c th m phng cc

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTv tr ngu nhin ca mt mng cm bin cng nh xy dng cc i tng chuyn ng.M hnh : cc node trong mng c phn b v tr mt cch ngu nhin v gi s cc node cm bin khng di ng.Cc thut ton ca 2 giao thc u th hin cc nt. M hnh mt nt cm bin c minh ha nh hnh di y: a. y b. Rt gnHnh 4.5. M hnh m phng nt cm bin Module lp vt l(Phy):i din cho lp vt l ca mt nt cm bin, c trch nhim to kt ni gia nt v cc nt hng xm ca n, v chuyn tip bn tin t lp cao hn ti hng xm ca n v ngc li. Module ng dng (App): i din cho lp ng dng. Ch rng, c sau khi truyn mt bn tin, module t ng gi mt bn tinDECREASE_ENERGYti module

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTnnglng(thngquamoduleiuphi)chophpccmodulegimnng lng ca mt s n v nng lng. Module iu phi (Coordinator): l giao din kt ni tt c cc module li vi nhau. N phn loi mt bn tin n chuyn n ti ng module. V d, khi nhn mt bn tin DECREASE_ENERGY n s chuyn bn tin ti module nng lng. Module cm bin(sensor):i din cho mt bng cm bin trong mt nt.Nu thng s SENSOR_SWITCH l ON (= 1), cc module tiu th nng lng, v vy, sau mt khong thi gian (timer), module s gi mt tin nhn DECREASE_ENERGY nmodulennglng(thngquamoduleiuphi). Khi mi ln nh thi, thi gian ch s b gim xung. Cc b m thi gian ch i c thit lp bi tin nhn SENSOR_REFRESH t cc module ng dng. Nu b m thi gian ch bng 0, module s tt (tham s SENSOR_SWITCHc thit lp v 0). Module v tuyn(radio):cho bng v tuyn ca mt nt. Cc module Radio i din cho Ban pht thanh mt nt cm bin. Nu tham s RADIO_SWITCHl ON(=1), ccmoduletiuthnnglng, v vy, saumt khongthi gian (timer), modulesgi mt tinnhnDECREASE_ENERGYnmodulenng lng (thng qua module iu phi). Module nng lng(energy):i din cho ngun nng lng (pin) ca mt nt cm bin. Nu module nhn mt bn tin DECREASE_ENERYn s gim mc mt s n v nng lng.Vi mc ch m phng hot ng nh tuyn ca giao thc, trong m phng di y s dng m hnh node rt gn ch bao gm module ng dng (App) v module nng lng (Ene)4.2.1. LEACH Qu trnh m phng bao gm 4 bc:+ Bc 1: Khi to mng v chn node ch (CH)+ Bc 2: Mi cc node vo nhm+ Bc 3: Phn chia khe thi gian TDMA+ Bc 4: Truyn d liu.4.2.1.1. Khi to mng v chn CHBan u, mi node s quyt nh c hay khng tr thnh cluster-head cho vng hin ti bng cch tnh gi tr ngng TN, nu T[i] > TN node s tr thnh node ch4.2.1.2. Mi cc node vo nhm

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTCc node ch s broadcast bn tin INVITATION mi cc node vo nhm. Cc node cn li khi nhn c bn tin ny s tnh ton khong cch t n n node ch (CH), nu nh nm trong vng ph ca CH n s ng vo nhm v gi tr bn tin JOIN_CLUSTER4.2.1.3. Phn chia khe thi gian TDMA Cc CH sau khi nhn c bn tin JOIN_CLUSTERt cc node s cp pht khe thi gian tp hp d liu bng bn tin TDMA_SCHEDULE 4.2.1.4. Truyn d liu Cc node con trong cm truyn d liu v node ch theo khe thi gian c cp pht qua gi DATA.Kt qu m phng LEACH nhn c nh hnh 4.6: a.Khi to mng v chn CHb.Mi cc node vo nhm

3abnh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT c. Phn chia khe thi gian TDMA d. Truyn d liuHnh 4.6. Chn node ch v thu thp d liu bng LEACH4.2.2. PEGASIS Qu trnh m phng bao gm 4 bc:+ Bc 1: Tm node xa trm BS nht+ Bc 2: To chui+ Bc 3: Chn node ch+ Bc 4: Truyn d liu v x l li khi node cht4.2.2.1. Tm node xa nhtBan u BS s pht i bn tin INI_NETWORK thng bo bt u xy dng mng. Cc node nhn c bn tin s tnh ton khong cch n BS v sau reply li bng bn tin REPLY_ INI.Saukhi nhnc bntinreply,BSs sosnhcc gi tr v tmra c MaxDistance - ng vi node xa nht so vi n.4.2.2.2. Thit lp chuiBS s gi bn tin MAX_DISTANCEcho node xa nht thng bo n str thnh node gc ca chui v chui bt u c sinh t y.Nodegcsbtutmnodekhcgnn nhtvchovo chuibngbn tin FIND_NODE .Cc node xung quanh nhn c bn tin ny v gi bn tin p tr li REPLY_FIND. Node gc cn c vo cc gi tr distance trong cc bn tin la chn ra node gn mnh nht c a ch MinAddr v khong cch Min.Sau node gc gicc bn tin INVITATIONmichng vo chui.Node gn nht ng vi bn tin JOIN_CHAIN. C nh vy, sau khi mt node vo chui th n s li tip tc mi gi cc node cn li vo chui, trong sut qu trnh ny, node mi vo s ng vai tr nh node gc mt node gc tm thi.

5c dnh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT Hnh 4.7. To chui v chn node ch trong PEGASISSau khi tt c cc node u vo chui (khi node gc tm thi khng cn nhn c bn tinJOIN_CHAINno na sau khi request), n s gi bn tin CHOSING_HEADER n cho trm BS. BS s bt u khi to qu trnh chn node ch bng cch gi n node gc ca chui.4.2.2.3.Chn node chNode xa nht bt u tnh ton t l: Ratio=curPower/distance v cho vo bn tin truyn dc theo chui. Ti cc node:khi nhn c bn tin cng tnh ton gi tr ny v sau so snh gi tr Ratio ca n v ca bn tin nhn c. + Nu nh hn n n gin s forward i + Nu nh hn ns thay th bng Ratio ca mnh v li truyn i. Node c gi tr Ratio cao nht s c chn lm node ch. Node ch s thng bo cho cc node khc bit n l node chcng vi v tr ca n.

3nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTBeginNhn bn tinDR=0n==N-1Index==0R[i]>RTRT=R[i]H=iForward Bn tin Xa bn tinEndBackward bn tinDR=1Hnode=trueSSSSgetId()==HSHnode_id=HHnh 4.8. Thut ton chn node ch chy trong tng node 4.2.2.4. Truyn d liu v x l li khi mt node chtNode ch bt u gi bn tin TOKENn node gc chui bt u mt vng truyn d liu,sau nh thut ton nu trn, cc node s ln lt tch hp d liu ca n v truyn n node ch. Sau node ch s tp hp d liu ca n v hai bn tin t hai pha truyn v v truyn n Sink. Ti cc node mi khi nhn c bn tin s tnh ton nng lng nhn v truyn.

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTBeginNhn TOKENgetId()==Hnode_idEndgetId()==(0 OR N-1)Kt hp vi d liu ca n v gi v sink vngBackward TOKENFlag=1Forward TOKENFlag==0Ghi d liu vo TOKENSSSSFlag=0Hnh 4.9. Thut ton thu thp d liu bng TOKENSau mi ln nhn gi tin, cc node s kim tra xem cn nng lng truyn v nhn khng? Nu khng nng lng th n s khng truyn gi i v cng s khng nhngi tin. Lcnynodecoi nhlcht,ccnodekhcdavothi gian timeout, khng thy node gi d liu n s thng bo n node ch cp nht li chui. Chui mi s b qua node cht. Sau node ch li gi TOKEN bt u thu thp d liu.Khi node cht, node ch c nhim v gi thng bo n BS, BS m s node cht v sau BS a ra kt qu.

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT4.3. Kt lunCc mng Sensor vi gi thnh thp, c kh nng trin khai trong nhiu iu kin a l kh hu phc tp, c bit l cc kh nng x l cng tc v chu c cc h hng s c em li mt cuc cch mng trong lnh vc cm bin v thu thp thng tin. iu ny mng li nhiu li ch thit thc cho cuc sng, cho sn xut v cho khoa hc. Trong tng lai, mng Sensor c th s l mt phng tin cn thit v thng dng nh my tnh c nhn v in thoi di ng hin nay.Trn y, chng em hon thnh ni dung nghin cu khoa hc, tuy cha thc s hon thin song t c nhng kt qu theo cng ra, xin c tm tt li nh sau: Chng I: Gii thiu tng quan v mng cm bin khng dy vi nhng hiu bit v nn tng ca cng ngh mng cm bin khng dy, cc nhn t nh hng n mng v tuyn, c im v kin trc tng quan mng cm bin khng dy cng nh cc ng dng ca mng cm bin khng dy. ChngII:aracccgiaothcnhtuyntrongmngcmbin khng dy. Chng ny phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn thnh hai loi: cc giao thc nh tuyn da theo cu trc mng, v da theo c ch hot ng. Chng III:Tm hiu c hot ng ca 2 giao thc nh tuyn phn cp in hnh l LEACH v PEGASIS trong mng cm bin khng dy Chng IV: Thc hin m phng hot ng nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy da trn phn mm OMNet++Trong tng lai, cc k thut nh tuyn tp trung vo cc hng khc nhau nhng tt c u c mc ch l ko di thi gian sng ca mng. Mc d cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng WSN hin nay bc u s dng hiu qu nng lng nhng cc nghin cu vn cn tip tc kt hp vi cc vn nh m bo QoS v cc ng dng thi gian thc. Mt vn khc cn c quan tm l kh nng di chuyn ca nt. Khi vic cp nht thng tin v tr ca nt ch huy v nt cm bin cng nh truyn thng tin qua mng c th tiu th mt mc nng lng ng k ca cc nt. Cc giao thc nh tuyn mi cn phi x l thng tin v di chuyn v s thay i cu hnh mng trong iu kin hn ch v nng lng. Bn cnh cn c hng pht trin tch hp cc mng cm bin vi mng hu tuyn v hu ht cc ng dng trong gim st mi trng u cn s liu t cc nt

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTcm bin gi ti my ch c phn tch k hn. Hy vng nhng vn trn trong tng lai gn chngem s c dp nghin cu v pht trin tip.

2nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTPH LCA1. LEACH topo// ============================== Leach.ned ===============================// Created on: Nov 20, 2010// Author: Nguyen Dinh Quang (quangnd.na@gmail.com) - D07VT3-PTIT// package wsn;simple Node{parameters:int id;int xpos = uniform(0,3000);int ypos = uniform(0,3000);int CH = default(0);int myCH = 0;volatile double s = uniform(0,1);@display("i=misc/node");gates:input in @directIn;}simple BS{parameters:int xpos;int ypos;@display("i=device/antennatower;is=vl");gates:input in @directIn;}network Leach{parameters:int xmax;int ymax;int numNodes;int psize;int dmax;double InitEnergy;@display("bgi=background/terrain,s;b=3200,3200;bgb=3200,3200");submodules:node[numNodes]: Node {parameters:id = index+3;@display("is=vs;i=,blue");}bs: BS {@display("p=1500,1500");}}//

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT// ========================================================================A2. PEGASIS topo// ============================= Pegasis.ned ==============================//Created on: Nov 21, 2010//Author: Nguyen Hoang Son (hson7246@gmail.com) - D07VT3-PTIT//import ned.DelayChannel;simple App {gates:inout gate;inout app_tof[2];}simple Energy {parameters:int energy = 5000;gates:inout gate;}module snode {parameters:int id;//Directionint RA_N = uniform(0,1000);//Ratio of current nodeint CH = default(0); //Chain Head@display("bgb=300,300,DarkSeaGreen;bgp=0,0");gates:inout gate[2];submodules:app: App {@display("p=70,100;i=block/segm");}ene: Energy {@display("p=256,100;i=block/plug");}connections allowunconnected:for i=0..sizeof(gate)-1 {gate[i] app.app_tof[i];}ene.gate app.gate;}network WSN {parameters:int NNode = 50;@display("bgl=2;bgi=background/terrain,s");types:channel C extends ned.DelayChannel {delay = uniform(0.1ms, 1ms);}submodules:node[NNode]: snode {parameters:@display("i=misc/node2,blue");id = index;}connections allowunconnected:for i=0..NNode-2 {node[i].gate[1] C node[i+1].gate[0];}

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VT}// // ========================================================================

1nh tuyn phn cp trong WSN03-SV-2010-RD-VTTI LIU THAM KHO[1] S. Lindsey and C. Raghavendra, PEGASIS: Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems, IEEE Aerospace Conf. Proc., 2002, vol. 3, 9-16, pp. 1125-30. [2] W. Heinzelman, A.P. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan,Energy-EfficientCommunication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks, IEEE Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 4-7, 2000, Maui, Hawaii.[3] O. Younis and S. Fahmy,HEED: AHybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks, IEEE Trans. Mobile Comp., vol. 3, no. 4, Oct.Dec. 2004, pp. 36679. [4]W. R. Heinzelman, J. Kulik, and H. Balakrishnan,Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemenination in Wireless Sensor Network, IEEE Proc. Hawaii Initl Conf. Sys. Sci. Jan. 2000 pp 1 -10.[5]Wendi Beth Heinzelman,Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for Wireless Networks, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1997).[6]KazemSohraby, Daniel Minoli, Taieb Znati,Wireless Sensor Networks Technology, Protocols, and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2007.[7]Anna Hac,Wireless Sensor Network Designs, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Copyright 2003.[8]Jamal N. Al-Karaki Ahmed E. Kamal,Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks,Dept. of Electrical andComputer EngineeringIowaStateUniversity, Ames, Iowa 50011.[9].TS. L Nht Thng, TS. Nguyn Qu S,Cc k thut phn nhm trong cc mng cm bin v tuyn, Tp ch Bu chnh vin thng, s 301, nm 2007.[10] OMNeT++ simulation,http:// www.omnetpp .org .[11] Sensor NetworkResearchGroupat Louisiana State University(2/1/2005), Simulating Wireless Sensor Networks with OMNeT++.[12] Sam Tran Phu Manh, Applying image processing techniques to simulate a self-organized sensor network for tracking objects,MS Thesis, The University of Houston Clear Lake, 2005.

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