discussion. osteomyelitis is defined as an inflammation of the bone caused by an infecting organism...
DESCRIPTION
Traditional System (accdg. to time of onset) Acute: 2 weeks Subacute: weeks to months Chronic: 3 monthsTRANSCRIPT
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS
Discussion
OSTEOMYELITIS Osteomyelitis is defined as an inflammation
of the bone caused by an infecting organism
The infection may be limited to a single portion of the bone or may involve numerous regions, such as the marrow, cortex, periosteum, and the surrounding soft tissue.
The infection generally is due to a single organism, but polymicrobial infections can occur, especially in the diabetic foot.
OSTEOMYELITIS: CLASSIFICATIONS Traditional System (accdg. to time of
onset) Acute: 2 weeks Subacute: weeks to months Chronic: 3 months
OSTEOMYELITIS: CLASSIFICATIONS Waldvogel System (accdg. to
etiology and chronicity) Hematogenous Arising from contiguous infection (no
vascular disease present) Vascular disease present Chronic
OSTEOMYELITIS: CLASSIFICATIONS Cierney and Mader System (accdg. to
anatomic extent of infection and physiologic status of host) 1: Medullary only (acute hematogenous) 2: Superficial cortex (contigous spread or
soft tissue trauma) 3: Localized (cortical and medullary,
mechanically stable) 4: Diffuse (cortical and medullary,
mechanically unstable)
OSTEOMYELITIS: CLASSIFICATIONS
OSTEOMYELITIS: CLASSIFICATIONS Cierney and Mader System (accdg.
to anatomic extent of infection and physiologic status of host) A: Healthy host B: Compromised host▪ Bs: due to systemic factors▪ Bl: due to local factors▪ Bls: due to local and systemic factors
C: Treatment worse than disease
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS Difficult to eradicate completely
Though systemic symptoms may subside, foci in the bone may contain infected material, infected granulation tissue or a sequestrum
Intermittent acute exacerbations may occur and responds to rest and antibiotics
Hallmark: infected dead bone within a compromised soft-tissue envelope
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS The infected foci within the bone are
surrounded by sclerotic, relatively avascular bone covered by a thickened periosteum and scarred muscle and subcutaneous tissue This avascular envelope of scar tissue
leaves systemic antibiotics essentially ineffective
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITISSecondary infections are
common Sinus tract cultures usually do not
correlate with cultures obtained at bone biopsy
Multiple organisms may grow from cultures taken from sinus tracks and from open biopsy specimens of surrounding soft tissue and bone
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS Generally requires aggressive
surgical excision combined with effective antibiotic treatment
Surgery is not always the best option, however, especially in compromised patients
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS: DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis
is based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging studies
Gold standard: biopsy specimen for histological and microbiological evaluation of the infected bone Staphylococcal in most causes, especially
posttraumatic Anaerobes and gram-negative bacilli may
also be seen
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS: DIAGNOSIS Physical examination:
Integrity of skin and soft tissue Determine areas of tenderness Assess bone stability Evaluate neurovascular status of limb
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS: DIAGNOSIS Laboratory studies:
Generally nonspecific and give no indication of severity▪ Elevated ESR and CRP▪ Elevated WBC in 35%
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS: DIAGNOSIS Radiologic studies:
Plain radiographs▪ Soft tissue edema and loss of fascial planes
(earliest signs of bone infection)▪ Cortical destruction (7 to 10 days)▪ Periosteal reaction (2 to 6 weeks)▪ Sequestrum: dead bone (6 to 8 weeks)▪ Involucrum: sheath of periosteal new bone (6
to 8 weeks)
SEQUESTRUM AND INVOLUCRUM Cortical penetration and
accumulation of inflammatory exudates periosteal stripping inner layer stimulated to form bone later infected “barrier” is formed cortex and spongiosa deprived of blood supply necrosis sinus tract formation in some case
Small sequestra may be resorbed or may be extruded through sinus tract
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS: DIAGNOSIS Radiologic studies:
Technetium-99m Scanning▪ Increased uptake in areas of increased blood
flow and osteoblastic activity Gallium Scanning▪ Increased uptake in areas of leukocyte and
bacteria accumulation (can therefor be used to monitor response to surgery)
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS: DIAGNOSIS Radiologic studies:
CT Scan▪ Provides excellent definition of cortical bone and a
fair evaluation of the surrounding soft tissues and is especially useful in identifying sequestra
MRI▪ Provides a fairly accurate determination of the
extent of the pathological insult by showing the margins of bone and soft-tissue edema▪ May reveal a well-defined rim of high signal
intensity surrounding the focus of active disease (rim sign)
TREATMENT
Generally cannot be eradicated without surgical treatment Debridement Curettage Sequestrectomy
Goal: eradicate infection by achieving a viable and vascular environment
Reconstruction after adequate surgery and appropriate antibiotic therapy
TREATMENT
Limb is splinted until wound is healed Will also prevent pathologic fractures
Antibiotic regimen is continued from prolonged period and should be monitored by IDS
TREATMENT Polymethylmethacrylate Antibiotic Bead Chains
Delivers levels of antibiotics locally in concentrations that exceed the minimal inhibitory concentrations
Antibiotic is leached from the PMMA beads into the postoperative wound hematoma and secretion, which act as a transport medium
Aminoglycosides are the most commonly employed antibiotics for use with PMMA beads
Can be used in the treatment of osteomyelitis if soft-tissue coverage is impossible after initial débridement
TREATMENT
Biodegradable Antibiotic Delivery Systems A second procedure is not required to
remove the implant Soft Tissue Transfer
Fills dead space left behind after extensive débridement
Ilizarov Technique Allows radical resection of the infected bone
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy