dr. p. nanjundaswamydr. p. nanjundaswamy sjce mysore january 9, 2018 40 reinforced earth -examples...
TRANSCRIPT
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Reinforced Earth Structures
Dr. P. NANJUNDASWAMY
Professor of Civil Engineering
S J College of EngineeringMysore – 570 006Contact : 94492 [email protected]
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore 2
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Applications - Examples
3. Principles and Mechanism
4. Advantages and Limitations
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
0 5 11
35
60
100
145
200
250Fa
cin
g ar
ea
in L
akh
sq
. m
Evolution of total amount of Reinforced Earth built worldwide
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 4
Introduction
Use of Soil in Civil Engineering Practice
• Construction material (earth dam, embankments)
• Manufacture of bricks, tiles, earthenware
• Fill material behind retaining walls, abutments . . .
• Foundation material
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Introduction….
Ground Improvement In-situ soil treatment
Stabilization chemical injection or groutingPre-compressionVibroflotationDynamic compactionElectro-osmosis
Soil reinforcementPilesStone columnsMetallic or non-metallic elements
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Introduction….
Nicholson (2015)
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
Before
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
During
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
After
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
Reconstruction of the slope of embankment using GRS-RWs having a FHR facing for a
track of bullet trains (Shinkan-Sen)
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
COASTAL EROSION
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
Geotextile as separator & filter
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
PavementStonebase
Soil subgrade
Topsoil
450 mm
400 mm
300 mm
Crushed stone/perforated pipe
GT
(GT Filter in Excavated Trench) (Crushed Stone & Perforated Pipe)
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
Tunnel Waterproofing
• many old tunnels without GMs are leaking
• white staining on surface is the “tell-tale”
• key is to use a GT and GM behind the permanent concrete surfacing
• in turn, this requires a GP drainage system
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
Rehabilitation
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Reinforced Earth - Examples
Rehabilitation
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In this Course
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In this Course
Basics of Reinforced Earth
General
Origin
Definition
Principles
Mechanism and Concept
Components
Advantages and Disadvantages
Application areas
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In this Course . . .
Geosynthetics
Introduction and Overview
Classification
Functions
Manufacturing methods
Characteristics and Testing
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In this Course . . .
Design of Reinforced Earth Structures
Retaining walls
Embankments
Earth Dams and Slopes
Foundation structures
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In this Course . . .
Soil Nailing Techniques
Mechanism
Methods of Soil Nailing
Construction Sequence
Design Aspects
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In this Course . . .
Geosynthetics for other applications
Filter and Drain
Landfills
Roads
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References
Design with Geosynthetics
Robert M. Koerner
Fifth Edition 2005
Pearson Prentice Hall
ISBN 0-13-145415-3
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References . . .An Introduction to Soil Reinforcement
and Geosynthetics
Shivakumar Babu G. L.
First Published 2005
Orient Blackswan
ISBN 978-81-737-14818
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References . . .
Earth Reinforcement and Soil Structures
Colin J F P Jones
Third Edition 1996
Thomas Telford
ISBN 978-0-727-73489-1
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References . . .
Geosynthetics and their applications
Edited by
Sanjay Kumar Shukla
First Published 2002
Thomas Telford Limited
ISBN 0-7277-3117-3
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References . . .
Geosynthetics in Civil EngineeringEdited by
Sarsby R. W.First Published 2007 Woodhead Publishing Ltd. and CRC Press
ISBN 978-1-85573-607-8
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 54
References . . .
Fundamentals of Geosynthetic Engineering
Sanjay Kumar ShuklaJian-Hua Yin
First Published 2006
Taylor & Francis Group
ISBN 978-0-415-39444-4
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 55
References . . .• Reinforced Soil and its Engineering
ApplicationsSwami SaranI. K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006
• Engineering with GeosyntheticsEd. G.V.V. Rao & G.V.S.S. RajuTMH, India, 1996
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 56
References . . .
Reinforced Earth and Geosynthetics
My Notes
Revised 2014
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 57
Concept, Principles and Mechanism
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 58
Definition
Composite material formed byembedding reinforcing material in asoil fill.
Reinforcing elements interact with soilthrough friction and/or adhesion andable to resist tensile stresses.
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 59
Principles
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Principles….
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Principles….
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Principles….
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 63
Concept
Frictional earth-reinforcement interaction
Interaction between soil and reinforcement- a sort of restraint on the soil mass
• Equivalent confining stress concept
• Pseudo-cohesion concept
Principles….
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 64
Principles….
Equivalent confining stress conceptσ1
σ3σ3
σ1
Unreinforced Soil
σ3σ3
σ1+Δσ1
Reinforced Soil
Δσ3
Δσ3
Δσ3
Δσ3
σ1+Δσ1
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 65
Principles….
σ1 Δσ1
σ3 Δσ3
σ
Ø
Reinforced Soil
Unreinforced Soil
Equivalent Confining Stress
Equivalent confining stress concept
q
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 66
Principles….
Pseudo-cohesion concept
σ1
σ3σ3
σ1
Unreinforced Soil
σ3σ3
σ1+Δσ1
Reinforced Soil
σ1+Δσ1
Ø only C and Ø
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 67
Principles….
σ1 Δσ1
σ3
σ
Ø
Reinforced Soil
Unreinforced Soil
Pseudo-cohesion concept
q
Ø
c
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 68
Mechanism
Stress on soil mass – strain in soil – transmit tensile load to
reinforcement
Tensile fore is not constant
– exhibits peaks
Line of maximum tensile force – potential failure surface
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore January 9, 2018 69
Advantages
• Cost effective
• Ease and rapidity of construction
Std prefabricated elements
• Adaptability to various slopes & soil conditions
mid size construction equipment
• Flexibility
• Aesthetic
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Disadvantages
• Non availability of suitable fill material
• Suitable design criteriaCorrosion, deterioration and degradation
• Shared responsibilityMaterial suppliers, designers, contractors and engineers
• Design and construction practiceStandardization of specifications, and contracting practices
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Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysore 71
Thank you