effect of music on post-exercise recovery in young adults. archives/2011_55_5/supplement 1 pages...

Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, Vol. 55, No. 5, Supplement APPICON 2011 (Abs.CA) 41Complimentary and Alternative Medicine

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Effect of Alternate Nostril Yoga Breathingon Autonomic and Respiratory Variables

Sachin Kr. Sharma*, Shirley Telles, AcharyaBalkrishna

Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, India

Email : [email protected]

Objective : The present study was conductedto see the effect of alternate nostril yogabreathing on autonomic variables before,during and after the practice.

Method : Fifteen healthy male participants ageranged between 20-30 years were selected forthe study. They were not taking anymedication and residing in a yoga centerlocated in northern India. Data were acquiredon the same participants on two differentdays. Participants were alternately allocatedto two practices, viz., alternate nostril yogabreathing (anuloma-viloma) and breathawareness. The two interventions were givenon two different days for each participant andallocation to either intervention was alternate.The total time for the interventions was 28minutes. During anuloma-viloma participantspracticed alternate nostril yoga breathing (at6-10 rounds/min) as three epochs of fiveminutes each. After each five-minute periodthere was a one-minute gap during which theybreathed normally. Breath awareness was thealternate intervention. During this practice theparticipants were asked to sit quietly, beingaware of their breath without manipulatingtheir breathing. Blood pressure, heart ratevariability and respiration rate were assessedbefore, during and after the intervention.

Results : Data was analysed by using RM-

Anova. There were two with in subject factorsi.e., Session with two level (ANYB and BAW)and States with four levels (Pre, D1, D2, D3and Post). There was a significant decreasein systolic blood pressure following ANYBin D1 (P<0.001), D2 (P<0.001), D3 (P<0.001)and in post (P<0.001) while compared withpre. Also there were significant changes insystolic blood pressure after BAW in D1(P<0.01), D2 (P<0.01), and D3 (P<0.01) whilecompared with pre. Also respiration rate wassignificantly decreased (P<0.01) after ANYBand BAW. There were no changes observedin frequency domain of Heart rate variability.

Conclusion : Both breathing techniques,Alternate nostril yoga breathing and breathawareness may be useful in prevention andmanagement of hypertension.

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Effect of Music on Post-Exercise Recoveryin Young Adults.

Samir Mendpara

S.B.K.S. Medical College, Vadodara, Gujarat


Objective : Music is a well known relaxationtechnique from times immemorial. This studywas carried out for evaluation of effectof music on post-exercise recovery timefollowing moderate exercise with Harvard steptest in young healthy volunteers.

Methodology : 50 normal young healthymedical students aged between 17 to 21 yearswere taken as subjects. They were subjectedto moderate exercise by Harvard step test onthree consecutive days. They were allowedto rest in silence on the first day, rest by

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42 APPICON 2011 (Abs.CA) Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, Vol. 55, No. 5, Supplement

hearing slow music on second day and restwith fast music on third day. Parameters suchas Pulse rate, systolic blood pressure anddiastolic blood pressure were measured atpredetermined intervals.

Results : Data was statistically analysed usingstudent t-test and result showed that withmusic, recovery time of systolic and diastolicblood pressure and pulse rate weresignificantly faster when compared to post-exercise recovery of all these parameters withno music. Results also showed that post-exercise recovery with slow music was fasterwhen compared to that with fast music.

Conclusion : The present study supported thehypothesis that relaxation with music after about of physical exercise caused fasterrecovery of physiological parameters incomparison with relaxation in silence. Musichas the potential to reduce physiologicalindicators of anxiety. Music reduces muscularand mental tension and thereby decreasessympathetic stimulation. The heart rate andblood pressure returned to base line fasterwhile listening to slow music when comparedto fast music. Slow music reduces the arousal,leaving the subject in a state of relaxation.This study show that slow music can be usedas one of the best relaxation tools to improvethe work efficiency of the employees at thework place. It is beneficial part of this study.

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Effect of 12 Week Yoga Therapy onCardiac Autonomic Functions in Patientsof Essential Hypertension.

Punita P*, Madanmohan T, Swaminathan RP

Department of Physiology, JIPMER, Pondicherry

E-mail : [email protected]

Objective : To study the effect of 12 weekyoga therapy on cardiac autonomic functionsin patients of essential hypertension.

Method : Patients with essential hypertensionfrom JIPMER outpatient department andsatisfying the study criteria, after obtaining awritten informed consent, were randomlydivided into two groups: yoga group (n=34,who underwent yoga training alongwith antihypertensive drugs) and controlgroup (n=36, antihypertensive drugs only).Supervised yoga training consisting ofstatic postures, breathing and relaxationtechniques was given for a period of 12weeks, three times a week for the yoga group.Lifestyle modifications like dietary pattern,physical activity, cessation of smoking andalcohol were advised to both the groups.Anthropometric parameters, resting bloodpressure (BP) and autonomic functions [short-term spectral analysis of heart rate variability(HRV), heart rate and BP response tostanding, deep breathing and isometrichandgrip] were recorded in all subjects beforeand after the study period. P value <0.05 wasconsidered significant.

Results : There was a significant reductionin resting BP in yoga group. On analysis ofHRV, there was a significant increase inparasympathetic activity and decrease insympathetic activity in yoga group. Inreactivity tests, though an improvement wasnoticed (increase in vagal modulation,decrease in sympathetic reactivity) the resultswere not statistically significant.

Conclusion : Twelve week yoga therapy can

Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, Vol. 55, No. 5, Supplement APPICON 2011 (Abs.CA) 43

was recorded by using BIOHARNESSAcqKnowledge 4.1 version and analyzed byKubios HRV 2.00 software. Basal restingparameters and HRV were recorded for 5minutes after that. SNP (only right nostrilbreathing) was performed in six cycles perminute (each cycle consists of 5 seconds foreach inspiration and expiration) for 5 minutesfollowed by 5 min rest. Three such sessions(before, during and after) HRV were recorded.The same procedure and recording warefollowed for CNP (left nostril breathing only).Appropriate statistical analysis was done usingSPSS version 16 and the level of statisticalsignificance is considered at a P value < 0.05.

Results : The results of our study was muchin accordance with the previous studies. Thetime domain analysis of SNP revealed anincreased heart rate with a decreased RMSSD,the index of short term HRV. However theSDNN which is considered the index of longterm HRV increased. Also, in the frequencydomain analysis there is an increased LFpower and decreased HF power. The indexof sympathovagal balance as reflected by LF/HF ratio increased i.e from 1.8 to 2.2 afterthe intervention. All the observation showedthat SNP is sympathomimetic. In CNP, thetime domain analysis of HRV revealed adecreased heart rate and an increased pNN50.The frequency domain analysis revealed anincreased HF power with decreased LF/HFratio i.e from 2.1 to 1.5. The observations ofCNP clearly indicated that CNP is an activatorof the parasympathetic activity.

Conclusion : “SNP increase the sympatheticactivity and CNP increases the parasympatheticactivity and these can be appropriatelyadvocated in many chronic cardiovasculardiseases where the autonomic imbalance is

improve cardiac autonomic functions inpatients of essential hypertension if practicedregularly along with other lifestylemodifications and drugs. Therefore, yogatherapy especially breathing and relaxationtechniques can be prescribed along withantihypertensive drugs in hypertensivepatients to restore sympathovagal balance.

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Immediate Effect of Suryanadi andChandranadi Pranayam on Short TermHeart Rate Variability in Healthy YoungVolunteers

Rajajeyakumar M1*, Madanmohan T1,Amudharaj D1, Bandi Harikrishna1,Jeyasettiseloune2, Bhavanani AB2

1Department of physiology, JIPMER, Pondicherry.2Advanced centre for yoga therapy and research,JIPMER,, Pondicherry.


Objective : To study the immediate Effect ofSuryanadi and Chandranadi Pranayam onHeart Rate Variability in Healthy YoungVolunteers.

Method : The present study was conductedon 11male volunteers 20-30yrs. Their height,weight were recorded and BMI was calculated.Volunteers were assigned to a sequencerandomly. Each volunteer was taught bothsuryanadi (SNP) and chandranadi pranayam(CNP) by trained yoga teacher and made topractice under direct supervision until theywere familiar. The procedures and recordingswere carried out in lying down posture for allvolunteers between 4-6.30 pm in ACYTERlab, JIPMER. Heart rate variability (HRV)


one of the primary derangements.

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Effect of Two Yogic Breathing Techniqueson Oxygen Saturation

Ram Kumar Gupta*, Shirley Telles, AcharyaBalkrishna



Objective : The present study was conductedto assess blood oxygen saturation pre, duringand post high frequency yoga breathing(Kapalabhati) and Breath awareness.

Method : Participants were 29 healthy malevolunteers with ages ranging between 17 and32 years (group mean ± S.D., 22.5 ± 3.6years). They were all working as securitypersonnel in a Yoga and Ayurveda center inthe north of India. Their minimum experienceof yoga breathing practice was 3 months.Two breathing exercises were high frequencyyoga breathing (HFYB) or Kapalabhati andBreath awareness (BAW). Each participant wasassessed using MP-150 (BIOPAC, U.S.A.) ontwo sessions (HFYB and BAW) each lasting33 minutes. The sequence of practice waschanged for every alternate participant.Repeated measures analyses of variance(ANOVA) with Bonferroni adjustment post-hoc analyses was done to compare Duringand Post data with Pre data using PASWversion 18.0.

Results : During High frequency yogabreathing, there was a significant increase inoxygen saturation compared to pre (P<0.01)and after high frequency yoga breathing,there was a significant decrease in oxygen

saturation compared to pre (P<0.01). Therewas no significant difference during and afterbreath awareness on oxygen saturation.

Conclusion : This result may be due to areduction of carbon dioxide level in the bloodwhich may facilitate oxygen binding withhemoglobin as HFYB or Kapalabhati cancause carbon dioxide washout.

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Cardioresiratory & HaematologicalChanges after Pranayama Training inHealthy Young Adults

Dr. S B Jore1*, Dr. T.B.Bhutada2, Dr. U.S.Palkar1, Dr S.R. Vaidya1, Dr. M. Parekh1

1B.V.D.U. Medical College, Sangli2Government Medical College, Miraj

Aims & Objectives : To study followingCadiorespiratory & haematological parametersbefore & after 12 weeks pranayama training& to compare them.

1] Heart rate

2] Systolic & diastolic blood pressure

3] Breath Holding Time

4] Hemoglobin count

5] R. B. C. count

6] Total W. B. C. Count

7] Platelet count

Materials & Methods : Study was conductedon 40 M.B.B.S. students.

The Pranayama practice consisted ofPrayer, Nadishuddhi, Bhastrika, Anulom-vilom, Suryabhedan, Kapalbhati, Bhramari,and Omkar Recitation for 45 minutes in early


morning & was carried out 6 days/week for12 weeks duration. Heart rate was taken bymeasuring R-R interval in ECG. Bloodpressure was measured with the help ofmercury sphygmomanometer. BHT was takenwith the help of stop watch. Mean of the threereadings was taken as a final reading. Readingsof haematological parameters were taken withautomated three cell counter method. Dataanalysis was done by applying students pairedt-test.

Results : There was significant decrease inheart rate, systolic blood pressure & increasein BHT after pranayama. There was nosignificant change in diastolic blood pressure.After short duration pranayama practice therewas significant change in hemoglobin count,R. B. C. Count & no significant change in W.B. C. Count & platelet count.

Conclusion : From our study it can beconcluded that regular pranayama practice hasimpact on haemotopoeisis through its impacton neuroendocrine system. Pranayamapractice improves cardiac autonomic status &pulmonary functmion.

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Immediate Effect of “AUM” MantraChanting on ElectroencephalographicPattern, Heart Rate and Galvanic SkinConductance Levels in Medical Students

M. Shobitha* J.L. Agarwal

Dept. of Physiology, Saraswati institute of medicalsciences, Ghaziabad


Objective : The objective of this study was to

evaluate the immediate effect of “aum” mantrachanting for five minutes in untrained subjectson electroencephalographic pattern, heart rateand galvanic skin conductance levels.

Method : Electroencephalogram and heart raterecordings were taken after five minutes ofrest before, during and after 5 minutes of“aum” chanting, in 15 medical students.

Results : Resting pattern of electroencephalo-gram showed a basal beta wave pattern of18-30 Hz. During 5 minutes of “aum”chanting all the subjects showed alpha wavepattern which increased in amplitude andslowed down in frequency and extended toall the channels. In 5 subjects it wasinterspersed by short bursts of high voltage(100-300 microvolts) theta waves at 5-7cycles per second predominantly in the leftfrontal regions and spread to all other leadsand other 5 subjects showed short bursts oflarge amplitude delta waves during theprocess of “aum” chanting .

Conclusion : As the results showed alpharhythms and slow wave patterns of theta anddelta in electroencephalogram with asignificant increase in heart rate and decreasein galvanic skin resistance values duringchanting, it is concluded there is a combinationof mental relaxation and mental alertnessduring “aum” chanting.

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Effect of Yoga and Physical Exercise onthe Physical Fitness of School Children

Nilkamal Singh*, Shirley Telles, Abhishek Kr.Bhardwaj, Acharya Balkrishna


Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar


Objective : The present study aim atevaluating the effect of 60 days of yoga andphysical exercise training on physical fitnessof school children.

Method : In this study 49 students with agesranging between 9 and 12 years. (Group Mean± S.D. age, 10.5±1.3 years) were randomizedto a yoga group and a physical exercise groupusing a random number table. The yoga grouppracticed yoga for 45 minutes daily for fivedays a week for three months and the physicalexercise group practiced physical activityduring that time. Physical fitness of thechildren was assessed using the EurofitPhysical fitness battery before and after threemonths of intervention. Repeated measuresanalyses of variance (ANOVA) followed bypost-hoc analyses with Bonferroni adjustmentwere done to compare data recorded beforeand after three months with pre data, usingPASW Version 18.0.

Results : When after intervention data werecompared with before intervention data therewas a significant increase in the number ofsit-ups completed in 30 seconds in both yoga(P<0.001) and physical exercise group(P<0.001), a significant reduction in timetaken to complete a plate tapping task in bothyoga (P<0.001) and physical exercise group(P<0.01) and a significant increase in bodymass index in both yoga (P<0.001) andphysical exercise group (P<0.05) was alsoobserved.

Conclusion : Sixty days of yoga practice andof physical activity can improve some of thevariables of physical fitness in children,comparably.

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Effect of Yoga Training on PhysiologicalParameters and ECG Changes

Kedar Suresh Kulkarni

Objective : The goal of yoga practice isrelaxation even while working. Yoga hasshown many beneficial effects includingreduction in anxiety levels and beneficialeffects in patients with ECG abnormality andECG changes. Yoga is a powerful tool incontrolling a number of diseases likehypertension psychological disorders anddiabetes mellitus.

Method : 50 patients with heart disease withECG changes 50 psychotic patients 50diabetics and 50 normal subjects were chosenand they underwent three months of yogatraining they were assessed before and afteryoga sessions. We obtained results as shownin observation tables

Results : Parameters Initial Values Values after3 months

Body wt 60+1 57+1

Systolic BP 127+2 117+1

Diastolic BP 81+1 75+1

Heart rate 72+1 68+1

ECG Ectopic Reduced – Statisticalchanges significant

Psychiatric More Doses – Statisticaldoses reduced significant

Blood 200+20 120+10 – Statisticalsugar significant

P<0.05 in all the cases, paired t test twotailed


Conclusion : This study has shownfollowing effects there are tremendousbeneficial effects after yoga training significantreduction in body weight, psychiatric doserequirements, blood sugar levels andsignificant reductions in ECG changes withabolition of ectopics.

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Study of Autonomic Functions in RajaYoga Meditators

Archana D. Mandape*, Jyotsna R. Bharshankar,M. S. Phatak

Department of Physiology, Institute:IndiraGandhi Government medical College, Nagpur


Objective : “The study was conducted toobserve the autonomic functions in Raja yogameditators and controls.

Method : Sympathetic function tests (galvanicskin resistance,cold pressor response, handgriptest) and parasympathetic function tests(standing/lying ratio,30:15 RR ratio, valsalvaratio,expiration/inspiration ratio) were carriedout in 25 controls and 25 participants doingBramha Kumaris (BK) Raja yoga meditationfor more than 5 years.

Results : “From the study it was observed thatstanding/lying ratio,30:15 RR ratio,valsalvaratio, expiration/inspiration ratio and galvanicskin resistance were significantly higherin Raja yoga meditators (P<0.001) thancontrols.30:15RR ratio was not significant.Thedifference in the mean values of systolic &diastolic blood pressure response to handgripbetween study group & control group wasstatistically significant (mean rise in systolic

blood pressure 19.44 vs 22.88 mmHg)(P<0.01) & (mean rise in diastolic BP 22.08vs 16.8 mmHg) (P<0.001). Blood pressureresponse to cold pressor test was notsignificant for systolic blood pressure but wassignificant for diastolic blood pressure (meanrise in diastolic BP10.48 vs 12.08 mmHg)(P<0.001).

Conclusion : These results indicate thatparasympathetic activity increases andsympathetic activity decreases with Raja yogameditation(BK) practice for more than 5years.

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Effect of Yoga on Cardio-RespiratoryResponses in Female Subjects of Manipur.

Athokpam Mirabai Devi*, Sarada N, ThounaojamShantikumar Singh

Department of Physiology, RIMS, Imphal,Manipur


Objective : The study was aimed at assessingthe effect of a set of yoga practices on cardio-respiratory responses in normal adultindigenous females of Manipur as very fewdocumented data is available from the northeast region of India.

Method : The study was conducted on 31normal indigenous females of Manipur in theage group 20 to 50 years. Padmasana andshavasana were performed for 30 mins/day,six days/week for 3 months under the expertguidance. The cardiovascular status wasassessed by recording blood pressure by amercury sphygmomanometer (Diamond),heart rate (HR), 30:15 ratio and Valsalva ratio


by an ECG machine (Cardiart108T/MK) andrespiratory function by recording forcedexpiratory volume in 1st Second (FEV1) andpeak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) by aMedspiror (Recorder’s and Medicare System)before and after 3 months of regular yogapractice. Paired ‘t’ test was used to findsignificance of the findings.

Results : The mean HR, systolic and diastolicblood pressure were reduced significantlyfrom 80.84±8.08 to 71.10±5.15 (P<0.001),123.87±7.15 to 115.42±5.84 (P<0.001)and 81.35±5.01 to 73.48±4.67 (P<0.001)respectively. The mean 30:15 ratio 1.16±0.77and Valsalva Ratio 1.37±0.18 were increasedsignificantly to 1.34±0.212 (P<0.001) and1.66±0.28 (P<0.001) respectively. Mean FEV1

(1.91±0.36), and mean PEFR (6.12±2.13)were increased significantly to 2.29±0.32(P<0,001)and 7.48±2.29 (P<0.001) respectively.

Conclusion : The cardio-respiratory functionsshowed significant improvement after 3months of yoga practice in normal femalesubjects of Manipur. The findings will havesignificant impact on physical health amongfemales in a conflict area like Manipur.

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Effect of Bhramari Pranayama onVolunteers Having Cardiovascular Hyper-reactivity to Cold Pressor Test

Gaurav Jain*, Chanda Rajak, SanjeevRampalliwar

Department of Physiology, AIIMS, New Delhi


Objective : Objective of the present study wasto investigate whether regular practice of

Bhramari Pranayama for 3 months can reducethe cardio-vascular hyper-reactivity inducedby cold pressor test.

Method : Total 54 healthy first year medicalstudents [age group 18 to 24 yrs] whowere sedentary and nonsmoker with nocardiorespiratory disorders were included inthe study. Study design chosen was preand post test and we included only theexperimental group. Cold Pressor test wasperformed by immersing the hand in coldwater up to the wrist for one minute (coldstress). An elevation above the basal level ofmore than 20 mm of Hg in systolic or ofmore than 15 mm in diastolic was consideredas hyper-reactive response. We made subjectsto perform Bhramari Pranayama for threemonths.

Results : 21 volunteers hyper-reactive to coldpressor test 3 months of regular practice ofBhramari Pranayama reduced to 04 (H” 81%reduction). Initially mean systolic BP after1min cold stress was 139± 8.83 mmHg whichwas reduced to 134±5 mmHg (t = 2.94,P<0.01), while diastolic blood pressurereduced from 91±7.5 mmHg to 88±4.42mmHg (t = 4.74, P<0.01). Initially the rise insystolic blood pressure due to cold stress(Hand immersed at 30– 40 C for one minute)was 19.24±4.17 mmHg that became15.71±2.85 mmHg (t = 6.4, P<0.01), andinitial rise in diastolic blood pressure was14.67±2.85 mmHg which became 11.62±1.86mmHg (t = 5.6, P< 0.01) after regular practiceof Bhramari Pranayama for 3 months.

Conclusion : We concluded that regularpractice of Bhramari Pranayama for 3 monthsreduced the cardiovascular hyper-reactivityto cold pressor test in subjects who were


hyper-reactive to cold stress, possibly byinducing parasympathetic predominance andcorticohypothalamo medullary inhibition.

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Blood Pressure Changes During IndianClassical Singing

Gharu Yuvraj1*, Gharu Luxmi2

1Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology,Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla2Assistant Professor, Department of Music,Rajkiya Kanya MahaVidyalaya Shimla.


Objectives : To study the changes of bloodpressure during Indian classical singing.

Methods : In the present study, 25 students ofdegree college, R.K.M.V. shimla who arelearning vocal music were involved. Subjectshaving the age between 16 and 40 years andwho were singing with minimum durationof two years in college were only selected.Those who were anemic, hypertensive andhypotensive and even having family historyof hypertension were excluded.

Subjects were made to sit in crossed legposition and resting blood pressure wasrecorded in the right arm three times with aninterval of five minutes. Subjects were askedto sing the Yaman Rag and blood pressurewas recorded after 1st, 2nd and 5th minute ofsinging. The same procedure was performedthree times with an interval of five minutes.

Results : On statistical analysis, i t wasobserved that after 1st, 2nd and 5th minuteof singing both systolic and diastolic bloodpressure were raised significantly as compared

to their resting value. Change in diastolicblood pressure is more prominent ascompared to systolic blood pressure. Althoughquantitative change of systolic and diastolicblood pressure varies in different subjects anddepends on rise of intra-thoracic pressure.

Conclusion : Indian classical singing involvesrise of blood pressure which is directly relatedto the rise in intra-thoracic pressure.Continuous singing for long duration maycause risk for cardio-vascular changes andregular follow up of professional singers isrecommended.

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Physiological Effect of Yogic Practices onYoung Indian Students : A ComparativeApproach

Kaushik Halder*, Abhirup Chatterjee, OmveerSingh Tomer, Anjana Pathak, Rameshwar Pal,Trilok Chand Kain, Mantu Saha

Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences(DIPAS) DRDO, Lucknow Road, Timarpur,Delhi – 110 054


Objective : To compare body mass index(BMI), physical characteristics, aerobic andpulmonary capacities of Yoga Diploma CourseStudents (YS), who practiced yoga for oneyear prior to the study, with Research Fellows(RF), who never practiced yoga.

Method : Sixty eight (N=68) healthy youngvolunteers within the age range of 23–29years participated in the study, which included19 male (n1=19) & 17 female (n2=17) YSand 20 male (n3=20) & 12 female (n4=12)RF. Standing height, weight, dynamic lung


function tests [including forced vital capacity(FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1st second(FEV1), maximum voluntary ventilation(MVV) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)],hand grip strength (HGS), back leg strength(BLS) and maximal aerobic capacity(VO2max) were recorded. BMI was calculatedusing standard formula.

Results : VO2max of male and femalevolunteers from YS was significantly higher(P<0.05 & P<0.001 respectively) than RF.MVV of male and female participants fromYS was significantly higher (both P<0.05)than RF. PEFR of female YS was significantlyhigher (P<0.05) than female RF; though, PEFRvalues of male YS and RF did not show anysignificant difference. BLS of male and femalevolunteers from YS was significantly higher(both P<0.05) than RF. No significantdifference was observed in BMI, FVC, FEV1and HGS between male and female YS andRF.

Conclusion : The present study showed betterphysical performance in YS as compared toRF. It could be recommended that yoga as aphysical fitness regime should be consideredfor any health benefit programme.

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Effect of Short Term Yoga Practices onCardio-pulmonary Efficiency Parameters

V.P. Doijad*, A.D. Surdi

B2/14, Lecturer’s Quarters, Civil Hospital Campus,Solapur, Maharashtra

Aims and Objectives : To Study the effectof short term Yoga practices on cardio-pulmonary efficiency parameters like pulse

rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, pulmonaryfunction tests (FVC, FEV1%, MVV, PEFR) and40 mm endurance time.

Materials and Methods : The study wasconducted on 60 Ist M.B.B.S. students (40males, 20 females) of age group 17-20 years.The parameters taken were pulse rate, bloodpressure, respiratory rate, pulmonary functiontests (FVC, FEV1%, MVV, PEFR) and 40 mmendurance time.The students were trained byexperts from Yoga Kendra. The studentsperformed the Yoga Practice in the eveningfor one hour, six days in a week, for 12 wksunder expert’s observation. The Yoga practiceconsisted of Prayer, Omkar recitation, asanas,pranayama and breathing exercises. Student‘t’ test was used to compare pre & post Yogaassessment.

Results : There was significant decrease inpulse rate,blood pressure and respiratory rate.There was significant improvement in FVC,FEV1 %, MVV, PEFR & 40 mm Hg endurancetime.

Conclusion : A marked improvement canoccur in various cardio-pulmonary efficiencyparameters after short term Yoga practice. Byextending these results, we suggest that Yogapractice may be applied as an alternativetherapy or as adjunct to conventional therapyin diseases like bronchial asthma and essentialhypertension.

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Effect of Anapanasati Meditation onCardiovascular Parameters and LipidProfile

Shilpa D*, Kanyakumari K, Raj PN


#4305/11, Shilpa D, Saraswatinagar A Block,Davangere – 577 005


Objective : Because of growing evidence ofstress as a major contributing factor forcardiovascular diseases, techniques ofmeditation are being increasingly used andstudied. Our present study was done toevaluate the effect of Anapanasati meditationon cardiovascular parameters and lipid profile.

Method : In this study 30 meditators and 30non meditators in the age group 45 to 60 yrsof either sex with no known cardiovasculardisorders were selected. Meditators practicedanapanasati meditation every morning for onehour, for more than one year and nonmeditators had not done any kind ofmeditation or any relaxing technique.Cadiovascular parameters - Blood pressureand heart rate were recorded after one hourmeditation in Sri Murugarajendra MeditationCenter, Davanagere, Karnataka. For LipidProfile, 5ml of fasting blood drawn andserum was separated by centrifugation. Totalcholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL),Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) andTriglycerides were estimated by semiautoanalyserusing specific reagents. Non meditators weretested similarly after 15 min of rest. Data wassubjected to statistical analysis. Student’sunpaired t-test was used to compare both thegroups. Level of significance was set atP<0.05.

Results : Heart rate, Systolic blood pressure,Diastolic blood pressure, Total cholesterol,HDL, LDL, Triglycerides were significantlylow in meditators compared to non meditators.

Conclusion : This study suggests that

meditation lowers blood pressure and heartrate and improves lipid profile. Thusmeditation can be used as an inexpensive toolto reduce cardiovascular risk which providespsychophysiologic stimuli to improve mostof the cardiovascular functions and possiblyresult in improved management of their dailystress.

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The Effect of Pranayama on SerumMalondialdehyde Levels in NormalHealthy Volunteers

P U Shinde*, A S Ingol, U S Zingade, S Afroz

Department of Physiology, Mahatma GandhiMiss ions Medica l Col lege , Aurangabad,Maharashtra


Objective : The present study was undertakento find out the effect of Pranayama breathingexercises on stress reduction, by assessing thefasting serum malondialdehyde levels, an endproduct of lipid peroxidation, at the beginning& at the end of two months Pranayamatraining camp, through a self controlled trial,at Government Medical College and Hospital,Aurangabad, in the Department of Physiology.

Method : Total 74 healthy subjects of bothsexes were included in the study with agegroup of 45-55 years, who have practicedPranayama for one hour daily for two months.Fasting venous blood samples were collectedon the first day & last day of the camp.

Results : The serum concentration ofmalondialdehyde decreased from 3.79±0.75nmoles/ml on first day of camp to


1.69±0.55nmoles/ml on last day of camp(P<0.001).

Conclusion : The results of present studyindicate that Pranayama can be cost effective& excellent technique to relieve stress &stress related disorders like type obesity,hypertension, type-A personality disorder andpsychoses, diabetes mellitus; cardio vascularheart diseases.

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Effect of Rajyoga Meditation on PhysicalPerformance in Badminton Players withSpecial Focus on Blood Lactate Level

Komal Pazare*, D A Biswas

Department of Physiology, Jawaharlal NehruMedical College, Sawangi (M) Wardha.


Objective : To see the effect of performancewith Rajyoga meditation in badmintonplayer’s.

Method : 30 badminton player’s were enrolledfor the study based on inclusion criteria andassessed before and after practicing Rajyogameditation. Blood samples were collected andplasma lactate was assessed with the help ofsemiautoanalyzer. In same manner physicalparameters like BMI was calculated byweight(kg)/height (m2), pulse rate by palpationof left radial artery, blood pressure bysphygmomanometer, before and after 8 weeksof Rajyoga meditation.

Results : Values of BMI from 23.96±3.1 to23.66±2.83 do not show any significantchange. But significant decrease was seen insystolic blood pressure from 123.93±4.77 to

122.2±2.79 (P<0.01), diastolic blood pressurefrom 81.73±4.51 to 80.26± 3.05 (P<0.05),pulse rate from 84.7±4.32 to 83.7±3.6(P<0.05) and blood lactate levels from12.24±2.95 to 11.32±2.39 (P<0.05).

Conclusion : The results obtained emphasizesthe beneficial effect of Rajyoga meditation.The decrease in lactate level obtained certainlydecreases the degree of muscle fatigue andimproves muscle performance. Further studiesneed to be conducted for a larger sample size.

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Effect of Right Nostril Yoga Breathing andBreath Awareness on Energy Expenditure

Shivangi Pathak*, Shirley Telles, AcharyaBalkrishna


Emai : [email protected]

Objective : The present study was conductedto assess energy expenditure pre, during andpost two selected yogic breathing exercises.

Method : Twenty five male volunteers withages ranged between 18 and 40 years(group mean age ± S.D., 20.88±1.92 years)participated in this study. Their experience ofthe yoga techniques was group mean ± S.D.,14.29±10.11 months. Each participant wasassessed Pre, during, and post for right nostrilbreathing (RNB) and breath awareness (BAW).The sequence of practice was changed afterevery alternate participants. Each sessionlasted for 38 minutes which was divided into5 min pre state, 15 min during state with 1min rest after every 5 minute of practicefollowed by 15 minute post state. An opencircuit oxygen consumption analyzer (Quark


CPET, COSMED, Italy) was used to recordthe following variables i.e., respiratory rate,volume of oxygen uptake, volume of carbondioxide produced, tidal volume, ventilation,energy expenditure per min and energyexpenditure per hour. Repeated measuresanalyses of variance (ANOVA) followed bypost-hoc analyses with Bonferroni adjustmentwere done to compare data recorded duringand after the two practices with data recordedbefore the two practices, using PASW Version18.0.

Results : In right nostril breathing (During,and Post) there was significant decrease involume of oxygen uptake, volume of carbondioxide produced and energy expenditure(P<0.001) breath awareness there was asignificant decrease in volume of oxygenuptake, volume of carbon dioxide producedand energy expenditure (P<0.01).

Conclusion : The result of the present studyis contrary to previous results. The differencemay be due to the fact that is the first studywith continuous recording using an opencircuit apparatus.

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Effect of Four Weeks Yoga Exercise onFlexibility and Heart Rate

Manoj Panta

Chisapani, Banke, Nepal


Objective : (1) To study the effect of 4 weeksregular yoga exercise on flexibility of skeletalmuscles. (2) To study the effect of 4 weeksregular yoga exercise on the basal heartrate.

Method : 25 normal subjects of age group23±1.78 were trained 4 weeks of regular yogatraining for 10 minutes at morning. Theflexibility and heart rate was measured beforethe start of yoga training under normalcondition. The training included 5 kinds ofyoga exercise: Paschimothan Asana (TheForward Bend), Bhujanga Asana (The Cobra),Surya Namaskar, Utthan Pada Asana (LegLifting Posture), Matsya Asana (The FishPosture).

Results : The flexibility and heart rate wasmeasured before the training period and thenafter 4 weeks the change was measured. Theresult revealed that there was drastic changein the flexibility but the effect on heart ratewas not conspicuous.

Conclusion : From the study we can concludethat the yoga exercise has good effect on theflexibility but the cardiovascular adjustmentstakes time. Earlier experiments proved thatthe regular yoga exercise decreases the heartrate but in our study 10 minutes of exercisefor 4 weeks did not have remarkable changein heart rate.

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Improvement of Redox Status ThroughYoga

Rameswar Pal*, Som Nath Singh, MantuSaha

Centre for Advanced Research and Training inYoga (CARTY), Defence Institute of Physiologyand Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, LucknowRoad, Timarpur, Delhi – 110 054, INDIA


Objective : It is now well established that


oxidative stress is a major risk factor for thedevelopment of several metabolic anddegenerative disorders as well as implementedin aging process. The modern lifestyleis known to produce various physicaland psychological stresses and makethe individuals prone to oxidative stressas well. The aim of this study was toevaluate the effect of yogic practices onperipheral oxygen saturation and the oxidativestress.

Method : The study was conducted on healthymale volunteers of two groups viz. yoga(n = 34) and control group (n = 08). Inaddition to their routine activities, the yogagroup practiced yogasana, pranayama andmeditation for 3months and control group didnot practice the same. Blood samples werecollected in fasting condition before and after3 months of yogic practice. Reduced andoxidized glutathione, malondialdehyde, totalantioxidant status, glutathione peroxidase,catalase and peripheral arterial oxygensaturation were estimated.

Results : Reduced glutathione and totalantioxidant status increased significantly(P<0.001) where as glutathione peroxidaseactivity (P < 0.001), plasma concentration levelof malondialdehyde (P<0.01) and oxidizedglutathione (P<0.01) decrease significantly inyoga group after completion of 3 months ofyogic practice. Peripheral arterial oxygensaturation also increased in yoga group. Nosignificant change in any variable was notedin control group.

Conclusion : Regular yogic practice helps inimproving antioxidant and redox status ofyoga practitioners.

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A Comparative Study of AntioxidantStatus in Yoga and Normal Adult Males

Smita S. Bute*, Dhule S.S., S.M. Handergulle,Surdi A.D.

Department of Physiology, SRTRMC, Ambajogai,Maharashtra.


Objective : The practice of Yoga reducespsychological stress and improves antioxidantlevel. It also decreases sympathetic activityand oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen speciesare known to aggravate disease progression.To counteract their harmful effects, the bodyproduces various antioxidant enzymes, viz,superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidaseetc. However, reports are scanty regardingwhether yoga training can improve theantioxidant level. Hence this study is designedto appraise the role of yoga in maintainingantioxidant status.

Method : The study was conducted on fiftyhealthy adult males who were divided intotwo groups-a yoga(n=25)group and a control(n=25) group. The yoga group was trained inyoga for 6 months. The yoga scheduleconsisted of prayers, asanas, pranayama andmeditation. The control group was notinvolved in any type of physical exercise.Blood samples were collected in fastingcondition of both groups. Superoxidedismutase activity and glutathione peroxidaselevel were estimated spectrophotometrically.

Results : There was statistically significantincrease in level of superoxide dismutase andglutathione peroxidasei in yoga group ascompared to control group.


Conclusion : Regular practice of yogaimproves the antioxidant levels of the body.Yoga has therapeutic, preventive andprotective effects on many diseases bydecreasing oxidative stress. The clinicalrelevance is that yoga practice can be used tomaintain the antioxidant defense system understressful conditions.

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Effect of Meditation on Some PhysiologicalVariables & Psychological Wellbeing

Rishabh Dangi

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh


Objective : To provide descriptive overviewof benefits of meditation for maintaining goodhealth & psychological well being.

Method : Systematic review of the literature.Comprehensive searches were conducted in19 electronic bibliography databases throughoctober 2011. Other sources of potentiallyrelevant studies included hand searches,contacting experts & literature searches.

Results : Some clinical trials on meditationwere included in the review. Physiologicalevidence for activation of parasympatheticnervous system resulting in decreaserespiratory rate, heart rate, galvanic skinresponse, pupil diameter & a subjectivefeeling of coolness at the center of palms &anterior frontanelle region has beendocumented by relevant sahaj yoga researchpublications. Some researchers also foundevidence of decreased cortisol levels in regularmeditators. Beta endorphins level associated

with a feeling of well being are also foundelevated in meditators.

Conclusion : Meditation has positive effecton psychological well being & it alsoalleviate stress in day to day life. Clinical trialsare ongoing for benefits in various diseases& some studies got positive results. Meditationhas many health benefits.

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Effect of Right Nostril Yoga Breathing andBreath Awareness on Autonomic Variables

Prasoon Somvanshi*, Shirley Telles, AcharyaBalkrishna



Objective : The aim of the present study wasto assess the effect of right nostril yogabreathing and breath awareness on autonomicvariables.

Method : In this study, autonomic variableswere studied in 25 healthy male volunteerswith ages between 18 and 45 years and theirminimum experience in the yoga breathingpractice was 3 months. Participants wereassessed in two sessions on two consecutivedays. Assessment included blood pressure,respiration rate and heart rate variability usingBIOPAC MP-150 (BIOPAC, U.S.A.). On oneday the session involved practicing rightnostril yoga breathing (RNYB) session for 15min, preceded and followed by 5 min of quietsitting. During the breath awareness (BAW)session, participants were asked to be awareto their breath for 15 min, again precededand followed by 5 min of quiet sitting. There


was 1 min. rest after every 5 min during boththe sessions. The sequence of practice waschanged for every alternate participant.Repeated measures ANOVA with Boniferroniadjustment were used to compare the post andduring data with pre data using PASW,version 18.0.

Results : During the practice of right nostrilyoga breathing, there was a significant (P<.05)increase in respiration rate (8.873%). Whilein the session of breath awareness, increasein the respiration rate was 10.474%, whichwas statistically significant (P<0.01). Therewas also a significant decrease in systole(P<0.05), diastole (P<0.05), and mean bloodpressure (P<0.01), when during BAW wascompared with pre BAW.

Conclusion : RNYB increases respiration ratewithout any change in heart rate variability.

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Comparative Study of Effect of Anuloma-viloma (Pranayam) and Yogic Asanas inPremenstrual Syndrome

Sharma B*, Misra R, Singh K, Sharma R

C-32, Samrat Palace, Garh Road, Meerut –250 002, U.P.


Objective : The present study was plannedto investigate the effects of Anuloma-vilomaand specific yogic asanas in Premenstrualsyndrome (PMS).

Method : On the basis of a premenstrualdistress questionnaire, 60 females sufferingfrom PMS, having regular menstrual cyclesfrom 28-34 days, between the age group of

18–40 years were selected from the studentsand staff members of Swami VivekanandaSubharti University campus. The subjects weredivided into 3 groups-group A (Anuloma-viloma), group B (yogic asanas) and group C(no intervention). A baseline record of thesystolic blood pressure (SBP; mmHg) anddiastolic blood pressure (DBP; mmHg) fromthe right arm taken using an automatedsphygmomanometer (Panasonic Omron). Theheart rate (HR/min), electromyogram (EMG;mV), galvanic skin response (GSR;kΩ),respiratory rate (RR/min), peripheral temperature(T; °F), were recorded simultaneously, on anautomated biofeedback apparatus Relax 701.The subjects were instructed to come to theyoga lab daily, empty stomach at 9 am to dothe yogic exercises under the guidance of atrained yoga instructor, according to thegroup assigned to them, regularly for 7 daysprior to the onset of menstruation for 3consecutive menstrual cycles. The parameterswere then recorded again at the end of 7 daysin each menstrual cycle.

Results : In the group A and group B, we cansee that post relaxation, in the 3rd menstrualcycle, HR, SBP, DBP, EMG, GSR and RRshowed a very significant reduction (P<0.001)and T rose more significantly (P<0.001),when compared with their basal levels. Oncomparing groups A, B and C, post-relaxation,we saw a very significant difference (P<0.001)between the groups.

Conclusion : In the present study therelaxation response in the females sufferingfrom PMS showed a reduction in anabnormally high basal sympathetic activityand a heightened Relaxation response inboth the study groups (group A and GroupB).


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Reduction in Systemic Inflammation inResponse to Behavioral Therapy

Milind Watve, Maithili Jog, Pramod Patil*,Charushila Kumbhar

Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University MedicalCollege, Pune, Maharashtra


Objective : To test the immune reversalhypothesis in relation to effect of behavioraltherapy on systemic inflammation.

Method : We conducted trail on 20 patientswith long standing type 2 Diabetes. Allvolunteers attended a 4 day residential campto receive training in the newly designedexercises, games and activities. Pre and postcamp fasting blood samples were collectedand tested for total WBC, CRP, granulocytes.

Results : Inflammation reduction : Adecreasing trend in mean CRP levels, totalWBC count, total granulocyte count and totallymphocyte counts. Monocyte count wasquickest to respond but revert equally quickly.A significant positive correlation betweenWBC counts and CRP. A significant decreasein HbA1c in one month, average reductionof 0.5. Compliance with aggressive gamesnegatively correlated with change ininflammatory markers.

Conclusion : Behavioral intervention toincrease physical aggression and agilityseems to be efficient in reducing systemicinflammation. All the advocated excises werelighter and the increment in total calorieexpenditure during the camp was negative.Increment in the energy expenditure was

not negatively correlated to reduction ininflammatory markers. Therefore the resultsare not explained by the quantum of physicalexcises or total energy expenditure. The typeof activity appears to be more important thantotal physical activity.

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A Study of Pulmonary Function Tests inHypertensive Patients Practicing SahajaYoga

Monica Yunati*, VK Deshpande

Department of Physiology, J.N.M.C. Sawangi (M)Wardha

Objective : To study the effect of SahajaYoga meditation on Pulmonary Functions inHypertensive patients.

1. To evaluate pulmonary function tests inHypertensive patients practicing SahajaYoga.

2. To evaluate pulmonary function tests inHypertensive patients not practicingSahaja Yoga.

3. To compare pulmonary Functions of boththe groups.

Method : The study group consisted of 50Hypertensive males and females above 40years having h/o Hypertension and takingmedication since 1 year. Out of which 25 werepracticing Sahaja yoga meditation daily for10 min twice a day for more than 6 monthsand another 25 did not practice any type ofmeditation. Blood pressure was measuredusing Sphygmomanometer and Pulmonaryfunction tests were done using a computerized


spirometer (Helios). Statistical analysis wasdone using student t test

Results : There was no significant differencein Age between the two groups .The Bloodpressure values were lower in the grouppracticing Sahaja yoga than another group.Forced vital capacity and Forced expiratoryvolume in 1 sec were higher in patientspracticing Sahaja yoga meditation than theanother group, which was statistically significant.

Conclusion : Sahaja Yoga meditationimproves the forced vital capacity and Forcedexpiratory volume in Hypertensive patientsand also shows significant fall in Bloodpressure. So Hypertensives can practiceSahaja yoga meditation for early reduction inBlood pressure and maintenance of PulmonaryFunctions.

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Effect of Yoga Versus No-intervention onDifferent Aspects of Mental Health

Arti Yadav*, Shirley Telles, Nilkamal Singh,Acharya Balkrishna



Objective : The objective of this study was tomeasure state anxiety, somatization of stress,quality of life, self-rated quality of sleep, anddiscomfort due to over-breathing whichoccurs when stressed.

Method : Out of a total of 140 participants,seventy participants self-selected to be in ayoga group for stress relief (group meanage ± SD, 33.0±6.5 years; 37 males). Seventyage and gender matched participants were in

a control group. State anxiety, somatizationof stress, quality of life, discomfort and self-rated quality of sleep were assessed using theState-Trait Anxiety Inventory, SymptomChecklist-90-R, SF-12, Nijmegen DiscomfortEvaluation Scale and a Sleep RatingQuestionnaire respectively. Assessments weremade at the beginning and end of the week.The yoga program consisted of two sessionseach day for a week. In each sessionparticipants practiced voluntarily regulatedyoga breathing, loosening exercises and yogapostures. The control group participants wereperforming their routine activities.

Results : Repeated measures ANOVAs withBonferroni adjusted post-hoc analysesshowed a significant decrease in state anxiety(P<0.001), somatization of stress (P<0.01),improved health-related quality of life(P<0.01), self-rated quality of sleep (P<0.01),and decrease in discomfort due to over-breathing (P<0.001). No changes (exceptdecreased discomfort due to over-breathing;P<0.01) occurred in the control group.

Conclusion : This study suggests that a briefyoga program may be beneficial in decreasinganxiety, somatization of stress and discomfort,improving health-related quality of life andself-rated sleep quality.

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A Study of Raj Yoga Meditation on Qualityof Life of Patients with Fibroadenosis

D.A. Biswas*, Meenakshi Yeola, AnshumanNaik

Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, DattaMeghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha,Maharastra



Objectives : To find out the efficacy of Rajyoga Meditation in fibroadenosis cases (abenign breast disease).

Method : Present study is a hospital basedinterventional, single blind,randomized,conducted in Dept.of Physiology, JNMC inco-ordination with Dept. of Surgery, JNMC,Wardha. Total 25 patients were from A.V.B.R.H, Sawangi & Civil Hospital,Wardha.The duration of study was 6 months. Thepatients were randomised to 1 of 2 treatmentarms :– (i) Arm1(study group)-Patientsreceived usual medical care & instruction onstress reduction using Raj yoga meditationwhich involves a standard 4 step course. (ii)Arm2(control group)-Patient received usualmedical treatment only. All participantscompleted pre & post testing assessmentsimmediately before & after yoga programmerespectively.

Result : There was no significant change inPulse Rate, Systolic, & Diastolic BloodPressure. QOL Domain 1 showed aimprovement from 57.46 to 74.15, QOL-2increased from 55.0 to 74.15, QOL-3 from68.07 to 72.23 & QOL-4 also showed aincrease from 49.92 to 62.15. All the QOLDomain scores were statistically significant.

Conclusion : Our study shows that RajyogaMeditation significantly improves QOL inpatients of fibroadenosis.

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Immediate Effects of Kapalabhati andBreath Awareness on the Degree ofGeometrical Illusion Perceived

Kanchan Maharana*, Shirley Telles, AcharyaBalkrishna



Objective : The long period effects ofcombined yogic practices on the degree ofgeometrical illusion perceived was studiedearlier, hence the present study emphasizedon immediate short period effects of singleyogic breathing techniques.

Method : The study design was self as control.Random number table sampled thirty healthymales between 25 and 40 years (26.9±5.7years) in the yoga group, recruitment basedon minimum 60 per minute breath cycle inkapalabhati practices. To test the non-yogaintervention, fifteen non-yoga healthy malesof comparable age was assessed on a separateday. The Müller-Lyer apparatus measured thedegree of optical illusion that consisted oftwo trials i.e., In Trial and Out Trial. All signedthe informed consent. Both the groups wereintervened for eighteen minutes. In a suitableyoga posture, kapalabhati practice involvedforceful exhalation while breath awarenesswas attention towards breath. The controlsession was free flow of random thoughtswithout modifying it. RMANOVA for yogagroup and paired t-test for control groupanalyzed with SPSS 18.0 versions. The Ethicscommittee approved the study.

Results : The degree of illusion followingkapalabhati decreased by (15.68 %) for ‘OutTrials’ (P<0.001), following breath awarenessdecreased by (11.13%) for ‘In Trials’(P<0.001), following control session increasedfor both trials by (1.32%) for ‘In Trials’(P>0.05) and (1.76%) for ‘Out Trials’ (P>0.05)


Conclusion : The results suggest that a highfrequency yoga breathing (Kapalbhati) mayimprove certain aspects of visual perception.

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Effect of Listening to Indian ClassicalInstrumental Music on NeurocognitiveFunctions

Gautam S*, Gandhi A, Mondal S, GautamS.K

Department of Physiology, Lady HardingeMedical College & Associated Hospitals Delhi


Objective : The study was conducted toevaluate the effects of listening to Indianclassical instrumental music on neurocognitivefunctions in female medical students.

Method : A total of sixty volunteer medicalstudents in the age group of 18-23yrs, wereselected and divided randomly into two groups(music and non music group) of 30 studentseach. Music group were allowed to listen toa pre-recorded Indian classical instrumentalmusic for 20 minutes 5 days a week. Lettercancellation test (LCT), Letter cancellationtest - omission (LCT- O), Letter cancellationtest - comission (LCT- C), Trail making test-A (TMT-A), Trail making test-B (TMT-B),Forward digit span (FDS) and Reverse digitspan (RDS) were performed in both thegroups at 0, 6. 12 and 24 weeks of the studyperiod.

Results : There was a significant improvementin time taken to complete the Lettercancellation test (P<0.001). On comparisonof two groups at different time intervals, LCT-O showed a significant improvement at 12

weeks and 24 weeks (P<0.05). TMT-A, TMT-B, FDS and RDS showed a significantdecrease (P<0.001) in music group.

Conclusion : The study revealed a significantenhancement in attention, verbal memory,working memory and spatiotemporal abilitiesin the group who listened to Indian classicalinstrumental music regularly. Thus it can beconcluded that l istening to music hasbeneficial effects on neurocognitive functions.

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Effect of Yoga on Self-Esteem andCognitive Functions in School Children

Abhishek Kr. Bhardwaj*, Shirley Telles,Nilkamal Singh, Acharya Balkrishna

Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar


Objective : The aim of this study was to assessthe level of self-esteem and changes incognitive functions of school children.

Method : In this study, ninety-four naïve toyoga students, with age ranges between nineand twelve years were randomly assigned toa yoga group and a physical exercise groupusing a random number table. In the yogagroup, there were forty-seven participants (33male and 14 female) of both sexes (groupmean±S.D., 10.5±1.2 years) and also in thephysical exercise group, there were forty-seven participants (24 male and 23 female)of both sexes (group mean±S.D., 10.6±1.3years). All of them were normal healthyschool children in a school in the north ofIndia. The Indian Adaptation of Battle’s self-esteem Inventory for Children was used to


assess the level of self-esteem. For themeasurement of cognitive functions, Stroopcolor and word test was used. Assessmentswere done pre and post three months ofintervention. The yoga group practiced yogafor 45 minutes for five days in a week for 3months while the physical exercise grouppracticed physical exercise for the sameduration on the same days. Statistical analysiswas done using PASW (SPSS 18.0 Version).

Results : There was significant increase in thetotal self-esteem of the yoga group (P<0.001),and physical training group (P<0.01) whenthe post data were compared with pre. Generalself-esteem (P<0.001) and parental self-esteem(P<0.05) significantly increased after yoga.In the physical exercise group, there wassignificant difference in word T score(P<0.001), and color T score (P<0.001) ofthe Stroop task after physical exercise. Therewas no significant change in the Stroop taskafter yoga.

Conclusion : Yoga and physical exerciseincreases the level of self-esteem in schoolchildren.

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Effect of Yoga on Anxiety Score andAutonomic Functions in Young HealthyStudents

Ranjita Mehrotra*, A V Phadke, D B Tambe,J S Kharche, A.Pranita, A R Joshi

Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University MedicalCollege, Department of Physiology, Pune

Objective : To study the effects of yogapractices on anxiety score and autonomicfunctions in young healthy students.

Method : Study was conducted in 141 studentvolunteers in the age group of 18-20 years.They were divided into study group andcontrol group. Study group consisted of 74students (36 male &38females) and controlgroup consisted of 67 students (35males &32females). Study group performed yoga for onehour per day for 7 days for 12 weeks. Controlgroup did not perform any yoga practices.Taylor’s manifest anxiety scale was used forassessment of anxiety status and autonomicfunctions were assessed by heart rate responseto Valsalva manoeuvre, change in diastolicblood pressure to sustained handgrip andchange in systolic blood pressure from supineto standing position.The data was analysedstatistically by using paired t test.

Results : After yoga practices in study groupanxiety scores were found to be reduced whileautonomic function tests showed improvementin parasympathetic dominance. Sympatheticactivity was found to be reduced after yogapractices.

Conclusion : Even a short term training ofyoga has shown to be effective in reducinganxiety and sympathetic activity &improvement in parasympathetic activity instudent population. So, yoga practices can berecommended to students of professionalcourses to tackle their mental stresses.

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Efficacy of a Short-Term Yoga-BasedLifestyle Intervention on Reducing the Riskfor Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Ritesh Kumar Netam*, Dipti Magan,Raj Kumar Yadav, Nalin Mehta, S.C.Mahapatra


Department of Physiology, All India Institute ofMedical Sciences, New Delhi


Objectives : Obesity, erratic lifestyle, andreduced physical activity are known riskfactors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).A lifestyle intervention aiming at weight lossand increased physical activity may bebeneficial in reducing the risk towards T2DMby improving impaired glucose tolerance andinsulin resistance. Therefore, this study wasplanned to assess the effect of a short-termyoga-based lifestyle intervention on riskreduction for T2DM.

Methods : The present study included 104subjects who underwent a 10 day yoga-basedlifestyle intervention at Integral Health Clinic(IHC), Department of Physiology, AIIMS,New Delhi, which is an outpatient facilityoffering a yoga-based lifestyle interventionprogram for prevention and management ofchronic diseases. The study assessmentsincluded weight, BMI, serum lipid profile,and fasting blood glucose pre and post-intervention.

Results : The mean age of the subjects was39.53±12.82 years, and there were 55 malesand 49 females. Of these, 85 subjects wereoverweight/obese. There was a significantreduction in body weight from Baseline toDay 10 (67.99±9.36 and 67.27±9.26 kg,P<0.001, respectively) and BMI (26.05±3.94and 25.74±3.91 kg/m2, P<0.001, respectively).There was a significant reduction in fastingblood glucose from Baseline to Day 10(105.41±17.78 and 101.98±14.81 mg/dL,P=0.005, respectively) and triglycerides(146.60±78.56 and 133.65±70.15 mg/dL,P=0.040, respectively).

Conclusion : These findings suggest that ashort-term yoga-based lifestyle interventionwas efficacious in reducing fasting bloodglucose levels, which was attained bysignificant weight loss. Such a benefit maycontribute towards reduction in risk for type2 diabetes mellitus.

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Effect of Yoga on NIDDM Patients

Satarupa Dash

Department of Physiology, V.S.S. MCH, Burla,Odisha


Objective : To correlate the effect of yogicregime on biochemical parameters of NIDDMpatients.

Method : n=40, type 2 diabetes mellitus bothmale and female within the age group of 40-60 yrs were included in the study. Thediagnosis of NIDDM were done according toWHO criteria. Subjects suffering from cardiac,renal, retinal complication were excluded. Outof them 20 were advised to do asanas andpranayam along with proper diet and dose oforal hypoglycemic agents. A comparativestudy was done between 20 patients with onlydiet and drugs, 20 patients with yogic regimealong with diet and drugs therapy. 30 minutesyoga consisting of asanas and pranayamwere advised daily for 90 days. Asanasinclude two round surya namaskkar [4 mins],pawanmuktasanas [4 mins], vajrasana [2mins], followded by pranayam (abdominalbreathing, bhramari, anulom vilom) for 15minutes, finally 5 minutes relaxation bysavasana. Biochemical parameters FBS, 2 hr


PPBS, HbA1C, LIPID PROFILE were studiedin patients just before starting yoga and 90days after yoga therapy. Along with it weight,BP, BMI were measureased every 1 monthinterval.

Results : There is significant reduction in FBS,2 hr PPBS, HbA1C, LIPID PROFILE inpatients with yogic regime. They have alsoreduction in both systolic and diastolic BP.After 1 month patients with yogic regime havereduction in dose of oral hypoglycemicagents. Above all there is a sense of wellbeing and they want to continue yoga tomaintain a healthy life.

Conclusion : According to WHO all over theworld at least 171 million people are diabetic.Among the developing country highestprevelance is in China followed by India,where the number of diabetic will rise from19 million to 75 million making India diabeticcapital of world.The Indian system of yoga isa holistic approach, which provides alongterm and sustainable solution to manyhuman ailements by removing “Doshas” inour physical body. It can be used as anadjunctive therapy in case of diabetes not onlyby controlling blood sugar but also preventingcomorbid condition like hypertension,dyslipidemia.

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Effect of Yoga on Diabetes Mellitus : ATherapeutic Approach

Namrata Raj*, Abhirup Chatterjee, MantuSaha

Centre for Advanced Research and Training inYoga (CARTY), Defence Institute of Physiology

and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Timarpur,Delhi


Objective : Diabetes is a devastating medicalcondition. It is multifactorial, dependent onenvironmental factors as well, like obesity,sedentary lifestyle and negative nutritionalissues. Considerable evidence exists for theimportance of yoga as an adjuvant therapyfor various conditions. This case study attemptsto focus on the scientific basis of some Yogicpractices such as Asanas, pranayama andmeditation as complementary intervention.The study was aimed to observe the impactof selective yogic practice as curative andprophylactic measures to counter themetabolic disorder.

Method : With this background of Diabetesand the existing management, two cases ofdiabetes were treated with yogic practices withgood results. The interventions consisted ofasanas, pranayama, relaxation techniques,individual counseling, advice on philosophyof yoga, importance of yoga in daily life,meditation, stress management, nutrition andbackground knowledge about the illness.

Result : After intervening the yoga counselingand practical yoga sessions for 30-45 days,there was considerable symptomaticimprovement in; improved appetite, low backpain, stiffness, limitation of movement, painin calves, swelling in forearm was foundeffective from the patient’s feedback.

Conclusion : These observations suggestedthat a short term yogic awareness programmefor lifestyle modification by giving 30–45days practical yoga sessions could lead toholistic symptomatic relief and beneficialeffects starts appearing during initial


period of practice. This isolated case reportwarrants a need for controlled clinical trialof ardhamatsyendrasana, Bhujangasana,dhanurasana and other yogic practices toestablish their role in the management ofdiabetes.

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Effect of 12 Week Yoga Therapy as aLifestyle Intervention in Patients of Type2 Diabetes Mellitus with Distal SymmetricPolyneuropathy

Nishanth S*, Madanmohan T, Das AK,Ramkumar T, Senthilkumar S

Department of Physiology, JIPMER, Pondicherry


Objective : To study the effect of addition of12 week yoga therapy to standard medicalcare in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) with distal symmetric polyneuropathy(DSP) on anthropometric parameters, indicesof glycemic control, clinical outcome andnerve conduction studies.

Method : Patients of type 2 DM withsymptoms/signs of DSP were randomized toeither control group (n=22, age=52.4±9.1 yr)or yoga group (n=25, age=52.2±9.3). Controlgroup received standard medical care in theform of individualized drug therapy andadvice on diet and exercise (brisk walkingfor 30 minutes/day). Yoga group received 12week supervised yoga therapy sessions inaddition to the standard medical care.Anthropometric parameters, biochemicalparameters (fasting glucose, glycatedhemoglobin), clinical profile (diabeticneuropathy symptom score, diabetic neuropathy

examination score, and visual analogue scorefor pain), resting blood pressure (BP), heartrate, motor conduction studies of median,ulnar, tibial and peroneal nerves, sensoryconduction studies of median, ulnar and suralnerves, were assessed at baseline and after afollow-up period of 12 weeks. P values < 0.05were considered statistically significant.

Results : In the yoga group, waistcircumference decreased significantly, andthere were significant improvements withrespect to symptom, examination and painscores, mean arterial pressure, tibial distalmotor latency, and median and ulnar sensorynerve action potential amplitudes incomparison to control group. Fasting glucoseand glycated hemoglobin deterioratedsignificantly in the control group.

Conclusion : Our study provides evidence thatthe addition of yoga therapy to standardmedical care can confer additional benefitsin terms of improving clinical outcome,glycemic control, resting blood pressure, andperipheral neurophysiologic derangementsin patients with diabetic neuropathy (DN).Further studies are required for yoga tobecome a scientifically established form ofcomplementary therapy for DN.

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Effect of Yoga in Children Suffering fromNasobronchial Allergy

Paramjit K*, Mridu Gupta, R S Sharma, M SPannu, Narinder Kaur, R S Sidhu

Objective : (1) To evaluate the effects Yogaon childhood nasobronchial allergy in the agegroup of 8-14 years. (2) Whether it wouldimprove the quality of life of children


suffering from nasobronchial allergy.

Method : The present study was conductedon 150 children aged between 8-14 years.They were divided into three groups on thebasis of their disease. Group 1 suffering fromBronchial Asthma, group 2 suffering fromAllergic Rhinitis and group 3 suffering fromboth -Allergic Rhinitis and Bronchial Asthma.Each group of 50 patients was further subdivided into two sub groups of 25 each asper the intervention. The control sub groupof 25 children in each group received onlyconventional therapy and other 25 childrenin each sub group received an intervention asyoga practices in addition to the conventionaltherapy. They were closely monitoredcontinuously for yoga practices at home for12weeks. The effectiveness of these practiceswas assessed by means of Asthma Quality ofLife (AQOL) scores through a standardquestionnaire and Spirometery in both thegroups at 0 wk (baseline), 6 and 12 wks.

Results : In the yoga group, there was a steadyand progressive improvement in pulmonaryfunctions (statistically significant increase inMVV) as compared to the their baselinevalues. There was a significant improvementin Asthma Quality of Life (AQOL) scores inyoga groups than the other group over the12-wks study period.

Conclusion : Improvement in the quality oflife and pulmonary functions amongst childrensuffering from NBA practising yoga as adjunctto their conventional therapy clearly indicatespositive effect of yoga in them.

Background : There is a substantial body ofevidence on the efficacy of yoga in themanagement of bronchial asthma. Manystudies have reported the positive effects of

yoga on bronchial asthma, significantimprovements in pulmonary functions andquality of life in adults. However, very fewof these studies have investigated the effectsof Yoga in Childhood allergic rhinitis andBronchial Asthma.

Abs.CA.39

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors areReduced by a Short-Term Yoga-BasedLifestyle Intervention in Overweight/ObeseMale Subjects

Kumar Sarvottam*, Rashmi Yadav, DeeptiMagan, Raj Kumar Yadav, Nalin Mehta,Sushil Chandra Mahapatra

Department of Physiology, AIIMS


Objective : To assess effects of short termyoga based lifestyle intervention on markersof vascular inflammation, endothelial functionand lipid profile.

Method : Male subjects (n=30) with BodyMass Index (BMI) of 26.35±2.58 kg/m2

underwent a yoga-based lifestyle interventionfor 10 days at Integral Health Clinic, dept ofPhysiology, AIIMS, New Delhi. Assessmentwas done before and after the intervention,and included weight, BMI, blood pressure,lipid profile, plasma levels of interleukin-6,adiponectin and endothelin-1.

Results : There was significant reduction inweight from Baseline to Day 10 (74.35±8.45,72.99±8.80 kg, P<0.01, respectively) and BMI(26.35±2.58, 25.73±2.63 kg/m2, P<0.01,respectively). Also there was a significantdecrease in serum LDL-cholesterol fromBaseline to Day 10 (98.38±27.70,


93.88±28.66 mg/dL, P<0.05, respectively),ratio of serum LDL-cholesterol to serum HDL-cholesterol (2.63±0.62, 2.21±0.51, P<0.05,respectively). There was a significantreduction in plasma IL-6 (P<0.05) fromBaseline to Day 10. The beneficial effect ofthis intervention also reflected a numericalreduction in systolic blood pressure whichwas significantly correlated with reduction inplasma IL-6 levels. There was a significantincrease in the levels of plasma adiponectin(P<0.05), which was also significantlycorrelated with an improvement in the lipidprofile.

Conclusion : The findings suggest that a yoga-based lifestyle intervention may be efficaciousin reducing vascular inflammation andimproving endothelial function in obese/overweight subjects as observed by areduction in levels of plasma IL-6 andincrease in levels of plasma adiponectin withan improved lipid profile

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Effect of Yoga on Physical and Cardio-Respiratory Parameters of HealthySubjects

Kartik A. Patel*, Neeraj R. Mahajan, Kena P.Jasani

Department of Physiology, Smt. NHL MunicipalMedical College, Ellisbridge, Ahmedabad,Gujarat – 380 006; Mobile No. 09327014823


Objective : In recent years, a lot of researchstudies have shown that Yoga can be usefulin prevention, treatment and rehabilitation ofmany diseases. In many parts of the world, in

recent years, Yoga has been used effectivelyfor physical training of players and athletestoo. The aim of this study is to check theeffect of Yoga on healthy subjects of agegroup 20-50 years.

Method : This study was conducted on 30subjects performing yoga under the guidanceof a Yoga instructor. All 30 subjectsperforming yoga were placed in one groupand they practiced yoga for 10 weeks. Allthe subjects were examined twice, before theystarted yoga practice and after 10 weeks ofyoga practice. 15 subjects, age group rangingbetween 20 to 50 years, selected as controlgroup, were not performing yoga. They werealso examined twice at the interval of 10weeks. Both the groups were examinedfor parameters like weight, chest expansion,tidal volume, breath holding time, vitalcapacity and blood pressure (systolic anddiastolic).

Results : The result of the study showedhighly significant improvement in breathholding time, blood pressure systolic andblood pressure diastolic at P value <0.001among study group. There was significantimprovement in vital capacity too at Pvalue <0.05 among study group. Whereas,weight, chest expansion and tidal volumedidn’t show significant difference betweentwo groups.

Conclusion : This study concludes that yogahas great value in improving health, especiallyin terms of respiratory and cardio-vascularfunction.

Abs.CA.41

Comparison of Electroencephalographic


Changes between “AUM” Chanting andDynamic Meditation Before and After 15Days of Training Among Medical Students

Kamaldeep Sadh*, JL Agarwal, Shobitha

Department of Physiology, Saraswati Institute ofMedical Sciences, NH-24, Anwarpur, Hapur,Ghaziabad – 245 304

Abstract : Aum is the name or symbol ofGod. From the original sound, Aum, allthings become manifest as its extensionembodiments. Dynamic meditation spread byOsho is one of the meditative techniques,which is a part of yoga.

Aims and Objectives :

1. To see the effect of “aum” chanting anddynamic meditation for 15 days onelectroencephalogram of medical students.

2. To compare the electroencephalographicchanges between the two methods ofmeditation.

Methodology : We have recorded electro-encephalogram and heart rate using 18channel digital electroencephalographicmachine. The students were divided in twogroups randomly namely “group A” for 15days of “aum” chanting and “group B” for15 days of dynamic meditation. Electrogramrecordings were taken after 5 minutes of restbefore the training session of 15 days andafter the training session in 20 medicalstudents.

Results : The basal electroencephalogrampattern of all subjects showed beta wavesindicating a state of high mental activitybefore the practicing sessions. All the group‘A’ students after practicing “aum” chanting

for 15 days showed high voltage alpha wavesand 6 students displayed occasional thetawaves in the electroencephalogram patternreflecting a high state of mental calmness andrelaxation. All the group ‘B’ students afterpracticing dynamic meditation for 15 daysshowed high voltage alpha waves and 5students displayed exclusively theta waves inthe electroencephalogram pattern reflecting ahigh state of mental calmness and relaxation.There was a reduction in the basal heart ratein all the subjects of both the groups after 15days of practice of either “aum” or dynamicmeditation.

Conclusion : Based on the results obtained inthis study, it is concluded that both the typesof meditation produce intense physical andmental relaxation.

Abs.CA.42

Impact of Yoga Training on BloodCoaguability State in Young HealthyIndividuals

G Purohit*, VK Chawla, JM Harsod

Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, SBKS MI & RC,Vadodara, Gujrat


Body of the abstract (not more than 250words)

Objective : Yoga in India has been reputed todevelop remarkable control over bodilyfunctions and it provides one of the bestmeans of self improvement and attaining oncefull potential. This study was carried out forevaluation of effect of yoga training on bloodcoagulation state and how it is beneficial toprevent various clinical problems.


Method : 40 normal young healthy individualaged between 20-35 years were taken assubjects, trained for various type of yogaexercises for 90 days under supervision ofprofessional trainers. Kapalbhati, Surya-Namaskar, Anulome-Vilom and Bhastrikawere some of the important yoga kriyas selectedfor training. Assessment of haematologicalparameter like Platelet count, Clotting time,Bleeding time were done before the trainingand after the training. Data’s were staticallyevaluated by student t- test.

Results : The data was statically analysedusing student t-test and result showedsignificant increase in clotting time afterregular yoga training in 33 subjects out of40. The bleeding time was found to decreasein 36 subjects (90%) and the platelet countwas increased in 87% subjects.

Conclusion : Studies showed that yoga candecrease fibrinogen level as well as increasefibrinolytic activity so it can maintain theblood hypocoaguability. Impact of yoga onprevention of cardiovascular and thrmboticdisorders like congestive heart failure (CHF),Ischemic heart diseases (IHD), cerebralischemic diseases (CID) etc. are obvious.

It can be helpful to cure bleedingdisorders also as per its impact over Plateletcount and Bleeding time. Yoga is a type ofexercise which is more preventive thancurative.

Abs.CA.43

Effect of Six Week’s Yogasana Trainingon Hematological Parameters and LipidProfile

Chandrashekhar Karpoor*, D.V. Deshpande

Department of Physiology, S.S. Institute ofMedical Sciences and Research Centre,Davangere – 577 005, Karnataka


Objective : Aim of present study was toobserve changes induced by yogic practicesin hematological parameters, lipid profile andblood glucose among subjects undergoing a6 week Yogic training course.

Method : Present study was done on 34volunteer subjects [15 Males and 19 Females]attending Pattanjali Yoga training Institute atM.E.S. High school, Davangere. Subjects werein the age group of 20-60 years. Trainingsessions were held regularly for about 6 weeksin early morning.Hamatological parameterslike Hb %, RBC, WBC, Platelets count andblood indices were determined by the help ofhaemogram by automotive cell counter SF-3000 and for haemogram study 2 ml of bloodwas in EDTA vial after aseptic precautions.Fasting blood glucose and lipid profile wereassessed by ELISA Kit. All the aboveparameters were initially and after completionof 6 week yoga training programme.Statatistical analysis was done using paired“t” test to compare the effect of yogasanabefore and after the training.

Results : After 6 weeks of yoga training therewas significant increase in Hb%, MCH,MCHC and Neutrophil count. Though RBCcount was increased it was not statisticallysignificant. There was decrease in leukocytescount and differential count showed decreasein lymphocyte, Eosinophil, Monocytes andBasophils but it was statistically insignificant.There was significant decrease in serumtriglycerides, VLDL, LDL/HDL ratio, TC/HDL


ratio, S.C/HDL ratio after yogic training.Fasting glucose, serum cholesterol, lowdensity lipoproteins were also decreased aftertraining.

Conclusion : Present Study reveals that yogicasanas minimizes all types of stress indicatinganti-stress and anti-oxidant effect as revealedby decreased leukocyte count, increased RBCand Hb% and improvement of biochemicalprofiles like HDL, LDL, Serum Triglyceridesand Fasting glucose.

Abs.CA.44

Influence of One Week IntegratedApproach of Yoga Therapy on Quality ofLiving and Memory in Patients with TypeII Diabetes Mellitus

Bhanu R1*, Manjunath N K2, Vinutha ShankarM S1

1Department of Physiology, Sri Devaraj UrsMedical College, Tamaka, Kolar2SVYASA University


Objective : To investigate the influence ofintegrated approach of yoga on :

1. The quality of living of diabetics by usingQuality of Life Instrument for IndianDiabetes Patients (Qolid) and

2. Memory status of diabetics usingWechsler’s memory scale

Method : Study included all diabetics comingto SVYASA AROGYADHAMA for yogatherapy from 8th July to 30th July 2011 andvolunteering to participate in the study aftertaking informed consent. All diabetics were

assessed on the first day and again after oneweek of yoga practice at Arogyadhama withQuality Of Life Instrument For IndianDiabetes Patients (Qolid) And WechslerMemory Scale. Ethical clearance has beenobtained.

Results : The quality of living of diabeticssignificantly improved after yoga interventionwith mean±SD (77.40±7.17) as compared tobefore yoga intervention (72.54±7.27) with Pvalue is 0.000 and the memory status ofdiabetics is also significantly improved afteryoga intervention with mean±SD (21.25±6.69)as compared to before yoga intervention(18.29±.79) with P value is 0.000.

Conclusion : Integrated yoga practices canimprove quality of living and memory statusof diabetics within one week.

Abs.CA.45

Efficacy of Short Term Yoga TherapyProgram on Quality of Life in Patients withPsychosomatic Ailments

Sumit Garg1*, NK Manjunath2, KarthiyaneeKutty1

1Department of Physiology, Sri Devaraj UrsMedical College, Kolar,2Yoga and Bioscience, SVYASA University,Bangalore.3Department of Physiology, Sri Devaraj UrsMedical College, Kolar.


Objective : To study the effect of short termyoga therapy program on quality of life inpatients suffering from psychosomaticailments.


Methods : Sample size and Study period :All the subjects coming to SVYASAAROGYADHAMA for yoga therapy forvarious ailments from 8th July to 30th July2011 and volunteering to participate wereenrolled in the study after taking informedconsent.

Inclusion criteria :

1. All subjects who were diagnosed forpsychosomatic ailments based on historyand previous investigations and more than18 years of age.

2. All subjects who understood English.

Exclusion criteria:

1. Subjects from psychiatry section.

2. Subjects who came for rehabilitation.

3. Subjects who were severely ill , withcomplications and uncontrolled disease.

All 94 subjects who were enrolled in thestudy underwent Integrated Approach to YogaTherapy which included Asanas, Pranayamas,meditation, Kriyas and lectures on practiceof yoga and derived special techniques intheir respective sections. The quality of lifewas assessed by SF 12 questionnaire andcalculating physical and mental compositescores before and after 1 week of yogatherapy. Data thus obtained was analyzedusing paired t test.

Results : A significant improvement was seenin the study group in both physical compositescore from mean ± SD of 37.50±9.58 to43.7±8.73 and mental composite score from45.87±9.57 to 53.35±7.9.

Conclusion : A short term yoga therapyprogram leads to remarkable improvement in

the quality of life of the subjects and cancontribute remarkably in management ofpsychosomatic disorders.

Abs.CA.46

A Follow Up Study with Back PainPatients

Ankur Kumar*, Shirley Telles, AcharyaBalkrishna



Objective : The aim of the present study wasto assess the level of pain and quality of lifeamong back pain patients after two monthsfrom starting a yoga intervention.

Method : In this study, sixty participants withage ranges between 20 and 45 years wererandomly assigned to yoga and control groupusing a random number table. In the yogagroup, there were 30 participants (14 malesand 16 females) of both sexes (group mean±S.D., 37.3±7.3 years) and also in the controlgroup, there were 30 participants (18 malesand 12 females) of both sexes (group mean ±S.D., 36.1±5.4 years). Participants of bothgroups were staying near a residential yogacenter located in north India. Physical (HRV,abdominal respiration rate, flexibility of spine)and psychological assessments (level ofanxiety, back pain and stress level usinganalog scale) along with MRI testing wasdone. Participants of yoga group practicedasanas and pranayamas in the morning time08:00–09:00 hours, thrice in a week. For therest of the week, they were practicing yogaat their home. For the control group, someeducational sessions were provided. All of


them were lower back pain participants. Atthe 60th days patients were followed up bytelephone calls, with the questions related totheir back and leg pain, daily activities,stiffness in back, medication and the statusof yoga practice.

Results : In the yoga group, 66.7% of themrated their pain below 50% in the lower back,33.3% did not felt the pain radiation into theleg, 36.7% of did not felt their work affecteddue to pain, 46.67% were not feeling stiffnessin their back, 83.33% were not taking anymedicine and 86.67% were practicing yoga.While in the control group, 46.7% ratedtheir pain below 50% in the lower back, 36.7%did not felt the pain radiation into the leg,13.3% of did not felt their work affected dueto pain, 13.3% were not feeling stiffness intheir back, and 70.0% were not taking anymedicine.

Conclusion : The quality of life of the backpain patients is affected by the complicationsof back pain.

Abs.CA.47

Personality Analysis by Chakra Methodand Its Relation with Food Habits inMedical Students

Manjree Dube

MGM Medical College, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai


Objective : To analyze different personalitytypes by chakra method and find statisticallysignificant association between personalitytype and diet in undergraduate medicalstudents in the age group 18-25 years.

Method : The study was conducted on 353medical undergraduates between 18 and 25years, out of which 126 were males and 227females. Ethical clearance and informedconsent were taken. This study targets youngpopulation with the intention of increasingtheir awareness regarding correct food habits,which is closely associated with bettermentof personality. Questionnaires were used toassess the personality type and diet pattern.Personality was grouped as Satvik, Rajasikand Tamasik. A scoring system for diet,classified diet as high score Satvik, mediumscore Rajasik and low score Tamasik types.Chakra questionnaire tested values, behaviour,orientation and choice which determine thepersonality. Diet questionnaire tested eatinghabits, food preference and awareness abouthealthy food.

Results :

1) In both males and females, those havingSatvik personality had high scores, Rajasikhad medium to low diet scores, whileTamasik had low diet score.

2) Applying Pearson’s Chi-square test, therewas a statistically significant associationbetween personality type and diet, with Pvalue less than 0.001 at 5% level.

Conclusion : There was a significantassociation between diet scores andpersonality type of the individuals studied.Satvik personality had superior eating habits,food preference and awareness about healthyfood and so scored high in diet questionnaireas compared to Rajasik and Tamasikpersonalities, who scored in the medium andlow range respectively.


Abs.CA.48

Influence of Short Term Yoga Retreat onAnxiety Levels and Stress Levels inPatients Suffering from PsychosomaticDisorders

Ramya CS1*, Manjunath Sharma NK2,1Karthiyanee Kutty

1Department of Physiology, Sri Devaraj UrsMedical College,2SVYASA University


Objective : To study the effect of short termyoga therapy on anxiety levels and stresslevels in patients suffering from psychosomaticdisorders.

Method : Sample size and Study period: Allthe subjects, more than 18 years of age andwho understood english coming to SVYASAAROGYADHAMA for yoga therapy forvarious ailments from 8th July to 30th July2011 and volunteering to participate wereenrolled in the study after taking informedconsent. Subjects from psychiatry section,who came for rehabilitation and whowere severely ill, with complications anduncontrolled disease were excluded from thisstudy. 94 subjects were enrolled in this study.all of them underwent Integrated Approachto Yoga Therapy which included Asanas,Pranayamas, meditation, Kriyas and lectureson practice of yoga and derived specialtechniques in their respective sections. Theanxiety and stress levels were assessed bySpielbergers state trait anxiety inventory(STAI) and Perceived stress scale (PSS)respectively, before and after 1 week of yogatherapy. Data thus obtained was analyzedusing paired t test.

Results : A significant decrease in anxietyscores with mean and SD (41.5±9.90 to33.7±9.12) and stress levels (17.5±6.12 to12.19±5.3) was seen in the study group.

Conclusion : A short term yoga therapyprogram leads to remarkable decrease inanxiety and stress level and hence can be ahelping hand in improving the mentalwellbeing of patients with psychosomaticdisorders.

Abs.CA.49

Effect of Sudarshan Kriya and RelatedPractices (SK&P) on Cardiovascular andMental Health in Normal HealthyVolunteers

Swati Gaba

Department of Physiology, Smt. NHL MunicipalMedical College, V.S. Hospital EllisbridgeAhmedabad, Gujarat


Objective : To study the efficacy of 3month regular SK&P for 1/2hr daily oncardiovascular &mental health of347 normalhealthy volunteers and its differential effectson basis of age and gender.

Method : 347 volunteers who were divided ingroups according to

• Age – Group 1 – Age ≤ 31years and Group2 or – Age > 31 yrs) and;

• Gender

They learnt SK&P in Art of Living centersunder trained specialists & practiced them for1/2 hour daily 6 days a week for 3 months.Their following assessment of health status


was done before and after intervention

1. Cardiovascular-systol ic and diastol icb lood pressure recorded wi th asphygmomanometer.

2. Mental health-Hamilton anxiety andHamilton depression scale and GHQ 28and evaluated for statistical significance

Results : Diastolic BP reduced from 85.20±8.889 to 84.77±8.661 P<0.0001; systolicBP from 127.00±7.708 to 126.38±7.024P<0.001 showing a significant improvementin cardiovascular health status. Moreover,improvement in mental health was observedby decrease in Hamilton depression andHamilton anxiety score from 7.50±4.330 to6.30±3.541 (P<0.0001) and 7.37±4.134 to5.40±3.345 (P<0.0001) respectively. Also,GHQ 28 scores decreased from 3.02±1.906to 2.32±1.472 (P<0.0001). Mental healthimprovement was consistent to all age groupsand gender. Age group showed a statisticallygreater improvement in diastolic BP Hamiltondepression and GHQ28 Females showed nosignificant decrease in systolic BP thoughsignificantly greater decline for Hamiltondepression score compared to males.

Conclusion : SK&P can alleviate anxiety,depression and improve mental andcardiovascular health irrespective of age andgender though a greater response is observedin Elderly compared to the young in controlof diastolic BP alleviating depression andimproving general health, in Males for controlof BP and females in alleviating depression.

Abs.CA.50

A Comparison on Healing Effects ofan Ayurvedic Preparation and Silver

Sulfadiazine on Burn Wounds in AlbinoRats

SS Pathak, MA Borkar, SS Patel, VK Gupta*

Ashirwad H.No.-42, Shivsthali Colony MakroniaSagar – 470 004 (M.P.)


Objective : To compare Healing Effects of anAyurvedic Preparation and Silver Sulfadiazineon burn wounds in Albino Rats.

Method : Albino rats – 30 male/female ratsweighing between 150-200 gm were used inthe study. They were individually housed andmaintained on normal diet and water adlibitum. Partial thickness burn wounds wereinflicted, on overnight-starved animals underphenobarbitone (30 mg/kg i.p.) anesthesia, bypouring hot molten wax at 80°C into a plasticcylinder of 300 mm2 circular openings placedon the shaven back of the animal. Apart fromthe drugs under investigation no local/systemic chemotherapeutic cover will beprovided to animals. All the animals wereassessed for the percentage of woundcontraction, signs of infections, scab formationand histopathological examination.

Results : Percentage of wound healing wassignificantly better in the test ointment groupcompared to the standard. Signs of infectionwere observed in more animals in the testointment group compared to the standard.Scab formation also took place earlier in thetest ointment group compared to standard.

Conclusion : The burn wound healing effectof the ayurvedic ointment under study isbetter in comparison to standard therapy ofsilver sulfadiazine. The problem of infectionencountered with the test ointment can be


overcome by changing the concentrations andproportions of the ingredients in the testointment which constitutes the further planof study.

Abs.CA.51

Yoga For Combatants

Mantu Saha*, Abhirup Chatterjee, RameswarPal, Kaushik Halder, Omveer Singh Tomer andAnjana Pathak

Defence Institute of physiology, and AlliedSciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Lucknow Road,Timarpur, Delhi


Objective : Regular yogic practice providesthe practitioner with more physical flexibility,muscle endurance, maximal work output andoxygen consumption, increased vitality,alleviated psychological stress and reducedcardiovascular risks. Several reports havebeen made with regard to its effects oncardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic,hormonal and neural systems. The studytherefore aimed to evaluate the efficacy ofdifferent combinations of yogic practices.

Method : The studies were carried out usingphysical, physiological, and psychologicaland biochemical parameters. Designated yogapackages were implied for different forces.

Results : Study on BSF personnel showedsignificant increase in back leg musclestrength and maximum voluntary ventilation.Systolic and Mean blood pressure wassignificantly decreased as expected. Anaerobiccapacity and breath hold time also observedsignificant increase after yogic training andbreathing maneuvers. There was significantimprovement in peak power of short term

exercise revealing improvement in anaerobiccapacity. Yoga package for High Altitude wasintroduced on more than 3300 Armed Forcespersonnel posted at high altitude are revealedsubjective betterment in terms of enhancedphysical and physiological profile alongwithbetter subjective interpersonal relations. Yogapackage for Air Force Personnel was foundto be effective for the improvement ofphysical, physiological, reduced and oxidizedglutathione, glutathione peroxidase andantioxidant status. Significant improvementwas also found in cognitive functions, simple& choice reaction time and working memory.

Conclusion : Yoga practices for BSF, ArmedForces and Air Force personnel were foundto be effective for improving health andfitness in addition to their regular physicalactivities.

Abs.CA.52

Effect of Pranayam on VentilatoryFunctions

Pradnya P. Waghmare*

V.M. Medical College, Solapur, Maharashtra

E-mail : pradnyard@gmail. com

Objective : To study the beneficial effects ofpranayama training. To assess the effects ofPranayama practice on some pulmonaryfunctions.

Method : Sixty two healthy young firstM.B.B.S students served as subjects. Thepranayama practice consisted of Kapalbhat,Yogic shawsan, Bhashrika, Nadishuddhi andBhramari for one hour per day-6days perweek for two months.Lung functions were


assessed before and after pranayama practiceby Medispiror machine.

Results : It was found that 1-FVC, FEV1,PEFR and MVV were significantly increased.2-RR was significantly increased.

Conclusion : Thus the present study suggeststhat regular practice of Pranayama improvesventilatory functions and increase in thetolerance to CO2 as shown by decrease inRR.

Abs.CA.53

Assessment of Cardiovascular Response toIsometric Handgrip Exercise in YogaPractitioners

Roopashree K.*, Rajalakshmi R., Nataraj S.M.

Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College,Mysore, Karnataka


Objective : Change in food habits andsedentary lifestyle has contributed tocardiovascular morbidity among youngergeneration in recent times. Yoga is a scienceof body culture which rejuvenates body andmind. Therefore, an attempt is made to assessthe effect of Isometric Handgrip Exercise(IHE) on Heart Rate (HR), Blood Pressure(BP) and Rate Pressure Product (RPP) inyoga practitioners compared to non-yogapractitioners.

Method : Change in food habits and sedentarylifestyle has contributed to cardiovascularmorbidity among younger generation in recenttimes. Yoga is a science of body culturewhich rejuvenates body and mind. Therefore,an attempt is made to assess the effect of

Isometric Handgrip Exercise (IHE) on HeartRate(HR), Blood Pressure(BP) and RatePressure Product (RPP) in yoga practitionerscompared to non-yoga practitioners.

Results : Immediately after the exercise, theHR, SBP and the DBP increased in both thestudy group as well as the control group. Butthe increase was less in the study group whencompared to controls, which was statisticallysignificant (P<0.005).

Conclusion : Yogasanas are physical posturesby which the physical revitalization andmental calmness can be achieved. IHG testprovides pressor stimuli to cardiovascularsystem through efferent pathways with aresultant increase in HR and BP. Regularpractice of yoga is said to cause an increasein parasympathetic activity, reducing the stresson the heart thereby improving the fitness ofan individual.

Abs.CA.54

Resting Heart Rate Variability After YogicTraining and Swimming : A ProspectiveRandomized Comparative Trial

Manish Sawane*, Shilpa Gupta

Department of Physiology, NKP Salve Instituteof Medical Sciences, Nagpur

Department of Physiology, VN Govt. MedicalCollege, Yeotmal


Objectives : Resting heart rate variability is ameasure of the modulation of autonomicnervous system at rest. Increased heart ratevariability achieved by the exercise is goodfor the cardiovascular health. However,prospective studies with comparison of the


effects of yogic exercises and those of otherendurance exercises like walking, running andswimming on resting heart rate variability areconspicuous by their absence. With thisbackground, this study was designed to assessthe effects of yogic exercises on resting heartrate variability in normal healthy youngvolunteers and to compare these effects inrandomly selected group of sedentaryvolunteers who were subjected to enduranceexercise namely swimming.

Methods : Eighty sedentary volunteers wererandomly ascribed to either yoga orswimming group. Baseline recordings ofdigital electrocardiogram were done for all inthe subjects in cohorts of 10. After yogatraining and swimming for 12 weeks,evaluation for resting heart rate variability wasdone again. Percent change for each parameterwith yoga and swimming was compared usingunpaired t test for data with normaldistribution and using Mann-Whitney U testfor data without normal distribution.

Results : Most of the HRV parametersimproved statistically significantly by bothmodalities of exercise. However, some of theHRV parameters showed statistically betterimprovement with yoga as compared toswimming.

Conclusion : Practicing yoga seems to be themode of exercise with better improvement inautonomic functions as suggested by restingheart rate variability.

Abs.CA.55

Quality of Life in Asthma Patients AfterYogic Exercises : A Scientific Data Report

Ritu Soni*, Savita Singh, KP Singh

Departments of Physiology and Medicine, UCMS& GTB Hospital, Delhi

Objective : Asthma is a chronic disorder thatcan place considerable restrictions on thephysical, emotional and social aspects of thelives of patients.

Method : The Asthma Quality of LifeQuestionnaire (AQLQ) was developed tomeasure the problems that adults with asthmaexperience in their day-to-day lives. Aim ofour study is to compare AQLQ along withpulmonary functions and diffusion capacityin patients of bronchial asthma before andafter yogic intervention of 2 months. Thestudy was conducted on 60 diagnosed stableasthma patients in the age group 18-60 yearsof either sex in the department of physiology.Patients were taken from Guru Teg BahadurHospital, Delhi. Sixty stable asthmatic patientswere randomized into two groups i.e. group1 (Yoga training group) and group 2 (controlgroup). Each group included thirty patients.Pulmonary function tests were recorded usingcomputerized Medisoft Expair. Lung functions& AQLQ were recorded on all patients atbaseline, after one month and then after twomonths.

Results : Group 1 subjects showed astatistically significant improvement (P<0.01)in Transfer factor of the lung for carbonmonoxide (TLCO) forced vital capacity(FVC), forced expiratory volume in firstsecond (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratoryflow rate (PEFR), maximum voluntaryventilation (MVV), slow vital capacity (SVC).Quality of life also improved significantly-Symptom domain from 4.56±0.43 to6.21±0.63, activity domain from 4.38±0.91to 6.03±0.73, emotion domain from 4.16±0.73


to 5.58±0.82, environment domain from3.80±1.13 to 4.80±1.07.

Conclusion : It was concluded that pranayama& yoga breathing and stretching postures areused to increase respiratory stamina, relax thechest muscles, expand the lungs, raise energylevels, and calm the body.

Abs.CA.56

Effect of Yoga Nidra on Anxiety andDepressive Symptoms in Patients WithMenstrual Irregularities

Khushbu Rani*, Neena Srivastava, S.C. Tiwari,Uma singh

Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics &Gynecology

Background : Emotional insecurity, stress,depressive or/and anxiety symptoms arecommon with variable severity among thepatients with menstrual disorder. Yogicrelaxation therapy (Yoga Nidra) leads toconscious and subconscious recognition ofthese underlying psychological factors andhelps releasing of suppressed conflicts.

Objective : To evaluate the effect of YogaNidra on anxiety and depressive symptomsin patients with menstrual disorders.

Methods : Subjects were recruited from theDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology,C.S.M. Medical University (erstwhile KGMU),Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, India. The subjectswere randomly divided in to two groups:Intervention Group (with yogic intervention)and a Control Group (without yogicintervention). Assessments of all subjects werecarried out by administering Hamilton Anxiety

Scale (HAM-A) and Hamilton Rating Scalefor Depression (HAM-D) at baseline and aftersix months.

Results : Anxiety symptoms decreasedsignificantly (P<0.003) along with depressivesymptoms (P<0.02) after six months of yogatherapy (Yoga Nidra) in intervention groupin comparison to control group.

Conclusion : The present study suggests thatseverity of anxiety and depressive symptomsin patients with menstrual disorders can be 7decreased significantly by applying a programbased on yogic intervention (Yoga Nidra).

Key Words : Yoga Nidra, menstrual disorders, anxietyand depressive symptoms.

Abs.CA.57

Pranayama has Additive Beneficial EffectAlong With Medication in BronchialAsthma Patients

Aggarwal Tanu*, Kumar Devesh, Arora ML

Department of Physiology, MuzaffarnagarMedical College, MZN


Objective : Bronchial asthma is a largeeconomic burden i.e. 12.7 billion$ globally.Efficient and safe asthma control bypranayama will not only reduce the economicburden but also side effects of drugs byreduceing the doses of drugs. The aim of ourwork was to compare dynamic lung tests inbronchial asthma patients under treatmentpracticing pranayama (study group) and notpracticing pranayama (Control group) andcompare the changes in dynamic lung testswith duration of Pranayama.


Method : The study was conducted in theDepartment of Physiology at S.N.M.C. Agrawith the help of computerized microlabspirometer (Model Spirolab/Spirolab – II).The study population were bronchial asthmapatients of 20-45 years age group. 80 casesof bronchial asthma practicing pranayama wasstudy population and 20 bronchial asthmapatients not practicing pranayama were thecontrol group. The cases were instructed bytrained yoga instructor to perform Anuloma-viloma and kapalbharti pranayama regularlyfor 3 months and then dynamic lung functionparameter FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEFR wasrecorded before and after pranayama andobservation were studied by applying studentt test and evaluated statistically

Results : 1. FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEFR issimilarly improved in both study and controlgroup, on comparing study and control groupafter 1 month of pranayama. 2. FEV1, FVC,FEV1/FVC, PEFR is improved in study group,not in control group, on comparing studyand control group after 2 & 3 month ofpranayama.

Conclusion : Pranayama has additivebeneficial effect along with medication inbronchial asthma patients.

Abs.CM.01

The Role of Ion Channels in theMaintenence of Bovine ChondrocyteResting Membrane Potential

Vinay Oommen*, Sathya Subramani

Department of Physiology, Christian MedicalCollege, Vellore


Objective : Studies analyzing the electro-physiological properties of the chondrocytemembrane have implicated K+, Cl– as well asnon specific cation channels as primarycontributors to the chondrocyte restingmembrane potential. This study was conductedto identify the specific ionic conductancesresponsible for the chondrocyte restingmembrane potential (RMP).

Method : Freshly isolated bovine chondrocytes,from both the metatarsophalangeal joints andmetacarpophalangeal joints of legs obtainedfrom the slaughter house were used. Patchclamp experiments were performed in thewhole cell patch clamp configuration. The cellwas clamped at voltages ranging from –80 mVto +70 mV in 10 mV steps. The currentsacross the membrane were recorded. TheResting Membrane Potential was recorded inthe current clamp mode. Tetraethylammonium(TEA) 10 mM and Barium chloride 5 mM,(both known to block delayed rectifierpotassium channels) as well as DIDS 100 µM(a Cl-channel blocker) were used toidentify the currents recorded. The effect ofTEA, DIDS and Ba++ on the RMP was alsoassessed.

Results : A high density of voltage gatedpotassium channels, was seen in bovinechondrocytes. These currents were inhibitedby 10 mM TEA and completely by 5 mMBa++. There was no effect seen with DIDS.The resting membrane potential was alsodepolarized by TEA and by Ba++.

Conclusion : Bovine chondrocytes show ahigh density of voltage gated potassiumchannels, the current profile of which issuggestive of delayed rectifiers. The

78 APPICON 2011 (Abs.CM) Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, Vol. 55, No. 5, Supplement

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