goal 1 notes

Goal 1 NotesGoal 1 Notes

Physical SciencePhysical Science

By By

Nancy BoothNancy Booth

Physical SciencePhysical ScienceI. Applied Science vs. Pure ScienceI. Applied Science vs. Pure Science

II. TechnologyII. Technology

III. What is Physical Science?III. What is Physical Science?

IV. Problems vs. exercisesIV. Problems vs. exercisesA. Problem solvingA. Problem solving

1.1. KnownKnown

2.2. UnknownUnknown

3.3. No set way to find answerNo set way to find answer

B. Critical ThinkingB. Critical Thinking

C. Scientific MethodC. Scientific Method1.1. ObservationObservation

2.2. Purpose: QuestionPurpose: Question

3.3. Hypothesis: Proposed answerHypothesis: Proposed answer

4.4. ExperimentExperiment

5.5. DataData

6.6. Data analysisData analysis

7.7. ConclusionConclusion

V. Hypothesis vs. theory vs. lawV. Hypothesis vs. theory vs. law

VI. The ExperimentVI. The ExperimentA. ControlA. Control

B. ConstantB. Constant

C. Independent variable - manipulated C. Independent variable - manipulated variablevariable

D. Dependent variable - responding D. Dependent variable - responding variablevariable

VII. SI - International System of VII. SI - International System of UnitsUnits

A. Base unit for some measurementsA. Base unit for some measurements1.1. Distance - meterDistance - meter

2.2. Mass - kilogramMass - kilogram

3.3. Time - secondTime - second

4.4. Temperature - Kelvin scaleTemperature - Kelvin scale Absolute zero - lowest temperatureAbsolute zero - lowest temperature Kelvin temperature = Celsius temperature + 273Kelvin temperature = Celsius temperature + 273

B. Based on 10’sB. Based on 10’s

C. Derived units - combine base unitsC. Derived units - combine base units

D. StandardsD. Standards

VIII. Metric ConversionsVIII. Metric ConversionsA. Set-up ratios and cross multiple. Then A. Set-up ratios and cross multiple. Then

solve.solve.

Ex.: 20 liters = _____ millilitersEx.: 20 liters = _____ milliliters

1 liter = 1000 milliliters1 liter = 1000 milliliters

20 L

X ml=

1 L

1000 ml

(20 L)(1000 ml) (1 L)(X ml)=

(20 L)(1000 ml)

1 L =(1 L)(X ml)

1 L

B. Factor-Label MethodB. Factor-Label Method

Ex.: 20 liters = _____ millilitersEx.: 20 liters = _____ milliliters 1 liter 1 liter = 1000 milliliters= 1000 milliliters

20 L 1000 ml

1 L= ml

C. Small Unit Large Unit C. Small Unit Large Unit (divide) (divide) ÷÷

Large Unit Small Unit Large Unit Small Unit (multiply) (multiply) ××

20 L = _______ ml20 L = _______ ml 300 mg = _______ g300 mg = _______ g

D. Use a number lineD. Use a number line

KKing ing HHenry enry DDied ied MMonday onday DDrinking rinking CChocolate hocolate MMilkilk

kilo

hecto

deca deci

centi

milli

micro

unit

E. Use stair steps as a guideE. Use stair steps as a guidek

h

da

(unit)

d

c

m

IX. GraphsIX. GraphsA. Line graphs - trend or pattern over A. Line graphs - trend or pattern over

timetime1.1. y-axis - dependent variabley-axis - dependent variable

2.2. x-axis - independent variablex-axis - independent variable

B. Bar graph - Comparison of numbersB. Bar graph - Comparison of numbers1.1. Bars don’t touchBars don’t touch

2.2. Numbers must be on one axisNumbers must be on one axis

C. Circle graph or Pie graph - Parts of a C. Circle graph or Pie graph - Parts of a wholewhole1.1. Parts must add to 100%Parts must add to 100%

2.2. Numbers for parts do not have to Numbers for parts do not have to equal 100, but when converted to a % equal 100, but when converted to a % the total of all parts equals 100%the total of all parts equals 100%

Bar GraphBar Graph

11stst Period: 10 – 9 Period: 10 – 9thth; 2 – 10; 2 – 10thth; 3 – 11; 3 – 11thth; ; and 4 – 12and 4 – 12thth. .

22ndnd Period: 8 – 9 Period: 8 – 9thth; 6 – 10; 6 – 10thth; 10 – 11; 10 – 11thth; ; and 2 – 12and 2 – 12thth..

44thth Period: 0 – 9 Period: 0 – 9thth; 12 – 10; 12 – 10thth; 9 – 11; 9 – 11thth; ; and 8 – 12and 8 – 12thth..

Pie GraphPie Graph

Use the data from the bar graph to Use the data from the bar graph to create a pie graph with slices for 9create a pie graph with slices for 9thth, , 1010thth, 11, 11thth, and 12, and 12thth..

Line GraphLine Graph

TimeTime DistanceDistance

0 sec0 sec 0 m0 m

10 sec10 sec 20 m20 m

30 sec30 sec 50 m50 m

60 sec60 sec 90 m90 m

70 sec70 sec 100 m100 m

80 sec80 sec 120 m120 m

100 sec100 sec 150 m150 m

X. DensityX. Density

Density refers to how compacted a material is.Density refers to how compacted a material is.

UnitsUnits

D = densityD = density mg/ml, g/cmmg/ml, g/cm33, kg/l, kg/l

m = massm = mass kg, g, mgkg, g, mg

V = volumeV = volume ml, l, cmml, l, cm33, dm, dm33

density = mass

volume D =m

V

Example 1:Example 1:

What is the density of a 20 g What is the density of a 20 g object that has a volume of 5 object that has a volume of 5 cmcm33??

D = ?D = ? m = 20 gm = 20 g V = 5 V = 5 cmcm33

D = 20 g / 5 cmD = 20 g / 5 cm33 = 4 g/cm = 4 g/cm33


What is the volume of 20 g of What is the volume of 20 g of gold? (Density of gold is 19.3 gold? (Density of gold is 19.3 g/cmg/cm33))

D = 19.3 g/cmD = 19.3 g/cm33 m = 20 gm = 20 g V V = ?= ?

V = 20 g / (19.3 g/cmV = 20 g / (19.3 g/cm33) = 1.04 cm) = 1.04 cm33


What is the mass of 30 cmWhat is the mass of 30 cm33 of of quartz? (Density of quartz is 2.6 quartz? (Density of quartz is 2.6 g/cmg/cm33))

D = 2.6 g/cmD = 2.6 g/cm33 m = ?m = ? V = 30 V = 30 cmcm33

m = V Dm = V D

m = (30 cmm = (30 cm33)(2.6 g/cm)(2.6 g/cm33) = 78 g) = 78 g

Flash Card - DensityFlash Card - Density

D =m

V

m

D V

Density Units

D - density mg/ml, g/cm 3

m - mass kg, g, mg

V - volume L, ml, cm 3

Density Practice ProblemsDensity Practice Problems1.1. What is the density of an What is the density of an

object that is 30 cmobject that is 30 cm33 and has a and has a mass of 99 g?mass of 99 g?

2.2. What is the volume of 69 g of What is the volume of 69 g of a liquid that has a density of 1.3 a liquid that has a density of 1.3 g/cmg/cm33? ?

3.3. What is the mass of 650 cmWhat is the mass of 650 cm33 of gold? (Gold has a density of of gold? (Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm19.3 g/cm33))

4.4. Determine the density of 45 Determine the density of 45 g of a solid that is 5 cm by 4 cm g of a solid that is 5 cm by 4 cm by 6 cm? (NOTE: Volume of a by 6 cm? (NOTE: Volume of a rectangular solid is V = w h l)rectangular solid is V = w h l)

5.5. Determine the volume of 65 Determine the volume of 65 g of mercury. The density of g of mercury. The density of mercury is 13.6 g/cmmercury is 13.6 g/cm33..

6.6. If you have 33 ml of glue, If you have 33 ml of glue, how many grams do you have? how many grams do you have? (Glue has a density of 1.27 (Glue has a density of 1.27 g/cmg/cm33))

XI. Scientific NotationXI. Scientific Notation

Shorthand method for writing very Shorthand method for writing very large and very small numbers by large and very small numbers by using powers of 10.using powers of 10.

XII. Rules for Scientific NotationXII. Rules for Scientific Notation

A. Writing Numbers With Scientific A. Writing Numbers With Scientific Notation:Notation:1.1. Move the decimal point so that Move the decimal point so that

only one number remains to the left of only one number remains to the left of the decimal point.the decimal point.Ex.: In 36000 the decimal point will move to Ex.: In 36000 the decimal point will move to

after the 3, giving 3.6after the 3, giving 3.6

2.2. Count the number of places you Count the number of places you moved the decimal point and use it as moved the decimal point and use it as the exponent.the exponent.Ex.: In 36000 the decimal point was moved 4 Ex.: In 36000 the decimal point was moved 4

places to the left to give 3.6.places to the left to give 3.6. The exponent is negative if the decimal The exponent is negative if the decimal

point is moved to the right.point is moved to the right. The exponent is positive if the decimal point The exponent is positive if the decimal point

is moved to the left.is moved to the left.

3.3. Write the number times 10 with the Write the number times 10 with the exponent of the number of places the exponent of the number of places the decimal was moved.decimal was moved.Ex.: 36000 is therefore 3.6 X 10Ex.: 36000 is therefore 3.6 X 1044

B. Writing Numbers from B. Writing Numbers from Scientific Notation:Scientific Notation:

1. Write the number dropping the X 1. Write the number dropping the X 10.10.

2.2. Move the decimal point the number Move the decimal point the number of places equal to the exponent that of places equal to the exponent that was on the X 10. was on the X 10.

ŸŸ The decimal point is moved to the right if The decimal point is moved to the right if the exponent was positive.the exponent was positive.

ŸŸ The decimal point is moved to the left if The decimal point is moved to the left if the exponent was negative.the exponent was negative.

Ex.: 7.9 X 10Ex.: 7.9 X 1066 becomes 7900000. 8.6 X 10 becomes 7900000. 8.6 X 10-4-4 becomes .00086.becomes .00086.

C. Mathematical Operations using Scientific C. Mathematical Operations using Scientific Notation:Notation:

1.1. Addition and SubtractionAddition and Subtraction Before numbers can be added or subtracted that are in Before numbers can be added or subtracted that are in

scientific notation the must have the same exponent.scientific notation the must have the same exponent.

2.2. MultiplicationMultiplication Multiply the first numbers and add the exponents. Multiply the first numbers and add the exponents. Check the decimal in the new first number. Relocate Check the decimal in the new first number. Relocate

the decimal as necessary and change the exponent as the decimal as necessary and change the exponent as needed.needed.

3.3. DivisionDivision Divide the first numbers and subtract the exponents.Divide the first numbers and subtract the exponents. Check the decimal in the new first number. Relocate Check the decimal in the new first number. Relocate

the decimal as necessary and change the exponent as the decimal as necessary and change the exponent as needed.needed.

XIII. Significant FiguresXIII. Significant Figures

Show the precision of an Show the precision of an measurement. The more significant measurement. The more significant figures the more precise the figures the more precise the measurement. The measurement measurement. The measurement show all the digits that are known show all the digits that are known plus a last one that is estimated.plus a last one that is estimated.

XIV. Rules for determining significant figuresXIV. Rules for determining significant figures

1. All non-zero digits are significant. 1. All non-zero digits are significant. Ex.: 549 has 3 significant figures.Ex.: 549 has 3 significant figures.

2. All zeroes between non-zero digits are significant. 2. All zeroes between non-zero digits are significant. Ex.: 3005008 has 7 significant Ex.: 3005008 has 7 significant

figures.figures.

3. All zeroes to the right of a non-zero digit and to the 3. All zeroes to the right of a non-zero digit and to the left of an expressed decimal point are significant. left of an expressed decimal point are significant.

Ex.: 5600. has 4 significant figures.Ex.: 5600. has 4 significant figures.

4. All zeroes after a non-zero digit and to the right of 4. All zeroes after a non-zero digit and to the right of an expressed decimal point are significant. an expressed decimal point are significant.

Ex.: 560.00 has 5 significant figures.Ex.: 560.00 has 5 significant figures.

5.5. All zeroes after a non-zero digit All zeroes after a non-zero digit and to the left of an unexpressed and to the left of an unexpressed (assumed) decimal point are (assumed) decimal point are not not significant. significant. Ex.: 7600 has 2 Ex.: 7600 has 2 significant figures.significant figures.

6.6. All zeroes to the left of a non-zero All zeroes to the left of a non-zero digit and to the right of an expressed digit and to the right of an expressed decimal point are decimal point are not not significant. significant.

Ex.: .00067 has 2 significant Ex.: .00067 has 2 significant figures.figures.

7. When multiplying and dividing number, count 7. When multiplying and dividing number, count the number of significant figures in each the number of significant figures in each number and round the final answer so that it number and round the final answer so that it has the same number of digit as the least has the same number of digit as the least significant number. significant number. Ex.: 54 X 768 = 42444 will be rounded to Ex.: 54 X 768 = 42444 will be rounded to 2 significant figures or 42000 2 significant figures or 42000

8.8. When adding and subtracting number, do the When adding and subtracting number, do the operation and round the answer to the same operation and round the answer to the same digit as the least significant number. digit as the least significant number. Ex.: 56 + 34.980 - 6.7 = 84.28 will be Ex.: 56 + 34.980 - 6.7 = 84.28 will be rounded to the ones place or 84 rounded to the ones place or 84

Practice Significant Figures and Practice Significant Figures and Scientific Notation ProblemsScientific Notation Problems

I. Convert the following numbers to I. Convert the following numbers to scientific notation.scientific notation.

1. 760001. 76000 2. 8760000002. 876000000

3. .0008233. .000823 4. .007324. .00732

5. .0000008815. .000000881 6. 76103206. 7610320

II. Change the following numbers II. Change the following numbers to regular notation from to regular notation from scientific notation.scientific notation.

7. 6.7 x 107. 6.7 x 1077 8. 7.2 x 108. 7.2 x 10-2-2

9. 8.6 x 109. 8.6 x 1044 10. 3.2 x 1010. 3.2 x 10-6-6

11. 8.1 x 1011. 8.1 x 10-5-5 12. 4.03 x 1012. 4.03 x 1033

III. How many significant figures do III. How many significant figures do each of the following numbers have?each of the following numbers have?

13. 762013. 7620 14. 326.614. 326.6

15. 1.37015. 1.370 16. .003216. .0032

17. .000030217. .0000302 18. 1.0203018. 1.02030

19. .0001219. .00012 20. 1200020. 12000

21. 132000.021. 132000.0

IV. Complete the following IV. Complete the following operations and record the answers operations and record the answers with the correct number of with the correct number of significant figures.significant figures.

22. 7.6 x 104 + 3.2 x 10322. 7.6 x 104 + 3.2 x 103 23. 23. 9.3 x 10-2 x 8.2 x 10-59.3 x 10-2 x 8.2 x 10-5 24. 8.2 x 24. 8.2 x 10-2 ¸ 2.5 x 10-610-2 ¸ 2.5 x 10-6

25. 5.4 x 10-3 - 6.3 x 10-425. 5.4 x 10-3 - 6.3 x 10-4 26. 26. 326 x 67.30326 x 67.30 27. 99.33 + 16227. 99.33 + 162

28. 600 + 17028. 600 + 170 29. 376.4 29. 376.4 ¸ 2.2 ¸ 2.2 30. 9443.56 - 600030. 9443.56 - 6000

You need to know the following pieces of lab You need to know the following pieces of lab equipment. Make a study guide by drawing the equipment. Make a study guide by drawing the

following pieces found on page following pieces found on page xxiixxii in your lab manual: in your lab manual:

1.1. Test tubeTest tube

2.2. ScoopScoop

3.3. ForcepsForceps

4.4. Triple-beam balanceTriple-beam balance

5.5. FunnelFunnel

6.6. Watch glassWatch glass

7.7. BeakerBeaker

8.8. Dropper pipetDropper pipet

9.9. Utility clampUtility clamp

10.10. Test tube rack Test tube rack

11.11. Tongs Tongs

12.12. Stopper Stopper

13.13. Ring stand Ring stand

14.14. Graduated Graduated cylindercylinder

15.15. Flask Flask

16.16. Thermometer Thermometer

17.17. Iron ring Iron ring

goal 1 notes

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