grammar file i

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The Engineering Facultyof

The University of Rijeka

Ksenija Mance

Gramatika IGrammar Fi leI

Review of

Grammatical and Syntactical

Structures

2014/2015


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CONTENTS

1 Word Formation 32 Collective Nouns 6

3 Plural of Nouns 10

4 Compound Nouns/Nouns in Groups 17

5 Articles 20

6 Use of the Genitive 34

7 Appropriacy Focus 398 Continuous Aspect 44

9 Present Simple and Continuous 45

10 Past Simple and Past Continuous 49

11 Perfect Aspect 55

12 Present Perfect Simple and Continuous 57

13 Past Perfect Simple and Continuous 66

14 Expressing the Future 71

15 Future Perfect Simple and Continuous 72

16 Expressing the FutureExercises 78

17 Various Aspects of Expressing Time 80

18 Passive Aspect 116

19 Causative have 139

20 Various Language Exercises 140

21 Collocations 142

22 Inchoative Verbs 150

References 153


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WORD FORMATION


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Words can be formed by adding a prefix to the beginning or a suffix to the end. There

are many prefixes and suffixes

Example of prefixes: un-, dis-, im-, mis-un-+certain uncertain dis-+appear disappearim-+possible impossible mis-+understand misunderstand

Examples of suffixes: -ness, -ful, less, -shiphappy+-ness happiness care+-ful carefulend+-less endless friend+-ship

I. Add a word from the box to the prefix in each sentence to make a negative word.

advantage agree appear fortunately interesting patient employed understanding

1. I didnt read all of the book because I found it .....interesting.2. Cycling has one dis................................ . It makes you feel hot and sweaty.3. Sue had a ticket for the theatre, but ............................. she fell ill that night.4. Terry cant stand waiting in queues, because shes very im.............................5. My brother always dis.............................. when its time to do the washing-up.6. After Jack lost his job, he was un............................ for three months.7. Oh, I completely dis........................ with you. I think it was a great film.8. Because of a mis.............................., half the class went to the wrong classroom.

II. Complete the word in each sentence with a prefix from the box.

out- over- under- re-

1. My alarm clock didnt go off, and so I ........................ slept this morning.2. Pete packed some shirts and socks, some ......................... wear, and his jeans.3. Its very cold this morning, so wear your .......................coat.4. Our team was completely ......................... played by the team from Wales.5. Ive decided to .................write my leter, because I made too many mistakes.6. Steve ..................cooked the meat, and it was burnt in places.7. I have to go to the library today and .....................new my ticket.8. The staff went on strike because they were ....................paid and overworked.

III. Complete the word in each sentence with a suffix from the box, Make any other

necessary changes to the word.

-er -let -ess -hood -ship -ful -ery

1. After two years of friend.................... , Kate got to know david really well.

2. If you dont speak the language you feel more like a foreign............................ .3. Sarah spent a very happy child................... on a small island.4. I asked a steward.................. what time the plane arrived, but she didnt know.5. Every teenage.................. knows that parents worry a lot.6. Dont forget to add a spoon............... of sugar, and some milk.7. We live in a beautiful neighbour.................. on the outskirts of the city.8. Tina picked up a hand................ of snow, and threw it in my face.9. Under the floor there was a rumbling sound of machine................ .

10. The college sent Sue a small book ..................... describing its courses.11. Maria and Louis have a really good relation........................ .12. George won the medal for brave.......... .

IV. Complete each sentence with a noun made from the verb given.


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inhabit refuse act advertise employ imagine cook bore build accommodate

1. There are over one million........................... in this city.2. Greg often suffers from ......................................... in the school holidays.3. This is the tallest .................................... in the whole of the country.4. Some students cant find suitable ........................................ .5. I was upset by Caros............................... to help me.6. It took Richard years to become a successful ............................ .7. Every ............................... in this country has received a pay rise.8. You need a lot of ......................................... to write a good story.9. Dont forget to turn off the ................................... before you leave.10. I saw an interesting ...................................... in the local paper.

V. Complete each sentence with a noun ending inness made from a word in the box.

Make any necessary changes.

dark friendly happy lonely short sick silly thin tired thorough

1. The .......................................... of the journey surprised me, as I thought it would be longer.2. Sue was impressed by the ........................................ of everyone in her new school.3. We knew it was going to rain because of the ................................ of the sky.4. Old Mrs Holts ................................... was cured when she was given a pet cat.5. The doctor told Peter that his ............................. was a result of overwork.6. Wendys teacher was impressed by the ........................................ of her work.7. We wished the bride and groom ..................................... in their new life together.8. Joes teacher began to grow tired of his ........................ in class.9. I felt rather cold when I arrived because of the .................................... of my clothes.10. Jean took a travel ............................... pill, and then she felt much better.

VI. Complete the word in each sentence with a suffix from the box.

-less ly y ish ic al -ous

1. Everone thanked the fire-fighters for their hero.................. efforts.2. Paul received most of his music ........................... education from his mother.3. The government is going to provide more houses for home.......... people.4. Lisas mother ..................... qualities made her a favourite with the children.5. It was very fool.................... of you to leave all the doors and windows open.6. On rain...... days, we spend a lot of time indoors watching television.

VII. Complete the following sentences by adapting the word given in brackets.

1. You need to _______ the final point of the presentation. It's rather confusing. (clear)2. The film turned out to be a big _____________ . It was really quite boring. (disappoint)3. Don't forget to ______________ the modem when you have finished using it. (connect)4. Ben sulks like a child when he doesn't get his own way. He's so ___________ . (mature)5. Oliver's CV is truly ________________ . He's bound to get the job. (impress)6. Actually, I found Tonys book was ........................................... interesting. (surprise)7. ...................................... , my father used to go to school with your father. (interest)8. Im .................................... ashamed of your behaviour! (thorough)9. Being un............................... means that you share with others. (self)10. Not taking exercise is rather un.................................... . (health)11. Looking in the mirror too much is an example of .......................... . (vain)12. The ................................ of the diamonds baffled the police. (thief)13. This question is ................................ difficult, isnt it? (awful)


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VIII. Complete the table

Noun Verb Adjective

vary

prediction

resultative

accelerative

behave

cause

change

precision

valid

investigate

occur

performable

act

define

formal

motion

link

specify

formulated

IX. Complete the following sentences by adapting the word given in brackets.

1. Dont depend on him. He is a very ______________________ person (rely).2. Our solutions _____________________ (effective) address our customers needs to____________________ (reduction) emissions.3. The staff are always making mistakes because they are so __________________ (efficient).4. Every year thousands of species of plants and insects ____________________ (appear).5. You need to ___________ the final point of the presentation. It's rather confusing. (clear)6. The film turned out to be a big ________________ . It was really quite boring. (disappoint)7. Don't forget to __________________ the modem when you have finished using it. (connect)8. Ben sulks like a child when he doesn't get his own way. He's so _______________ . (mature)9. Oliver's CV is truly ______________________ . He's bound to get the job. (impress)


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Nouns


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COUNTABLES AND UNCOUNTABLES

Countable nouns include individual things, people, places and units of measurement:a com puter, a report, an o ff ice, a manager; a metre, a ki lo, a pound

Countable nouns can be used in the plural, follow words such as many, these,those, several,

few, a fewand are used with a/an

Uncountable nouns include substances, many abstract ideas, and verbal nouns:gold , plast ic; safety, progress, travel, weather; brainstorm ing, engineering, video-

conferencing

Uncountable nouns take the singular formof the verb; have words likemuch, alittle,little,

somebefore them and do nottakethewhen used in general sense

Some of the more common uncountable nouns are things that cannot be counted, have no

indefinite article and usually no plural:

wool water wood ink flour progress

tobacco paper butter cheese glass cloth

grass jam wheat coffee silver gold

music soup milk honesty swimming tea

poetry adventure sugar meat butter metal

iron darkness stupidity help sand sleep

advice advertising baggage cash damage insurance

employment equipment information news furniture software

legislation luggage merchandise money research bread

transport traffic travel weather work accommodation

Uncountable nouns and countables in the plural are preceded by some when a certainquantity or number is implied:Give me some bread and mi lk.

Which of the following words can be either countable or uncountable?

Remember that only countables take a or an.

drink glass cabbage onion garlic steelspinach rosemary tea hair ice music

butter toast meat chocolate luggage mail

jam soap honey milk salt jewelry

corn butter sugar cloth water tobacco

A small piece of garl ic or a clove of garl ic;

A leaf or two of mint, dil l, rosemary and other herbs:

Whereas spinach is uncountable because we see only a large heap of leaves to chop up,

we talk of a cabbagebecause we buy the plant whole and regard it as a reasonable unit.


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Some Measuring Words for Noncount Nouns

a pound, (cube, stick or pat) of buttera clove of garlica piece, (slice) of toasta piece of chocolate*a piece of candy*a piece of meata piece, block, cube of icea piece of jewelrya piece of luggagea piece of mail

a piece of musica piece of advicea piece of informationa piece of equipmenta sheet of papera show of strengtha spell of bad weathera pair of scissorsa bottle of perfumea barrel of oila stroke of inspiration

a pair of jeansa flash of good lucka mountain of worka round of applausea kernel, an ear, a bushel of corna loaf of bread

bushel = measure for grain and fruit, 8 gallons or about 36,4 litres

a lump, cube, spoonful of sugara scoop, dish, pint, quart of ice cream

pint =1/8 of a gallon, 0,568 of a litre, US=0,473 of a litre

a jar of jam

a bar, cake of soapa jar of jellya spool, piece of threada ball of yarn (ue)a jar of honeya pinch of salta glass, cup, bottle, carton, gallon, quart of milk

gallon = 4,5 litres,quart = 1,14 litres or 2 pints

*Can also be used as a count noun.


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Collective nouns

Match these words for a group:

pride, shoal, flock, herd, pack, bunch, school

to the following words:

cards, lions, sheep, bananas, cows, fish, birds, dolphin, whale

of cards of dolphins

of lions .... of whales

of sheep of elephants

of bananas of birds

of cows of fish

N.B. pack of cards, pride of lions, flock of sheep, bunch of bananas, herd of cows,school of dolphins, school of whales, herd of elephants, flock of birds, shoal of fish

ASSIGNMENT 1

Correct the following:

The news are very sad and depressing. The news is very sad and depressing.

Im going to buy a bread.We had a very good travel.

Im looking for a work.What a beautiful scenery!

We had a nice weather.

Thats a good advice.I have to buy furnitures.

These informations were not correct.

ASSIGNMENT 2

Explain the difference between:

a noise and much noise; a notice and notice of; damages and the damage;

a talk and talk; a paper and some paper; business travel and a business trip;

a lot of work and a particular job or task; some good advice and one suggestion;

a hair and long hair, a spare room and there isnt enough room,experiences and a lot of experience, a good time and I havent got time.


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Plural of Nouns


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ASSIGNMENTS

1 Make these plural and pay attention to the pronunciation:

museum taxi boy

brush bus buzz dress

match box

dictionary art-gallery lady country

life shelf

roof chief cliff dwarf

thief housewife scarf wharf

potato negro

soprano Giotto photo radiocommando

bath mouth youth path

truth

Glensbury Jones Fox Grotto

The ex two Germany

man woman goose child

ox foot mouse tooth

donkey

*N.B brushes, buses, buzzes, dresses, matches, boxes,dictionaries,art-gallerieslives, ladies, countries, lives, shelves, roofs,chiefs, cliffs, dwarfs,thieves, housewives, scarfs/scarfs, wharfs/wharves, potatoes, negroes BUT sopranos, Giottos, photos,radios, commandos, baths, mouths, youths, paths, truths, the Glensburys, the Joneses, the Foxes, the Grottos, the ex twoGermanys, men, women, geese, children, oxen, feet, mice, teeth, donkeys

Nouns with two plural forms of different meaning

cloths (textile material) and clothes (clothing in general)five pence (whole amount) and five pennies (six one-penny pieces)

Plural Forms of Compound Nouns

2 Make the following nouns pluralThe element denoting the principal idea takes the plural ending

boy friend knight-errant looker-on

man-of-war mother-in-law notary public

lieutenant-general lieutenant governor* passer-by

*N.B. boy friends, knights errant, lookers-on, men-of-war, mothers-in-law, notaries public,lieutenant (leftennt) generals, lieutenant (lu: tennt) governors.


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Both elements equally important take the plural ending

Knight Templar Lord Justice Manservant woman driver*

*N.B. Knights Templars, Lords Justices, menservants, women drivers

Verb forms in compounds do not take the plural endings

go-ahead forget-me-not hold-up stand-up*

*N.B. go-aheads, forget-me nots, hold-ups, stand-bys

Make the following nouns plural

hanger-on .. girl-friend ..sit-in . sister-in-law ..

run-down . shop-assistant

woman clerk . fellow traveller ..

take-off . fire-work ..

go-between editor-in-chief

fountain pen man-eater ..

man secretary boy scout ..

passer-by good-for-nothing .

asistant manager

Special Plurals

letter names: Dot your isnumerals. In the 1990sor 1990sabbreviations: two MPsor MPsin expressions as: the ifs and buts, the pros and cons, the whys and wherefores, theups and downs

Foreign PluralsIn scientific English there are a large number of words borrowed from

other languages. They have been absorbed into language, but they

have not been thoroughly naturalized. Usually they retain their

original plural forms. The largest number by far of these foreign plurals

is of Latin and Greek origin. Here is the list of nouns of foreign origin

with their foreign plurals:


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Foreign PluralsSingular Plural

From Latin

bacillus (bsils) bacilli (bsilai)

stimulus (stimjuls) stimuli (stimjulai)nucleus (nju:klis) nuclei (nju:kliai)

radius radii

calculus calculialga (aelg) algae

larva larvae

addendum addenda

bacterium (baektirim) bacteria

datum datamomentum momenta

desideratum desiderataerratum errata

medium media

stratum strata (-tums)

curriculum curricula (-lums)

maximum maxima

minimum minimamemorandum memoranda (-dums)

spectrum spectra (-rums)

symposium symposiavortex vortices, vortexes

vertex vertices, vertexes

index indices (a mathematical term)indexes (lists of contents of books)

From Greekbasis (beisis) bases (beisi:z)

crisis (kraisis) crises (kraisi:z)analysis (naelsis) analyses (naelsi:z)

diagnosis diagnoses

ellipsis ellipses

hypothesis hypotheses

oasis oases

parenthesis parenthesessynopsis synopses

thesis theses

axis axescriterion criteria

phenomenon (finominn) phenomena (finomin)

From Italianspagetti spagetti

graffiti graffiti

confetti confetti

From Hebrewkibuz kibbuzim

genius has two plurals geniuses and geniiformula has two plurals formulae (in mathematics)formulas (general)


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ASSIGNMENTFOR ADVANCED LEARNERS(AUTO-CORRECTIVE TEST)

A Put into the plural!

1. A crisis often occurs in the best regulated family.2. Another criterion is needed in analysing this phenomenon.3. The skeleton found in the lower stratum was taken to the museum.4. Calculate the radius of the circle.5. Vortex is on the point where two lines meet to form an angle.

B Translate into English!

1. Neke bakterije su bezopasne ili korisne, a od nekih se umire.2. Fenomeni prirode nikada nee prestati ovjeka ispunjavati divljenjem i

strahopotovanjem.3. U nekim zemljama je obiaj na karnevalima i vjenanjima bacati konfete.4. Ono to mi trebamo su podaci, t.j. injenice i brojke a ne nejasne informacije.5. Obje dijagnoze su bile pogrene pa je jadan ovjek umro.6. I otac i sin su mirovni suci.7. U knjizi ima dosta tiskarskih pogreaka. Ti ima prvo izdanje. Ja sam upravo

kupio revidirano izdanje koje ima listi pogreaka. 8. U Rimu, Pompejima a i kod nas u Rijeci moe vidjeti lijepe grafite na zidovima

nekih staroklasinih zgrada.9. Takvi masovni mediji kao radio i televizija su mona sredstva komunikacije.10. Jesi li napravio analize onih kemikalija?11. Njezin je rukopis tako lo! Teko mi je , na primjer, razlikovati njezina slova a od

njezinih slova o. Zato ne stavlja toke na svoja slova i?12. Moderne metode uenja uglavnom se baziraju na poticaje (podraaje) i odgovore.13. Javni biljenici po tradiciji, vode biljeke (zapise) predmeta koji su vani za sud kao

i zapise privatnih transakcija i dogaaja gdje se trai slubeni ovjereni zapis ilidokument sastavljen od osobe strune kvalifikacije i znanja.

14. Svi mi imamo svoje uspone i padove u naim ivotima. Imamo svoje uspone ipadove u naim karijerama, raspoloenjima, nivoima energije i sa naim

familijama.*FATAL implies the inevitability or actual occurrence of death or disaster(A FATAL DISEASE, A FATAL MISTAKE);DEADLY is applied to a thing that can and probably (but not inevitably) will cause death(a DEADLY POISON);

MORTAL implies that death has occured and is applied to the immeadiate cause of the death(He has received a MORTAL BLOW);

LETHAL is applied to that which in its nature or purpose is a cause of death(A LETHAL WEAPON);


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A Auto-corrective Test

1. Crises often occur in the best regulated families.2. Other criteria are needed in analysing these phenomena.3. The skeletons found in the lower strata were taken to the museums.

4. Calculate the radii of the circles.5. Vortices are at the points where two lines meet to form angles.

B Translation1. Some bacteria are harmless or beneficial, others are mortal (or lethal, fatal, deadly

*N.B.see explanation).2. The phenomena of nature will never cease to fill man with amazement and awe.3. In some countries it is customary to throw about confetti at carnivals and weddings.

4. What we need are data, i.e., facts and figures, and not vague pieces of information.5. Both diagnoses were wrong, so the poor man died.6. Both the father and the son are JPs (or JP's) (= justice of the peace).7. There are quite a lot of misprints in this book. You've got the first edition. I've just

bought the revised edition containing errata slip.8. In Rome, in Pompeii and in our Rijeka you can see fine graffiti (graffito, usu. only

plural) on the walls of some ancient buildings.9. Such mass media as radio and television are powerful means of communication.10.Did you make analyses of those chemicals?11.Her handwriting is so bad! I find it difficult, for instance, to distinguish her a's from

her o's. Why doesn't she dot her i's?

12.Modern teaching methods are mostly based on stimuli and responses.13.Traditionally, notaries public record matters of judicial importance as well as private

transactions or events where an officially authenticated record or a document drawn upwith professional skill or knowledge was required. (Instead of traditonallywe may sayby tradition)

14.All of us have highs and lows in our lives. We have ups and downs in our careers, ourmoods, our energy levels, and with our families.

N.B. This data is correct.

These data are correct.

The media are/is often accused of being biased.


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A noted professor charged Harward University with genderdiscrimination.Can we be discriminated against on the basis of gender?

Can we change things from inside or linguistically?

Masculine and Feminine Nouns

male professors and female colleaguesbachelor/spinsterwidow/widowerhero/heroine

actor/actresswaitor/waitresshost/hostess(shop) manager/manageress

prince/princessduke/duchessusher/usherettesufragettemale nursefemale patientwoman driver, and the plural form women driverslady doctor but lady doctors

businessman, policewomansalesman, saleswoman, salesperson and plural forms salesmen, saleswomen andsalespersons

Accoding to the equal opportunities laws in both England and theUnited States, job advertisements cannot state the sex of the

person required.

So, many women describe themselves as actorsormanagers.Jobs ask forflight attendants, salespersonsorperson required to help with

young children.Meetings often have a chairperson, who asks for aspokesperson to give their opinions.In the same vein, people often prefer to use their to avoid his orher, even whenthey are only referring to one person.


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COMPOUND NOUNS


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Nouns in Groups

Apostrophe s(s)

I. We use sto express a relationship between a person or animal and another person,animal or thing.her husbands job Laras friends the lions share

II. scan be used to show that something belongs to or is associated with a group ofpeople, a place or an organisation.Rijekas success New Yorks Fifth Avenue the boards decision

our companys policy the banks corporate clients

III. sis used with nouns referring to the duration of an event or a specific time.

yesterdays newspaper a weeks holiday a days workat a moments notice

IV. s is added to a noun that specifies a part of an object or a quality it has.the cars design the computers memory

Compound Nouns

I. These are commonly formed by placing two or three nouns together. The first noun

classifies the second.a garden flower a flower garden a bank accountan assembly line a credit card an air traffic controller

II. When compound nouns are used in expressions of measurement with a numeral, thefirst noun is singular.a five-star hotel a hundred-dollar bill a ten-day course

Of

I. We combine two nouns with of when referring to more abstract concepts.the meaning of life

II. With words that indicate a part of something, we use this of structure:the top of the page the end of the meeting

III. We prefer the of structure with words that refer to units or a certain quantity ofsomething.a stroke of luck an ounce of gold a round of negotiations


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1 Explain the following nouns in group

low-cost radio-frequency identification chipshands-on laboratorya solutions providera five-star hotel

2 Only one of the following two or three combinations is an acceptablenoun combination. Underline the correct one.

yesterdays paper a paper of yesterday yesterday papera bear market a bears market a market of bearsthe share of lion the lions share the lion shareour company policy the policy of our company our companys policyeconomies of scale scale economies scales economiesthe novel of Mark Twain Mark Twains novel the Mark Twains novela week holiday a weeks holiday holiday of a weeka telephone network a telephones network a network of telephonea scheme of bonus a bonus scheme a schemes bonuspower supply the supply of power powers supplyfive days course a five-day course a five days course

p-type silicon slice p type silicon slice the slice of p type silicon

pool-cathode rectifier rectifier pool cathode cathode pool rectifierpower amplifier amplifier power powers amplifiercommunication system the system of communication systems communicationconsumer market consumers market the market of consumerscontrol grid voltage voltage of the contol grid voltage control gridoutput voltage voltage output output of voltage

voltage regulator circuit regulator voltage circuit circuits voltage regulatorcathode-ray tube cathode ray tube the tube of cathode rays

computer memory the computers memory memory of the computercomputers word size computer word size word size of the computercoil of wire wire coil wires coilcomputers memory computer memory memory of the computera scale control system a control scale system system control scale

a bill of hundred euro a hundred euros bill a hundred- euro bill

the two hundreds euros banknote the two hundred euro

banknotethe car design the cars design design of the carcar design process a process of the cars design cars design process


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3 Put the three words into the right order to make acceptable noun phrases.

analysis questionnaire needs ........................................................

world trade centre ........................................................project power generation ........................................................

programme training management ........................................................

procedure control quality ........................................................opportunity overseas investment .......................................................

mechanism exchange rate .......................................................scale system control .......................................................

section output .......................................................

signal output .......................................................

power output .......................................................supply power .......................................................

set computer .......................................................wire ground .......................................................

spending consumer .......................................................

a display unit cathode ray tube .......................................................control procedure quality .......................................................

modulation laser noise amplitude .......................................................


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ARTICLES


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Insert articles where necessary

An Auto-Corrective Test

Spreading of . English throughout . World

.. English language was carried around .. globe by . . English merchants and.. explorers; its roots were firmly fixed in many parts of .. new continents by ..

permanent settling there of .. whole communities of .. people from .. BritishIsles who took with them their institutions, their traditions and their way of life.

Though .. spreading of .. language through other countries of .. vast BritishEmpire of .. 19th century was of .. completely different nature, linked as it wasto .. overwhelming power of .. Britain's economic, political and militarystrength, its influence and utility have not been refused. On .. contrary,

language and .. concepts it conveys form one of .. most important links in ..free association of .. Commonwealth countries.

.. cause for .. English as .. international means of .. communication seems,nowadays, to have been taken up by .. England's most rebellious off-spring: ..United States. .. US position as one of .. worlds superpowers, its wealth andeconomic power, reaching world-wide through its international companies, itsadvanced technology, political and military power, have given .. English language.. good lead over other national languages which are also competing for .. first

place as .. global tongue of communication.

The Spreading of English throughout the World

TheEnglish language was carried around theglobe by English merchants and explorers; itsroots were firmly fixed in many parts of thenew continents by thepermanent settling thereof whole communities of people from theBritish Isles who took with them their institutions,their traditions and their way of life.

Though thespreading of thelanguage through other countries of thevast British Empire ofthe19th century was of acompletely different nature, linked as it was to theoverwhelming

power of Britain's economic, political and military strength, its influence and utility have notbeen refused. On the contrary, the language and the concepts it conveys form one of themost important links in thefree association of theCommonwealth countries.

The cause for English as an international means of communication seems, nowadays, tohave been taken up by England's most rebellious off-spring: the United States. The USposition as one of theworlds superpowers, its wealth and economic power, reaching world-wide through its international companies, its advanced technology, political and militarypower, have given theEnglish language agood lead over other national languages which arealso competing for first place as aglobal tongue of communication.


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ARTICLES (1)

OMISSION OF THE ARTICLES (ZERO ARTICLES)

The definite article denotes that the following noun refers to a particular person, animal orthing as distinct from others of the same kind .Therefore, it is not used before nouns in ageneral sense, even if they are qualified by an attribute. The article is omitted:

1) before uncountable nouns, i.e. verbal nouns (gerunds), abstract nouns used in a

general sense, nouns of matter, substances, colours, illnesses, etc.:Bungee jumping is a dangerous expensive hobby.Political freedom is essential in a democratic country.Gold is precious, iron is useful.

1 Classical music, red wine, country-life, life at sea, and similar combinations,

though specified as compared with music, wine, life etc. without any qualification, aresufficiently general in meaning to be used without the article ' the '.

But:The music of the 19th century, the wineof Istra, the life thatyou can lead in the countryor at the sea, etc.

Plastics is a product of synthetic resinous substances.Red, white and blue are the colours of the Croatian flag.Bob is in bed. He has got influenza *

N.B.*EXCEPTION: theplague [pleig]

2) before plural common nouns:Infree countries, citizens have a right to demonstrate, butpolicemen sometimes arrestdemonstrators.Supersonic airliners can fly at twice the speed of sound.

3) before names of sciences and arts, sports and games:In mathematics accuracy is essential.

Music is one of the fine arts.In Canadaski-dooing is becoming as popular asskiing.Cricket is the national English game.

4) before the names of the days, months, seasons and festivals:Sunday is a day of rest.March isthe third month of the year. Winter is usually very cold inHelsinki. Christmas falls on the 25th of December.

5) before names of meals and foods:

I usually have milk and cereals for breakfast.If we don't hurry, we'll be late for dinner. I don't likefish very much. I prefer meat.

6) before personal names, even if preceded by a title or by an adjective when this

almost forms part of the name:Mr Green is speaking to Captain Wells.

Queen Victoria reigned 64 years.President Abraham Lincoln was a strong opponent of slavery.


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7) with the names of placescontinents:Africa, (not the Africa), but Europe is called the Old Continentcountries, states:France, Germany, Japanislands:Krk, Cres, Sicilycities, towns:New York, Zagreb, Paris

mountains:Mt. Everest, Kilimanjar, Ukalakes:Lake Superior, Lake Como

* BUT the definite article is used in names with Republic, Kingdom, States(theUnitedKingdom, the United States of America, the Republic of Croatia), the Netherlands

The Plitvice Lakes

Plural names of countries, mountains and islands, as well as names of seas, rivers and

canals, require the definite article:

The Pennines ['penainz] are the backbone of England.The Hebrides lie off the west coast of Scotland.

The colour of the Mediterranean (Sea) is deep blue.The Sava isthe longest river in Croatia.The Suez Canal was re-opened to traffic in 1975.

1 These are the most common exceptions: the Congo, the Transvaal, the Sudan, the

Crimea [Krai'mi], the Ucraine [)u:'krain], the Tyrol [Ti'roul], the Ruhr, the Saar, the

Vatican, the Levant, the Sahara.

2 The Cape of Good Hope, The Mount of Olives ['olivz], the Lake of Geneva etc.

8) before names + common nouns denoting streets, squares, parks, buildings, etc.

(both names and nouns are written with capital letters):

streets: Oxford Street, First Streetsquares: Grosvenor Square

parks:Hyde Park

Burlington House is the home of the Royal Society and other learned societies.The style of Westminster Abbey is closer to French Gothic architecture than any other Englishchurch.

Kennedy Airport is one of the largest and busiest airports in the world.

The National Gallery stands on a terrace overlooking TrafalgarSquare.

But in some cases it is customary to use the article: The Albert Hall, theVictoria Embankment, theHaymarket, etc.

Note that:a) London Road is a proper name, whereasthe London road is the road leading to London.

b) Universities named after a place usually have two forms: The University of London(which is the official name) andLondon University. Universities named after a person have

one form only: Yale University.


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9) before certain nouns like: market, bed, church, hospital, prison, college, university,

school, sea, town, court and some means of transport like: bus, car, train, plane,etc., when we think of the use made of the building or object:

Bed is the best place to stay in, when we are tired. She goes to church every morning, (to attend a service)

He has been at sea for twenty years, and his son wants to go to seaas well.I usually go to town by car. (town is contrasted with thesuburbs)

But the article is used when we refer to the building or object as such: I couldn't sleep well because the bed was not comfortable.She was inthe church whenit began to rain, (inside the church, perhapsvisiting it etc.

but not for the service.)We often spend our summer holidays at the sea.She was sleeping in the car.to go into/enterthe Church = take holyorders;Armyin the sense of the military forces of a country

be in the army = be a soldier orgo into/join the army = become a soldier;

10) before HeavenGod, Paradise, Hell (Inferno); Parliament, Congress (Parliament

in the U.S.); people,mankind, man, woman; personifications like Fortune, Fate,

Nature, Providence, etc.:Man cannot live on bread alone.Woman was struggling to achieve equality of rights.This is a famous statue ofFortune, the blindfold goddess.'Paradise Lost' is a famous poem by John Milton.The bill was presented toParliament for approval.Congress will meet again tomorrow.

11) in a good number of prepositional phrases, like:at lengtha) finally, at last: At length, he succeeded.

b) for a long time: He spoke at length.c) in detail: He dealt with the subject at length.

at tea-time, at dinner-time, at dawn, at sunrise, at sunset, at dusk, at midnight,

etc. in case that...(to) be at work, go to work, set to work

from North to South, from East to West (but: theNorth, the East, etc.)from head to foot, from top to bottomfrom beginning to end, from morning till night, etc.

12) with appositions, especially in titlesPetar Petrovi, Presidentof the Youth Club

13) with familiar titles and names expressing relationshipProfessorBrown, UnclePetar

14) with the superlatives of adverbs, with next, most, last

Mostpeople; Who cooksbest? Next Friday


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ASSIGNMENT

a) Insert the definite article where necessary

_____ Technical English as used in _____ fundamentals of electrical engineering is exemplified by

_____ selection of basic original texts. ____ focus of pedagogical attention is not so much directed to_____ subject-matter of _____ articles but more to ___ linguistic explanation of ____ organizationof ___ discourse structure as used in _____ engineering English, _____ development, distribution andlocation of ____ information data, ____ rhetorical devices, all this with ___ aim of improvingstudents orientation and comprehension of an engineering text. ____ rhetorical introduction given in____ foreword indicates ____ important features of ___ text comprehension. In ___ pedagogicalmaterials following ____ texts an attempt is made to embrace _____ different aspects of logical andrhetorical devices used in ___ texts to consolidate ___ use of syntax and lexis as used in ___ context.

b) Insert the definite article where necessary

_____ engineers creations are of ____ steel, ___aluminum, ____ glass, ____ glass fibre, ___ plastics,___ concrete and every other material used by ____ Man._____ engineer must have a deep knowledge of these materials and may be skilled at fashioningthem: but to do so is not his job. His own tools are a drawing board and notebook, ____ pencils andpens, ____ slide rulers, ____ typewriter, ____ test equipment, ____ computer, ____ instruments anddozens of volumes of reference books, ____ catalogues and ____ articles from _____ technical press.

c) Insert the definite article where necessary

1 While John was going to _____ hospital to see _____ friend, he involved in _____ car accidentand was taken to _____ hospital in _____ ambulance.

2 What is your brother going to do when he leaves _____ school? Going to ____ University? No, hehas a mind to go into _____NATO Army.

3 You know that we never stay in _____ town on _____ Saturdays and Sundays. We leave _____town on _____ Friday evening and spend ______ week-end in our cottage on _____ outskirts of_____ town of Rijeka.

4 The use of ____ nuclear bombs would spell disaster for _____ mankind. Ever since the terribleexperience in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ______ man has been trying to get more and morepowerful bombs although he knows that _____ use of _____ nuclear bombs would spell disasterfor ______ mankind.

5 Tonights concert at _____Ivan Zajc is dedicated to _____ music of _____ 19th century.

Shall we go?Yes, if only you can get _____ tickets.

6 _____ Heaven knows how much that poor old woman has been suffering. _____ life has beenhard on her. If there's a person that deserves _____ Heaven, that is her.

7 _____ Netherlands are so called because a part of their territory is below _____ sea level.

8 _____ Niagara Falls are _____ massivewaterfalls on _____ Niagara River,straddling _____international borderbetween _____ Canadian province of _____Ontario and _____U.S. state of_____New York.

9 _____ Plitvice Lakes lie in _____ basin of _____karstic rock, mainly _____dolomite andlimestone,which has given rise to their most distinctive feature.

10 _____ lakes are divided into _____ 12 Upper Lakes (Gornja jezera) and _____ four Lower Lakes(Donja jezera).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall


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ARTICLES (2)

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE - (II)

A noun used with specific reference is preceded by the definite article. A noun has

specific reference:

1) when it denotes a particular or a specific person, animal or thing, already

mentioned or known to the speaker or to the listener:The teacher is going to explain a new lesson. At what time is the concert tonight? The trainwas late this morning. I liked the music, but the film wasnt good at all. But nouns mentionedin general are used without the: Could we livewithout music?

2) when it is followed by a defining prepositional phrase or a defining relative

clause with actually restrictive functions:

I like the tune of this song, but not the words.

The green of the countryside in spring is wonderful.The tea without sugar is mine.The dinner (that) they gave me was excellent.It is no longer the London (that) I saw some years ago.BUT: These are reproductions of eight paintings kept in the National Gallery.(Reproductions of which paintings? It is not specified.)Take no notice of men who speak to you in the street. (Which men?All menwho ... - General sense.) Besides, the definite article is used:

3) before a singular noun which stands for a whole class or species:To the demonstrator, the delinquent youth and to the militant black a policeman may be

someone to scorn and to fear.The donkey is an animal of burden. (The newspaper is a source of information.Exceptions: man and woman

4) before collective nouns, singular and plural, to denote the whole body:Some people think that thepolice are tools of the Government. The country, that is to say thenation, requests order and work. The family is regarded as a social group.In the latest elections the Labour party defeated the Conservatives. The Puritans struggled forcivil and religious freedom. The Catholics and the Protestants.

But, as is the case with nationality nouns, the definite article is not used to denote only a

part of the whole:

In such countries as Italy, France and Spain, Catholics are the majority. Except for a fewfanatics,Puritans were not narrow-minded dogmatists.

5) before adjectives used as nouns to denote a whole class of peopleIt might be a way for the wretched to escape the hard reality of life.This is a very difficult time for the young and the unemployed, not to speak of the homeless.

6) To denote a single individual, however, or a group of individuals (not the whole

body), we must say: a young man, some young men, Englishmen, old people, etc.,

and not a young, some young, etc.It is also to be noted that the -s genitive (Saxon form) is not used with adjectives

functioning as nouns:

The hopes of the young, the needs of thepoor, etc.


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7) before adjectives used as nouns to express an abstract idea or quality (with a

singular verb):John Keats worshipped thebeautiful. In modern architecture the new often mingles with theold. America is the country of the spectacular.

8) With personal names when they are preceded or followed by words use inapposition and having unique reference. When the noun-apposition is followed

by the preposition ' of ', the definite article may be omitted:The poet Dylan Thomas was only 39 years old when he died in 1953.We owe the theory of relativity to the Germanscientist Albert Einstein.

King Alfred the Great was a good ruler.Rome, (the) capital of Italy, is built on seven hills.

9) before proper names:a) when they designate families or dynasties(the Browns, the Tudors, )

b) when they are preceded by the title ' Reverend ' or another title of British origin

(The Reverend Joseph Martin, the Emperor Napoleon, the Czi Nicholas, etc.);c) when they are converted into common nouns to designate ships, car famous

hotels or theatres, etc. (The Queen Elizabeth (a ship), the Michelangelo (a ship), theMercedes, etc.; the Savoy (Hotel), the Scala, etc.)

10) before nouns referring to a person or thing unique in their own spherea) The Lord = God, the King or the Queen (in their country), the House (< Commons or ofLords), The Pope, the (Lord) Mayor, the Renaissance, the Restoration, the river (in a definite

place), etc.b) the sun, the. moon, the sky, the stars, the universe, the world, the sea, the ocean, the wind,the rain, the earth, etc.

11) before mind, soul and material parts of a human body used in the singular; and

in a general sense or in some idiomatic expressions:The eye is the mirror of the soul.Puccini's music goes straight to the heart.She became red in the face.He can't understand: he's weak in the head.

12) before the wordsthe cinema, theatre, garden, country, sky, sea, ground, countryenvironment, radio, piano, andmountains:

Are you going to the theatre tonight?Tom is working in the garden.They don't like living in the country.She's going to spend a holiday in the mountains.

13) before the names of meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner)

14) in superlativesthe best student; the highest mountain, the most important rule, the most exciting event

15) with the comparative in the correlative group

Thesooner thebetter. Themore one knows themore one wants to know.


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ASSIGNMENT

a) Insert the definite article where necessary

Nikola Teslawas _____inventor and _____mechanical andelectrical engineer.Born in __Smiljan,

___Croatian Krajina,____Austrian Empire.Tesla is often described as ____ most importantscientistandinventor of ____ modern age, a man who "shed light over ____ face of ____Earth". He is bestknown for many revolutionary contributions in the field of ____electricity and _____ magnetism in_____ late 19th and early 20th centuries. ____ Tesla's patents and theoretical work formed _____basis of modernalternating currentelectric power (AC) systems.

After his demonstration of ____wireless communication (radio)in 1894 and after being ___ victor in_____ "War of Currents", he was widely respected as one of _____ greatest electrical engineers whoworked in _____America. Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and manyof his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. During this period, in _____ United States,_____Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in _____ history or _____popularculture,but due to his eccentric personality and his seemingly unbelievable and sometimes bizarre

claims about _____ possible scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ultimatelyostracized and regarded as _____mad scientist.

b) Insert the definite article where necessary

Leonhard Paul Eulerwas _____ pioneeringSwissmathematician andphysicist who spent ___ mostof his life in ___Russia and ____Germany.Euler made _____important discoveries in _____fields as diverse ascalculus andgraph theory.Healso introduced much of ____ modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly formathematical analysis,such as ____ notion of amathematical function.He is also renowned for hiswork inmechanics,optics,andastronomy.Euler is considered to be ____ preeminent mathematician of ____ 18th century and one of ____greatest of all time. He is also one of the most prolific; his collected works fill 6080quarto volumes.Euler was born inBasel to Paul Euler, ____pastor of ____Reformed Church,and MargueriteBrucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters named Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena.Soon after ____ birth of Leonhard, _____ Eulers moved from Basel to ____ town ofRiehen,whereEuler spent ____ most of his childhood.

c) Insert the articles where necessary.

1 This is _____ book dealing with _____ history of Croatia during _____ Middle Ages.2 We know very little of _____ young Shakespeare, but what really interests us is not

_____ private life of _____ man, it is his genius and _____ art.

3 _____ Italian of Dante sounds musical but far-fetched to _____ modern ear.4 In France, before _____ Revolution, _____ commons were ' The Third Estate ', as

distinguished from _____ clergy and _____ nobility.5 It is well-known that _____ cow is sacred in some parts of _____ India. Did you know

that it was sacred in _____ ancient Greece, too?6 When _____ sun shines, _____ earth and _____ sea look bright and gay. It is _____ feast

for _____ eye.7 _____ worlds population is increasingly growing. _____ cities become enormous.8 _____ industries and _____ vehicles pollute _____ air, _____ rivers and _____ sea.9 plants and _____ animals become extinct.10 I think he's telling _____ truth. You can feel _____ certain sincerity in his words.11 We had _____ very nice dinner. What did you have for _____ dinner?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiljanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Krajinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_and_magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tesla_patentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Currentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_scientisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_%28people%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_%28mathematics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto_%28text%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel,_Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riehenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riehenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel,_Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto_%28text%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_%28mathematics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_%28people%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_scientisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Currentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tesla_patentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_and_magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Krajinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiljanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor


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ARTICLES (3)

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

The indefinite article is used:

1) with the meaning of one or any before singular countable nouns:

Use apen instead of apencil, please.Abird flies, a fish swims.He likes smoking apipe.Take an umbrella if you go out. It is raining.Can I have a single room with abathroom?He took a seat in the front row.

Note, however:

2) When two persons or objects naturally go together and are regarded as aunit,the indefinite article is not repeated:

She has a father and mother who can look after her.

3) A/an is sometimes used before uncountable nouns qualified by an adjective or

another specification. In this special use, a/an often means some, a kind of...:

There is a heavy traffic in this street.When she saw him, she felt a desire to run away.She has a humility that makes her more attractive.

4) One is used in a numerical sense:One man in ten. (He has one son and two daughters.

but a/an is used after not in such cases as:Not a word shall I say in my defense.Not a trace could be found.Not a hair of your head shall be touched.

5) before singular countable nouns denoting a part of the human body or an item of

clothing as objects of the verb to have or of a preposition with an equivalent

meaning (in such cases, Italian uses the definite article):She has dark hair, a tall forehead, blue eyes, a turned-up nose and thick lips. The dress with

(having) a tall collar is very pretty. He came without (= not having) an overcoat.

6) before a word used in apposition after a name or noun and denoting ' one among

others' Mr Simon, a teacher in our school, has compiled a booklet on English

idioms.Bath, a favourite residential place in Roman times, owes its name to its mineralsprings.Waiting for Godot, aplay by Samuel Beckett, was first produced in London in 1955.


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7) before words denoting units of measure, weight, quantity, time, etcThey came one at a time.She has three English lessons a week.He sells that article at 50p. apound, a meter, a dozen, apiece, abox, etc.'NOTE: Sometimesper or every may be used:

A hovercraft travels at about 70 milesper hour. He goes to Paris on business twice everyyear.

8) before a personal name preceded by a title, in which case a/an is equivalent to ' a

certain':A Mr Reed (or: a certain Mr Reed, one Mr Reed) wants you on the phone, He introducedme to a Dr Arnold (or: a certain Dr A., one Dr A.)

BUT, if there is no title, English only uses:A certain Reed (or: one Reed) wants you on the phone. He introduced me to a certainArnold (or: one Arnold).

9) before nouns denoting a title, profession, office, etc. He is a doctor, a Protestant,a Chinese, etc.

BUT, no article is used in the following cases:

a) when the title or office can be held by a single person:Frank Smith is captain of our football team.As mayor of the town, I have the honour of welcoming you.1But:to sell/buy by the dozen, by thepound, by thepacket, etc. when a dozen or pound or

packet etc. is the smallest quantity to be sold or bought.

b) when a person holds more than one title or office:He spoke as director and solicitor of the company.William Blake was book engraver and poet.

c) generally after such verbs as turn (appoint elect etc. and after such expressions as

the post of, the rank of , etc.:He turned critic (or: novelist, Catholic, socialist, etc.) at the age of 32.He was appointed Minister of Education.Winston Churchill was elected member of the Royal Society for special reasons.He obtained the post of cashier in a big department store.

10) The indefinite article a/an is also used in a great number of idiomatic

expressions.as a punishment, a reward, a prizeat a good/low/high etc. price; at a profit; at a loss

be at a loss for sth/to do sth = be perplexed, uncertain:He was at a loss for words.for a change: for the sake of varietyon an averageon a large/vast/small scalein a loud voice

be in a bad/good/cheerful etc. humour or temperbe/go on a journey/pilgrimage/visit etc.


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ASSIGNMENT

a) Supply the indefinite article where necessary.

Influid dynamics,Bernoulli's principlestates that for ___inviscid flow,___ increase in thespeed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with ___ decrease inpressure or ____ decrease in thefluid'spotential energy. Bernoulli's principle is named after the DutchSwiss mathematician DanielBernoulli who published his principle in his book Hydrodynamicain 1738. Bernoulli's principle canbe applied to various types of ___fluid flow, resulting in what is loosely denoted as ___Bernoulli'sprinciple is equivalent to the principle of ___conservation of energy.This states that in ___ steadyflow the sum of all forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along ___ streamline is the same at allpoints on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remain ___constant. If the fluid is flowing out of ___ reservoir the sum of all forms of energy is the same on allstreamlines because in ___ reservoir the energy per unit mass (the sum of pressure and gravitationalpotential gh) is the same everywhere. Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their ownweight. If a fluid is flowing horizontally and along ___ section of ___ streamline, where the speed

increases it can only be because the fluid on that section has moved from ___ region of higherpressure to ___ region of lower pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can only be because it hasmoved from ____ region of lower pressure to ___ region of higher pressure. Consequently, within___ fluid flowing horizontally, the highest speed occurs where the pressure is lowest, and the lowestspeed occurs where the pressure is highest.

b) Insert either the definite or indefinite article or leave the space blank (zeroarticles).

In ___ 1950s and from their new base inBavaria,S&H started to manufacture ___computers,____semiconductor devices, ____washing machines,and ____pacemakers.Siemens AG was

incorporated in 1966. _____ Companys first digital telephone exchange was produced in 1980. In1988 ___ Siemens and ____GEC acquired ____ UK defense and technology companyPlessey.___Plessey's holdings were split, and Siemens took over ___avionics,radar and traffic controlbusinessesasSiemens Plessey.

In ___1997 Siemens introduced ___ firstGSM cellular phone with ____colour display. Alsoin 1997 Siemens agreed to sell ____ defense arm of Siemens Plessey toBritish Aerospace (BAe) and___ UK government agency, ____Defence Analytical Services Agency(DASA). BAe and DASAacquired the British and German divisions of ___ operation respectively.

In 1999, Siemens' semiconductor operations were spun off into a new company known as ___Infineon Technologies.Also, Siemens Nixdorf Information system AG formed part ofFujitsuSiemens Computers AG in that year. ____retail banking technology group becameWincor Nixdorf.

In ___February 2003, ____Siemens reopened its office inKabul.In ___2004, Siemens took over ___ mantle of officialFormula One timekeeper, replacing ____TAGHeuer.

In ___November, 2005, Siemens signed ___ 12 year agreement with theWalt DisneyCompany to sponsor attractions in itsFlorida andCaliforniaparks.

In ___2006, Siemens announced ___ purchase of Bayer Diagnostics, which was incorporatedinto ____ Medical Solutions Diagnostics division officially on 1 January 2007.In ____March 2007 ___ Siemens board member was temporarily arrested and accused of illegallyfinancing a business-friendly labour association which competes against ___ unionIG Metall.He hasbeen released on bail. Offices of ____ labour union and of Siemens have been searched. Siemens

denies any wrongdoing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inviscid_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bernoullihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bernoullihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamlines,_streaklines,_and_pathlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_pacemakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Plesseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Analytical_Services_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincor_Nixdorfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAG_Heuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAG_Heuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Metallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Metallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAG_Heuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAG_Heuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincor_Nixdorfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Analytical_Services_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Plesseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_pacemakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamlines,_streaklines,_and_pathlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bernoullihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bernoullihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inviscid_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics


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c) Insert either the definite or indefinite article or leave the space blank (zeroarticles).

Shell structure of the atom

_____ formerly accepted theory as to _____ structure of _____ atom postulated that _____ electronsmove about _____ nucleus somewhat as _____ planets move about _____ sun in _____ solar system.For _____ purposes of _____ visualization, it is still convenient to think of _____ electron as _____point mass, _____ nucleus. From this standpoint _____ electrons will be found to occupy _____quantized energy levels (called _____ orbits or _____ orbitals) which define certain energy band.These shells possess _____ increasingly greater "radii" measured from _____ nucleus. _____innermost shell is designated as _____ K shell; the following are _____ L, M, N, O, electrons pershell respectively of 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8. _____ number of electrons in _____ shell is limited accordingto _____ Pauli exclusion principle. As _____ elements increase in _____ atomic number Z (_____number of _____ positively charged protons in _____ nucleus and hence also _____ number of _____electrons possessed by _____. neutral atom), they generally fill _____ shells in _____ orderly fashionbut _____ discrepancies occur because _____ electrons, relatively far out from _____ nucleus arescreened from _____ charge on _____ nucleus and effectively "see" _____ smaller nucleus charge._____ screening causes the discrepancies from _____ normal filling of _____ electrons.

d) Insert the appropriate articles where necessary

1 Leonardo da Vinci, _____ Florentine artist and _____ scientist, is _____ glory of_____ Italian Renaissance.

2 Being abandoned by her parents, the poor girl has quite _____ hard life.3 _____ man in _____ grey suit is _____ leader of the HDZ party. 'He is _____

husband of my cousin Mary.4 Yesterday she walked in _____ rain without _____ hat and without _____

umbrella, and todayshe has _____ cold and _____ temperature.5 They say that, on _____ average, Venice is sinking one inch _____ year.6 If you must earn _____ living and have_____ chance of getting _____ job, regard

it as _____ treat and work with _____ will. You will make _____ career!7 That boy has _____ turn for languages, but he is _____ ass for mathematics.8 Good-bye! Have _____ good journey and _____ pleasant holiday in Shotland! But

don't forget to take _____ raincoat and _____ umbrella wherever you go, as _____weather is very unsteady over there.

9 Don't bear me _____ grudge, please. Let us shake ____ hands and make _____

peace.10 "Do you still bear _____ grudge against _____ Fiat?"


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USE OF THE GENITIVE


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2 When the noun of the possessor is- a plural ending in s ,we add only apostrophe.

noun + (only apostrophe)

Speakers Corner; Euripidesplays; for goodnesssake, for justice sake;

The Genitive with Ellipsis

Words which denote buildings like store, shop, church, cathedral, house,hospital, restaurant etc. may be omitted, provided the sense is clear, e.g.:

Dont take my umbrella, takeSusans.Whose umbrella is this? ItsJohns.This newspaper isyesterdays.

Mrs Nicholls was a happy life.

This new car isDr Foxs.

Im going to the dentiststomorrow.I always spend my holidays at my grandparents.

The apostrophe is often dropped in names of large department stores,

publishing houses, travel agencies, e.g.:

Harrods, Longmans, Cooks, st Albans, etc

ASSIGNMENT

Apostrophe - possessionIn the following advertisement for a department store, theapostrophes to denote possession are missing. Put them in where

necessary.

PETER SMITHS DEPARTMENT STORE

This seasons sale has bargains for everyone! We sell everything families need!On the third floor: ladies coats and girls dresses, all at half price. Mens trousers, on thesecond floor, are in this years colours and stylesagain at a low, low price. Or see our rangesof boys summer jackets. Youll find childrens toys on the ground floor, withour selection of

books by Britains favourite authors. Dont forget: PETER SMITHS is Newtowns biggestdepartment store!


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ASSIGNMENT

Correct the mistakes in these sentences:

1. Jamesbike is very large. Isnt it a present from his grandparents?2. The youngsdream is to have a lot of money.3. A friend of Dean is living at us.4. Last Monday I met Roberts and Peters grandmother. The two brothers love her very

much.5. Goethe and Sheakespeares works are famous throughout the world.6. I dont like that new dress of Ann.7. This tables leg needs repairing.8. The Napless Gulf is marvelous.9. Do you remember the girls name that we met at the Johnsons last night? (two

mistakes)10.This is my fathers portrait. Doesnt he look nice? (this is the case of specification, not

of possession)11.The Mays month is the month when the gardens are full of flowers.12.Have a rest. Here, at me, you are on holiday.13.The dog of the friends of my brother is a spaniel. (use double genitive)14.One of Tom friends is studying for his exams.15.The office of the lawers of my fathers is near Speakers Corner.16.St Jamess Palace was the official sovereigns residence.17.This is a photo of me, and that is Marys.18.Jim is Bob Stuarts cousin, our next door neighbour.19.The sisters friend who is talking with your friend lives in Boston.

20.I dont remember the students name that helped me up with this heavy bag.

Use double genitive forms

1. Can you see the bicycle of the son of the doctor?2. Some of your sons paintings are good.3. Many of our teachers books are good.4. Two of Mrs Walls daughters are married.5. Many of the Johsons relatives live in the country.6. Are you going sailing with some of the Clintons friends this afternoon?7. Marys sisters friend is also my friend.8. Who is that lady?

She is one of Mrs Wells cousins.9. Handball is one of my sisters favourite games.10.I wonder why some of Jills schoolfriends were absent this morning.


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AUTO-CORRECTION

1. Jamessbike is very large. Isnt it a present from his grandparents?2. The dream of the youngis to have a lot of money.3. A friend of Deansis living at us.4. Last Monday I met Robert and Petersgrandmother. The two brothers love her very

much.(Not an individual possession)5. Goethes and Sheakespearesworks are famous throughout the world.

(Individual possession)6. I dont like that new dress of Anns.7. The legs of the table8. The Gulf of Naplesthe case of specification9. The name of the girl thatthe possessor followed by an apposition/ at the Johnsons10.A portrait of my fathers- this is the case of specification, not of possession11.The month of May whenthe possessor followed by an apposition12.Have a rest. Here, with me, / at my houseyou are on holiday.

13.The brothers friends dogis a spaniel.14.One of Tomsfriendsis studying for his exams.15.The office of the lawers ofmy fathersis near Speakers Corner.16.the official residence of the sovereign17.This is a photo of me, and that is of Mary. Or this is my photo, and that is Marys.18.Jim is the cousin of Bob Stuart, our next door neighbour.

The possessor is followed by an apposition19.The friend of my sister who is talking with your friend lives in Boston.

The possessor is followed by a relative clause20.I dont remember the name of the student thathelped me up with this heavy bag.

The possessor is followed by a relative clause

Use double genitive forms

1. Can you see the bicycle of the son of the doctor?Can you see the bicycle of the doctors son?

2. Some of your sons paintings are good.Some paintings of your sonsare good.

3. Many of our teachers books are good.Many books of our teachersare good.

4. Two of Mrs Walls daughters are married.Two daughters of Mrs Wallsare married.

5. Many of the Johsons relatives live in the country.Many relatives of the Johsonslive in the country.

6. Are you going sailing with some of the Clintons friends this afternoon?Are you going sailing with some friends of the Clintonsthis afternoon?

7. Marys sisters friend is also my friend.A friend of Marys sistersis also my friend.

8. She is one of Mrs Wells cousins.She is a cousin of Mrs Wells.

9. Handball is one of my sisters favourite games.Handball is one of favourite games of my sisters.

10.I wonder why some of Jills schoolfriends were absent this morning.I wonder why some schoolfriends of Jillswere absent this morning.


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ASSIGNMENT

1 Asking for Directions

Im looking for the hospital. How do I get there?

I wonder where the Palace Hotel is.Do you happen to know which way the Bonavia Hotel is?

Could you tell me which direction the bus station is?

How do I get to / Can you direct me to the Palace Hotel?

Could you tell me where the Palace Hotel is?Can you tell me the way to the Bonavia Hotel?

How do I find the Ivan Zajc National Theatre?

Im trying to find / get to the Faculty of Engineering.Do you know where the Hotel Bonavia is?Ive been told that ..... Quite so.

2 Giving Directions

Follow me, please.

Its on the right, near, (next to, beside) the Bonavia Hotel and opposite the library Number 1.Take the second on the right.

Take the first left and then the second right.

Go straight on, just straight ahead, then turn left, go right up then down.

Go straight across then along the narrow path.When you come to a crossroads, go straight across, and then turn right.

Its just round the corner. Its the last one on the right.Keep going; keep on to the railway station.

You cant miss it; you cant go wrong because youll see signs from there.

Walk out of the front door of Bonavia Hotel, and turn left.Youll see a fork (a crossroads) just ahead of you, with two paths going off to your right.Take the left hand fork and walk along to the corner where theres a nice view of the sea.Follow the path round, and walk along to the station.

The station is hundred metres past it on your right.

Take the bus to the Museum, and go down the hand steps.

Turn left and walk along for a couple of hundred metres.On your right youll see the main entrance to the theatre.Dont go in, but keep on to the crossroads. Go straight across,

then bear right. Walk up to the bend, and keep going.Take the first left, then the first right. Carry on for about hundred metres.

3 You have Some Difficulties in Understanding WhatYour British or American Friends Say

Did you understand what I said?

No, Im sorry but I didnt quite catch what you said.I beg your pardon?No, Im afraid I didnt understand.No, Im sorry, but I missed what you said.

Would you say it again, please?


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4 Whatever your Friends Suggest, you Disagree by Saying:

I dont really feel like going .... Im not in the mood for ..That doesnt sound very ....Are you serious?

Its up to you.Would you rather ..You know I cant stand his being ....You must be joking .....Id prefer something .....You are wrong ... you are mistaken ....

Its not true.Well, dont count on me.

5 Asking for assistance

- Id like you to have a look at my vacuum cleaner.- Whats the matter?- I dont know.- Let me see. Oh, its nothing serious. Just a loose connection and the plug.- Would you mind lifting that box/shutting the window/opening the door?

- Not at all. / Here you are. / You are welcome.

6 Asking QuestionsRefusing to Answer the Questions

Do you mind if I ask ...

Would you mind telling me ....

Id like to ask you ....May I ask you to ......Could you tell me ......

Is there anything in particular you have in mind?Im in a hurry, I cant ...Its none of your business ....Id prefer not to talk about it.Im sorry but I cant ....Sorry, Id like to ....

7 You Have Received a Present from a Friend andYou Mustnt Forget to Thank Him/Her

Many happy returns of the day.

(handing a big box of chocolates to Peter)

Oh, thank you. What beautiful books / what a .... box!!Thank you for the fabulous .....

Thanks a lot for the ...Its very kind of you to ....It will always remind me of our friendship.

Thank you very much indeed for your hospitality, a lovely party, the delicious lunch

(dinner), a lot for a wonderful evening, ... of asking me.

Not at all. It was a pleasure. It was a pleasure to have you.

Were glad you liked it.Im glad you enjoyed youeself so much.


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8 Asking for advice

What do you think I should do?

If I were you, Id try to solve the problem some other way.Youd really better stop straightaway.

Dont spend any more time on it.I really think youd better try something else.

9 Enquiring after a Persons Comfort

- Are you quite comfortable?

- Im all right, thank you.

- Would you like a cigarette / a beer / a drink/ an orange juice/ a cup of tea or a cup of coffee?

- I dont feel like smoking / drinking anything / having tea nor coffee.

- Hows your family?- Theyre all fine, thanks.

- Is your girl friend still away?

- Yes, she is. She is still in Canada.

- How long will she be staying in Canada?

10 At the bus stop

- Good morning, Mrs. Jones.

- Good morning, Mrs. Brown. How are you?

- Very well, thank you, and how are you?

- Quite well, thank you.

- Excuse me, is there a bus from here to Vukovarska Street?

- Oh, yes. You can catch a number 6 or 7 bus here.

- Thank you.- Oh, thats my bus. Good-bye, Mrs. Jones.- Good-bye, Mrs. Brown.

11 Shopping

- Where is the dress department, please?

- On the second floor.- What can I do for you, madam?- Im looking for a dressfor my daughter here.- What size does/do she/you wear?- Size 40, I think.

- How do you like it? What do you think of it?

- Do you want to try it on? Theres the fitting-room.- Does it suit me?

- It suits you perfectly. You look very nice in it.

- I dont like the colour. But I like this unusual pattern, and this perfect cut. It fitsperfectly.How much is it? Im afraid its a bit too deer. But Ill take it. Wheres the cachiers

desk, please?Oh, its a very reasonable price, madam, if you consider the quality. Youwill be satisfied.


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Finding out the identity of the caller

Whos calling please?Who am I speaking to? Who shall I say is calling?Could you tell me your name? versus Who are you?

Finding out the reason for the callCan you give me some idea what youre calling about?Can you give me an idea what your call is about?What are you calling about?

Where are you calling from?Whodo you want to speak to?

Can you explain me who do I make the cheque payable to?

versus Why are you calling?

Asking for someone

Hello. Could I speak to Mrs X, please? This is XY.Id like to speak to the person in charge of Id like to speak to someone about designing a Can/may/could I speak to Mr X, please?Id like to speak to the person whos in charge of sending Id like to speak to Mr X. He is a diffucult person to get hold of, isnt he?What time will he be back? What about lunch time? Is he free then? So what time can Iphone back? May I ring any time after 12.30? Ill phone back then.He is not here at the moment, but you might call back in a minute.

Stating the reason for the callIm calling to arrange Im calling on behalf of Im ringing about our order.Could you put me through to Mr X? Could you connect me with Mr X?

I wonder if you could give me some more information.Would you mind telling me about ?Id like to ask you some questions about , if I may.Could you tell me what you do exactly? What projects are you involved in at themoment?Are you designing a , constructing a , building a railway, planning several newprojects?

Id like to ask in what way this product is different from

Mr X could you give us your thoughts on the questions about If I ... is that all right? Yes, certainly.

Closing the call

Thank you for organising Ill look forward to seeing Goodby! And thank you for calling back/ returning a call.

Goodby! And thanks for all your help.

Goodby! We look forward to seeing you next month.Goodby! And thank you for calling.

Goodby! Im sorry I couldnt be of more help.


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CONTINUOUS ASPECT


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3 ASSIGNMENT

Repeat PRESENT CONTINOUS and PRESENT SIMPLE!Translate into English the following sentences, text and letter!

1. Napreduje li tvoj engleski?

2. Svijet se mijenja.

3. Stanovnitvo svijeta se vrlo brzo poveava.

4. Svaki dan se stanovnitvo svijeta povea za oko 200,000 ljudi.

5. Danas marljivo radimo.

6. Lijepi je dan. Predlaem da idemo u etnju.

7. Izaimo. Sada kia ne pada. Kia ne pada puno ljeti.

8. Kako esto igra tenis? Igra li svaki dan?

9. Sluaj one ljude. Kojim jezikom govore?

10.Govori li njemaki?

11.On nikada ne kasni. Uvijek dolazi na vrijeme na posao.

12.Ne slau se. Stalno se svaaju.

13.to obino radi za vikend?

14.U petak prireujem zabavu. eli li doi?

15.Jo uvijek itam knjigu koju si mi posudio.

16.Privremeno ivim ovdje u Rijeci. Moji roditelji ive ovdje.

17.Zato me tako gleda? Zar sam uinio neto loe?

18.Danas ne idem na faks busom. Prijatelj e me odvesti.

19.Imam probleme s komjutorom. Jo uvijek ga popravljam.

20.Stalno zaboravlja kljueve od auta.

21.Trebao bi ii na dijetu. Deblja se.

22.- to radi?- Radim u putnikoj agenciji.

23.- Ma, to radi momentalno?- Gledam TV.


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Doruak ili ruak?

Obino ne ustajem rano nedjeljom. Ponekad ostajem u krevetu sve do ruka. Prolusamnedjelju ustao jako kasno. Kada sam pogledao kroz prozor bilo je vani mrano. Kakav dan!

pomislio sam. Ponovo pada kia. Upravo je tada zazvonio telefon. Bio je to moj prijatelj.

Upravo sam doao autobusom iz Zagreba, rekao je. Dolazim k tebi vidjeti te.Jo uvijek dorukujem, rekao sam.to radi? upitao je.Dorukujem, ponovio sam.Jao rekao je. Zar uvijek ustaje tako kasno? Pa ve je jedan je sat!

Draga Ana,

Jako se dobro zabavljam ovdje u Engleskoj. Semestar na faksu mi poinje tek najesen tako da koristim svaku priliku kako poboljati svoj engleski.

Ja sam u gostima kod mojih engleskih prijatelja koji imaju farmu. Radnim danom

hvatam bus za London da bih pohaao nastavu iz jezika.Mislim da dobro

napredujem. Moji prijatelji kau da je moj izgovor mnogo bolji nego kada samstigao. Sada razumijem gotovo sve. Vikendom pomaem na farmi. Momentalnooni sada rade na polju, anju ito i trebaju svu moguu pomo. Teak je to rad ali

ja ga volim. Jaam miie!

Hoe li me doi posjetiti za Boi? Zimske praznike u provesti ovdje na farmi.Moji prijatelji te ele upoznati a ima i puno prostora. Ali svakako mora donijeti

svoju najtopliju odjeu. Zimi je ovdje jako hladno.

Obavijesti me im odlui. I reci mi to radi ovih dana. Je li ti nedostajem?

Love,

Marko


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The contrast between the simple past and the present perfect.

MARK: I lived in France for a time.

YOU:Oh? How long did you live there?

MARK: I live in the north of London.YOU: Oh, how long have you been living there?

Study the simple past .

The EC offered David Nelson a job in Robert Wilsons team. David decided toaccept.

Story

David picked up the phone. He wanted to tell Wilson that he would take the job. He dialledthe EBC. Their switchboard operator answered. She asked him if he knew Wilsonsextension. He didnt, and neither did she. It took her several seconds to find it. But whenshe put David through, it was not the right Wilson. It seemed there was also a George

Wilson at the EBC. He told David that he would get the switchboard for him. Then ,

suddenly, David was cut off. The line went dead.

David was beginning to feel irritated now. He quickly dialled again. He got the wrong

number. His irritation grew. He dialled a third time. This time he got the EBC but the

operator told him Wilsons line was engaged. David slammed the phone down angrily. Onlya moment later, it rang. He picked it up and shouted Hello into it. It was Robert Wilson.I tried to phone you a moment ago, David told Robert Wilson.Really? So did I! I mean, I tried to phone you, but your line was engaged, Wilsonanswered.

1 If you want to phone someone you must first

a) choose b) select c) dial d) make the number.

2 The switchboard operator is the telephonist in a large firm who

a)relates b) puts you trough c) contacts you d) binds you to the person you want.

3 David did not know Wilsons extension anda) neither b) not c) so d) also did the switchboard operator.

1 Why did David want to phone Wilson?2 Describe

grammar file i

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