icts in development: solution or part of the problem? · icts in development: solution or part of...
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ICTs in Development: solution or part of the
problem?
Tim Unwin
Geographical Association, Southampton, 15th March 2011
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What do you understand by ‘development’?
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The dominant model of ‘development’
• Dominance of the twin rhetorics of liberal democracy and the free market – Particularly after the collapse of the Soviet Union
around 1990 • Prominence of UN Millennium Development
Goals (2000) – Espoused the belief that
poverty can be eliminated • Builds on the so-called Washington
Consensus (Williamson, 1990) – Macro-economic discipline, free market and
openness to the world
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‘Development’
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…and poverty really can be eliminated.
• Economic growth will lift people above the $1 threshold
• Need for good governance – So that growth can
occur • Based on absolute
notions of poverty
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But…
Gini Coefficient from World Human Development Report 2007-8
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There are other ways of understanding poverty
• Relative poverty – Will not be changed by
economic growth • Social equity • Amartya Sen
– ‘development’ as ‘freedoms’ • Political Justice
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This lecture is about how people can use ICTs for
‘development’
However, we define ‘development’
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My own particular interests
Young people at risk of living and working on the streets, and
People with disabilities
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What do we mean by ICTs
Examples…
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Global ICT trends
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How can these be used for ‘development’
• Types of ICT4D • The importance of
partnerships • Problems with ICT4D • Examples
– Education – Health – Rural Development
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Contrasting approaches to ICT4D
• Top-down – Innovative ideas development in
Europe and north America – Technologically led – ‘Applied’ to development contexts
• Bottom-up – Needs based – Led by poor people themselves – With ‘our’ support
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The importance of partnerships
• ICT4D is inherently multi-disciplinary – Need different skills and expertise
• Need to bring together different sectors to implement – Governments – Private sector – Civil society
• But inherently difficult
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There are many problems with ICT4D
• Often led by ‘outsiders’; D4ICT ! • Technologies in search of a purpose • Do not consider user contexts and needs • Not integrated into national policies • Forget energy demands • Partnerships disfunctional • Project based
– Scale – Sustainability
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But also examples of success….
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Education and ICTs: Ethiopia (2002-2005)
• Imfundo working with Forum on Street Children in Ethiopia
• Multi-stranded – E-learning centre – Girls club – Drop in centre
• But lack of continued donor partnership
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Education and ICTs: Philippines (2004-present)
• eSkwela: development of non-formal digital curriculum – For out of school youth
• Importance of certification • Programming by deaf
programmers • UNESCO award
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Health: Demographic Surveillance Systems
From Don de Savigny: TEHIP, IDRC, Swiss Tropical Institute
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From Don de Savigny: TEHIP, IDRC, Swiss Tropical Institute
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Health: Malaria information in Tanzania
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http://www.gg.rhul.ac.uk/ict4d/Video%20clips/m03.mpg
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How can we use mobile phones?
• Mainly used for social purposes – And people willing to pay much
for this • Recent developments
– Mobile banking – SMS messaging
• FrontLine SMS
– Crowd sourcing • Ushahidi
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Mobile successes: Kiwanja
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Mobile successes: Ushahidi
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But, how can we use mobiles for
• Education? – Supporting girls’
education? • Health?
– Providing preventive advice
• Rural Development? – Reaching the most
marginalised areas
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Can technology really serve the needs of the poorest?
Or will it continue primarily to serve the interests of the
powerful?
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Fixed line Broadband as proportion of monthly income
Most expensive • Central African Republic
(3,891% of monthly income) • Ethiopia (2,085% of monthly
income) • Malawi (2,038% of monthly
income) • Guinea (1,546% of monthly
income) • Niger (967% of monthly
income)
Least expensive • Macau, China (0.30% of
monthly income) • Israel (0.33% of monthly
income) • Hong Kong (0.49% of monthly
income) • United States (0.5% of monthly
income) • Singapore (0.58% of monthly
income)
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Internet users per 100 people
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Mobile subscriptions per 100 people
Source: ITU 2010
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Mobile subscriptions per 100 people
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Markets and governments
• Neoliberal market driven agendas
• But the market will not serve the poorest and most marginalised
• So states must – Ensure regulatory
environment is fair – Provide infrastructure for
delivery to poorest
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ICT4D – necessary conditions • Appropriate regulatory
environment • Focus on the needs of the
most marginalised • Supporting bottom-up
innovation • Explicitly addressing social
and political agendas • Crafting appropriate
partnerships
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…and political agendas?
http://totallycoolpix.com/2011/02/the-egypt-protests-part-04/
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What I hope you have gained • Understanding ‘development’ in
a different way • Reflecting on how ICTs can
help poor and marginalised people
• Some case study examples • What needs to be in place for
success • … suggested reading!