indian history notes by sir ah tisha mali butt

7/26/2019 Indian History Notes by Sir Ah Tisha Mali Butt

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CSS NOTES

for

HISTROY OF PAKISTAN

AND INDIA

Sir Ahtisham Jan Butt

Assistant Professor

COMSATS Lahore

0321 4646 03


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Muhamma! Bin "asim

#$as his %on&uest of Sin!' far rea%hin( effe%ts or not)*

Out+ines,

1 Causes of Ara- Con&uesta Plundering of Arab Ships by Pirates

b Shelter to Arab Rebels (Hafi Tribe) by Raja Dahirc Indian help to Persia against Arabs

d Politico-cu-religious Prejudice of Raja Dahir

e !ontinuous defeat of Hajjaj bin "ousuf appointed e#peditions

fPreaching of Isla

2 Causes of Su%%ess of Ara-s

a Denounceent of $udhat and %aneat to&ards &ar and bloodshed

b They &anted change of ruler so they supported Arabsc Then anjee' (&ar cannon) ade Arabs superior fro Hindus

d eneralship of uhaad $in *asie His policy of Tolerance

3 .esu+ts/ma%ts of M Bin "asims nasion

a Religious Ipacts

b !ultural Ipacts

c Intellectual Ipactsd Social Ipacts

e ystic Ipacts

fAdinistrati+e ipactsg ,conoic Ipacts

h Political ipacts

i%udicial Influencejilitary Interaction

4 Conse&uen%es

1 ntro!u%tion,

It is one of the ost iportant and epoch-aing e+ent not only in the history of India but also

in the history of the &orld. Since the in+asion of Aryans in India/ the arri+al of Arab uslis

under the leadership of uhaad bin *asi had far-reaching potential and conse'uences for

the Indians. This in+asion pa+ed the &ay for other usli rulers to coe to India as +ictorious.

The ost iportant boos lie !hach-naa/ Tareeh-e-Sind of ir uhaad asoo and

Tohfatul 0aree by Ali Sher 0ani shed light coprehensi+ely about the conteporary History

of uhaad $in *asi1s in+asion of Sindh.

Ear+5 re+ations -eteen Ara- tra!ers an! n!ians,


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There &ere relations bet&een Indians and Arabians in the eans of trade e+en before the

eergence of Isla in Arab. India &as faous for spices. Arab traders used to go to "een fro

Indian ports and then fro "een to Syria through land and fro Syrian ports to ,gypt and fro

,gypt to Southern ,urope. Indian products had their access to International aret through

Arabs.

1 Causes of Ara- Con&uest,aP+un!erin( of Ara- Shis -5 Pirates,

It pro+ed to be a ajor cause/ a prete#t for the Arab in+asion. any Arab traders &hen

cae to sub continent/ brought their failies &ith the and used li+e their for se+eral

onths. At Coromondal port/ there &ere soe traders/ &ho died and the Sri 2anan ing

sent their &i+es and children &ith gifts. 3hen they &ere passing through the a&adar

port/ their ships &ere confiscated by the pirates/ &hich pro+ided a prete#t for Arabs to

in+ade in India.

Hajjaj bin Yousaf re'uestedRaja Dahirfor the return of usli &ido&s and children/

butRaja Dahirrefused toHajjaj/ &hich ade hi aggrie+ed.

- She+ter to Ara- .e-e+s #$afi Tri-e* -5 .a7a 8ahir,

% n!ian he+ to Persia a(ainst Ara-s,

! Po+iti%o9%um9re+i(ious Pre7u!i%e of .a7a 8ahir,

He &anted to turn $uddhists into Hindus/ &ho &ere 456 percent of the population.

e Continuous !efeat of $a77a7 -in :ousuf,

Hajjaj bin Yousufappointed t&o e#peditions in 788 deputing Ubaid Ullah and Budail

bin Tafahbut these e#peditions failed and badly defeated by Raja Dahir.

f Prea%hin( of s+am,

2 Causes of Su%%ess of Ara-s, It is desirable to refer to soe of the causes/ &hich &ere responsible for the initial

success of the Arabs in India.

The people of Sind did not present a united front to the in+aders.

a 8enoun%ement of Bu!hmat an! Janemat toar!s ar an! -+oo!she!, In $uddhis and %ainis/ the follo&ers &ere strictly prohibited to bloodshed and

&arfare.

3hen the ajority population of the land &ould be against the ruler/ ho& the ruler &ould

copete and achie+e +ictory against the opposing force. And it happened in the case of

Arab in+asion of Sindh by ohaad bin *asi.

The people of Sind did not present a united front to the in+aders. There &ere $uddhists

and %ainists in Sindha nd they had a grie+ance against Dahir/ the Hindu ruler. The result

&as that they had joined hands &ith the in+aders againstDahir.

- The Naties ish of ne ru+er,


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The nati+e people of Sindh &anted a change of ruler/ because Raja Dahir had so they

supported Arabs.

9ot only the $uddhists and %ainists/ rather the %ats/ eds and certain other orders of the

society also &anted a sa+iour for the/ &ho could pro+ide the relief and crush the

po&er of tyrant/Raja Dahir.

The %ats/ eds and certain other orders of the society also had their grie+ances against

the Hindu ruler of Sind. They also joined hands &ith the in+ader.

The people of Sind &ere di+ided aong thesel+es and no &onder they failed to chec

the ad+ance of ohaad bin *asi.

% Ara-s Mi+itar5 sueriort5 oer the $in!us,

The ne& &eapon no&n as manjeeq (war cannonade Arabs superior the Hindus.

! ;enera+shi of Muhamma! Bin "asim,

e $is o+i%5 of To+eran%e,(he arried Raja Dahir1s &ife &ho &as his real sister and he

arried her to sa+e her &ealth fro going out to anyone else)

.esu+ts/ma%ts of M Bin "asims nasion, The Arab occupation of Sind lasted for about t&o centuries/ and it &as not an isolated

incident in the history of India as is coonly supposed.

The Arabs left a deep iprint on the life and culture of Sind and established Isla as a

popular religion.

A%%or!in( to!tale" #ane$%oole&


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usli amirs and its teachings brought hoe to people by the saints/ scholars and

traders.

The uslis in Sind too acti+e interest in Islaic studies. Soe scholars of Hadith lie

*bud 'aashor )ajeeb and Raja$al$!indhi gained recognition e+en in Arabia.

- Cu+tura+ ma%ts,

According to Ha,ell/ fro a political point of +ie&/ Arab con'uest of Sindh &as a

coparati+ely insignificant e+ent but its iportance on account of its effect upon the

&hole culture of Isla &as great. :or the first tie/ the noads of the Arabian desert

found thesel+es in the holy land of the Aryans in close contact.

This fact is also no&n that the usic of the Indo-Paistan had its ipact on Arab usic/

and &as appreciated in the Abbasid capital. The faous Arab author/-ahi/ &rote in his

account of the people of Indo-Paistan sub-continent< =Their musi% is +easin( One of

their musi%a+ instruments is >non as ?an>a+ah' hi%h is +a5e! ith a strin(

stret%he! on a um>in@ An Ara- author from An!a+usia #Moorish Sain* refers to an Ara-i% ersion of an

n!ian -oo> on musi% ith tunes an! me+o!ies=

The Hindu chiefs/ also sho&ed a sypathetic interest in Isla/ and a Hindu rajah of

'ehro/& a place said to be bet&een+ashmir and the %unjab&obtained fro ansurah

and Arab linguist &ho translated the Holy *uran into the local language at his re'uest.

The Arab and the local population becae so closely integrated that the Sindi troops

fought on behalf of the +halifah in distant countries/ e+en as far as the B"antine

frontier. The Arabs established the ilitary cantonents/ &hich &ere turned into the centers of

fine arts and culture.

They founded a nuber of to&ns lie'ahfua and 'ansura.

The uslis established +arious centers of architecture and fine arts/ &hich pro+ided

any silled painters and calligraphists in India.

Sindi language &as e+ol+ed.

% nte++e%tua+ ma%ts,

During the ;ayads and the early Abbasid period/ the Arabs &ere/ not only at theheight of their political po&er/ but &ere also +ery acti+e in the intellectual field and ade

e+ery effort to ac'uire no&ledge fro all sources.

After the Arab in+asion of India in 78> AD/ the ost iportant de+elopent too place

in the e#change of intellect bet&een the Arabs and the Indians.

The Indo-Arab intellectual collaboration &as at its height during t&o distinct periods. It

began during the reign of ansur. As Sindh &as under the actual rule of 0halifah

ansur/ there cae ebassies fro the part of India to $aghdad/ and aong the &ere


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scholars/ &ho brought iportant boos &ith the. The second fruitful period &as the

reign of Harun Rashid &hen the faous $araid faily/ &hich pro+ided &a?irs to the

Abbasid caliphs for half a century/ &as at the ?enith of its po&er. The $araids sent

scholars to the Indo-Pasistan subcontinent to study edicine and pharacology.

Sind became the link through which the fruits of Indian learning were transmitted to

the Arabs, and by them made available to the civilied world.

Arabs &ere the asters of sciences and arts. They learnt a lot of no&ledge fro the

Hindus lie astrology/ astronoy.

The Abbasid caliphs started utili?ing the ser+ices of Hindu scholars fro Sind to translate

!ans0ritic &ors on astronoy/ atheatics and edicine. The Hindu scholars

translated the ree boos into Arabic language at Dar$ul$Trarjuma. They engaged

Hindu scholars to coe to $aghdad/ ade teh the chief physicians of their hospitals

and ordered the to translate fro Sansrit into Arabic boos on edicine/

pharacology/ to#icology/ philosophy/ astrology and other subjects. =the earliest Indo-Arab intellectual contact recorded in history in 778/ &hen a Hindu

scholar of astronoy and atheatics reached $aghdad &ith a deputation fro Sind and

too &ith hi Sansrit &or (Siddhanta by $rahangupta) &hich he translated into

Arabic &ith the help of an Arab atheatician.

Indian doctors enjoyed great prestige at $aghdad. An Indian doctor/ ana/ &as

specially sent for fro India &hen Harun Rashid fell ill and could not be cured by the

doctors at $aghdad. ana1s treatent &as successful and not only &as he richly

a&arded by the 0halifah/ but &as entrusted &ith the translation of edical boos fro

Sansrit. Another Indian physician &as called in &hen a cousin of the caliph suffered

fro a paralytic stroe and &as gi+en up for lost by the ree physician.

any Indian edicines/ soe of the in their original naes lie artifal/ &hich is the

Hindi triphal( a cobination of three fruits)/ found their &ay into Arab pharacopoeia.

Astrology and palistry also recei+ed considera+le attention at $aghdad. @ther subjects

on &hich boos &ere translated &ere logic/ alchey/ agic/ ethics/ statecraft and art of

&ar/ but the boos &hich gained greatest popularity &ere lined &ith literature.

The Indians introduced the gaes of chess and chausarto the Arabs/ &hich the Arabs

later spread to the other parts of the &orld.

The Sindi language cae to be &ritten in Arabic script and in that anner/ Sind &as

lined up &ith the ain-strea of Islaic culture. 2ater the *uarn &as translated in Sindi

language.

The uslis in Sind too acti+e interest in Islaic studies. Soe scholars of Hadith lie

*bud 'aashor )ajeeb and Raja$al$!indhigained recognition e+en in Arabia.


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An Arab historian &rote a boo no&n as 1Chach )ama2. This boo describes the

history of Sind/ &hich sheds light on the socio-econoic/ political/ religious and cultural

aspects of Sind at the arri+al of Arabs in Sindh. The style of &riting this boo changed

the traditions of history &riting.

! So%ia+ ma%ts,

The caste syste in India &as broen by Isla.

They arried the Sindi &oen and as a result a ne& class arose &hich &as less Arab in

blood but Arab in culture and Isla in religion.

The Sindhi teper had uch in coon &ith the Arabs.

The 2i+ing standards &ere changed.

The Arab rulers adopted local practices to a uch greater e#tent than did the ha?na+ids

later at 2ahore/ or the Turs and the Afghans at Delhi. According to'as3udi/ the ruler of

'ansurah had eighty &ar elephants and occasionally rode in a chariot dra&n by

elephants. 2ie theHindu rajas/ he &ore ear-rings as &ell as a neclace/ and &ore his

hair long.

The Arabs of'ansurah &ere generally dressed lie the people of Ira'/ but the dress of

the ruler &as siilar to that of theHindu rajas.

e M5sti% ma%ts,

Soe &estern scholars thin that se+eral eleents in Islaic Sufis are of Indian origin.

This +ie& is largely speculati+e/ but the lins of Sind &ith Islaic Sufis are definite.

The great early sufi/ $aya?id of $ista/ had a Sindhi as his spiritual teacher. He once

said/


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Soldiers &ere gi+en jagirs. ,ndo&ents of lands &ere also gi+en to the usli saints

and scholars.

A large nuber of colonies cae into being. The naes of soe of these colonies &ere

'ansura and 'ahfuaetc.

The people of Sind &ere allo&ed to ange their local affairs a principle of policy as &ell

as the dictate of the situation.

f E%onomi% ma%ts,

After the Indian in+asion of Arabs/ they brought ne& econoic concepts to India/ &hich

pro+ed an econoic re+olution for the Indian people.

The Arabs introduced the interest free econoy/ &hich &as an opposite to the Hindu

concept of concentration of &ealth in one hand theBania.

2ife in the Arab doinion of Sind and ultan &as siple/ but agriculture and coerce

&ere highly de+eloped. asudi entions a large nuber of halets in the principalities

of ultan and ansurah/ and the &hole country &as &ell culti+ated and co+ered &ith

trees and fields.

There &as acti+e coerce bet&een Sind and other parts of the usli &orld. !ara+ans

&ere often passing and repassing that country and 0hurasan/ ost conly by the route

of+abul and Bamian. Sindi Hindus/ &ho &ere e#cellent accountants and traders/ had a

ajor share in this coerce/ and*loris entioned as a great coercial center.

The prosperity of the area ay be judged by the fact that Sind and ultan contributed

ele,en and a half million dirhamsto Abbasid re+enue/ &hile the total re+enue fro the

0abul area in cash and cattle &as less than two and a quarter million dirhams.

They follo&ed the Islaic concept of distribution of &ealth through4a0at and Charit".

The Arab uslis built infrastructure/ &hich pro+ided ne& opportunities of eployent

to the Indian people.

Arabs le+ied ta# on land at the ratio of >BCthof the total production of the crops.

f Po+iti%a+ ma%ts,

,ra ofRaja Dahirended and a ne& bea of light eerged on the political scene of India.

The nati+e population &ere groaning under the tyrannical rule of Raja Dahir

Though the usli political po&er in Sind began to decline in the later 4 thcentury/ Isla

continued to li+e e+en after the fade out of usli po&er. In the political field/ the arrangeents ade by uhaad bin *asi &ith non-

uslis pro+ided the basis for later usli policy in the subcontinent.

( Ju!i%ia+ ma%ts,

Rough and ready justice &as gi+en to the people. There &as no unifority of la& or of

the courts.


9/110

The Arab chiefs &ere allo&ed to ha+e their courts and they could inflict capital

punishents of their dependents.

There &as a *a?i at the capital and there &ere siilar 'a?is in the districts. They all

decided cases according to the Islaic la&.

The Hindus decided their cases and disputes regarding arriages/ inheritance and other

social atters in their%ancha"ats.

h Mi+itar5 ntera%tion,

The Arabs introduced ne& &ays of &ar techni'ues in India.

The Arabs &ere the ruler of a ighty epire. They defeated the Romans& %ersian&

Ba"antine& 5ree0s&and learnt ne& &ays of &arfare fro the.

The Arabs brought these &ar tools lie the use of fire-&ors/ cannons (anjnee') etc.

and techni'ues in India.

f Conse&uen%es,1 s+am as a risin( oer,

2 Sin! as in!een!ent roin%e,

3 Mission to %on&uer other areas,

4 En! of a-so+utism,

D ntro!u%tion of ne a!ministratie set9u,

6 Coor!ination ith the (oernor of ra&,

Chara%ter of'ohammad bin asim

Out+ine,

1 ntro!u%tion

2 Chara%ter

a Persona+it5

- a+or an! -raer5

% As a !is%i+ine! so+!ier

! Born +ea!er of man

e As a statesman

f A 7ust ru+er

3 A!ministration

a o+iti%a+

- Mi+itar5

% A!ministratie

Con%+usion

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

1 ntro!u%tion


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'ohammad bin asim&as one of the ost fascinating personality of history.

He &as a poet and statesan/ intrepid soldier and a great adinistrator.

His con'uest of Sind left indelible iprints on the history of this region. Therefore his

con'uests are described as =one of the roances of history. (lane$poole)

2 Chara%ter

a Persona+it5,

'ohammad bin asimhad a +ery fascinating personality.

He &as endo&ed &ith the e#cellent 'ualities of head and heart/ pen and ind.

A%%or!in( to!.'. 60ram'


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a o+iti%a+,

He established control o+er a +ast region &ithin a little span of tie.

He brought peace and tran'uility to the region/ founded such a syste &hich &as role

odel for his successors.

'ohammad bin asim had a 'uic grasp of the situation and anner in &hich he

handled the situation &as e#tra-ordinary.

He ade systeatic efforts to see out officers of the old regie/ sho&ered honours and

fa+ours on the and ade the collaborators in the tas of adinistration.

:irst aong the &as'o0a/ claiant to the chieftainship of $ait/ a fortress on the bans

of the Indus. He &as captured and brought before'ohammad bin asim/ &ho treated

hi &ith utost indness and consideration. His territory &as restored to hi 'a %hair an! a ro-e of honour ere -estoe! uon him A++ his Ta>ars

#Tha>urs* ere faoure! ith ro-es an! sa!!+e! horses= #SM >ram* After this

treatent/ oa becae a faithful ally.

!isa0ar/ a inister ofRaja Dahir/ &as appointed 3a?ir of ohaad bin *asi. He

offered to surrender if his life &as spared. He brought the usli &oen/ &hose capture

by pirates had brought Hajjaj1s &rath upon Dahir and becae the principal ad+iser of the

Arabs.eness at ?ira7=

- Mi+itar5,

The con'uest of Sind is by no eans an insignificant achie+eent and its +alue and

significance ay aply be gauged by the fact that at least fi+e e#peditions to&ards the

con'uest of Sind had failed before ohaad bin *asi.

He con'uered Sind &ith insignificant en/ only si# thousand (E555) soldiers and the

anner in &hich he fought battles in inhospitable terrain.

A series of con'uest froDebul& )aron& !iftan& !esam& Rawar& Brahamanabad& *ror&

'ultanetc. &as ade.

He established ilitary cantonents in'ansura and 'ahfooaetc.

% A!ministratie,


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The brief period of'ohammad bin asimis no&n for his adinistrati+e achie+eents

i.e. Adinistration of the settleent of $rahaanabad.

He di+ided it into four (F) parts and in each part/ he appointed 0ot&al and each 0ot&al

&as a non-usli.

$e %on!u%te! ou+ation %ensus

He distributed 8> dirhas to each an during the siege i.e. the population &as duly

copensated after the siege.

He introduced the judicious syste of distribution of &ealth. Re+enue of Sind rose to

78.9 million dirhamsdue to ta# refors/-ai"a& +hirajetc.

'ohammad bin asimdi+ided Sind into a nuber of districts (I'tas) and Arab ilitary

officials &ere appointed as the ruler of these I'tas.

The syste of justice speas +olue of his adinistration. A ready and easy accessible

syste of justice &as introduced. There &as no unifority of la& or courts in Sind before

hi. Arab chiefs &ere allo&ed to ha+e their o&n courts. *a?is &ere appointed for e+ery

district and they decided cases under the Islaic basis.

:or non-uslis/ they had their o&n la&s e.g. arriage/ inheritance and &ere resol+ed

through the%anchiati s"stem.

Con%+usion,


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Mahmoo! ;hanai

Out+ine,

1 ntro!u%tion

2 Three s%hoo+s of thou(ht a-out Mahmoo! ;hanais nasion

a $in!u Nationa+ists S%hoo+ of Thou(ht,

Acts of loot and plunder

2oot the &ealth of India/ raider-in-chief/ &ho cae/ burnt/ illed/ plundered/

captured and &ent a&ay

9ot settled in India

2ust for &ealth

Shed blood of uslis in Persia and !entral Asia

- .i(htist Mus+im S%hoo+ of Thou(ht,

A chapion of Isla

Transplanted Isla in India Alliance against ahood ha+ing the religious character

Saints and priests lie Data anj $uhsh/ Sheih Isail $uhari/ &ho

accopanied &ith ehood ha?na

% Mi+itar5 S%hoo+ of Thou(ht,

#%omrise! of SM Jaffar' 8r Naim an! shari Parsha!*

reat ilitary general and con'ueror/ his abitions

To satisfy his abition of con'uest

Historians e#pose the ob+ious non-religious character of his capaigns

because idea of holy &as o+er at that tie

2 Cause/ Moties of his inasions

i .e+i(ious Moties

a Appointed by Ira'i !aliph *adir $illa

- Duty of So+ereign

% Teples as place of intrigues

! He ne+er enforced Isla on the Hindus

e !oposition of Ary of ahood ha?na+i

f Religious liberty to Hindus

( Destruction of Hindu Teples due to ilitary re'uireents

ii Po+iti%a+ Moties

a Abitious for e#panding his epireb Strategic position of 9orth-3est :rontier of India (Political 9ecessity)

c Tussle &ith %aypal

d To establish !entral Asian ,piree Giolation of ters of treaties by the Hindu Rajas

iii E%onomi% Moties

3 Conse&uen%es / Effe%ts of his inasions


14/110

i. ,#posed the yth of Hindu strength

ii. Psychological Ipact

iii. !ontribution for propagation of Isla i+. Destroyed the centers of Hindu culture fro archeological point of +ie&

+. Punjab as part of usli ,pire

+i. reat cultural ipact4 A%hieements of Mahmoo! ;hanai

i ,stablishent of +ast epire

ii 9e+er suffered defeat in years

iii Pa+ed the &ay for propagation of Isla

i Transforation of Heterogeneous ary into &ar achines (in+incible)

De+elopent of ha?ni

i ,fficient Adinistrati+e Syste

ii ,stablishent of a ne& city (ansurpura)

D !onclusionB Analysis

Mahmoo! ;hanai

Out+ine

8ifferent s%hoo+s of thou(ht a-out his inasions,

Three 8istin%t S%hoo+s of Thou(ht

1 $in!u Nationa+ist $istorians,

Acts of loot and plunder

9ot settled in India

2ust for &ealth

Hindu general in his ary

Shed blood of uslis in Persia and !entral Asia

2 Mus+im/ .i(htist S%hoo+ of Thou(ht,

Transplanted Isla in India

,specially engaged by !aliph *adir $illa

Alliance against ahood ha+ing the religious character


15/110

Sashed the yth of Hindu ight and destroyed the political fiber of Hindu

society

He brought the usli saints and priests lie Data anj $uhsh/ Sheih Isail

$uhari/ &ho settled in India and preached the essage of Isla

3 3r!S%hoo+ of Thou(ht, #%omrise! of SM Jaffar' 8r Naim an! shari Parsha!*

To satisfy his abition of con'uest

Historians e#pose the ob+ious non-religious character of his capaigns because

idea of holy &as o+er at that tie

9eeded oney to finance his capaign against his !entral Asian ,neies

!on'uered India as second line of defence and &anted friendly Punjab and ;pper

Sind to strengthen his line of defence. His consolidation of po&er in !entral Asia

&as preised on Indian con'uest

Destructed teples because those &ere centers of ilitary econoic and political

po&er

India/ Punjab as strategic depth

Nature of Mahmoo!s inasions

.e+i(ious Moties,

According to a faous usli historian/ :arishta& su- %ontinent=

i Aointment -5 Ca+ih "a!ir Bi++a of Ba(h!a!,

ehood of ha?na &as appointed by *adir $illa of $aghdad.

He ga+e support to the Sunni 0halifah of $aghdad by defeating his Isa1ili opponents atultan and ansurah.

ii 8ut5 of the soerei(n to srea! s+am,

His +ictories in the Indo-Paistan subcontinent certainly raised the prestige of usli

ars/ but it &as difficult to accept the clai ade by his court historians that his

e#peditions to this continent &ere undertaen solely for the glory of Isla.

iii 8estru%tion of the tem+es

!enters of intriguing as &ell as for &ealth as Hindu &oen ga+e ornaents to the Hindu

&as lords against their coon eney/ ahood of ha?na. According to Harishta'


16/110

;oosle" Hai/ in Cam-ri!(e $istor5 of n!ia says/


17/110

apostati?ed/ started e#pelling usli officers and proposed to rule either as an

independent ing or as the +assal of his uncle/*nandpal.

He had obtained help fro the Hindu rajas of Ujjain& 5walior& +alinjar& +anauj& Delhi

and *jmer.

E%onomi% Motie,

In fact/ ehood &as a faous and &ell-no&n general. As a general/ he ne& the

iportance of &ealth for &aging a ne& e#pedition. Therefore he needed oney to

finance his capaigns

The ost draatic of ahood1s capaigns &as against!omnath&the &ealthy religious

center on the shores of the Indian @cean. The dash to this distant goal/ through an

unno&n and unfriendly area/ across the deserts Rajputana and arshes of !utch/ &as a

rearable feat of courage/ planning/ resourcefulness and tenacity of purpose. In spite of

the hardships/ &hich ahud and his ary had to suffer on the return journey/ the

e#pedition &as copletely successful. In its object/ ahud returned laden &ith +astriches/ till then unno&n and unheard of in ha?ni.

i !.' -affar and %rof. Habibdeclare it ,conoic necessity of raider/ looter

ii 3ealth is necessary for political po&er &hene+er India ga+e hi a chance/ he a+ailed it

:ully reali?ed the iportance of &ealth in attaining the political po&er &hen India

offered hi that chance/ he a+ailed hiself of it

iii Stan+e5 Lane Poo+ called hi Gs+ae of ea+th (basically &rong) Gthe +ooters'

+un!erers or !a%oits %an neer o%%u5 so e+eate! a +a%e in histor5 as

Mahmoo! of ;hana hae

ma%ts of Mahmoo!s nasions1 8estro5e! the m5th of $in!u Mi(ht,

He destroyed the yth of Hindu ight and e#posed the &eaness of India. Destroyed the

political centers of India lie %aypal that is Hindu Shahi faily. hauri &as inspired by

ahood1s in+asions.

2 Ps5%ho+o(i%a+ ma%t,

Sher uhaad are&al says in (Islaian-e-Hind a Shandar a?i) the Splendid Past

of Indian uslis< Ipact of uslis superiority o+er the Hindus and uslis cannot

be defeated because ha?na &as ne+er defeated in India.

3 Contri-ution toar!s the roa(ation of s+am,

Data 5anj Ba0hsh& !hei0h 6smail Bu0hari&ere the &ell-no&n ystics of ehood1s

tie/ &ho cae to India as iigrants to India during the process of con'uest and settled

in India.

They started preaching the essage of Isla through their ystical acti+ities/ in &hich

they stressed upon the concept of =Unit" for all (!ul$hi$+ul.

Due to their spreading/ Isla becae a flourishing religion of India.

4 8estro5e! the %enters of n!ian Cu+ture from ar%heo+o(i%a+ oint of ie,


18/110

Destroyed the onuents/ statutes and caused great loss to Indian heritage.

D Pun7a- -e%ame art of Mu+sim Emire #1021922 A8*

6 E%han(e of >no+e!(e,

reat personalities &ere associated &ith his court lie Al-$eruni/ Al-:arabi/ ;tibi/ :arruhi. He

established ne& city of 2ahore (ansurpura) and patroni?ed Persian language.

A Persian scholar/ :erdosi in 1!hah )ama2&rites< years rule/ Afghanistan/ +ast part of Persia/ Transo#iana/ Punjab

He con'uered 0angra/ Tarain/ Thanesar/ 0anauj/ 0alinjar

He defeated badly the collecti+e forces of the Hindu rajas of Ujjain& 5walior& +alinjar&

+anauj& Delhi and *jmer.

:ro east to &est >555 iles and fro north to south/ about 8F55 iles.

2 Neer suffere! !efeat in n!ia !urin( 33 5ears

He &as bra+e and resourceful general/ &ho during thirty years of ceaseless &arfare ne+er

suffered defeat.

3 Pae! a5 for roa(ation of s+am,

Data 5anj Ba0hsh& !hei0h 6smail Bu0hari&ere the &ell-no&n ystics of ehood1s

tie/ &ho cae to India as iigrants to India during the process of con'uest and settled

in India.

They started preaching the essage of Isla through their ystical acti+ities/ in &hich

they stressed upon the concept of =Unit" for all (!ul$hi$+ul.

Due to their spreading/ Isla becae a flourishing religion of India.

4 Transformation of hetero(eneous arm5 into an inin%i-+e as ma%hine,

His ary consisted of Hindus/ Turish/ Afghan/ Persian eleents.

ehood transforation these heterogeneous eleents of ary into an in+incible &as

achine.

D 8ee+oment of ;hani,

Historians did not shed light on the intellectual and sochalistic ser+ices of ehood

ha?ni. Rather they gi+e so uch intention to the causes of Indian in+asion. It &ill be

gross e#aggeration that the historians are ore interested in and

!ultural center of atheatics/ scholars/ poets/ astrologers/ historians


19/110

He &as a cultured onarch/ and by his unificence attracted great poets and scholars to

his court and ad ha?ni the ri+al of $aghdad in regard to the splendour of its edifices

and the nuber of en of culture and learning.

6 Effi%ient A!ministratie S5stem

Esta-+ishe! Museum in ;hani

I Bui+t ne %it5 of Lahore %a++e! Mansurura!.' )aim< (The life and ties of ahood ha?na+i)


20/110


21/110

Chronological order of the Sultans of Delhi

Slave Dynasty:

Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak 1206-10

Sultan Shams-ud-din Iltutmish 1211-36

Razia Sultana 1236-40

Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmood 1246-66

Ghias-ud-din !alban 1266-"6

#rin$% Mohammad &&&& %ld%r son o' !alban

!u(hra )han &&&& oun(%r son o' !alban)ai*bad &&&& son o' !u(hra )han

Khilji Dynasty:

+alal-ud-din )hil,i 120-126

Ala-ud-din )hil,i 126-1326

Tughlaq Dynasty:

Ghias-ud-din .u(hla* 1320-132/

Mohammad bin .u(hla* 132/-13/1

%roz Shah .u(hla* 13/1-13""

Sayyid Dynasty:

)hizr )han

Mubarak Shah

Muhammad Shah

Alam Shah


22/110

Lodhi Dynasty:

!ahlol odhi 14/1-14""

Sikandar odhi 14"-1/1

Ibrahim odhi 1/1-1/26

Chronological order of the Mughals

!abur 1/26-1/30

umaun 1/30-40 1/4/-/6

Akbar 1//6-160/

+ahan(ir 160/-162"

Shah +ahan 162"-16/"

Auran( zaib Alam(ir 16/"-10

" Comarison amon( ;hauri' Ai-a> an! +tutmish,

Thepolitical condition of the sub-continent at the tie ofShihab-ud-Din Ghauri&as in no &ay

better that of &hich ahud of ha?ni found on the e+e of his in+asion. The &hole country &as

di+ided into a nuber of independent states. 9o central controlling authority &as present in the

subcontinent and the condition of India &as +ery iserable. The subcontinent &as consisted of

the usli pro+inces and the Hindu ingdos. As a great politician and far-sighted statesan/

hauri reali?ed the rotten political condition of India and therefore decided to establish a

peranent ingdo here.

!hihab$ud$Din 5hauri&ho e#ploited this situation did not confine hiself/ lie ahud/ toilitary raids and glory/ but laid fir foundation of the usli epire in the indo-Paistan

subcontinent to do so he had to bring under this control usli ingdos on the frontier/ and in

977


23/110

brought up and trained &here lie sons to hi. This &as not &ishful thining/ for the sultan1s &ell

trained sla+es/ &ho rose to high position and later established the sla+e dynasty/ pro+ed &orthy

heirs. He &as the founder of the usli epire in India/ but &as free fro fanaticis.

Indo-Pa subcontinent &as originally a sal+e dynasty and the rulers &ho succeeded hi for

nearly ninety years &ere either sla+es or descendants of sla+es. utb$ud$din *iba0had in hisearly life been sold to the adi of )ishapur&&ho ipressed by his ability. After the *adi death

he &as sold to Shahab-ud-din hauri under &ho he ser+ed &ith distinction/ and in course of

tie &as ade the +iceroy of his Indian possessions. @n =? -une 7=8@& three months after

'uhammad 5hauri3s death he was crowned at #ahore. The conteporary ruler of hur

conferred on hi the title of sultan/ sent hi the royal insignia and standard/ but his foral

anuission &as not obtained till E5CB8>5J.o&ing to the disturbed situation in ha?ni and hur/

he ne+er o+ed east to 2ahore /&hich reained his capital throughout his reign.

utb$ud$din *iba0&as the first independent Sultan &ho laid the foundation of usli rule in

the subcontinent. A great &arrior/ a an of infinite courage and indefatigable energy of ind and

body/ he stands as a proinent figure aong the rulers &ho rose through sheer erit and effortsto the position of glory and po&er.

In the beginning/utb$ud$din *iba0had also tussle &ith Kabacha/ ruler of ultan and Sind/

Yalduz/ ruler of ha?ni andIkhtiar-ud-din Bakhtiar/ ruler of $engal and $ihar. $ut he tried to

resol+e the issues by aing the atrionial alliances &ith those rulers. @n his accession he too

great pains in the establishent of peace and tran'uility throughout his doinions and

strengthened his position by atrionial relations &ith the royal chiefs. He arried the sister of

Taj-ud-din "aldu? and ga+e his sister in arriage to *abacha and his daughter to Iltutish.

6ltutmish#121191236*

6ltutmish as .ea+ Houn!er of Su+tanate Perio!

!hamsuddin 6ltutmish was a sla,e of utb$ud$din *iba0.6ltutmishis often regarded as the real

founder of Sla+e Dynasty in India. *utb-ud-Din/ no doubt/ ade e#tensi+e con'uests/ but he did

not get enough tie to consolidate the. The &or of consolidation fell to the lot of Iltutish.He copleted &hat *utb-ud-din had begun. He &as the ost fascinating personality of the

edie+al India. He consolidated the nascent usli state in India and de+eloped it into a

flourishing epire. $ut6ltutmishis regarded as the real founder of Turish doinion in India.

Sir Vastava describes hi as just defacto ruler of edie+al period.

Cha++en(es Confromte! -5 A+tamish


24/110

Turihs nobles had placed Aiba1s son Ara Shah to throne unfit to rule.

@ppositon of ;leas

@pposition fro "eldu? and 9asir-ud-Din 0abacha (sla+es of Shahab-ud-Din haouri)

and Altuish (sla+e of *utb-ud-Din Aiba)

0abacha had ultan and Sind (@ccupied territory fro ultan to Sind and 2ahore.) "aldu? occupied ha?ni and considered hiself K0ing of ha?ni1

Ihtiar-ud-din $ahtiar1s successor &as supree in $engal and $hear and turned against

Iltitish.

Threat fro Hindu !hiefs of Rajputana

3hen Iltutish assued po&er/ atosphere in his epire &as confused and chaotic. ,+erything

&as in a nebulous and undefined state. Lane9o+e describes this situation as/ =a tie of

confusion/ follo&ed the death of Aiba. Iltutish had to confront the follo&ing challenges

i Tur>ihs no-+es,Turish nobles had placed Aiba1s son Ara Shah to the throne/ &ho &as Kunfit to rule.1 He &as

a puppet in the hands of nobles and his isrule opened the &ay to ri+als. Aid this confusion/

Iltutish cae to po&er and Turish nobles had assebled around Delhi at this tie. He had to

reign in these nobles.

ii Oositon of +emas

The ;leas of Dehil called hi a sla+e and considered his rule unla&ful fro Shariat point of

+ie&. $ut he sa& the the letter of Aiba for his nae as Aiba1s successor to the throne.

iii Poerfu+ (oernors,

Po&erful nobles lie Ta79u!9:a+!u an! Nasir9u!98in ?a-a%ha&ere jealous of Iltutish and did not

consider hi e'ual to thesel+es as they &ere sla+es of Shahab-ud-din hauri and Iltutish &as a sla+e

of *utb-ud-din Aiba. Therefore/ the ost +igorous challenge cae fro "aldu? and 0abacha.

2ie 0abacha had ultan and Sind to the outh of Indus. He controlled the territory fro ultan to Sind

and 2ahore.

Siilarly/ "aldu? occupied the territory of ha?ni and considered hiself Kthe 0ing of ha?ni1 and sent

Iltutish the rob of office of Sultan of India. It &as a sort of insult to Iltutish.

i >htiar9u!98in Ba>htiars su%%essor,

Ihtiar-ud-Din $ahtiar1s successor &as supree in $engal and $ihar/ &ho turned against

Iltutish


25/110

He also began coins in his o&n naes/ &hich sho&ed that he coenced the financial

autonoy/ &hich led to&ards the pro+incial autonoy of $engal fro the Indian usli

epire.

$in!u Chieftains of .a7utana,

Hindu !hieftains of Rajputana &ere the deterined eneies of the ne&ly established usli

state. They also raised threat to end the ne&ly established usli state.

A%hieements to Counter the Threats,

Iltutish &as not the an to fatter in the face of these difficulties. So he set hiself the tas of

re-organi?ing the state. Iltutish too the follo&ing steps

8 Iltutish reduced the Turish nobles to subission and defeated the. He also fored

=the :orty by defeating

> In 8>8E/ Iltutish o+er&heled Taj-ud-din"aldu?/ at that tie/ &as dri+en by 0h&ar?i

Shah fro ha?ni and occupied territory fro 2ahore and Thanisar. 6ltutmishdefeated

Yaldu in the battle of Tarain. He &as captured and sent to prison.

Iltutish +ery effecti+ely countered the threat of Hindus ofRajputana.

F In 8>>C/ *ltutmisho+ed to $engal and recei+ed hoage fro refractory rebellions.

That go+ernor of $engal rebelled against Iltutish. He defeated the o+ernor and

appointed)asir$ud$din 'ahmood as a go+ernor of $engal.C In 8>87/ 6ltutmishobtained the possession of 9orthern Punjab by defeating +abacha.

0abacha fled to&ards Sind and established his rule o+er there. 3ith the passage of tie/

0abacha1s po&er gre& considerably &ea on account of his sirishes &ith %ala-ud-din

0h&ar?i Shah and his allies i.e. 0hohars/ hahars etc. Iltutish/ taing ad+antage of

this situation/ attacedUcchin 8>>J/ arched to&ardsBhakkarand occupied the chief

cities of this territory. Kabacha in desperation in 8>5/ dro&ned hiself in the Ri+er

Indus.

Conso+i!ation of Mus+im Con&uest an! Hurther Eansion of Mus+im .u+e

After reco+ering !hahab$ud$Din 5hauri3s con'uests/ Iltutmish ade appreciable

ad+ances toRajputana and trans$/an/atic tracts.

His for&ard policy to&ards Punjab achie+ed great success/ this policy constituted an

effecti+e ans&er to the first challenge directed by Hindus against the nascent usli

state in India.

In 8>F/ he too e#peditions to&ards 'alwa and Ujjain/ &hich copleted the

subission of all 9orthern India.


26/110

To the doains of *iba0& 6ltutmish added lo&er Sin! an! arts of Ma+a. He

transfored a loosely patched up congeries of haurid ac'uisitions in Hindustan into a

&ell-lit and copact state.

Sae! 8e+hi Su+tanate from the Mon(o+ Threat

The ne& go+ernent e#perienced the ipact of this gigantic ilitary o+eent &hen

-alal$ud$din& the ruler of +hwarim/ &hose father had first attracted the &rath of

Chan/ai +han&crossed the border (Indus Ri+er) and sought aid fro Iltutish.

The latter refused to be ebroiled in a dispute &ith the ongol chief/ ag+e e+asi+e

replies. After the death of Iltutish/ they destroyed 2ahore (8>8F).

They reained entrenched for se+eral years and nearly half a century the principal

occupation of the Delhi go+ernent &as to defend the subcontinent fro the fate &hich

!entral and 3estern Asia had suffered.A%hieements

i .estore! or!er in Emire

Defeated "aldu? in battle of Tarain

Defeated 0abacha

Also ade +ictory o+er $engal1s 0hilji go+ernor and appointed )asi$ud$Din

'ahmoodas go+ernor

!ountered the threat of Hindus ofRajputana

ii Conso+i!ation of Mu+sim %on&uest an! further eansion of Mus+im ru+e,

His e#peditions &ere e#panded into the regions lie al&a as far as ;jjain He also eco+ered Shahab-ud-Din hauri1s con'uests

iii Sae! 8e+hi Su+tanate from Mon(o+ Threat,

Iltitish refused to pro+ide asylu to+hwarim !hahin India

i Esta-+ishment of A!ministratie S5stem,

Iltitmish esatblsihed such a copact syste/ &hich led to&ards an efficient

adinistration.

Contri-ution toar!s monetar5 s5stem

6ltitmishintroduced purely Arabic coins in his epire

Sil+er currencies (sil+er tana)

i .ea+ a%hieement of %it5 of Me!iea+ 8e+hi,

$efore Iltitiish !hohan rulers preferred Ajair as copared to Delhi

ii Ar%hite%tura+ %ontri-utions

$eautified Delhi by constructing buildings/ copleted *utb inar in 8>8.

iii Patronie! art an! +earnin(,

i .ei(n of roserit5,

Con%+usion,


27/110

Chara%ter of +tutmish

Out+ine,

Introduction

Attracti+e personality

9obility of character

As just ruler

Galor and bra+ery

As a statesan

!ool teperaent

enerosity

Patron of letters

Religious inclination (his court &as adorned &ith Ulmas and Mahsakikh including

!hei0h :areed$ud$Din& utb$ud$Din Ba0htiar +a0i& !hei0h Baha$ud$Din 4a0ria. Conclusion ____________________________

Chara%ter of6ltutmish

1 Attra%tie Persona+it5,

Minha79us9Sira7calls hi !un"ual in baut#$%

He possessed e#tra-ordinary physical strength.

2 No-i+it5 of %hara%ter,

Also no&n for his nobility of character/ hubleness and do&n to earth person.

He used to say that 15od has made me superior o,er those persons who are thousand

times better than me. ;hen the" stand before me& 6 feel ashamed or sh".2

3 a+or an! -raer5,

,#tra-ordinary &ill po&er.

9e+er hesitated to deal &ith his foes. In the suppression of Ghakhar/ he displayed great

feat of +alor and bra+ery.

4 As a Statesman,

He possessed traits of a great leader such as realis/ far-sightedness and stead-fastness.

He &as full a&are of his liitation and resources. Therefore/ he pursued the policy of

steady consolidation rather than the outright e#pansion. He &as a +ery calculating and silful organi?er.

His statesanship is e+ident fro the facts in &hich he o+ercae his ri+als either they

&ere dri+en out or destroyed.

His handling of ongol threat tals +olues of his statesanship.

D As a Just .u+er,

reat sense of justice


28/110

According to6bn$e$Batuta&16ltutmish had fiAed a chain and a bell in his palace& so

that a//rie,ed persons ma" not ha,e an" difficult" in approachin/ the !ultan for

justice.2

6 Coo+ Temeramen%e,

!oolness and perse+erance &as also a hallar of his character. He sho&ed e#tra ordinary deterination in the &ae of difficulties.

He rose to such a high position only by the dint of sheer deterination and hard-&or.

Sir Ko+se+5 $ai(opines/ 1;hate,er he accomplished he accomplished himself.2

Patron of Letters,

Pro+ed hiself a great patron of art and learning.

Minha79us9Sira7said that Iltutish spent ten illion rupees on the religious &ors. He

spent oney on the construction of Jamia Mas7i! at Ba!ain/ lia 'asjid at Dada

&amd/ agnificent os'ue of Ajer.

He patroni?ed scholars and religious clerics such as )oor$ud$Din 'ubari0 5hana,i&ai Hammed$ud$din& !hei0h Baha$ud$din& -alal$ud$din Tabraii.

I .e+i(ious in%+inations,

Deeply inclined to&ards the religion.

Gery particular about his fi+e prayers.

)iam$ud$din *hmad has &ritten/ 1He said his dail" pra"ers re/ularl" and when in

Delhi& attended -amia 'asjid for his :rida" pra"ers.2

His court &as adorned &ith ;leas and ahsaih/ &ho &ere iigrants fro !entral

Asia. These included!hei0h Baha$ud$Din 4i0ri"a& utb$ud$din Ba0htiar +a0i& !hei0h

:areed$ud$Din etc. 'inhaj$us$!iraj says/ 1)e,er a so,erei/n so ,irtuous& 0ind hearted and re,erent

towards the learned and the di,ines that sat up on the throne of Delhi.2

'ufti 5hulam !arwarsaid/ 1Thou/h 6ltutmish was a 0in/ "et he was a Derwaish at

heart and respected the m"stics and di,ine.2


29/110

5hi"as$ud$din Balbun #1266912I*

Out+ine,

1 ntro!u%tion

2 8iffi%u+ties -efore Ba+-un

i !ontrol of the :orty o+er the 0ings

ii i&ati Rebellioniii The resurgence of Rajputs of Doab

i+ Rebellion of Rajputs in $andail 0hand

+ ongol Threat fro the 9orthern fronts of India

3 $is Theor5 of ?in(shi

4 Heature of Ba+-ans Mon(o+ Po+i%5

i Prohibition fro the policy of e#pansion

ii Appointent of +ariable go+ernors and adinistratorsiii aintenance of three defensi+e lines to cobat the ongol threat

i+ Reconstructed old and ne& forts+ Reorgani?ation of Ary

+i Introduction of aggressi+e policy to&ards ongols

D Ba+-ans Po+i%5 of B+oo! She!

i i&ati Rebellione a Grea+ o+iti%>er

Tughrail $aig < o+ernor of $engal re+olted against $alban

Then $ugrah 0han/ o+ernor of $engal/ son of $alban

Prince uhaad < Son of $alban

Ba+-ans Po+i%5 of B+oo! an! iron

He used the brutal force against his opponents and rebellious eleents.

i Stes a(ainst the Miati .e-e++ion,

$alban dispatched ary/ &hich illed about 8 lac i&atis/ cleared the forests and

destroyed the settleents of i&atis.

The fort of ;oa+ ;arh&as built. And Afghans &ere rehabilitated around the i&atis

settleents.

ii .eo+ts of $in!u .a7uts in 8oa-,

They obstructed the roads bet&een Delhi and $engal. So $alban di+ided the ajor cities

of Doab and %agirs aong +arious nobles (feudal/ I'tabars).

He built forts in 0apal/ Patiali/ $holpur and %alali.

iii A%tion a(ainst the .a7uts of Bun!ia+ ?han! in ?aithor,

He too stern action against the Rajputs of $undial 0hand in 0aithor/ due to &hich they

ne+er dared to rise their heads during the reign of $alban.

iStes a(ainst the ?ho>hars in Sa+t ran(e of Pun7a-,

In 8>JE-E4/ $alban 'uelled the re-e++ion of ?ho>harsin Salt range of Punjab.

Measures a(ainst the Tu(hrai+ Bai(,


31/110

The 'uelling of rebellion of Tughrail $aig/ a personal sla+e of $alban/ &as appointed as

o+ernor of $engal. $ut Tughrail $aig raised standard of re+olt against $alban

instructed the o+ernor of @udh to counter the Tughrail/ but he &as defeated. $alban

hiself ad+anced and Tughrail $aig &as illed and his relati+es &ere publicaly hanged.

$alban appointed his son/ $ugrah 0han as the o+ernor of $engal.

8r shari Parsa!, GA stron( !i%toator +i>e ;hi5as9u!9!in Ba+-an as the nee! of hour

$is Theor5 of ?in(shi

To re+i+e the prestige of the institution of 0ingship/ &hich at that tie appeared to be

fatally &ounded on account of crisis of la& and order/ conspirational role of the K:orty1/

rise of rebellious eleents/ ounting po&er of Rajputs and the ipending ongol threat.

i. 0ing as +iceroy of od on ,arth

ii. Heart of the 0ing is the repository of the fa+ours of od

iii. 0ingship signified prestige/ dignity and greatness only

i+. 0ingship is the ebodient of despotis

+. $albnan aintained that royal dignity and prestige could only becoe real and effecti+e/ if the

ruler enforce court decoru as obser+ed by Persian 0ing 9osher&an.

+i. Ary/ treasury and 9obles are the three essentials of 0ingship

i. To aintain la& and order in his doinionii To eep hiself &ell infored about the conditions of his pro+ince and their go+ernors

iii The ruler should be personification of justicei+ The sal+ation of 0ing lay in the obser+ance of fulfillent of the follo&ing four duties74 and 8>JC. Prin%e

Mohamma!&as artyred after he &as chasing the retreating ongols in 8>JC.

Ai Ahme!' =Sultan hiyas-ud-din $alban &as a &ise and regacious ruler/ endo&ed &ith any

rare +irtues and terance. He had an e#perienced hand in art of go+ernent and directed the

affairs of stated &ith discriination and judgent.

*la$ud$din +hilji#12691316*

"uestions

8. Discuss Ala-ud-din 0hilji1s adinistrati+e/ ilitary/ re+enue and econoic refors.

!ritically e#aine Ala-ud-din 0hilji price control policy.

>. =Ala-ud-din 0hilji &as a crude econoist. Discuss.

. =Ala-ud-din 0hilji1s brilliant con'uests &ere o+ershado&ed by his ci+il and ilitary

refors. !oent.

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

*la$ud$din +hilji#12691316*

Out+ine,

Introduction

Political Refors

8 Huiliation of %alali 9obles

> Huiliation of Hindu'amindars


34/110

Adinistrati+e Refors

i. !onfiscation of property

ii. Spy Syste

iii. Prohibition of Drining

I+. Restrictions upon 9obles eetings

Re+enue Refors

8 ,liination of the corrupt practices

> Assessent of the re+enue

easureent of land

F Iposition of certain ta#es

C Appointent of ne& officials

E Direct control of the land by the o+ernorin!' not in %ash,

The re+enue &as preferably recei+ed in ind and enabled the go+ernent to pro+ide

relief to the people during the faine and drought.

Mi+itar5 .eforms,

1 Esta-+ishment of +ar(e stan!in( arm5,

!ultan *la$ud$din +hiljicreated a large standing ary directly recruited by hiself and

the soldiers &ere paid by the state. Sultan used to thin that po&er and perpetuation of

ingdo depends upon an efficient ary and ci+il achinery.

He recruited an efficient ary/ consisting of F/ 7C/ 555 soldiers and 75/555 horses.

2 Bran!in( the horses,

He introduced the practice of branding of horses in order to pre+ent any cheating so that

unfit horses ight not be brought to battle field.

He established et= only reser+ed for the ary.

3 niform of the So+!iers,


39/110

Ala-ud-din 0hilji also introduced =Hulia of the soldiers. He got the preparation of

descripti+e role of the soldiers so that the teporary substitutes ight not be sho&n on

the parades. :or this purpose/ he established the et=

4 Constru%tion of forts,

He ordered to repair and reconstruct the old forts of Delhi

He also ordered for the construction of ne& forts on the route of the ongols lie Ucch&

'ultan& !amana& Depalpur& %a0pattan and Hansietc.

D Hie! sa+ar5 for the so+!iers,

Pre+iously/ the ilitary &as gi+en land in lieu of their ser+ices/ but 0hilji abandoned this

practice.

9o& the ary &as gi+en reuneration and fi#ed salaries.

Ary &as recruited in the nae of 0ing and paid salary in cash fro the go+ernenttreasury.

As a result of this/ Sultan Ala-ud-din 0hilji not only becae the Supree leader/ but also

the pay-aster general of ary.

He &as able to obtain full loyalty of ary.

A sufficient salary &as fi#ed for e+ery soldier/ &hich aounted to >F tan0asannually. It

sees that >5tan0asper onth plus ration &as the fi#ed salary for e+ery soldier.

A an ha+ing t&o horses &as gi+en 7J tan0asadditionally.

He o+erhauled the adinistrati+e achinery through the refors.

Con&uests of A+a9u!9!in ?hi+7i,

He ade +ery brilliant con'uests in Southern and 9orthern India.

The con'uest of ujrat &as +ery iportant econoically. It &as situated on the coast of

Arabian. Till 85J/ all areas of the Deccan &ere con'uered by the forces of Ala-ud-din

0hilji under the leadership of'ali0 +afoor.

Though Deccan &as not included in his epire and the other states had left for theirrulers to rule.

He con'uered the follo&ing con'uests

5ujratin India (8>44)

*rinthambol(situated in Rajputana) (855)


40/110

Deccan state is a big ass of land bet&een $indiya !hal and Ras

!hoari. He con'uered the follo&ing territories of Deccan lie

a. Chatore(85)

b . -odhpur

c. 'al,a(85C)

d. Deo/ir(85J)

+hiljiStes a(ainst Mon(o+s,

Ala-ud-din 0hilji lie his predecessors &as confronted &ith the danger of the e+er-

increasing ongol raids. The ongol raids fored a source of constant an#iety and

alar to the Delhi go+ernent for a long tie.

In the second year of Ala-ud-din1s region/ a large horde of the ongols cae under theleadership of Air Daud/ but they &ere routed by Mafar 0han &ith great slaughter.

Another raid by Saladi of ongols &as defeated by the Mafar 0han.

$et&een the years 8>47 and 857/ &e hear of as any as se+en (7) raids.

Heatures of A+a9u!9!in Mon(o+ Po+i%5

The in+asion of Targi (85) a&aened Ala-ud-din to the need of frontier defence. He

lie $alban too soe defensi+e easures to guard the 9orth-3est frontier of his

doinion.1 Aointment of Caa-+e a!ministrators,

He appointed such go+ernors and adinistrators &ho could effecti+ely counter the

ongol threat.

The ost capable and trusted officers &ere placed in charge of the frontier defence.

ha?i ali &as appointed the o+ernor of the Punjab in 85C. As a o+ernor of

Punjab/ he could chec the enace of ongols +ery effecti+ely. He also carried out raids

into the ongol territory as far as ha?ni and 0abul.

2 Constru%tion an! .eair of o+! forts in 8e+hi,

He ordered to repair and reconstruct the old forts of Delhi and the ne& ones to be set upon the route of the ongols lie Ucch& 'ultan& !amana& Depalpur& %a0pattan and

Hansietc.

3 .eor(aniation of Arm5,

He ept a standing ary in the forts/ aintained a separate and peranent ary for the

defence of the 9ort-3est frontier.


41/110

This ary &as stationed at +arious places and could be siultaneously obili?ed.

4 Esta-+ishment of Ne or>shos,

9e& &orshops &ere also erected to anufacture the ipro+ed types of &eapons to fight

against the ongols.

D .aisin( the a!!itiona+ Hor%es

Additional forces &ere raised and po&erful aries &ere stationed at Depalpur/ ultan

and Saana.


42/110

*la$ud$din +hiljis Pri%e Contro+ Po+i%5

Out+ine,

i Introduction

ii oti+esBPurpose behind Price control policy

a Strategic oti+es

b Political oti+e

c Public &elfare

iii :eatures of Price !ontrol Policy

a :i#ation of prices

b Strict rule of supply and deand

c 3ays and eans of enforceent of fi#ed prices

d A syste of checs and balances

e Three inds of arets

f !riteria of appointent of officials

i+ Ipacts of Price !ontrol Policy

+ !onclusion

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

ntro!u%tion,

Ala-ud-din 0hilji is one of the greatest rulers of the edie+al India.

His era is no&n for the refors particularly his price control policy &hich is regarded as

a no+el e#perient in the real of econoic-cu-ilitary anageent

His refors &ere instruental in the consolidation of usli rule in 8thand 8Fth

century.

Moties/Purose -ehin! Pri%e %ontro+ o+i%5,

The oti+es included econoic/ ilitary/ strategic/ political/ public &elfare/ &hich

enunciated the introduction of refors.

aStrate(i% moties


43/110

Sultanate period &as confronted &ith the ongol threat throughout the 8thand 8Fth

centuries. 3hen Ala-ud-din 0hilji conteplated to establish a peranent ary due to

ongol threat/ he needed oney and aterial.

The early historians lie :arishta and 4ia$ud$din Barnihold +ie& that 0hilji &as

perple#ed by ongol in+asion and &anted &ealth to confront the ongols. He &anted alarge ary at the iniu cost. This &as the ain idea behind his price control policy. It&as possible only if the prices &ere fi#ed at a constant le+el/ therefore/ the price control

policy and ilitary refors copleented each other.

,+en the odern historians subscribe to the +ie& held by the edie+al historians.

- Po+iti%a+ motie

Ala-ud-din 0hilji &as faced &ith nuerous re+olts.

3hen he in+estigated the causes of these re+olts/ he reali?ed that the abundance of &ealth

&as the ain cause behind the rebellions. ;ne'ual distribution of &ealth had led thepeople to re+olt against their asters.

Ala-ud-din belie+ed that the &ealth of nobles and feudals need to be confiscated/ so that

e'uality in incoe ight be created.

$y this policy/ the nobles &ould be left &ith the little oney and &ould not conteplate

on re+olting against the Delhi Sultanate.

So 0hilji &anted to crush and suppress rebellion by aing huge ary/ &hich &ould be

loyal to hi.

+.!. #al/ a Hindu historian/ claied/ =$e ante! to %rush the e%onom5 of the eo+e#$in!u feu!a+ +or!s*=

% Pu-+i% e+fare

ediae+al Historians lie*meer Hasan !anjari& *ssami& Chira/ Dehl,iare of the +ie&

that the price control policy &as not introduced erely out of the ilitary and strategic

e#igencies but the ain reason behind the introduction of policy &as the oti+e of public&elfare.

5hulam !arwar )iai/ a usli historian/ opines/


44/110

Sultan Ala-ud-din ade greater efforts for ascertaining the prices of different ites fro

other places of production before the official price or ha9e9Su+tan=

- Stri%t ru+e of 8eman! an! Su+5

The fi#ed prices could not ha+e been aintained unless the supply of all ites &as

ensured and their deand &as fully controlled. :or this purpose. Ala-ud-din too thefollo&ing steps5 lac tinas to ultan erchants and settling of erchants on the

tans of %ana around Delhi &ith their failies

The order for the collection of alost entire surplus produce for the peasants by

re+enue officers and grain erchants/ perit syste and rare 'uality cloth/ eliination of

iddle an (broer) fro the sale and purchase of ites and sla+es

All these attepts &ere eant to ensure the uninterrupted flo& of necessities into the

cities.

c. Ka5s an! means of enfor%ement of fie! ri%es,

Ala-ud-din issued certain regulation &ith the objecti+es of fi#ation of prices of food

products/ cloth and all inds of price goods/ aid ser+ants/ ale ser+ants/ sla+es/ cattle/

beasts of burden etc.

o+ernent too strict easures against hoarders and blac areters.

9either erchant &as allo&ed to accuulate ore grains than necessity and re'uireent

nor the consuer &as allo&ed to purchase in e#cess of liit

The hoarding of produce of Doab and neighbouring country upto a distance of hundred

os &as prohibited.

There &as to be a strict rationing in the ties of faine. During the rationing period/ a

consuer could buy a#iu of half aund of any grain.

The go+ernent &as to see that the fi#ed price le+el &as not disturbed during faine.

! A s5stem of Che%>s an! Ba+an%es,

The o+ernent introduced a syste of checs and balances/ &hich &as responsible for

aintaining the syste and four officials &ere appointed for this purpose.


45/110

A ne& departent &as constituted to aintain the price control and it &as called

1Deewan$e$Risalat2 and 'ali0 abool +han *l0hani&as ade the adinistrator of

enforceent of these refors.

Siilarly o+ernent appointed separate officials for aret and "a'oob &as appointed


46/110

f Criteria of aointment of offi%ia+s,

A strict criteria &as de+ised for the appointent of officials and these &ere not only trust-

&orthy and honest/ but also'ali0 abool +han *l0hani&as also appointed as an

adinistrator of Dee&an-e-Risalat.

Those officials &ho failed to accoplish their tass/ Sultan &ould punish the se+erely.

6 ma%ts of Pri%e Contro+ Po+i%5

Positie ma%ts

8 The price control policy of Ala-ud-din 0hilji achie+ed rearable success as regards

its objecti+es &ere concerned. :or instance its stabili?ed the price le+el at a

reasonable position and pro+ided relief to the people.

> It also ensured the aintenance of a#iu ary at the iniu cost. It assisted inoptiu utili?ation of the resources.

This syste reained in +ogue in Delhi and its suburbs for ne#t fifteen (8C) years.

F !her 'ohammad 5arewalhighlights in his boo


47/110

a. strict enforceent of the rules and regulations of the aret

e +igorous collection of ta#es

f ?eal of honest officers &ho acted honestly out of fear of sultan

Ne(atie ma%ts,

This policy &as not on all India policy but only ipleented in Delhi and its suburbs.

+.!. #al/ a Hindu historian/ entions/ =This s5stem as on+5 %onfine! in 8e+hi t as

not intro!u%e! in the ho+e emire=

This policy pro+ed to be a disincenti+e to the traders. Their profit argins &ere sapped/

because this policy broe the concentration of oney in trader hands.

This policy &as greatly resented by the usli nobility and the Hindu eleents/ &hich

constituted the ajority of Indian population. The policy tried to crush the po&ers ofre+enue collection achinery &hich &as onopoli?ed by the Hindus.

This policy also crushed the po&er of nobles/ &hich &ere the bacbone of Sultanate. It

broe the concentration of oney in fe& hands.

Con%+usion

Despite its liitation s/ the policy1s no+elity/ coprehensi+eness and effecti+eness can

not be underestiated. This policy earned Sultan the status of greater adinistrator

aong the edie+al rulers.

Sultan &as teperaentally +ery perse+erant and he hiself too een interest in these

refors. He super+ised the and announced e#eplary punishent for the culprits.

0hilji &as great judge of en/ that enabled hi to appoint +ery efficient adinistrators.

oreo+er/ Sultan &as fully a&are of the psyche of coon people and ne& ho& to

force people to copliance.

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL


48/110

Mon(o+ Po+i%5 of the Su+tans of 8e+hi

Out+ines,

8 Introduction

> 3ho &ere ongols Iltutish policy of ongols

F Ra?ia Sultana1s policy of ongols

C hiyas-ud-din $alban1s policy of ongols

E Ala-ud-din 0hilji1s policy of ongols

7 !onclusion

ntro!u%tion,

Assues uni'ue position in the history of edie+al India

It constituted an effecti+e response to the rising enace of ongols during the last

'uarter of 8th!entury by pursuing aggressi+e policies against ongols/ $alban &as able

to resol+e ongol 'uestion on long ter basis

India &as faced &ith the initial phase of Delhi Sultanate and ongols ho+ered around the

9orthern frontiers of India and ade intrusions into the territories of Punjab and Sindh.

Mon(o+s, The ongols inhabited the stepps beyond the obi desert touching the anchurian

frontier in 9orth Asia. It &as a noadic race &hose priary sources of li+elihood &ere

cattle breeding/ horse-breeding/ hunting and fishing.

ongols &ere di+ided into se+eral groups &hich &ere ostly in enity &ith each other.

Aong one of those tribal groups &as bornTemuchin titled Chen/ai +han. He created

an e#tensi+e and ighty epire and assued the title of Chen/ai +handuring his life

tie.

Chen/ai +hancon'uered large parts of !hina/ Southern Russia/ !entral Asia/ Turey

and Afghanistan and becae a terror to the Islaic &orld. He &as ne+er defeated in his

life and &hene+er he attaced/ he got unprecedented success. He belie+ed in &holesale

plunder and assacre/ thus terrori?ing people &ith a +ie& to get 'uic subission fro

his eneies. 3hene+er he &ent/ he &iped out e+en signs of culture.


49/110

The rise of ongols &as under Chan/ai +han and Hulaqu +hanand their

!eath=in central Asia and &estern Asia. It &as the biggest blo&/ &hich uslis &ould

e+er suffer.

A odern 3estern &riter calls it


50/110

ongol started intrusion into the territories of Punjab and Sind/ &hich &as a great threat

for the ne& ruler lie Altutish.

Altutish de+ised a ongol policy/ but it laced courage and resources to confront this

threat.

The ongols had uprooted order and established epires in !entral and South 3est

Asia.

1 .emaine! in %aita+,

He de+ised his foreign policy/ eeping in ind the fear of ongol in+asion and abstained

fro the policy of e#pansion.

He &ould ha+e to e#peditions at distant place/ as far as possible/ he stationed in the

!apital.

2 Aointment of aria-+e a!ministrators,

He appointed such go+ernors and adinistrators/ &ho could effecti+ely counter the

ongol threat. :or instance/ he appointed Sher 0han as o+ernor of Punjab and ultan/

&ho checed the enace of ongols +ery effecti+ely.

After Sher 0han1s death/ he appointed his o&n son Prince uhaad as o+ernor of

ultan.

Siilarly he appointed his younger son/ $ugrah 0han as go+ernor of Saana. After

$ugrah1s appointent to $engal/ $alban assigned Prince uhaad the Pro+ince of

'ultan and !amana.

3 Maintaine! three !efensie +ines,

$alban aintained three defensi+e lines to cobat the ongol threat on long ter basis a. :irst defensi+e line


51/110

+ ntro!u%tion of Esoina(e,

He introduced the spy syste in e+ery departent.

Spies &ere ade independent of coanders/ e+en ept chec o+er his sons and

adinistrators.

i Ba+-ans a((ressie o+i%5 of Mon(o+s,

$alban follo&ed an aggressi+e policy to&ards ongols. He pursued an offensi+e policy

rather than a defensi+e policy to&ards the ongols.

He started raids on the ongols/ &hich benefited hi a lot.

All other attacs &ere 'uelled/ coanders &ere arrested and hanged.

:or instance/ the ajor ongol in+aders &ere defeated in 8>74 and 8>JC. Prin%e

Mohamma!&as artyred after he &as chasing the retreating ongols in 8>JC.

Heatures of A+a9u!9!in Mon(o+ Po+i%5,

The in+asion of Tar/i (78a&aened Ala-ud-din to the need of frontier defence. He

lie $alban too soe defensi+e easures to guard the 9orth-3est frontier of his

doinion.

1 Aointment of Caa-+e a!ministrators an! ;enera+s,

He appointed such go+ernors and adinistrators &ho could effecti+ely counter the

ongol threat.

The ost capable and trusted officers &ere placed in charge of the frontier defence.

5hai 'ali0&as appointed the o+ernor of the Punjab in 85C. As a o+ernor of

Punjab/ he could chec the enace of ongols +ery effecti+ely. He also carried out raids

into the ongol territory as far as ha?ni and 0abul.

2 Constru%tion an! .eair of o+! forts in 8e+hi,

He ordered to repair and reconstruct the old forts of Delhi and the ne& ones to be set up

on the route of the ongols lie Uch& 'ultan& !amana& Depalpur& %a0pattan and

Hansietc.

3 .eor(aniation of Arm5,

!ultan *la$ud$din +hiljicreated a large standing ary directly recruited by hiself and

the soldiers &ere paid by the state. Sultan used to thin that po&er and perpetuation ofingdo depends upon an efficient ary and ci+il achinery.

He recruited an efficient ary/ consisting of F/ 7C/ 555 soldiers and 75/555 horses.

He ept a standing ary in the forts/ aintained a separate and peranent ary for the

defence of the 9orth-3est frontier.

This ary &as stationed at +arious places and could be siultaneously obili?ed.


52/110

*la$ud$din +hilji also introduced 1Hulia2 #uniform* of the soldiers. He got the

preparation of descripti+e role of the soldiers so that the teporary substitutes ight not

be sho&n on the parades.

:or this purpose/ he established the et=

*la$ud$din +hiljialso too fi#ed salaries for the soldiers. Pre+iously/ the ilitary &as

gi+en land in lieu of their ser+ices/ but 0hilji abandoned this practice. 9o& the ary &as

gi+en reuneration and fi#ed salaries.

Ary &as recruited in the nae of 0ing and paid salary in cash fro the go+ernent

treasury. As a result of this/ Sultan Ala-ud-din 0hilji not only becae the Supree leader/

but also the pay-aster general of ary.

He &as able to obtain full loyalty of ary.

A sufficient salary &as fi#ed for e+ery soldier/ &hich aounted to >F tan0asannually. It

sees that >5tan0asper onth plus ration &as the fi#ed salary for e+ery soldier.

A an/ ha+ing t&o horses/ &as gi+en shos

9e& &orshops &ere also erected to anufacture the ipro+ed types of &eapons to fight

against the ongols.

D .aisin( the a!!itiona+ Hor%es

Po&erful aries &ere stationed atDepalpur& 'ultan and !amana.

Additional forces were deployed at the route of the Mongols.

6 Bran!in( the horses,

He introduced the practice of branding of horses in order to pre+ent any cheating so that

unfit horses ight not be brought to battle field.

He established et= only reser+ed for the ary.


53/110

Pro7e%ts of'ohammad bin Tu/hlaq#132D913D1*

Out+ines,

8. Introduction. Projects of ohaad bin Tughla'

a. ,stablishent of !apital in Deogir

b. 0hurasan ,#pedition

c. *arachil ,#pedition

d. Introduction of Toen currency

e. ,nhanceent of ta#es in the Doab

. !onclusion

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

Pro7e%ts of'ohammad bin Tu/hlaq#132D913D1*

1 ntro!u%tion,

Ulu/h 0han&as the original nae of ohaad bin Tughla'.

His period colud be di+ided into t&o phases< 8>C-C and 8C-C8. The first phase

(8>C-C) &as the period of coparati+ely peaceful/ prosperous and no signs of

rebellions &ere located in his reign. During the second phase (8C-C8)/ ohaad bin

Tughla' faced a series of troubles and difficulties and these rebellions could be &itnessed

in the location of Sind/ ujrat/ $engal and Deccan.

As 6sh,ari %arsad coented/in(s ho sat

on the throne of 8e+hi after Ara-s=


54/110

2 Pro7e%ts of Mohamma! -in Tu(h+a&,

4ia Fud$din Barnientions fi+e projects ofM(hammad bin )u*hla"naely (8) the aing of

Deogir into a capital under the nae ofDaulatabad/ (>)the enhanceent of ta#es in the Doab/

()Khurasan +pditi(n ,. /arachile#pedition and (C) the introduction of toen currency.

a Esta-+ishment of Caita+ in 8eo(ir,

i 8e%%an as ea>est frontier,

'ohammad bin Tu/hlaq&as a an of e#perience and outstanding genius. He ne& the

iportance of Deccan proble/ &hen he &as an incharge of e#pedition to ;arran/al

during the life tie of his father.

He obser+ed that Deccan &as the ost dangerous and &eaest as a defensi+e point of

+ie&. So he ared a ne& policy after his accession to throne.

ii ntro!u%tion of s+ami% Cu+ture,

Hindus &ere in ajority in Deccan. Socially/ politically and econoically the Hindus had

pre-ponderance rather than the uslis. So he &anted to introduce the Islaic culture in

Deccan.

As 'ehdi Hussain describes about Sultan ohaad1s desire/ e Deo/ir a

%enter of Mus+im %u+ture an! +ant there a %o+on5 of 'uhammadans=

iii Esta-+ishment of a %entra+ %aita+,

Due to the crucial condition ofDeccanproble/ he &anted to ae another capital in

Deogir under the nae ofDaulatabadby taing it under his personal charge.

!. '. 60ram oines that e 8eo(ir his %aita+ -e%ause it as

%omaratie+5 %entra+ an! e&ui!istant from Delhi& 5ujrat& #a0hnauti& !at/on et%

an! the other arts of his emire=

i Contro+ of ast Emire,


55/110

He had a +ast epire/ so it &as difficult to control such epire fro the distant capital.

He &anted to consolidate the authority of the central go+ernent. He ne& the fact &hen

Ala-ud-din 0hilji con'uered the Deccan states/ but he ga+e control to the localRajas.

Or!ers of Su+tan,

The Sultan ordered his influential nobles/ upper classes/ theologians/ outstanding

inhabitants of Delhi to lea+e Delhi.

Hindus &ere not ordered to lea+e Delhi as Sansrit inscriptions of 8>7-8>J sho&.

6bn$e$Batutastated/


56/110

.easons for Hai+ure,

There &ere +arious reasons

-+hurasanEe!ition #133*,

Sultan directed to&ards Deccan due to the encourageent of 0hurasani nobles.

ohaad bin Tughla' recruited an ary of /87/555 soldiers for this purpose.

Tarmashirin

Air 9auro?/ son-in-la& of Tarmashirin

This e#pedition did not ateriali?e due to the political changes.

% arachilEe!ition,

Sultan ohaad bin Tughla' too another e#pedition.

Sultan ne+er thought about the idea of con'uering !hina/ but historians brought a charge

against hi.

His ain purpose &as only to bring the refractory hill station under his control.

+husru 'ali0/ &as appointed as a general of this ary for this e#pedition/ but he becae

o+er- confident. 3hen his ary ad+anced in the hilly areas of Tibet/ his ary &as

o+ertaen by rains/ sno&fall and disease.

The &hole recruited ary for this purpose &as destroyed &ith the e#ception of fe&.

! ntro!u%tion of To>en %urren%5,

Thomas describes Sultan


57/110

Toen currency of copper due to scarcity of sil+er. It &as a necessity.

There are se+eral allegations upon Sultan regarding his introduction of toen currency.

They clai that Sultan1s prodigal generosity/ the faine/ the e#penditure in transference

and re-transference of capital persuaded hi to issue the toen currency.

e Enhan%ement of taes in the 8oa-,

:ailure of the 0hurasan and *arachil e#peditions and the fiasco of the toen currency

affected the finances of the state and led the Sultan to increase ta#es in Doab.

:arishta claied that ta# &as increased three or four ties/ but Mia-i ud-din $arni opined

that it &as ten to t&enty ties.

According to6sh,ari %arsad&e! the (+or5 of his rei(n an! set his su-7e%ts a(ainst him=

3 Con%+usion

'ehdi Hussain&rote in the boo/ 1Rise and :all of 'ohammad bin Tu/hlaq2'


58/110

:iru !hah Tu/hlaq#13D1913II*

Out+ines,

8 Introduction

> Process ofIslamizati(n

Agricultural Refors

F :ond of Architecture

C 3elfare State

E :iru?1s ,#peditions

7 Re+enue Refors

J !onclusion

1 ntro!u%tion,

:iru !hah Tu/hlaq &as a son of Rajab and a cousin of 'uhammad bin

Tu/hlaq

He &as a staunch follo&er of Isla.

He ga+e high place to the Ulemas in his court. Those Ulmasalso guided hi in

the atters of adinistration

:iru? Shah Tughla' also too +arious steps for the introduction of +arious

refors.

:or the &elfare of the people/ he arranged the arriages of the daughters of poor

people.

2 Pro%ess of s+amiation,

Staunch follo&er ofIslam(he &anted to appease the uslis)

He ga+e high status place to Ulemasin his court. Those Ulmasalso guided hi in

the atters of adinistration. It &as their decisions that bounded the Sultan. The

Sultan did nothing &ithout consulting the.

He go+erned the country according to the la&s of!hariat

He inflicted se+ere punishents upon the Hindus and the $rahins for their

isconduct and the iposition of 0azi#a on the &as a state policy. It should be


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reebered that the able uslis &ere not e#epted fro the payent of 'akat

&hich &as far hea+ier than the %a?iya. All uslis &ould pay'akatincluding the

Shia sct.

3e should forget the age of cruelty and intolerance in &hich he &as li+ing and

:iru !hah&as not ad+ance of his age.

He built os'ues andMadrisasfor the spread and propagation of Isla. He also

hired the ser+ices of Su1is andUlmasto pay the salaries.

His reign &as rearable during the &hole Islaic adinistration due to the

constructi+e refors.

Hindu historians e#aggerated and under estiated his policy of Islamizati(n.

They alleged hi that the Hindus &ere put to death. Infidel boos and the idols

&ere publicly burnt. 9o place &as gi+en to the Hindus in his country. He also

burnt the Hindu literature. $ut the Hindus &ere in ajority &hen he &as ruling

o+er the state.

He also ga+e about si# lakh tankaallo&ance to the learned en and the *uranic

readers.

;oolsle" Hai/ opines about his era/


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%onstru%tion of these %ana+s' the area -e%ame roserous an! eer5 to mi+es

!istan%e' a ne i++a(e aeare!=

4ia$ud$din Barni&a faous usli historian/ also praises :iru !hah Tu/hlaq

lie/ 55 cities and to&nship ainly including-odhpur& :iru +otla&

:irupur& *mbalaet%

He brought t&o historical pillars/ one fro'aratand the other fro Hamali"a

Hills.

.:ro the point of +ie& of construction/ he &as the best ruler aong the cro&ned

heads of the edie+al rulers.

He is no&n as 5 palaces in Delhi.

This sho&ed that

6 Po+i%5 of Ee!itions,

:iru !hah Tu/hlaqhad no lust for the con'uests.

:irstly he arched to&ards $engal/ because $engal proclaied herself as anindependent state.

He ade friendly settleents &ith the rulers of)a/ar0ot and rissa.

His last e#pedition &as to&ards the Thatta (7@=. 2ater he ga+e the idea up the

aing of the further con'uests.


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I Con%+usion,

Shams Afeef &rote about the prosperity of state during his reign/


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Causes of the 8e%+ine of Su+tans of 8e+hi

Out+ines,

1 ntro!u%tion,Sultans of Delhi faced any inherent and other e#treist factors/ &hich led the to&ards their

decline. 3ith the passage of tie/ the &ea rulers lie 2r(z Shah )u*hla"etc. also could not

tacle those issues reasonably/ &hich led the Sultans epire to&ards disintegration.

2 .easons of Hai+ure,

Auto%rati% ru+e of the Su+tans

A-sen%e of the +a of Su%%ession

astness of the emire Po+iti%a+ nsta-i+it5

Consirationa+ ro+e of the no-i+it5

Emer(en%e of n!een!ent an! semi9in!een!ent states

B+un!ers of'uhammad bin Tu/hlaq

Aeasement Po+i%5 of :ero !hah Tu/hlaq

.o+e of S+aes

.eia+ of feu!a+ism

Horei(n nasions

3 Con%+usion


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4ahir$ud$din Babur

Out+ines,

8. Introduction

>. His contributions

a. ,stablishent of ughal ,pire in India

b. Introduction of go+erning ideology

c. 2iterary contributions

d. ilitary ,#ploits

. Personal traits of $abur i. Depiction of $abur1s personality

ii. His pri+ate life as a standard of orality

iii. Teperaent

i+. enerosity &ith the friends

+. As a religious an

+i. 2o+e for 9ature

+ii. reat Mest for 2ife

+iii. Deterined Person

F. As a soldier and eneral

C. As a scholar

ntro!u%tion,

!.'. Gdwards describes in his boo/


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The reason is that he &as the only person/ &ho not only ruled o+er India/ but also

founded the ughal dynasty in India.

A%%or!in( to 8r A Smith' 55 years.

% Literar5 %ontri-utions,

1Tu0$i$Babri2 is one of the greatest literary achie+eents of $abur. It is said about

$abur that a &inning battle could not ae hi iortali?ed but the Tu?-i-$abri &ouldha+e e+en then iortali?ed his nae.

! Mi+itar5 e+oits,

His ilitary e#ploits could be categori?ed aong his contributions.


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He possessed great energy and staina and such bodily strength that &ith =his feet in

stocings/ he used to jup along the turrets of a fort and soeties he juped fro one

turret to another carrying t&o en under ars.

ii $is riate +ife as a stan!ar! of mora+it5,

!.'. Gdwardsdescribes in his boo/


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He ne+er punished Hindus on the grounds of religion/ &hich sho&ed his Islaic attitude

&ith non-uslis.

He belie+ed/


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As a so+!ier an! ;enera+,


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1Tu0$e$Babri2 and 1Babur )ama2&ere the asterpieces of $abur.

His other boo &as 1'ubain2 in 8C>8->>. It contains t&o hundred +erses/ priarily

dealt &ith the Islaic :iqha. He had &ritten ad+ices to his son/+amran/ in this boo.

He &as &ell-+ersed in graar and poetry. He &as also an author of 6lm$i$*rous (6lm$i$*rousno&ledge &hich deals &ith the o?ones of poetry). He &rote a boolet no&n as

1Risala$i$*roui2& &hich dealt &ith the science of eters in the poetry.

He also played the ser+ices as a translator.Risala$i$;aldia&as &ritten by Ubaid Ullah

*hrar/ &ho &as a spiritual guide of Timurites. $abur translated it into Persian +erses. It

contained >F +erses. $esides/ these contributions sho&ed his scholarly taste.

He &as also a great Chu/taipoet in T

indian history notes by sir ah tisha mali butt

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