industrialised building system (ibs)

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INTRODUCTION

Background

The industrialised building system (IBS) can be generally interpreted as in which all

building components are mass produced either in a factory or at site factory

according to specifications with standardise shapes and dimensions and transported

to the construction projects site to be rearrange with certain standard to form a

building.

The development of industrialised building system (IBS) is not new in the

construction industry. The history of precast in U housing dates from the mid!"##$s% when this and other forms of industrialised (prefabricated) construction were

used to address the problem of widespread destruction of housing stoc& during the

Second 'orld 'ar.

In the United States% the use of precast in the construction industry began in the

construction of prefabricated steel house by eneral ouse in !"*#. owever the

early efforts of rationalising and implementation faded +uic&ly due to price in

competitiveness% high capital and inconsistent local codes. The use of precast

increased sharply after the Second 'orld 'ar due to the need to resolve critical

shortage of houses.

In ,alaysia% the implementation of precast concept by using precast concrete

building were introduced in ,alaysia in !"-- when the government launched two

pilot projects for precast housing which involves the construction of Tuan&u bdul

/ahman 0lats in uala 1umpur and the /ifle /ange /oad 0lats in 2enang. Both

projects were the first time whereby precast elements were used to construct mass

houses. 1ater% 2erbadananemajuan3egeri 4ohor (23S) import the precast

concrete technology from ermany for the construction ranging from low cost

housing to lu5urious housing such as bungalows and semidetached.

Today% many private companies in ,alaysia have teamed up with foreign e5perts

from ustralia% 3etherlands% United States and 4apan to offer precast solutions to

their projects. 3umerous construction projects have utili6ed the precast components

especially to meet the re+uirement of time constraint and with high accuracy and



+uality. The precast components are mainly use in the construction of schools%

colleges% +uarters% apartments% hospitals% roads% port and other infrastructures. 7ven

so% the usage of precast in building in ,alaysia is still low as compared to developed

countries such as 4apan% United States and 7urope. 0rom a survey conducted by

8onstruction Industry 9evelopment Board (8I9B) ,alaysia% the level of usage of IBS

in the local construction industry is at !:; based on the IBS Survey <##*. The main

barriers that impede the growth of IBS are the resistance from the parties involved in

the construction. The local authorities are generally unwilling to ma&e changes in

local building regulations that need a lot of time% wor&s and cost to establish the

legislative% structural planning and economic conditions for industrial development.

The developers have to plan a larger project scheme in order to reduce the costs of

houses for economic viability. The contractor will relatively play less important role

because most of the responsibilities will be ta&en over by the precast manufacturer.

0urthermore% the subcontractors who rely on labour will be out of business due to the

fact that prefabrication will reduce the number of wor&ers and replace them with

machines.



What is Industrialised Building System?

The term =Industrialised Building System $$ is often misinterpreted as system limited

only for the buildings% whereas it is in fact cover all types of structures as the word

>building$ actually relates to >constructing$. It not only building% e5ample bridges%

highways% tunnels% dams.

Is a term used in ,alaysia for a techni+ue of construction where by components are

manufactured in a controlled environment% either at site ? off site% placed and

assembled into constructions wor&s.

8I9B@ 8onstruction process that utili6es techni+ues% products% components or

building systems that involved prefabricated components and on site installation.

Is the term to represent the prefabrication and construction industriali6ation concept

in ,alaysia. The term was joined to shift from the typical paradigm of prefabricated

system IBS has been introduced as a method with better productivity% +uality and

safety.

IBS can defined as products% systems and techni+ue used in ma&ing construction

less labourAoriented% use more machines% faster as well as +uality controlled. Itgenerally involves prefabricated products% factory manufactured elements that

transported to the construction sites and erected. (Shaari% <##)

Industrialised process is an investment in e+uipment% facilities% and technology with

the objectives of ma5imising production% minimisinglabour resources and improving

+uality while a building system is a set of interconnected element that joint together

to enable the designated performance of a building. ('arswas&i% !""")

ccording to 8I9B ,alaysia% IBS may be defined as >construction systems in which

component are manufactured% on or offAsite% positioned and assembled into a

structure with minimal additional site wor&s$.

7sa and 3uruddin (!""C) asserted that an IBS is a continuum beginning from

utilising craftsmen for every aspect of construction to a system that ma&e use of

manufacturing production in order to minimise resource wastage and enhance value

for end users.



8urrently% the Industrial Building System (IBS) in ,alaysia has gradually widely used

as a modern method of construction. s an e5ample% the Industrial Building System

(IBS) has been applied in several projects such as uala 1umpur International

irport (1I)% government +uarters in 2utrajaya% 1 Sentral% 1ight /ail Transit (1/T)

and Bu&it 4alil Sport 8omple5. Besides% Industrialised Building System (IBS) 8entre

which is located at 4alan 8han Sow 1in% 8heras% uala 1umpur was established to

help on the evolment of the system. The implementation of Industrialised Building

System (IBS) in this country will help to reduce the entrance of foreign labor and to

e5pedite the progress of the construction.

There are five type of IBS generally used in construction@

!) 2reAcast 8oncrete 0raming % 2anel and Bo5 System

<) Steel 0ormwor& System*) Steel 0raming System) 2refabricated Timber 0raming:) Bloc& 'or& System

HISTOR

In ,alaysia% the history of industriali6ed Building System can be lin&ed bac& to the

year !"-*% where then% the government sent an architect from 4abatanerja /aya

(2ublic 'or&s 9epartment ) to 7urope to learn more on industriali6ed buildings. The

housing industry has started e5perimenting with industriali6ed construction in the late

!"-#$s with construction of two pilot projects of high rise low cost flats *##" units of



flats in 4alan2e&eliling% uala 1umpur in !"--% and *D! units of flats in 4alan

2adang Tembo&% 2ulau 2inang in !"-D.

1/T Station 188

2e&eliling 0lat 1 Tower

IBS C!"SSI#IC"TION

enerally% there are four types of building systems currently available in ,alaysia

according to Badir/a6ali building system classification (Badir et al. !""C)% namely

conventional% cast inAsitu% prefabricated and composite building systems is shown in

0igure !. 7ach building system is represented by its respective construction method

which is further characterised by its construction technology% functional and

geometrical configuration. 'ars6aws&i (!""") asserted that the building system



could be classified in different ways% depending on the particular interest of their

users or producers. Such classification use construction technology as a basis for

classifying different building systems. In this manner four major groups can be

distinguished namely% system with timber% steel% cast in situ concrete% and precast

concrete as their main structural and space enclosing materials. These systems can

be further classified according to the geometrical configuration of their main framing

components as follows linear or s&eleton (beams and columns) system% planar or

panel systems% and three dimensional or bo5 systems.

,aj6ub (!"DD) e5pounded that the relative weight of components should be used as

a basis for building classification is presented in Table !. The factor of weight has

significant impact on the transportability of the components and also has influence

on the production method of the components and their erection method on site. The

classification by weight also has the advantage of distinguishing between the various

basic materials used in the production of component which by itself could determine

the characteristic of the system under study. owever% ,aj6ub$s classificationmethod is found to be inade+uate to incorporate other building system flourish

recently. Ene of the distinct e5ample is the interloc&ing load bearing bloc&s which

was the brainchild of a group of researchers in Universiti 2utra ,alaysia. This new

building system cannot be categorised according to frame% panel or even bo5

system. En the other hand% the composite system that combines two or more

construction method cannot also be categorised under the ,aj6ub$s classification.

ence% the classification needs to be updated to reflect the current technological

advancement.



0ig. ! Type of building system in ,alaysia

Table !@ Building system classification according to relative weight of component

(,aj6ub% !"DD).



$SS$NTI"! N"TUR$ O# IBS

Standardi6ation and Tolerance@

0or accomplishing the re+uirement of modular coordination% all the components need

to be standardi6ed for production. Such standardi6ation of space and elements need

prescribing tolerance at different construction stages such as manufactured

tolerance% setting out tolerance and erection tolerance% so that the combined

tolerance obtained on statistical considerations is within the permitted limits (Tri&ha%

!"""). 2roduction resources can be used in the most efficient manner if the output is

standardi6ed. Then the particular process% machinery and wor&ers training can be

best absorbed to the particular characteristics of the product.

,ass 2roduction@The investment in e+uipment% human resources and facilities associated with

industriali6ation can be justified economically only when a large production volume isobserved. Such volume provides a distribution of fi5ed investment charge over a

large number of product units without unduly inflating their ultimate cost (8I9B

Singapore% !""<).

Speciali6ation@1arge production output and standardi6ation of preAcast elements allow a high

degree of labor speciali6ation with the production process. The process can be

subdivided into a large number of small homogeneous tas&s. In such condition%

wor&ers are e5posed to their wor& repetitiously with higher productivity level.

ood Ergani6ation@igh production volume% speciali6ation wor& and centrali6ation production re+uires

an efficient and e5periences organi6ation capable of high level panning% organi6ing%

coordination and control function with respect to production and distribution of the

products ('ars6aws&i%!""").

Integration% 2lanning and 8ontrol of the 2rocesses@In order to obtain an optimal result% a high degree of coordination must e5ist between

various relevant parties such as designer% manufacture% owner and contractor. This is

archived trough integrated system in which all these functions are performed under unified authority ('ars6aws&i% !"""). The design% manufacture% assembly and other

related process re+uires a coherent structure and management from the start to the

end in order to reach the goal and deliver a ma5imum value to the customers.

thorough planning of all activities is therefore re+uired especially in the early stage of

projects where e5tra attention must be paid to design (architectural as well as

engineering)% planning and preparation. By wellAprepared processes% complete

design when the production starts and the use of separately developed technical

system% supported by structured planning methods% the e5ecution of the process will

run smooth and with a low amount of defect and errors. The strive is towards 6ero

defects and minimum amount of waste (1essing et. al% !""").



2roduction 0acility@The initial capital investment for setting up a permanent factory is relatively

e5pensive. 2lant% e+uipment% s&illed wor&er% management resources need to be

ac+uired before production can be commenced. Such huge investment can only be

brea&even if there is sufficiently high demand for the products. En the other hand% a

temporary casting yard or factory can be established at the project site in order to

minimi6e the transportation costs (2eng% !"C-).

Transportation@It is found that casting a large panel system can reduce labour cost up to *# percent.

owever% these cost savings are partly offset by the transportation costs. The

transportation of large panels is also subject to the road department and relevant

authorities (2eng% !"C-).

7+uipment at site@

0or the purpose of erecting and assembling preAcast panel into their position% heavycrane is re+uired especially for multiAstory building. It is therefore important to

incorporate this additional cost when adopting a preAfabrication system ('ars6aws&i%

!""").

T%$ O# IBS



Industrialised Building System is a system which use industrial production

techni+ues either in the production of components or assembly of the building or

both. (0arid'ardi !""D). Under this system% the industry operate more li&e a

manufacturing sector where most parts of building is made up of manufactured

components and installed on site. The system can either be Epen or 8losed system.

8lose system (8S)@

closed system can be classified into two categories% namely production based on

client$s design and production based on precaster$s design. The first category is

designed to meet a spatial re+uirement of the client$s that is the spaces re+uired for

various functions in the building as well as the specific architectural design. In this

instance% the client$s needs are paramount and the precaster is always forced to

produce a specific component for a building. En the other hand% the production

based on precaster$s design includes designing and producing a uniform type of building or a group of building variants% which can be produced with a common

assortments of component. Such building includes school% par&ing garage% gas

station% low cost housing% etc. 3evertheless these types of building arrangement can

be justified economically only when the following circumstances are observed

('ars6aws&i% !""").

closed system can be classified into two category such as the production based on

the design form the owner or client and the production is based on the preAcaster$s

design. The first category is design to fulfill the space re+uired for any function in the

building as well as specific for the architectural design. In this case% he owner or

client re+uirement is the one important that company need to ta&e focus% and preA

caster$s is need to be forced to produce a specific component to type of building or a

group building variants% where it can be produced with a common assortment of

component. The building such as 2ar&ing garage% school% gas station% low cost

house and other.

But this type of building arrangement can only justified as economically when thefollowing are observe% such as the si6e of project is large enough to allow the

distribution of design and production cost over the e5tra cost per component incur

due to the specific design% the architectural design observe large repetitive element

and standarsation in respect to this% a novel prefabrication system can overcome the

re+uirement of many standarsation element by automating the design and

production process. There get enough demand for a typically type of building such

as school so that a mass production can be obtained. nd the last one is there is an



intensive mar&eting strategy by preAcaster to enlighten the client and designer the

potential benefit of the system in term of economic and noneconomic aspect.

0ollowing the approach classified in the si5ties as closed building system first a

project is designed and secondly subdivided into a number of building parts which is

will be produced especially for that project. In all case a lot of component are bought

on the mar&et% therefore one should ta&e care that certain dimension of the selfA

produced building part fit with these other component% li&e an e5ample% an apartment

bloc& is divided during the design process into concrete wall and floor plates. These

concrete element are designed in such a way that the connection s between them

are possible. t the same time one should ta&e care that the opening in the wall

element are coordinated with the window or doors one wants to use. lso thesanitary e+uipment should be fit.

Epen System (ES)@

In view of the limitations inherent in the closed system% an open system which allows

greater fle5ibility of design and ma5imum coordination between the designer and

precaster has been proposed. This system is plausible because it allow theprecaster to produce a limited number of elements with a predetermined range of

product and at the same time maintaining architectural aesthetic value. In spite of

many advantages inherent in an open system% its adoption e5periences one major

setbac&. 0or e5ample% joint and connection problem occur when two elements from

different system are fi5ed together. This is because similar connection technology

must be observed in order to achieve greater structural performance.

The term =Epen Building SystemF is used when the starting point is totally different.

Ene does not start from specific project but one develops set element which is can

be combined in many way so the term can be used when two following condition are

fulfilled such a limited number element which are part of the system%% an unlimited

number of different project can be reali6ed. There will however always be a set of

constrain for the design of those project. The =design guideF will inform the designer

of the rules he has to follow (grid% positioningArules% re+uirement for stability) the

=element catalogueF provide an overview of all the possible element of a system and

the second is the building element of that EBS are coordinated with component of

different producer. This is the condition already necessary for a Semi open buildingsystem.



The main objective is to introduce the new concept system of Epen building system

(EBS) in <#!#% it$s the long term and systematic approach toward a positive

development of building industry. The EBS not only reengineer our construction

process such as supply chain% trade% design and other% but it transform the way of

doing the business in construction. Its allow opened supply of IBS where the

construction can bid the lower price with other company. Its stronger recommend to

allow the manufacture and assembler to enter the mar&et% thus its reducing the price

of IBS component. The EBS open the chance of new business and built the new

company that more small and medium for Bumiputera to able produce construction

components.

Epen building system also give a value to the customer or client with provide theaesthetical% the practical selection and fle5ibility for the construction product mar&et

since the supplier will only be motivated to invest in new product and innovation

solution if they can fore see enough sale. 1ocal technologies on IBS component

such as in lightweight components and interloc&ing bloc&s can be fully utili6ed. EBS

allows at some points% customers and house buyers to be involved in design% trough

selection of building components at the onset of the project. The adoption of the

EBS together with fully utili6ation of IBS will greatly benefit the building industry as itincreases the production capacity% lower manpower re+uirement% shorten

construction time% improve +uality and in the long run bring down the overall building

cost.

The following condition must be fulfilled li&e it must be possible develop different

EBS. 9ue to the general rules governing those system concerning dimensional coA

ordination% compatibility of performance) the decision to choose one specific EBS

can be postponed during the design process as long as necessary in a specificsituation. 1i&e an e5ample during the design process on has decided not to use a

bearing wall structure but a s&eleton. Ef course at the moment system ma&ing use a

bearing wall are e5clude but the competition is open between system based on

concrete or steel% between column and beam system and portal frame. The same

building parts and the Epen Building Sub system can be integrated in as many

different EBS as possible. The building part of different EBS can be e5change as

much as possible between such systems%



The concept =Epen Industriali6ationF is not only incorporating prefabrication% but also

rationali6ed traditional method li&e system for in situ shuttering% system for

rationali6ed bric&laying.

Industry through the government bodies such as 8I9B and SI/I, need to build or

develop with the standard ,alaysia for the component of IBS. It$s important because

two prefabricated part only fit on the building site if their dimension and the joint used

in closed system protected by patent. They are specifically design to fit the preA

caster prefabricated component and it is not supporting holistic concept of openness

in EBS. Through their research by 8I9B% construction research institute of ,alaysia

(8/7,) has been collaborated with 2ublic wor& department (2'9) and also from

the University of 3ottingham to see the strength% stiffness% ductility and stability of theconnection. EBS able to target the achievement for the mar&et because the

customer will li&e the aesthetical and the design space of EBS system.

,ar&eting EBS concept to this target group will give a huge and profitable mar&et

since the supplier will only be motivated to invest in new products and innovation

solution if they can foresee enough sales. 7ducate the customers to be more

involved in design stage is the way forward to promote EBS. 8ustomer can choose

their building materials at the onset of housing development. This can create good

mar&eting gimmic& to developers in order to attract homebuyers. 9evelopers% then

can play their role to advice designers to design according to ,odular 8oordination

(,8) and based on available IBS components in the mar&et. Then% the contractors

will pay the role of coordinating the installation of components according to

customer$s wish. Based on IBS /oadmap% 8I9B will publish EBS /oadmap%

introduce EBS Steering 8ommittee% to conduct EBS international seminar% publish

EBS catalogue and to use EBS as a main criteria to judge the contender for ,alaysian 8onstruction Industry 75cellent ward (,8I7).

IBS /oadmap also &een to produce more Bumiputera contractor to be as a

manufacture or erector in the near future. The construction of lifeAsi6e structures at

the compound of IBS 8entre% uala 1umpur will be the first ever attempt at showA

casing a diverse range of products and techni+ues in the construction technology

mar&et. The full scale structures will demonstrate attempts at using the EBS and



combination of multi IBS products and components in building designed according to

,S !#-% the ,8 design standard.

The components involve in this EBS pilot projects are from 2ryda (,alaysia) Sdn.

Bhd. (/oof trusses)% B2B ,alaysia ypsum Sdn Bhd. (Internal wall partitions)% I4,

Building Systems Sdn Bhd. (0ormwor& systems)% 8orporate Builders SdnBhd (28

'alls)% Ba&tianSdnBhd (28 'alls)% 82 Industries Bhd (alf Slabs)% Setia 2recast

SdnBhd (28 'alls)% 7astern 2retechSdn Bhd. (ollow 8ore Slabs G Toilet 2od)%

249 8oncrete 2roducts SdnBhd (28 'alls)% HenbesSdnBhd (Bloc&s)% 8S/ Building

,aterials (,) SdnBhd (1ightAweight Bloc&s)% 1afarge /oofing Systems SdnBhd (/oof

Tiles)% S Interior 9Jcor SdnBhd (/ailings)% oe 0oc& 'ooden 'or&s SdnBhd

('ooden 'indows G 9oor 0rames)% STE Sea SdnBhd (2ainting)% 4ohan 8eramicsBerhad (Tiles).

1et$s hope that EBS will not only improve performance and +uality in construction%

minimi6e the dependency of uns&illed foreign labours but also giving the values to

customers by providing aesthetical% practical option and fle5ibility to construction

products profitable mar&et since the supplier will only be motivated to invest in new

products and innovation solution if they can foresee enough sales.

0igure <.! Epen System Building 0ramewor



IBS CH"R"CT$RISTICS

8lose Industrialised Building system

The 8lose system is follow to the rules of dimension% position and interface of

component are important elements of 8S. It can be defined as selfAcontained and

independent of system with the following characteristic@

!) 0actory fabrication?production and site assembled<) /e+uired sophisticated organi6ation*) /e+uired efficient transport system) 7ach system is uni+ue:) !##; factory made component (fabrication) and assembly at site.-) /e+uire sophisticated organi6ation. The si6e of project is large enough to

allow for distribution of design and production costs over the e5tra cost per

component incur due to the specific design.D) The architectural design observes large repetitive element and

standardisation. In respect to this% a novel prefabrication system can

overcome the re+uirement of many standardised elements by automating the

design and production process.C) 7ach system is uni+ue and cannot combine with other system.") There is an intensive mar&eting strategy by precaster to enlighten the clients

and designer the potential benefit of the system in term of economics and

noneconomic aspects.!#)/e+uire efficient transport system and sufficient demand for a typical type of

building so that a mass production can be obtained.

Epen building system

The open building system is follow to the rules of dimension% position and interface of

component are important elements of EBS. It can be defined with the following

characteristic@

!) Epen system building is the innovative design and construction<) The open system is fle5ibility component that can change and subsystem

from variety of manufacture and supplier.*) Its ta&e the advantage of an open mar&et of building component that fit

together% geometrically and functionally for a wide variety of building type.) Its will increase the encourage participation from manufacture and assembler

to enter the mar&et% and at the same time it will reducing the price of IBS

component.



:) It strive the concept of modularity and separate the different of level of

decision ma&ing.-) The use of standard jointing system to fi5 two or more system together in one

building.

D) It able to discuss with the client to choose any component of building with use

the catalogue of component that already prepared or provide by the company.C)") Uniform with standards dimension and joint for building component. ,ethod

and coordination is not so different in each component.!#)EBS will encourage higher level of industrialisation through preAassembly and

automation!!) It allows interchangeability of components and subAsystem from variety of

manufactures and suppliers.!<)1arge scale demand and encouraged by government due to wide job

opportunity it can create.!*)Uniform standard component help to ease in building maintenance due to

easy obtaining building component from suppliers.!)8ooperation G coordination is importance between designer% manufacture G

building firm.!:)It allows customer involvement in design. 8ustomer can chose any building

components using components catalogue provided by the developers.!-)The fle5ibility to coordinating and interchanges building component must be

smooth.!D)0le5ibility to combine with costume precast design component G traditional

method.!C)It advocates a concept of modularity and separation of different levels of

decisionAma&ing.!")The use of standard jointing system to fi5 two or more system together in one

building.<#)It ta&es advantage of an open mar&et of building components that fit together%

geometrically and functionally for a wide variety of building types.<!)It will encourage participation from manufactures and assemblers to enter the

mar&et% thus reducing the price of IBS components.

Im&ortant To Im&lement Industrialised Building Sytem 'IBS( In )alaysia

*ecause+

!) igh demand from the clients in construction activities.



<) igh number of foreign labor to be employed to do the hand jobs. 'ith the

implementation of Industrialised Building System (IBS)% the number of

foreign labor and the cost of the construction project can be reduced.*) The economical forces can be one of the reasons why the Industrialised

Building System (IBS) is so important to our country. This factor may affect

the organi6ational of the clients and also the construction progress.) Benefits to adopters in term of cost and time certainty% attaining better

construction +uality and productivity% reducing ris& related to occupational

safety and health% alleviating issue on s&illed wor&ers and dependency on

manual foreign labor and achieving ultimate goal of reducing overall cost

of construction (8onstruction /esearch Institute of ,alaysia% <##").

ISO ,--- . /uality management

ISE "### is a +uality management standard that presents guidelines intended to

increase business efficiency and customer satisfaction. The goal of ISE "### is to

embed a +uality management system within an organi6ation% increasing productivity%

reducing unnecessary costs% and ensuring +uality of processes and products.

The ISE "### family addresses various aspects of +uality management and contains

some of ISE$s best &nown standards. The standards provide guidance and tools for

companies and organi6ations who want to ensure that their products and services

consistently meet customer$s re+uirements% and that +uality is consistently improved.

Standards in the ISE "### family include@

ISE "##!@<#!: A sets out the re+uirements of a +uality management system

ISE "###@<#!: A covers the basic concepts and language

ISE "##@<##" A focuses on how to ma&e a +uality management system more

efficient and effective

ISE !"#!!@<#!! A sets out guidance on internal and e5ternal audits of +uality

management systems.

ISO ,--0+1-02

ISE "##!@<#!: sets out the criteria for a +uality management system and is the onlystandard in the family that can be certified to (although this is not a re+uirement). It



can be used by any organi6ation% large or small% regardless of its field of activity. In

fact% there are over one million companies and organi6ations in over !D# countries

certified to ISE "##!.

This standard is based on a number of +uality management principles including a

strong customer focus% the motivation and implication of top management% the

process approach and continual improvement. Using ISE "##!@<#!: helps ensure

that customers get consistent% good +uality products and services% which in turn

brings many business benefits.

IBS SU%%! CH"IN #OR O%$N SST$) "ND C!OS$D SST$)

The importance of the Industrialised Building System (IBS) was highlighted under the

Strategic Thrust : of the ,alaysian 8onstruction Industry ,aster 2lan (8I,2).

owever% the fragmentation and adversarial relationships among players in the IBS

supply chain has been identified as the major obstacles in the IBS construction

project delivery and environment. The main research will loo& into the challenges of

IBS supply chains in the project procurement delivery. This paper will present the

results from semiA structured interviews conducted on &ey IBS supply chain players

with interesting outcomes which include the critical challenges on behavioural issues

of attitude% relationship and communication.

3owadays% in the era of globalisation and innovation% construction project delivery

and activities need highly technical techni+ues% s&ills and wor&ing practices that

contribute towards a productive construction environment and sustainable

development (Isnin et. al% <#!<). Thus% the construction industry is highly concern on

addressing the evaluation of manufactured product in relation to control sustainability

and waste generation of the construction environment. In support of this% the

,alaysian construction industry has introduced the IBS construction approach as

being of significant importance on enhancing the construction controlled environment

which transferred onAsite to offAsite manufacturing products. IBS re+uires a high level

of coordination and integration of supply chains from the design% manufacturing and

construction stages and involves relationships between many organisations and

processes with the evolution of many specialised roles and embedded relationships.

The success of IBS construction depends on the understanding of the factors that



drive the construction success as well as the problems and challenges around it

(ibb GIsac&% <##!).

owever% the fragmentation and adversarial relationships among players in the IBS

supply chain has been identified as the main hindrance of the IBS construction

project delivery. 9ifficult to integrate and establishing integration between IBS supply

chain is attributed to the variety of professions and s&ills involved in the project

delivery procurement practices (0ai6ul% <##-) the challenges in achieving successful

delivery of IBS projects would be loo&ing at encouraging integration through the

supply chain integration

Epen System@

Supply chain that been use under this system are been made by use several

manufacturer company. 7ach component of construction are been made by different

manufacturer or supplier. There are several characteristic to be noticed before ma&e

an order such as +uality% +uantity% mar&et price% e5tra service location% ability and

potential. These things is very important to ma5imi6e the advantages of open

system. This type of system could provide the good challenges between themanufacturers.



8losed System@

'hile% supply chain that been use under this type are more uniform and arranged

because all those building component that involved in construction are been

prefabricated under one manufacturer. 'hen it been prepare and plan by one

manufacturer% other wor&s are become easier and smooth. The transportation cost

and time could be reduce to they are under same company. Besides that% that

payment are also become fast.

O&en Building mo3ement



!. 1evels@

Specific spheres of control in the built environment. The built environment can be

seen as having an hierarchical structure in which higher levels serve as the setting

and conte5t in which lower levels operate. s such% higher levels

e5ercise dominance over lower levels% while lower levels are dependant on higherA

level structures. 75amples of levels include urban design and architecture% or base

building and fitAout.

<. Base building@

The part of a multiAtenant building that directly serves and affects all occupants. In

conventional 3orth merican practice% base buildings are constructed by speculative

office building developers% leaving choice and responsibility for the reminder of the

buildingKthe fitAout A to occupants. The base building normally includes the buildingLs

primary structureM the building envelope (roof and facade) in whole or partM publiccirculation and fire egress(lobbies% corridors% elevators and public stairs)M and

primary mechanical and supply systems (electricity% heating and air

conditioning% telephone% water supply% drainage% gas% etc.) up to the point of contact

with individual occupant spaces. Base buildings provide serviced space for

occupancyM Supports is another term for base building.

*. 0itAout (tenant wor&)@

The physical products and spaces controlled by the individual inhabitant or occupant

used to ma&e habitable space in a base building. 0itAout can change without forcingthe base building to change.

. 8apacity@

The measurable +uality of a base building to accommodate a range of variations

in floor plan and use within the constraints of a given base building. ,ore generally%

capacity concerns the degree of Epen Building freedom offered by a higher level to a

lower level.

lobal movement@

!) 8I9B?overnment adopted this approach in IBS initiative<) lobally accepted features @

!. ,ultiA suppliers<. 0le5ible 1ayout (2ast K Eccupation)*. 2refabrication. 1ife K cycle:. Ewn fitAout?interior -. /aised ? fle5ible floor system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_envelope

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_envelope

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure



"D4"NT"5$S O# O%$N BUI!DIN5 SST$) "ND C!OS$S BUI!DIN5 SST$)

O&en Building System

EBS is the long term and systematic approach toward a positive development of

building industry. The introduction of EBS will not only reengineer our construction

process (supplyAchain% trades% design% etc.) but will transform the way of doing

business in construction. It allows openness in IBS supply chain where builders can

bid for lower price of components. It encourages participation from manufactures and

assemblers to enter the mar&et% thus reducing the price of IBS components. EBS

creates new businesses and develop more small and medium company particularly

Bumiputera manufacturer that capable to produce construction components.

EBS also giving the values to customers by providing aesthetical% practical option

and fle5ibility to construction products profitable mar&et since the supplier will only be

motivated to invest in new products and innovation solution if they can foresee

enough sales. 1ocal technologies on IBS component such as in lightweight

components and interloc&ing bloc&s can be fully utilised. EBS allows at some points%

customers and house buyers to be involved in design% trough selection of building

components at the onset of the project. The adoption of the EBS together with fully

utilisation of IBS will greatly benefit the building industry as it increases the

production capacity% lower manpower re+uirement% shorten construction time%

improve +uality and in the long run bring down the overall building cost.



In Epen Building System (EBS)% a building can use two or more systems. It allows

openness to selects components supplier where everybody can bid to produce lower

price of components. ,anufacturer and installer will loo& for cooperation models that

will create benefit for both. EBS also allows the precaster to produce a limited

number of elements with preAdetermined range of product and at the same time

maintaining architectural aesthetic value. The cost of building components will be

reduced in the long run where plenty of options are available in the mar&et. It also

permits hybrid application.

The &ey aspect of EBS is dimensional coordination to allow fle5ibility in form of

construction% and the capacity to deal with differences in dimension and tolerance. In

order to obtain an optimal result% a high degree of coordination must e5ist betweenvarious relevant parties such as designer% manufacturer% owner% and contractor. This

is achieved through an integrated system in which all these functions are performed

under a unified authority. Therefore the subdivision of the building process needs to

reflect the lines of decision ma&ing and the definition of responsibilities between the

parties. This subdivision can then be translated into specifications for connections

between building parts.

Epen Building System (EBS) was first promoted during the rebuilding years of postA

war 3etherlands. The rules for dimensions% positions and interfaces of components

are important elements of EBS.

There are several advantages of open building system@

!) EBS is an innovative design and construction

<) It allows interchangeability of components and subAsystem from variety of

manufactures and suppliers*) It ta&es advantage of an open mar&et of building components that fit together%

geometrically and functionally for a wide variety of building types) It will encourage participation from manufactures and assemblers to enter the

mar&et% thus reducing the price of IBS components:) It advocates a concept of modularity and separation of different levels of

decisionAma&ing

-) The use of standard jointing system to fi5 two or more system together in one

building



D) It allows customer involvement in design. 8ustomer can chose any building

components using components catalogue provided by the developersC) EBS will encourage higher level of industrialisation through preAassembly and

automation

") 1onger life span!#)Speed of construction!!)3on dependence on uns&illed wor&ers!<)Technology intensive methods!*)igher level of productivity!)Significant changes to project management including the need for off site

management!:)Increased efficiency and speed!-)Improved +uality!D)Improved predictability

!C)In the longer run this system provide cheaper construction cost

Closed Building System

closed system can be divided into two categories% namely design and production

according to customer design and production based on preAcasters. The first

category is designed to meet customer space re+uirements% that is% the specific

building design and construction of various features of the space re+uired. In this

case% the customer needs is critical% preAcaster always forced to a specific part of the

building. En the other hand% the fabrication on the basis of preAcasters design%

including design and production of a single building type or alternative of a group of

buildings% can generate common component assortments of. Such building includes

school% par&ing garage% gas station% low cost housing% etc. 8ommitment because of

specific design and project large enough to allow for the additional cost of each

component in design and production costs of distribution.

Epenerved a large number of architectural design elements of repetition and

standardi6ation. In this regard% a new &ind of prefabricated systems can automated

the design and production process to overcome a number of standardi6ed elements

of the re+uirements. There is sufficient demand% is a typical types such as school

construction% so that mass production can be. There is a preAcaster intensive



mar&eting strategy to inspire customers and designers in the economic and nonA

economic aspects of longAterm potential benefits of the system.

There are several advantages of closed system@

!) ,eet customer re+uirement that increasing satisfaction and demands

<) 2rovide fle5ible design that could suitable with any type of building*) 4ust need specific space) Increasing cleanness at the site:) /educe construction period

-) /educing labour during prefabrication of component and site wor&sD) These method are easy to understand and constructC) 8onstruction component are guaranteed follow the standard") 2rovide perfect and fully function of construction component!#)There are no wastage and totally could reduce construction cost

T%$S O# IBS

%R$C"ST CONCR$T$ #R")IN56 %"N$! "ND BO7 SST$)S

I3T/E9U8TIE3

,ost common group of IBS products and use the permanent concrete formwor&s.

group of IBS which are cast under a controlled condition and moved to the job site.

TN27S E0 2/78STI3@

!) En site which is in the prefabrication yard.

<) EffAsite which is in the factory.

93T7S E0 2/78ST 8E38/7T7 U3ITS@

!) 8asting ta&es place in computerAcontrolled facilities where an e5perienced

crew produces units under close supervision.

<) 0orms are on the ground% ma&ing the placing of steel reinforcing% casting and

curing faster and easier.



*) Inclement weather does not slow down precast construction as easily as it

does castAinAplace jobs.

9IS93T7S E0 2/78ST 8E38/7T7 U3ITS@

There is a limiting factor where their si6e is determined by what can be moved by

truc& or railroad. ighway regulations limit the load si6es and weights. 75tra large

precast units can be cast by moving the forms to the job and casting them on the

site.

7O,217@

!) 2recast concrete columns.

<) Beams.

*) Slabs and walls.

) *A9 components.

ST$$! #OR)WOR8 SST$)S

I3T/E9U8TIE3

8onsidered as lowestAlevel or the least prefabricated IBS as generally involve site

casting and subject to structural +uality control. The products offer high +uality

finishes and fast construction with less site labour and material re+uirement.

221I8TIE3S@

!) otels.

<) ostels.

*) 0lats.

) partments.

TN27S E0 0E/,'E/@

!) 'all formwor&.

<) Tunnel formwor&.



93T7S@

!) Involves simple operations with a minimum of wor&ers.

<) 8onstruction of concrete buildings become more efficient.

*) ,anual labour wor&s can be reduced.

) Better surface finishes.

:) ,ass production of units.

-) 8asting under cover.

7O,217@

!) Tunnel forms.

<) Tilt up systems.

*) Beams moulding forms

) 8olumns moulding forms

:) ,etal dec&.

ST771 0/,I3 SNST7,S

I3T/E9U8TIE3

Steel framing systems have always been the popular choice and used e5tensively in

the fastAtrac& construction of s&yscrapers. It is commonlyused with precast concrete

slabs or metal dec&s steel framing systems which comprise of steel columns and

beams. This system consisting costAeffective profiled coldAformed channels and

steel portal frame systems as alternatives to the heavier traditional hotArolled

section.

93T7S@

!) Buildability.

<) Simplicity of construction.

*) reater construction speed.



) 7conomy of construction can be enhanced further by the large number of

repeated components in the structural system.

7O,217@

!) 1ight gauge steel framing.

<) 1ight steel trusses.

2/70B/I8T79 TI,B7/ 0/,I3 SNST7,S

I3T/E9U8TIE3

Timber frame system has their own niche mar&et which is offering interesting

designs from simple dwelling units to buildings re+uiring high aesthetical values

such as chalets and resorts.

,4E/ I,2E/TI3 8EU3T/I7S@

!) 7urope.

<) ,iddle 7ast.

*) United States.

) 4apan.

:) ustralia.

US7S E0 TI,B7/@

!) 1ight structural compartments in a permanent structure.

<) eavy decorative purpose.

*) Timber based products.

93T7S@

!) 7asily available.

<) igh weight strength ratio.

*) Suitable for all usage.

) Beautiful appearance and finishing.

:) igh durability if properly treated and used..



7O,217@

!) Timber building frames.

<) Timber roof trusses.

B1E8'E/ SNST7,S

I3T/E9U8TIE3@

!) The tedious and time consuming traditional bric&Alaying tas&s are greatly

simplified by the usage of these alternative method.

<) walling unit of length% width or height greater than that specified for a

bric&.

*) eight of a bloc& shall not e5ceed either its length or si5 times its thic&ness.

TN27S E0 B1E8'E/ SNST7,@

!) Solid bloc&.

<) ollow bloc&.

*) erated or cellular concrete bloc&.

) Interloc&ing hollow bloc&.

93T7S@

!) /eduction in labour usage.

<) Speed of construction.

*) Superior properties such as thermal and sound insulation and also free

resistance.

7O,217@

!) 8oncrete mansory units.

<) 1ightweight concrete units.



5O4$RN)$NT I)%!$)$NT"TION #OR INDUSTRI"!IS$D BUI!DIN5 SST$)

The construction industry plays a big role in ,alaysia$s development and e5pected

be a major contributor towards the realisation of ,alaysia ision <#<#. lthough the

construction industry is very competitive% it is currently very labourAintensive. The

ineffectiveness and low productivity are caused by the failure of the industry to utili6ethe new as well as other relevant labourAreducing technologies.

IndustrialisedBuilding System (IBS) is a building systems in which structural

components are manufactured in a factory% on or off site% transported and assembled

into a structure with minimal additional site wor&s. In order to remain competitive

especially in the era of globali6ation% the ,alaysian government has formulated a

roadmap called IBS roadmap <##*A<#!# to promote the usage of IBS in the local

construction industry. Ene of the targets is to reduce the level of foreign wor&ers to

only !:; by the year <#!#.

Besides reduced dependency on labour% the simplified construction solutions also

offer better control of +uality% increased productivity and faster completion% less

wastage% neater and safer construction sites and cleaner environmentM which lead to

a lower total construction costs. The usage of IBS is not new in the ,alaysian

construction industry% particularly the usage of precast concrete elements in the

construction of dwelling units since nearly four decades ago. 0rom there% numerousconstruction projects in ,alaysia have utili6ed IBS% especially when there

re+uirement is to build fast and with high precision and +uality. 3evertheless% the

usage of IBS in the ,alaysian construction industry is still very low if compared to

the conventional method. recently completed survey conducted by

8onstruction Industry 9evelopment Board ,alaysia (8I9B) on the application of IBS

by ,alaysian contractor$s shows that the usage in local construction projects is

about *#;.



Industrialised Building System (IBS) is regarded as many terminologies such as a

product% process% techni+ue% approach% system and development model. There have

been many programmes and promotions by ,alaysian overnment in order to

implement the IndustrialisedBuilding System (IBS) as an efficient and valuable

construction system. 7ven though the IBS has been used since !"--% there is not an

agreed definition on Industrialised Building System (IBS) which could elaborate this

construction method. 3evertheless% there have been a number of studies which

describe the Industrialised Building System (IBS) as offAsite method (manufacturing%

production and construction)% construction and building system (automation% nonA

traditional Industrialisation% innovative solutions% modularisation% prefabricated%

precast and preAassembled.

8onse+uently% without considerations to these various definition the main objective of

IBS construction implementation is to improve the efficiency% +uality% cost

effectiveness% safety and health% waste reduction and effectiveness within the

construction industry. To achieve this objective% IBS should be viewed as altering the

conventional perception% improving the capability and competency% enhancing the

cooperation% trust and team wor&ing% encouraging the innovation and attaining the

high integration. 8onse+uently% major advantages of Industrialised Building System(IBS) implementation are@ faster and cleaner construction% less labour% wastages and

construction costs% site materials reduction% better +uality and effective site

management% improve standardi6ation and +uality improvement that ultimately will

produceimproved IBS within the construction industry.

IBS is not new in ,alaysia and have beenaround since the early si5ties. The first

pilot project was initiated by the overnment and itwas along 4alan2e&eliling which

involved*%### units of low cost flats and # shop lots.owever% developments in IBS

after that failedto gain support from the industry andconsumers. 0rom a survey done

by 8I9B on<##*% it was found that the percentage usage ofIBS in the local

construction industry is only ata mere !:;. owever% several major worldclass

developers in ,alaysia have used some percentage of IBS in their projects.

mong the reasons that have made IBS notvery popular with the developers would

betheabundance of cheap foreign labours in thecountry. 8urrently there are about

<:#%###wor&ers in the construction industry. Theovernment effort to reduce the



foreignwor&ers to not more than !: percent of thecountry% labour force in the ne5t

five yearswould be an impetus for the local developers touse IBS. By using a

superior constructiontechnology that re+uires highly s&illed wor&ers%the dependence

on foreign wor&ers wouldsignificantly be reduced.,ost of the IBSs in ,alaysia have

beenvery recently established in the early "#s.

Thissudden and very rapid growth in the number ofIBSs is in perfect tune and

harmony with thetremendous amount of emphasis for buildingconstruction activities

in the ,alaysia Seventh0iveANear 2lan. The results of the analysisreveal that the

systems originating from theUnited States are the largest in number in

theconstruction industry in ,alaysia (<:;)%followed by those from ustralia and

ermany(!D; for each). In all the IBSs used in,alaysia% the locally produced

systems accountfor only !<;. ustria and the U.. represent C; and ;%

respectively. The rest of the buildingsystems (!D;) are originally from othercountries

such as 8anada% 0rance% 4apan% and0inland.Several projects that used IBS can be

seenas follows. i) 1I ii) 2utrajaya Bridge iii)2etronas Twin Towers% iv) 1 Sentral.

7ven so% the usage of IBS in building isstill low. 0rom a survey conducted by8I9B,alaysia% the usage level of IBS in the localconstruction industry stands at only

!:; (IBSSurvey <##*). The early efforts of theovernment to encourage the use of

IBS in theconstruction sector has yet to garner a good response% and this sector is

still practicing conventional construction methods that

have proven time and again to be wasteful%dangerous and messy. /elatively% the

lowlabour cost in this country is the root cause ofthe industry failing to reform and

beingcomplacent with the current level

of productivity% +uality and safety. owever% itcannot be disputed that to be

competitive at theinternational level% it is important for the,alaysia construction

industry to evolve and beready for the globali6ation era where anincrease in

productivity% +uality and safety is amust.

IBS RO"D)"% 1--9.1-0-



The industry needs one fundamental planthat involves all the important aspects in

thisevolution process. In this respect% the IBS/oadmap <##*A<#!# is formulated as

areference for all parties in implementing

all programmes towards the modernisation of the,alaysian construction sector. The

IBS/oadmap <##*A<#!# has been discussed anagreed upon at the national level

through theIBS Steering 8ommittee and 'or&ing roupsorgani6ed by 8I9B

,alaysia where themembers are represented by the governmentsector% developers%

manufacturers% contractors% professional bodies% higher learning

institutions%associations% and other interested parties in theconstruction industry. The

IBS Steering8ommittee and 'or&ing roups have producedthe IBS /oadmap <##*

A <#!# based on the :A, strategy (,anpower% ,aterialsA8omponentsA,achines%

,anagementA 2rocessesA,ethods%,onetary and ,ar&eting) and will also ensurethat

its programs are implemented to meet thetotal industriali6ation of,alaysia$s

construction industry by the year <#!#.

En achieving a wider scale implementationof IBS scale for ,alaysia% the

overnment willalso give full e5emption on levy imposed By 8I9B for developers

who utili6e IBScomponents e5ceeding :# percent. These wisedecisions made by the

overnment willdefinitely create a lot of interest from theindustry to use IBS as analternative approachof construction. The ne5t stage of IBS would beto e5plore the

(e5port) of the system to overseasmar&et. The success of these efforts will enablethe

local construction industry to becompetitive and penetrate the global mar&et.



OTH$R T%$ O# IBS SST$)

Wood Wool Sla*

Thermal insulation is important to improve indoor climate and save energy in a

building. The use of thermal insulation material are% however% often limited in

developing countries. These a several reason% for e5ample the advantages of

thermal insulation materials are not &nown% then local thermal insulation material are

not available% imported thermal insulation materials are e5pensive and re+uired

foreign currently% use of thermal insulation materials re+uired modification incurrent

building methods. 'ood wool slab are easy to integrate with the most construction

techni+ues. ,any of material traditional used in contemporary buildings such a bric&%

concrete% stone% soil bloc& and other. Its have poor thermal insulation capacity. To

reach the same thermal insulation as !##mm of wood wool slab re+uired about m

natural stone% !.C concrete% D##mm soil bloc& or concrete hollow bloc& and :##mm

hollow bric&.



Characteristic o: ;ood ;ool

#ire Sa:e

0ires in underground garages are mostly caused by burning vehicles and result in a

tremendous amount of heat being generated. In order to protect the construction

against high temperatures during the fire% it is important to use high +uality and fire

resistant materials. Besides protecting the construction% the protection of people is

significant. 'ood wool panels act as a heat shield and protect the construction

during fire. Effers multilayer boards with limited combustibility or% which are nonA

combustible boards. They do not melt or produce burning droplets% and are rated in

the best class in terms of smo&e development.

"coustic

/educing sound is important in order to enlarge the living and wor& comfort level. In

par&ing garages for e5ample% constant driving in and out causes a considerable

amount of noise. Effers different solutions contributing to +uiet living and undisturbed

wor&ing above underground garages. The open surface structure of the wood wool

panels ensure outstanding acoustic properties. Effers different solutions% including

combination panels with mineral wool with e5cellent sound absorption.

Thermal

There are many reasons why should insulate. The most important reasons are lower

energy use% higher level of comfortable living% low investment% and reducing

cost and 8E< emissions% therefor itPs better for the environment. Thermal insulation

materials earn themselves bac& +uic&ly% both in new build as in renovation

applications. 'ith its roc& mineral wool or polystyrene% multilayer panels ensure



e5cellent thermal insulation for living and wor&ing areas above the underground

garages for e5ample.



Dura*le

'ood wool is naturally durable. It has the same service life as the building in which it

is used. The wood wool panels are easily fit into a tight ceiling. The high impact

resistance of the wood wool surface ensures optimal protection against any physical

damage.

$co :riendly

In the production of wood wool use is made of environmentally friendly raw materials

and green energy. The pac&aging of the products has been optimi6ed and production

waste is largely being recycled. 'ith certified wood% Technology and the optimi6ed

production process% the wood wool Insulation delivers guaranteed natural and

sustainable wood wool products. 'ith good type of wood wool are selecting a

+ualitative% sustainable solution.

2E1N,7/ I,2/73T79 8E38/7T7

8oncrete has served as an e5cellent construction material for many years. owever%

conventional concrete has the disadvantage of being susceptible to the ingress of

water. 2resence of water inside the concrete fre+uently causes problems in concrete

structures. The problems% such as free6eAthaw% corrosion of reinforcing bars are

considered to be serious problems because they are progressive and finally lead to

the complete failure of the structure. 9eterioration of concrete highway bridge dec&s

involves a number and interaction of variable such as loading pattern% material

characteristics% and environmental conditions. There have been e5tensive

investigations into the nature of deterioration of concrete bridge surfaces.

The use of polymer in concrete has been investigated to improve the strength and

durability performance of concrete. In general% concrete polymer materials can be

divided into * such as@

!) 2olymer impregnated concrete (2I8)<) 2olymer concrete (28)*) 2olymer cement concrete (288)

2olymerAimpregnated concrete (2I8) is prepared by impregnating the dried

conventional concrete with a li+uid monomer system. Usually entrapped air is



removed from the concrete prior to monomer application. fter the pores of the

concrete are filled. 'ith the monomer% polymeri6ation of the monomer is completed

by means of radiation or the thermal catalytic process.

2olymerAconcrete (28) consists of aggregate and monomer mi5ed together and

polymeri6ation of the monomer is completed after placement of the m!5ture of

monomer and concrete.

2olymerAcement concrete (288) is a mi5ture of cement% water% aggregate% and

monomer. These materials% included the monomerM are mi5edQ together and

polymeri6ation is completed after placement.



In general the 2olymer has improved the following concrete properties@

!) Impressive strength<) Tensile strength*) ,odulus of elasticity

) 'ater permeability:) 'ater adsorption-) /esistance to abrasionD) 9urability

The free6eAthaw durability was increased by more than *-# ;. The water

permeability and chemical resistance were reduced to negligible values. The water

absorption decreased by as much as ": ;. The compressive strength of high

pressure steamAcured concrete impregnated with glass forms and radiation

polymeri6ed has been found to be as high as <D###psi% The tensile strength and

modulus of elasticity have been found to increase by <"< ; and C# ;% respectively.

owever% the reason for increased strength is not completely understood. The

possible e5planations are@

!) The polymer acts as a random reinforcement.

<) The polymer increases the bond between the cement paste and theaggregate.

*) The polymer repairs micro crac&s in concrete.

) The polymer penetrates and reinforces the microspores in concrete.



1U,I3IU, ST/U8TU/7 0E/,'E/

luminium 0ormwor& System is a construction system for forming cast in place

concrete structure of a building. It is also a system for scheduling and controlling the

wor& of other construction trades such as steel reinforcement% concrete placement

and mechanical and electrical conduits. The System is fast% simple% adaptable and

very cost effective. It is uni+ue because it forms all of the concrete in a building

including walls% floor slabs% columns% beams% stairs% window hoods% balconies and

various decorative features in e5act accordance with the architectsL design. The

dimensional accuracy of the concreted wor& also results in consistent fittings of

doors and windows. The smoothKoff form finish of the concrete eliminates the need

for costly plastering. luminium 0ormwor& System provides luminium 0ormwor& for /88 load bearing or /88 framed multiAstoried buildings and enables the walls and

slabs to be poured in the same operation. These increases efficiency and also

produces an e5traordinarily strong structure with e5cellent concrete finish. 9ue to the

fine tolerance achieved in the machined metal formwor& components% consistent

concrete shapes and finishes are obtained floor after floor. This allows plumbing and

electrical fittings to be prefabricated with the certain &nowledge that there will be an

e5act fit when assembled. Unli&e other construction systems% 0ormwor& Systems of aluminium forms can be erected by uns&illed lab our and without the need for

hoisting cranes. The largest panel weighs not more than <: which means it can

be handled by a single wor&er.



1SS 0IB/7 /7I30E/879 N2SU, 1E9 B7/I3 (0/)

The threat of climate change caused by the increasing concentration of greenhouse

gases in the atmosphere is pushing the whole world into a catastrophic crisis

situation with universal concern. The need of the <!st century is for energy efficient

and ecoAfriendly products. The building industry accounts for #; of 8E< emissions.

Building construction causes 8E< emissions as a result of embodied energy

consumed in the production of energy intensive building materials and also the

recurring energy consumption for cooling and heating of indoor environment. /apid

wall% also called gypcrete panel is an energy efficient green building material with

huge potential for use as load bearing and nonAload bearing wall panels. /apid wall

is a large load bearing panel with modular cavities suitable for both e5ternal and

internal walls. It can also be used as intermediary floor slab?roof slab in combination

with /88 as a composite material. Since the advent of innovative /apid wall panel

in !""# in ustralia% it has been used for buildings ranging from single story to

medium A high rise buildings. 1ight weighted /apid wall has high compressive

strength% shearing strength% fle5ural strength and ductility. It has very high level of

resistance to fire% heat% water% termites% rot and corrosion. 8oncrete infill with vertical

reinforcement rods enhances its vertical and lateral load capabilities. /apid wall

buildings are resistant to earth+ua&es% cyclones and fire.



0IB7/1SS /7I30E/879 2371 (0/2)

0iberglass /einforced 2anels (0/2) are plastic sheets that come in both flat and

corrugated options. They have a wide variety of uses including roofing% s&ylights%

wall covers% greenhouses% and more. 0lat plastic panels commonly have designs%

te5tures% or patterns molded into the plastic% while corrugated plastic sheets are

typically smooth to the touch. 0/2 are more dimensionally stable than competing

materials such as 28 or polycarbonate. They can be used over a much broader

temperature range without concerns of warping% e5cessive e5pansion and

contraction or crac&ing and brittleness that is commonly associated with competing

materials. 8orrugated plastic sheets are available in various strengths and colors

depending upon application and budget. These range anywhere from economicalagricultural grade panels to e5tra strong% woven roving reinforced industrial grade

panels where strength and impact resistance are important. 0iberglass roofing

panels are also suitable for use in highly corrosive environments where e5posure to

chemicals or saltwater is a concern% are U resistant to sun e5posure and can be

made with fire retardants when re+uired. eavyAduty commercial grade fiberglass

sheets that are available in either flat or corrugated. The fiberglass panels are

perfect for greenhouses and s&ylights.



%artition ;all

partition wall is a wall that separates rooms% or divides a room. 2artition walls are

usually not loadAbearing. 2artition walls are constructed of many materials% including

steel panels% bric&s% bloc&s of clay% terraAcotta% concrete% or glass bloc&s. enerally

these are nonAload bearing walls and therefore% their cross section is ta&en thin.

2urpose of 2artition walls are to divide the floor area of the building and for privacy

purposes for the inhabitants of the building.

dvantages of 2artition walls is that these walls can be easily constructed because

they are thin in cross section. These walls are light in weight as their cross section is

thin so they occupy less area of the floor.

The Di::erence *et;een %artition and Bearing Walls<

There are two types of walls in a house% partition and bearing. 2artition walls dividethe interior space into rooms but support no weight. Bearing walls function as

dividers% but they also hold up part of the house.

Serving as important structural elements% bearing walls transfer the weight of the roof

and upper floors to the foundation. ll e5terior walls are bearing walls. They support

the roof at the ends of the joists. The interior bearing walls support the floors above

and the attic weight. They support the joists at midpoint.



T%$S O# %"RTITION W"!!S

9epending upon the material used partition walls may be divided into the following

different types@

!) Bric& partitions

<) ollow bloc& partition of clay% terracotta or concrete

*) lass partitions

) 8oncrete partitions K plain or reinforced

:) ,etal lath and plaster partitions

-) .8. sheet or .I. sheet partitions

D) Timber partitions

0< Brick %artitions+This may be constructed with plain bric&s% reinforced bric&s or bric&s nogged.

%lain *rick &artition

This type of wall is constructed by laying bric&s as stretchers in cement mortar. Thus

the wall is generally !#cm (half bric&) thic& and plastered considerably on both faces.

If properly constructed% it is considerably strong and fire resistant.

Rein:orced *rick ;all ':igure 0(+



This type of wall is similar to plain bric& partition wall e5cept that at every third or

fourth course% the bric&s are reinforced with iron straps <: to <C mm wide and !.-mm

thic&. ,ild steel bars -mm spaced at every third course of wall may be used as a

substitute for iron straps.

0ig.!@ /einforced Bric& 'all

Brick nogging ty&e &artition ;all ':igure 1(+

It consists of bric&wor& built within a framewor& of wooden members. The framewor&

consists of vertical posts called studs spaced at -# cm to !:# cm apart and held in

position by hori6ontal members called nogging pieces. The nogging pieces are

housed into the studs at -# cm to "#cm apart vertically. The function of the wooden

framewor& is to increase stability of the wall both along the length and height and to

ma&e it more right to withstand vibrational effect produced on account of careless

opening or closing of the window or door leaves. The bric&wor& is built by laying the

bric& flat or on edge and the surface is plastered from both sides. Thus the si6e of

the studs and nogging depends upon the thic&ness of partition wall. 0or !#cm thic&

partition wall% the studs and nogging should be !: cm wide so that after the

bric&wor& is plastered from both the faces% the timber framewor& may finish flush

with the wall face. This type of partition wall suffers from the drawbac& of the timber

getting delayed. ,oreover% the mortar used may not stic& well to the timber members

and thus the bric&wor& is li&ely to become loose after sometime.



0ig.<@ Bric&nogged 2artition 'all

1< Hollo; *rick &artition o: clay6 terracotta or concrete ':igure 9(+

ollow bloc&s moulded from clay% terracotta or concrete are now commonly used for

the construction of partition walls. Such walls are light% rigid% economical% strong and

fire resistant. They have good sound insulating properties. The si6es of the bloc&s

differ with the te5ture of the material. The thic&ness of this type of partition wall varies

between - cm to !: cm. these walls are constructed in similar manner as structural

load bearing walls.

0ig.*@ ollow Bric& 2artition wall

9< 5lass &artition ;alls ':igure =(+

These may be made from sheet glass or hollow glass bric&s. In case of sheet glass

partitions% sheets of glass are fi5ed in the framewor& of wooden members dividing

the entire area into a number of panels. The panels may be s+uare or rectangular

and their si6e varies with the choice of the individual. lass partitions are cheap%



light% and easy in construction and provide reasonable privacy and sound insulation.

The cost of maintenance of such partition is much more as glass is liable to brea&

when struc& hard by anything. 'ith the introduction of reinforced glass sheets% this

danger is greatly minimi6ed. ThreeAply glass and armour plate glass are some of the

varieties of sheet glass.

0ig.@ lass 2artition 'all

=. Concrete %artition > %lain or rein:orced ':igure 2(+



0ig.:@ 8oncrete 2artition 'all

2artition walls construction in concrete% plain or reinforced may be cast in situ or built

from panels or bloc&s% precast wall in advance of the commencement of wor&.

enerally for cast in situ walls% !# cm thic& and below% the reinforcement consistingof mild steel bars or B / 8 fabric is placed in the centre of the wall thic&ness.

8oncrete mi5 usually adopted in the wor& is ,!: (!@<@). The wall is cast

monolithically with the intermediate columns so as to be rigid and stable both along

its length and height. In case of precast concrete partition walls% precast concrete

slab panels and special shaped concrete post are used. The slabs are generally *<

mm thic& and are inserted in the grooves of the precast post and the joints are

subse+uently filled with mortar.

2< )etal lath and &laster &artitions+



,etal lath and plaster when properly laid forms a reinforced wall which is thin%

strong% durable and is considerably fire resistant. The metal lath is available in

variety of patterns and it generally re+uires a framewor& of steel or timber for the

purpose of fi5ing it in position. In case of partition walls with steel frames% lath is

generally tied by galvani6ed iron wire to mild steel bars or channels spaced !: to *#

cm apart. The latter is fi5ed on one side and the plaster is applied on both sides of

the lath. This type of partition wall may be : to D.- cm in thic&ness.

In order to achieve improved insulation against heat and sound% metal lath and

plaster partition walls can also be made with a cavity between the wall thic&ness.

This type of hollow partition wall is constructed by fi5ing the metal lath on both sides

of specially shaped steel channels spaced at *# to : cm apart. 9epending upon the

width of cavity desired% the channels are generally * to !#cm deep.

< "<C< Sheet or 5<I< Sheet &artitions+

2artition walls constructed from asbestos cement sheeting or galvani6ed sheet fi5ed

to wooden or steel members are mostly adopted in wor&s of temporary character.

These walls are economical% light and fairly rigid if constructed properly.

0or superior type of asbestos cement sheet partition walls% specially manufactured

slabs of the above said material are used. 7ach slab consists of core or corrugated

asbestos cement sheet with the plain asbestos cement sheet attached to it on either

side. The use of such slabs renders the partition wall more fireAresistant and ma&es it

have good heat and sound insulation properties.

@< Tim*er &artitions+

This type of partition walls consists of a wooden framewor& either supported on the

floor below or by side walls. The framewor& consists of a rigid arrangement of timber

members which may be plastered or covered with boarding etc from both the sides.

Such partitions are not fireAresistant and the timber forming the partition is li&ely to

decay or be eaten away by white ants. 'ith the introduction of new building

materials% the use of timber partitions is getting gradually reduced these days.

Bene:it o: constructing dry &artition ;all<

dvanced dry partition wall has emerged as the new focus to modern technology inhomes. The major developers have led the industry into using dry partition walls



between rooms in their residential projects. The constant improvement in

performance for plasterboard to suit the use in residential projects has ensured that

such wall system now meets high level specific cations in the areas of acoustic

insulation% thermal insulation and resistance to fi re and damp conditions. Besides

meeting statutory functional re+uirements such as fi re ratings% the heavy dutydrywalls are able to resist high impact and support loads such as televisions and

cabinets. 2erformanceAwise% the system is suitable for severe duty usage% having

passed the strength and robustness tests such as@ Stiffness% 9oor Slam% and Impact%

eavyweight nchorages tests% in accordance to Singapore Standard SS"<@<##!.

igh performance drywalls are tested to severe duty standards in strength and able

to withhold minimum loading of <: &g at each point. The fi re rating for the board is

about ! hour which satisfy as the fi re safety re+uirement for residential buildings.

9espite the =heavy dutyF label% the drywalls are lightweight (about !#A!:; the weight

of conventional bric& walls)M allowing designers to adopt lighter structures% which

results in savings in foundations cost. The drywall system is slimmer than

conventional bric& walls% thus creating more usable space for the rooms.

Installation o: dry &artition ;all<

The ease of installation of mechanical and electrical (,G7) services within the

boards will reduce the noise pollution that may be created with the hac&ing of bric&

walls to embed the services% providing a cleaner and environmentally friendly site.

The drywall system can be easily installed and +uic&ly relocated according to one$s

needs. omeowners can renovate and redesign the interior layouts within a shorttime% there is no messy hac&ing of concrete or bric&s and no debris to the



environment. The use of this system also facilitates dry construction that does not

re+uire for messy plastering as its smooth and even surfaces are ready to receive

paint fi niches directly. 'ithout the use of plastering% it would eliminate the possible

defects arising from low standard of wor&manship. Such advantages have led

developers to use drywalls for various developments% including good classresidential projects.

Dry ;all su&&orting strength<



0or light and medium duty anchor for fi 5tures such as mirrors% light fi tting or picture

frames on drywalls% simply use screwdriver to insert and tighten the screw until

secure. There is no need for hammer drills to ma&e holes in concrete or bric& and no

unsightly chun&s of concrete or bric& brea&ing out through imprecise wor&manship.

The drywall system is also able to support heavy fi 5ture such as large wallcupboards and heavy wall cabinets% but homeowners are advised to get contractors

to carry out the installation wor& with proper heavy duty anchors. 9evelopers li&e

8ity 9evelopments 1imited% 8apitaland /esidential 1imited% 0ar 7ast Ergani6ation

and 'orld 8lass 1and have adopted high performance drywall system instead of

conventional bric& walls in their recent projects% due to its +uality and sustainability.

CONC!USION



,alaysia need to use this IBS as it had a lot of positive impact to the construction

industry. 'hen we use this system% it will uplift our level of construction industry

comparable with international construction industry level.

By using this system% we will speed up all the construction process since all the

building system are casting in the factory. 'hen the system reached the site% it just

going through the assembling process.

The +uality control of the site management will be increased. This is because% there

is no much wor&s are being done on the site. The usage of tools and materials will

be reduced. It will facilitate all the wor&ers to ensure the site are always in a good

condition.

'hen there is a good +uality control% the number of accident occur in the site will be

decreased or maybe 6ero. 'ith the good condition of site% it will easier the site safety

or site officer to do the regular inspection on the site condition and the machineries

used.

industrialised building system (ibs)

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