information communication technology

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1

1'0 ye|skau

mqoa.,hskaf.a ffoksl lghq;= iy wdh;khkays" ldhidOkh" ksIamdokh" ldhlaIu;dj iy M,odhS;dj oshqKq lsrSu i|yd Nd; l< yels

fuj,ula f,i f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh uq f,dj u ykdf.k we;' tuksid wOHdmkfha O ugj, oS isiqkg f;dr;=re yd

ikaksfok ;dlaIKh ms

2

2'0 Ih ksfoaYfha wNsu;d:

Wiia wOHdmkhg fhduqu i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIK wOHdmk mokula msysgqu

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIK oekqu fjk;a lafIa;% i|yd fhdod .ekSug isiqka fhduq lsu

tfkod cSjk wjYH;d lkka yd ldhlaIuj bgqlr .ekSu i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIK oekqu Nd; lsf yqrej

isiqkg ,nd u

ienE f,dalfha mj;akd .eg i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh u.ska i fiug wjYH l=i,;d oshqKq lsrSu

ikaksfok lghq;= i|yd mrs.Kl cd,lrKfha jeo.;alu ms

3

2009 l%shd;aul jQ Ih ksfoaYh i|yd 2013 ksmqK;d ug hgf;a isl, ixfYdaOk

ixfYda; Ih ksfoaYh i|yd fhda; ld,fo ixLHdj 441 ls

ksmqK;d ugu bj;a lrk ,o Ih wka;.;h

ksmqK;d ugu 1.1 kqu ms

4

ksmqK;d ugu 6.1

w;:H u;l l

5

ksmqK;d ugu 1 0.7

imQKfhkau bj;a lr we;

ksmqK;d ugu 10.8

imQKfhkau bj;a lr we;

6

mdi,a jdr mdolj Ih ksfoaYh fnod .ekSug fhdacs; l%uh

fYa%Ksh jdrh ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d ug 12 jk fY%aKsh

m

7

13 jk fY%aKsh

m

8

3'0 f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh - w'fmd'i' ^W'fm

9

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d ugu wka;.;h ld,fo

1.3 f;dr;=rej, hqla; wdlD;shla f.dvk.d f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh iu. tys wkql+,;dj w.hhs'

o f;dr;=rej, hqla; wdlD;sh wdodkh" ieliqu" m%;sodkh

o f;dr;=rej, ld,Sk jkdlu f;dr;=rej, Wmu jkdlu

o m.Klh iy f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh flfrys tys wod,;ajh'

04

1.4 m.Kl moaO;shl uQ,sl ixrpl f;dard j.SlrKh lrhs'

o oDvdx." uDldx. yd iardx. o oDvdx. j.SlrKh o uDldx. j.SlrKh o ysl iys; uDldx. iy jD; uQ,dY% uDldx.

05

1.5 o;a; ieliq jk pl%fha l%shdldrl Yaf,aIKh lrhs'

o o;a; tla/ia lsf l%u ldhsl (Manual) l%u iajhxl%Sh l%u

m%ldY i,l=Kq lshjkh (OMR), m%ldY wkq,laIK lshjkh (OCR), pqnls; ;Ska; wkq,laIK lshjkh (MICR), ldm;a$ m$ ,dxPk$ pqnls; ;Sre lshjk (Magnetic Stripe Readers)

ixfol iy ,>qr (Sensors and Loggers) o o;a; j,x.=;d l%u

j. mlaIdj (Type Check)" we;snj mlaIdj (Presence Check) " mrdi mlaIdj (Range Check)

o o;a; wdodk wdldr Rcq wdldr yd ria: wdldr ud..; (Online) iy ud..; fkdjQ wdldr

o o;a; ieliqu ldKav ieliqu (Batch Processing) yd ;;ald,Sk ieliqu

(Realtime Processing) o wdjhksl l%u (Storage Methods) o m%;sodk l%u

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10


1.6 wdh;khkays O fh lafIa;%%j, f;dr;=re yd ikaksfjsok ;dlaIKh Nd;h uIKh lrhs'

o wdh;ksl lghq;= i|yd bosrsm;alsrS (Presentations) ksjfia isg ikaksfok cd, Tiafia ldhd,Sh lghq;= bgq

lsrSu (Telecommuting) fhda iuka;%K

02

1.7 iudch flfrys f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKfha n,mEu we.hSug ,la lrhs'

o f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKfhka ksudKh jQ m%;s,dN iudh iy wdl

o f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKfhka ksudKh jQ jdo Ihhka iudchSh jdkscuh ^wdluh& mdil iodpdrd;aul ffk;sl

mqoa.,sl;ajh yd uDldx. fld,a,lEu ysl Wmqgd.ekSu i|yka fkdlr msgm;a lsu n,m;a iys; uDldx.

06

11


ksmqK;dj 2( kQ;k mrs.Klj, ldhidOkh ia;r fldg ii|d n,ka mrs.Kl mrsKduh .fIKh lrhs'

2.1 ilikfha mKduhg wod

12

ksmqK;dj kssmqk;d ugu wka;.;k

ld,fo

2.2 oDvdx. yd w;=reuqyqK;a j, mrsKduh wdY%s;j mrs.Klfha M,odhS lS%hdldrs;ajh uid n,hs'

o m%Odk oDvdx. ixrpl wdodk Wml%u yd w;=re uqyqK;a uOH ieliq tallh yd u mqjrej m%;sodk Wml%u yd w;=re uqyqK;a wdphk Wml%u yd w;=re uqyqK;a

06

2.3 mrs.Kl wdlD;sfhA ^ks;fha& mrsKduh .fjsIKh lrhs'

o fjdka-kshqudka wdlD;sh mrs.Kl jevigyka .nvd lr md,kh lsrSf ixl,amh wdodk" m%;sodk" u;lh" md,k tallh yd ieliq tallh fijq-bIaG (Fetch-Execute) pl%h uOHu ieliq tallh (CPU)

.Ks;uh yd ;dlsl tallh(ALU) md,k tallh (CU)

u;lh

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ksmqK;dj 3( m.Klfhys o;a; ksrEmkh lrk wdldrh iy tajd .Ks;uh iy ;dlsl fufyhq i|yd fhdod.kakd wdldrh uIKh lrhs'

3.1 m.Klhl ixLHdxl o;a; (Numeric data) ksrEmkh lrk wdldrh Yaf,aIKh lrhs.

o ,l=Kqj;a (+ iy - ,l=Kq iys;) oYu ixLHd ksrEmkh ks, (Integers) ksh; ,laIH (Fixed Point) iy bmsf,k ,laIH (Floating

Point) ixLHd o m.Kkfha oS Nd; jk ixLHd moaO;s

oauh (Binary)" wIagl (Octal) iy I oYul (Hexa-decimal)

o ixLHd moaO;s w;r mj;k

05

3.2 m.Klfhys wlaIr" ixLHdxl iy ixfla;

ksrEmKh lrk wdldrh Yaf,aIKh lrhs'

o oauh fla;l oYu (Binary Coded Decimal) o ia;D; oauh fla;l oYu yqjudre fla; (EBCDIC) (Extended

Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) o f;dr;=re yqjudrej i|yd jQ wfursldkq iu; fla;h (American

Standard Code for Information Interchange) o tal fla;l ^Unicode)

04

3.3 oauh" wIagl yd I oYul ixLHdj, uQ,sl wxl .Ks;uh iy ;dlsl fufyhq Nd; lrhs'

o tl;=lsrSu" wvqlsrSu" .=Klsu" fnu' o wkqid; ;dlsl fufyhq (Bitwise logic operations)

05

3.4 m.Klfhys ,l=Kqj;a ixLHd ksrEmKh lrk wdldrh Yaf,aIKh lr, bmsf,k ,laIHh iys; ixLHd ksrEmKh lsu i|yd iu; l%u Nd; lrhs'

o 1 ys wkqmQrlh (1s' Complement) iy 2 ys wkqmQrlh (2s' Complement)

o bmsf,k ,laIH ixLHd m%u; wdldrfhka (Normalized form) ksrEmkh lsu

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ksmqK;dj 4( uQ,sl wxls; mm: iy Wml%u ksudKh i|yd ;l oajdr Nd; lrhs'

4.1 uQ,sl ;l oajdrj,gu wdfKsl l%shdld;ajhka wkqj tajd Yaf,aIKh lrhs'

o wxls; ;l oajdr (Digital logic gates) iy i;H;d j.= (Truth tables) uQ,sl ;l oajdr

NOT, OR, AND, XOR ixfhda; ;l oajdr

NOR, NAND, XNOR

04

4.2 nQ,Sh (Boolean) c .Ks;uh kS;s iy ldfkda is;sh (Karnaugh Maps) l%uh fhdod.kska ;dlsl m%ldYk iq lrhs'

o oa;;a;aj ;lKh (Two state logic) iy nQ,Sh c .Ks;h o Wm.%yK$m%;HlaI (Postulates/ Axioms) o kHdh$m%fh (Laws/Theorems)

kHdfoaY (Commutative)" ix>gk (Associative)" >gk (Distributive)

ijiduHh (Identity)" iu;sla;;dj (Redundancy) fuda.ka f.a (De Morgans) kHdh

o iu; ;dlsluh m%ldYk (Standard logical expressions) .+Ks;hkaf.a tl;=j (Sum of Product - SOP) iy tl;=j,

.=Ks;h (Product of Sum -POS) SOP, POS njg mj;kh iy m%;sf,dauh

o ;dlsl m%ldYk iq lsu nQ,Sh m%fhhka (Boolean Theorem) Nd;fhka ldfkda is;sh (Karnaugh Maps) Nd;fhka

05

4.3 ;dlsl oajdr Nd;fhka ir, wxls; mm: iy Wml%u ksudKh lrhs'

o i;H;d j.= iy ;dlsl m%ldYk ^wdodk y;rla olajd& o wxls; mm: ksudKh

05

15


ksmqK;dj 5(

m.Klhl mrsidOkh je hqKq lsug u;l l

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ksmqK;dj 6( m.Klj, iuia: l%shdj,sh l

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6.3 fufyhq moaO;sh m.Klhla ;=, l%shd;aul jk jevigykl l%shdhk (Processes) l

18


ksmqK;dj 07(

.eg i|Sf l%shdj,sfha oS mrs.Klhg Wmfoia ,nd oSu i|yd mrs.Kl l%uf,aL NdId (Programming Languages) fhdod.kS'

7'1 .eg i|Sf l%shdj,sh (Problem Solving Process) Nd;d lrhs'

o .egj y|qkd .ekSu o .egj yd tys iSudjka w:oelau o iu ie,iq lsrSu o iu mrSlaId lsrSu

04

7.2 .eg i|Su i|yd uqka (Top-Down)$ mshjrdldr msrsmy l%ufoh (Stepwise Refinement) fhdod.kS'

o fudhq,lrKh (Modularization) iy ixl,k (Mashup) o uqka - ie,iqu iy mshjrdldr msmyj o wdlD;s igyka (Structure Charts)

05

7.3 .eg i|Su i|yd we,af.d;l m%fYh fhdod.kS'

o we,af.d;u (Algorithms) o .e,S igyka (Flowcharts) o jHdc fla; (Pseudocodes) o yia;dkqfLk (Hand Traces)

06

7'4 l%uf,aL mj;kh lsf iy l%shd;aulf l%shdj,sh mlaId lrk w;r m%Nj fla; (Source Codes) hka;% fla; (Machine Codes) njg yeru i|yd mj;l (Translators) fhdod.kS'

o m%Nj l%uf,aL (Source Program) o Ih l%uf,aL (Object Program) o l%uf,aL mj;lhka (Program Translators)

w: kHdilhka (Interpreters) imdolhka (Compilers) oauh fla; (Binary Code) nhsg fla; (Byte Code) wefi, (Assembler)

o inkaOl (Linkers) o l%shd;aul l, yels fla;h (Executable Code)

04

7'5 ix.Dys; ixjOk mrsirh ^IDE)

.fIKh lr tys uQ,sl ,laIK ykd .kshs'

o ix.Dys; ixjOk mrsirfhys (Integrated Development Environment) uQ,sl ,laIK

o Nd;h i|yd Wmfoia f.dkq jD;lsu iy ;ekam;a lsu l%uf,aL mj;kh (Compiling) iy l%shd;aul lsu

(Execution) l%uf,aL fodaI ksudkh (Debugging)

06

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7'6 l%uf,aL ,sfoS l%uf,aL NdIdj, we;s uQ,sldx. fhdod .kS'

o jrK (Comments) o ksh;hka iy p,Hhkays N+ldj (Role of Constants &

Variables) o o;a; j.

uQ,sl (Primitive) jdia;l (Objective)

o ldrl ldKav (Operator Categories) wxl .Ks;uh (Arithmetical) iyinka; (Relational) ;dlsl (Logical) wkqid; (Bitwise) m%uqL;dj (Precedence)

06

7'7 l%uf,aL f.dv ke.SfoS md,k jHqy (Control Structures) fhdod .kshs'

o wkql%uh (Sequence) o jrKh (Selection)

ir

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7'9 l%uf,aLkfhaoS^ ldh noaO l%shd mmd Nd; lrhs' Funtion&

o Y%s; ldh noaO l%shd mmd (Functions) Y%s;hl ^ldh noaOhl& jHqyh fmr ieliq (Predefined) Y%s; ^ldh noaO& m%;Hd.uk w.hka (Return Values) Odk.; ;l (Command Line Arguments) mrsYS,l ksjpk Y%s; ^ldh noaOhka& (User Defined

Functions) o Y%s; ^ldh noaOhka& mrd;Ska (Function Parameters)

mrd;Ska mejrSu ^Parameters Passing) ia:dkSh iy Yaj (Local and Global)) mrd;Ska wdfksl ;dlsl w.hka (Default Argument Values) uQ, mo ;lh (Keyword Argument)

08

7'10 O hq.j, l%uf,aL l%shdoduhka ii|d fjki olajhs'

o l%uf,aL NdIdjkaf.a mKduh (Evolution) m

21


7'12 l%uf,aLhkaysoS f.dkq iy o;a;iuqodh yiqrejhs'

o uQ,sl f.dkq fufyhq jD; lsu yd jeiSu lshu iy ,su

o uQ,sl o;a;iuqodh (database) fufyhq f;au (Select) we;=,;a lsu (Insert) hdj;ald,Sk lsu (Update) uelSu (Delete)

08

7'13 o;a; fidhhs" f;darhs' o fif Ys,aml%u (Searching Techniques) wkq.dl fiu (Sequential Search) oauh fiu (Binary Search)

o f;af Ys,aml%u (Sorting Techniques) jrK f;au (Selection Sort) nqnq f;au (Bubble Sort)

08

22

ksmqk;djh ksmqK;d ugu wka;.;h ld,fo

ksmqk;djh 8( M,odhs f,i o;a; yd y ikaksfokh iy im;a fnod .ekSu i|yd" o;a; ikaksfok yd m.Kl cd, ;dKsl l%ufohka Nd;h .fYKh lrhs'

8'1 ;dlsl ixrpl fhdod .kska o;a; ikaksfokh i|yd hqla; wdlD;shla f.dv k.hs'

o o;a; ikaksfokh ye|skau o o;a; ikaksfok moaO;shl ixrpl

ifm%aIlh (Transmitter)" .%dylh (Receiver) ikaksfok udOH (Medium) kshudj,s (Protocols)

iuuqyq;lrKh (Syncronization) "ms

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8'3 M,odhS ikaksfokhla i|yd o;a; ifm%aIK l%ufo uYkh lrhs'

o o;a; ifm%aIKh iy m%;s.%ykh (Data Transmission and Reception)

o jdyl ix{d (Carrier Signals) o uQ,sl uQck ;dKhka (Basic Modulation Techniques)

m%;siu ia;dr uQckh (AM) ixLHd; uQckh (FM) l,d uQckh (PM)

wxls; ia;dr iSre udrej (ASK) ixLHd; iSre udrej (FSK) l,d iSre udrej (PSK)

o wxls; ;rx. m%;siu ;rx. njg yeru fudvuh (MODEM)

o m%;siu ;rx. wxls; ;rx. njg yeru lmk fla; uQckh (PCM) CODEC

05

8'4 udOH fnod.ekSu i|yd nyqm: ;dKhka

.fYkh lrhs'

o nyqm: l%ufha wjYH;dj (Need for Multiplexing) o nyqm: l%uh ye|skau

ixLHd;h fnod .ekSf nyqm: l%uh (FDM) ld,h fnod .ekSf nyqm: l%uh (TDM) fla;h fnod .ekSf nyqm: l%uh (CDM)

04

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8'5 o;a; ikaksfokh i|yd W; ifm%aIK udOH f;darhs'

o kshuq udOH (Guided Media) jD; /yeka (Open Wire) weUrs hq., /yeka (Twisted Pair) iudl /yeka (Coaxial Cable) m%ldY ;ka;= (Fibre Optics) /yeka i|yd cd;Hka;r ,s iy bf,lafg%dksl bxcsfkare

m%;s wxlkh (IEEE) o kshuq fkdjk udOH (Unguided Media)

.=jka ,s b;d Wp ixLHd; (VHF) w;s Wp ixLHd; (UHF) q ;rx. (Microwave)

fN!l (Terrestrial) pkasld (Sattellite)

wfOdarla; (Infrared) f,ai (Laser)

05

8'6 o;a; ifm%aIKfhys ldhu yd .=Kd;aul nj jOkh lsu i|yd ifm%aIK ndOd ms

25


8'8 O wjYH;djhka iy mir ;;ajhkag W; m.Kl cd, j." ia:,l yd wdlD;s f;darhs'

o m.Kl cd, w: ksrEmKh o m.Kl cd, j.

ia:dkSh fmfoia cd, (LAN) mq,a fmfoia cd, (WAN) mqrjr fmfoia cd, (MAN) is fmfoia cd, (DAN) md,s; fmfoia cd, (CAN)

o cd, ia:,l (Topologies) o ni%Sh (Bus), ;reuh (Star), jguh(Ring), ne|s cd,uh(Mesh),

fouqyqka (Hybrid) o cd, wdlD;s (Network Models)

iu-iu cd, (Peer to Peer) fiajd odhl wkq.%dyl (Client server)

o w;;H mqoa.,sl cd, (Virtual Private Networks-VPN) o md lsf l%u

mska.a lsrSu (ping) iy IP Configuration (ipconfig)

05

8'9 m.Kl cd, i|yd iei wdlD;shla f,i jD; moaO;s wka; inkaO;d (OSI) ia:r kshudj,s ks;h fhdod.kshs'

o jD; moaO;s (Open Systems) tfrysj ixjD; moaO;s(Closed Systems) iei|Su

o ia:r yf;a kshudj,s (Protocols) wdlD;sh fN!;sl ia:rh (Physical Layer) o;a; ikaOdk ia:rh (Data Link Layer) cd, ia:rh (Network Layer) mjyk ia:rh (Transport Layer) ieis ia:rh (Session Layer) iumK ia:rh (Presentation Layer) fh ia:rh (Application Layer)

o tla tla ia:rfha uq,sl ldhhka

05

26


8'10 m.Kl cd, j, Nd; jk uQ,sl Wml%u (devices) iy kshudj,s .fIKh lrhs'

o cd, Wml%u iy tajdfha uQ,sl ldhhka mSgr (Repeaters)" m%;sckl (Regenerators) kdNs(Hub) " fia;= (Bridges)" iap (Switches) ud.ldrl (Routers)" fodrgqux (Gateways)

o uQ,sl kshudj,Ska Ethernet, IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD) Token ring IEEE 802.5 IP, TCP, UDP,ICMP FTP,SMTP, POP, PPP, Telnet

05

8'11 fiajd odhl wkq.%dyl wd.Kkhkays uQ,sl kshuhka .fIKh lrhs'

o fiajd odhl wkq.%dyl kHdih (Client Server Configuration) o fiajd odhl o wkq.%dyl

fj wkq.%dyl (Web Servers) " ;eme,a wkq.%dyl (Mail Servers)

ksfhdack wkq.%dyl (Proxy servers), fh wkq.%dyl (Application Servers)

Ih kdu fiajd wkq.%dyl (DNS servers) .;sl ix.%dyl kHdi kshudj,s wkq.%dyl (DHCP

servers) o fjkal, o;a; /yeka (Leased Lines)" wka;cd, fiajd

imhkakka (Internet Service Provider-ISP)" fodrgqu.

05

8'12 m.Kl cd,hkays Nd; jk fhduq lsf mmd .fIKh lrhs'

o fN!;sl ,smsk (Physical Addresses) iy ;dlsl ,smskj, (Logical Addresses) Nd;

o wka;cd, kshudj,s fhduq lsu (IP Addressing) IPv-4 cd, mka;s A mka;sh" B mka;sh" C mka;sh

Wm cd, (Subnet) Wm cd, wdjrK (Subnet Mask)

05

27


8'13 wka;cd,fha iy f,dal is hufkyso tajdfha fiajdjkaf.ao jHqyh yd ;dKh .fIKh lrhs'

o wka;cd,h cd,hkaf.a cd,h (Network of Networks) ix.%dylhka (Hosts)" wka;cd, fiajd imhkakka (ISPs)"

uQ, nkaOlh(Backbone)" l,dm m

28


8'14 m.Kl cd,j,g h yels wk;=re" ;ck iy wdl%uK .fIKh lrhs'

o fmd wk;=re (Common Vulnerabilities) o ;ck (Threats)

/j (Spoofing) lD;s lsu (Tampering) m%;sfamkh (Repudiation) f;dr;=re jxpksl f,i fy

29


8'15 iqrs; iy hym;a l%shdld;ajhla ;yjqre lsu i|yd wdl%uK j,ska cd, iy f;dr;=re wdrd lr .kshs'

o m%n, fN!;sl wdrK mshjr o uDldx. u.ska wdrlaIdj ie,iSu

.=ma; fla;l ikaksfokh (Encrypted Communication) fmd h;=r iy wxls; uqdj (Public Key and Digital

Signature) m%;s ffjri uDldx. (Anti Virus Software)) .sKs mjqr ^Firewall) iy ksfhdack fiajdodhlh (Proxy

Servers) iudlrKh iy hdj;ald,Sk lsu (Patches and

Updates) ;;HlrKh (Authentication)" uqrmo iy uqr jels

(Passwords and Passphrases) m%fY md,kh (Access Control) wNd; w;=re uqyqK;a wl%sh lsu Honey Pots and Sugercanes

05

30


ksmqK;dj 9( o;a; ldhu f,i yd M,odhs f,i l

31


9'5 o;a; iuqodhl ;dlsl mmdl igyk

ie,iq lrhs'

o o;a; iuqodh mmd igyka ie,iqu (Database Schema Design) inkaO;d mmd (Relational Schema) inkaO;d ksoYk (Relation Instances) ksrEmH h;=r (Candidate key) m%d:l h;=r (Primary key) l,am h;=r(Alternate key) wd.ka;=l h;=r(Foreign key)

o inkaOl o;a; taldnoaO;dj (Relational Data Integrity) jiu (Domain) fhduqj (Reference) N+;d: (Entity)

06

9'6 N+;d: inkaO;d wkqlD;sh" ;dlsl mmdl igyk njg mrsj;kh lrhs'

o N+;d: mrsKdukh (Entity Transformation) o Wm ,CIK (Attribute) mrsKdukh o inkaOl (Relationship) mrsKdukh

06

9'7 ldh idOkh je oshqKq lsrSu i|yd o;a; iuqodh mmdl igyk m%u;lrKh lrhs'

o ldhnoaO mrdh;a;;d (Functional Dependencies) wdxYsl mrdh;a;;d (Partial Dependencies) ixl%dka;sl (Transitive ) mrdhla;;d

o ixfYdaOk mrs;;d (Modification Abnormalities) we;=,alsrSu (Insert) hdj;ald,Sk lsrSu (Update) uldoeu (Delete)

o l,skaujQ m%u; m;%h (Zero Normal Form) o m%:u m%u; (First normal) m;%h o fojk m%u; (Second Normal) m;%h o f;jk m%u; (Third Normal) m;%h

08

9'8 o;a; iuqodh o;a; ksudKh lsrSu iy l

32


9'9 o;a; iuqodhl o;a; fufyhu i|yd jHqy.; uiq NdIdj (SQL) fhdod.kS'

o jHqy.; uiq NdIdf (Structured Query Language) olakg ,efnk o;a; fufyh NdIdjl (Data Manipulation Language) we;s ,laIK f;arS uiqu (Select Query) we;=,;a lsrSf uiqu hdj;ald,Sk lsrSf uiqu uld oef uiqu

08

ksmqK;dj 10( nyq udOH ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ksuska fj wv ksudKh lrhs

10'1 fj wv j, we;s jHqyh yd wka;.;h ykd.ekSu i|yd

fkdfhl=;a j. j, fj msgq .fIKh lrhs'

o f,dal is huk (www) o fj wv j.

f;dr;=re" m%jD;a;s fm!oa.,sl" wOHdmksl" jHdmdrsl cd, oajdr (Web Portals)

06

10'2 fj msgq iy tajdfha wka;.;h ixOdkh lsrSu i|yd fj wvhl jHqyh yd ixhq;sh Yaf,aIKh lrhss'

o fj wvhl wka;.;h wdrNl msgqj (Home Page) inka; msgq (Link Pages)

o fj msgqjla f.dv ke.Sug wjYH uQ,sldx. wl=re" ;%k" Y%jH" oDYH w inkaOh (Hyperlink)

o wka;.;h ixOdkh lsrSu wdlD;sh" rduq" ,ehsia;=" j.="

06

10'3 fj msgq ksudKh i|yd HTML Nd;d lrhs'

o w mdG i

33


10'5 fj msgq ixjOkh i|yd oDYH fj ksudK fuj, Nd;d lrhs'

o ix.Dys; ixjOk mrsirh(IDE) ye|skau o fj msgqjlg uQ,sl Wmdx. we;=

34


ksmqK;dj 11 f;dr;=re moaO;shla ixjOkh lsrSfuys,d moaO;s ixl,amh .fIKh lr wdlD;s moaO;s Yaf,aIK iy ksudK l%u foh Nd; lrhs'(SSADM)

11:1 moaO;s .;s ,K .fIKh lrhs'

o moaO;s ixl,amh (Systems Concept) o moaO;s j.SlrKh (Classification)

iajdNdl (Natural) moaO;s icS (Living) yd fN!;sl (Physical) moaO;s ksid iska idok ,o (Man-made) moaO;s

02

11:2 ksid iska idok ,o O j.j, moaO;Ska" tajdfha wruqKq yd lS%hdldrs;ajh wkqj ixikaokh lr fjkalr olajhs'

o f;dr;=re moaO;Ska o iajhxlS%h l< moaO;s (Automated Systems)

ldhd,hSh iajhxlS%hlrK moaO;s (Office Automation Systems - OAS)

.Kqfokq ieliq moaO;s (Transaction Processing Systems- TPS)

o l

35


11'3 O f;dr;=re moaO;s ixjOk wdlD;s yd l%ufo .fIKh lrhs'

o f;dr;=re moaO;s wdlD;s oshwe,s (Waterfall) wdlD;sh ims, (Spiral) talSlD; ixjOkh (Unified Development) iS>% fhojq ixjOkh (Rapid Applications Development)

o moaO;s ixjOk l%ufohka (Systems Development Methodologies) jHqy.; (Structured) jia;= keUqre (Object Oriented)

04

11'4 jHqy.; moaO;s Iaf,aIKh iy ksudK l%ufoh (SSADM)mrSlaId lrhs

o jHqy.; moaO;s Iaf,aIKh iy ksudK l%ufoh(Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology)

o moaO;s ixjOk cSjk pl%fha wj (Phases of the System Development Life Cycle)

04

11'5 kj f;dr;=re moaO;shl wjYH;djh iy tys YdlH;dh uid n,hs'

o uQ,sl uid ne,Su (Preliminary Investigation) mj;sk moaO;sfha we;s .eg ykdkSu l,am i fhdackd lsrSu f;dr;=re moaO;s j, wjYH;djhg m%uqL;djh oSu

o YlH;d wOHhkh (Feasibility Study) ;dKsl (Technical) YlH;dj wd:sl (Economical) YlH;dj fufyhq (Operational) YlH;dj wdh;ksl (Organizational) YlH;dj

05

11'6 mj;akd moaO;sh Yaf,aIKh i|yd meyeos,j fmfkk l%u Nd;d lrhs'

o wjYH;djhka ldhnoaO (Functional) wjYH;d ldhnoaO fkdjk wjYH;d

o Yaf,aIl (Analytical) fuj, ldh rEigyka (Activity Diagrams) f,aL .e,S rEigyka (Document Flow Diagrams) mj;sk moaO;sh i|yd o;a; .e,S igyka

o jHdmdr moaO;s l,am (Business System Options)

05

36


11'7 fhdacs; moaO;sh ksudKh lrhs'

o ;dlsl ksudKh (Logical Design) fhdacs; moaO;sh i|yd o;a; .e,S igyka ks; ie,eiau (Architectural Design) ;dlsl o;a; wdlD;ska (Logical Data Structures)

o ieliS msrs;rh (Process Specification) o o;a; Ynso fldaIh (Data Dictionary) o w;=re uqyqK; ksudKh (Interface Design)

05

11: 8 fhdacs; moaO;sh ixjOkhlr mrSd lrhs'

o l%uf,aL fla;lrKh (Program Coding) o mrSd lsrSu

mrSd wjia:d (Test Cases) fla; mrSdj ^White Box Testing& wdodk-m%;sodk mrSdj ^Black Box Testing& tall mrSdj (Unit Testing& iuia; mrSdj (Integrated Testing& moaO;s mrSdj (System Testing& m%;s.%yK mrSdj (Acceptance Testing&

05

11: 9 ixjOkh l< moaO;sh l%shdjg kxjhs

o l%shdjg kexu iudka;rj (Parallel) Rcqj (Direct) kshdul (Pilot) wj (Phase)

o iudf,dapkh (Review)" wkqn,h (Support) iy kv;a;=j (Maintenance)

04

37


ksmqK;dj 12 ;rld fj

38


12.3 mdfNda.slhdg jehqKq l, ksIamdok iy fiajdjka ksmou yd fnod yeu msKsi f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu Yaf,aIKh lrhs'

o B-fj

39


ksmqK;dj 13 f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKfha kj keUqrej iy wkd.; Ydk;sh .fIKh lrhs'

13.1 m.Kkfha kj keUqre;d iy wkd.; Ydk;sh .fIKh lrhs

o nqoau;a iy ye=nr m.Kkh (Intelligent and Emotional Computing)

o lD;%su nqoah (Artificial Intelligence) o lkafihs (Kansei) moaO;s o ksia-hka;% iyinkaO;djh (Man-machine coexistence)

04

13.2 ksfhdacs; ;dlaIKfha

uQ,Ou yd fhojq .fIKh lrhs'

o uDldx. ksfhdacs;hka (Software Agent) o nyq-ksfhdacs; moaO;s o ksfhdacs; moaO;sj, fhojq

04

13.3 mKdujdoS

m.Kkfha uQ,Ou yd uyd mudKfha fhojq .fIKh lrhs

o mKdujdoS mrs.Kkh (Evolutionary Computing) o j oHd;aul moaO;sj, m.Kkh o cdk ;dlaIK we,af.drs;uj, uQ,Ou (Fundamentals of

Genetic Algorithms) o mKdujdoS mrs.Kkfha fhojq

04

13'4 idj;%sl m.Kk

ixl,amh .fIKh lrhs

o idj;%sl m.Kkh (Ubiquitous Computing) o idj;%sl m.Kkh i|ydjk ;dlaIKhka o idj;%sl m.Kkfha fhojq

04

13'5 mj;sk m.Kk wdlD;s Yaf,aIKh lr kjf,djg .e,fmk wdlD;s fhdackd lrhs

o fjdka-ksudka mrs.Klfhka Tng o iajNdjOufhka wdNdIh ,;a m.Kkh o lajkag (Quantum) m.Kkfha uQ,Ou o fhojq

04

40

ksmqK;djh ksmqK;d ugu wka;.;h ld,fo

ksmqK;djh 14 jHdmD;shla f,i ir, f;dr;=re moaO;shla ie,iq lr l%shdf fhdojhs'

14.1 f;dr;=re moaO;shla

ie,iq lsrSf jHdmD;s fufyhjhs

1 woshr( f;dr;=re moaO;s ksjpkh Wmfoia 1. jHdmD;sh ;SrKh lr .ekSu msKsi .=rejrhd iu.

idlPd lsrSu yd jHdmD;sh ieliSug wjYH uQ,sl wOHhk lghq;=

2. uQ,dlD;sh ie,iqu iy l%shd;aul lsu 3. fofjks jIdOfhaoS wdoYKh iy

iumkh(Presentation) ^fY%aKs.; lsu&

i;shlg ld,fPao tl ne.ska jirla i|yd

14.2 f;dr;=re moaO;sh

l%shd;aul lr wdoYkh lrhs

2 woshr ( Wmfoia 1. m

41

4'0 bf.kq b.eka l%shdj,sh f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh .;sl Ihhla muKla fkdj th tfkod ; wjYH;d yd neKq Ihhls' fuu lafIa;%h yd inkaO

kj fidhd .ekS ms

42

5'0 mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jev igyka

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIK Ihfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq M,odhS f,i idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd mka;s ldur bf.kq b.eka l%shdj,sh

w;sYhska n,mdk nj wdrNfha u ie

43

6'0 ;lafiarej yd we.hSu

fuu Ih ksfoaYh mdi,a mdol we.hS l%shdj,sh iu. l%shd;aul lsug wfmalaId flf' mdi,a ieis yd wkql+, jk m ksudKd;aul

bf.kq b.eka WmlrK .=rejreka iQodk lrkq we;'

Nd.fha wdlD;sh iy m%Yak j, iajNdjh ms

information communication technology

Documents

lrhs o fdr

u yd w

sodkh o fdr

yd iardx

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