international health organizations

8/13/2019 International Health Organizations

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International Health

Organizations


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A large number of organizations of various sizesprovide international health aid:

A. Organizations Providing Long-term Health Care

multilateral agencies (UN agencies) Bilateral agencies

Non-governmental organizations

B. Refugee and Disaster Relief Organizations

multilateral agencies (UN agencies) Bilateral agencies

Non-governmental organizations


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A. Organizations Providing Long-term

Health Care

Multilateral Agencies

Multilateral : funding comes from multiple

governments (and non-governmental sources)

and is distributed to many different countries.

The major multilateral organizations are all

part of the United Nations


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Health Care

World Health Organization (WHO) Directing and coordinating international health

activities

Supplying technical assistance to countries.

Developing norms and standards

Disseminating health information

Promoting research

Providing training in international health

collecting and analyzing epidemiologic data

Developing systems for monitoring and evaluatinghealth programmes


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Health Care

The World Bank

Intergovernmental agency related to the UN

heavily involved in international health.

The World Bank loans money to poor

countries on advantageous terms not

available in commercial markets.

Focus on human resources development


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Health Care

The United Nation Childrens Fund (UNICEF)

spends the majority of its programme budget

on health care.

It devotes most of its resources to the poorest

countries and to children younger than 5

(HEALTH AND EDUCATION)


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Health Care

The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

Focus on Reproductive health including family

planning

Priority is based on rate of population growth

and poverty


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Health Care

The United Nation Development Programme(UNDP)

Focus on Health , education, employment.

Its major health concerns are AIDS, maternaland child nutrition, and excessive maternalmortality.

In conjunction with WHO and the WB itsponsors the Special Programme for Researchand Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR).


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Health Care

Bilateral Agencies

Bilateral agencies are governmental agencies

in a single country which provide aid to

developing countries


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Health Care

Political and historical reasons often

determine which countries receive donations

from bilateral agencies and how much they

receive:

The largest of these is the United states agency for

International Development (USAID)

Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Department for International Development (DFID)


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Health Care

Non-governmental Organizations

Private voluntary organizations (PVOs),

provide approximately 20% of all external

health aid to developing countries.

Most of these organizations are quite small;

many are church-affiliated.


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Health Care

Project Hope (USA)

Oxfam International (UK)

GOAL (Ireland )


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B. Refugee and Disaster Relief

Organizations

In most natural disasters, the majority of deaths occurin the first few hours or days

Most of the lives that are saved are saved early on andsaved by local efforts at disaster relief.

A major disaster can overwhelm the resources of apoor country and, by destruction of economic andsocial infrastructure, set the stage for famine andepidemics.

The aid provided by international relief organizations inthe days immediately following the disaster can play amajor role in averting health crises and re-establishinga functioning society.


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Organizations

Famines and refugee crises tend to develop

slowly, often preceded by warning signs of the

impending emergency

International agencies can coordinate relief

efforts with national agencies in a timely fashion.

Organizations working in refugee and disaster

relief are: The United Nations agencies

NGOs


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OrganizationsUN agencies:

The World Food Programme (WFP):

supplies food relief in disasters

coordinates the activities of NGOs involved in food relief, as well asassisting them with transportation and logistics.

The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): Provides international protection to refugees

Attempts to find long-lasting solutions to their problems

Coordinates the work of NGOs involved in refugee relief.

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):

It helps developing countries prepare for famine through its GlobalInformation and Early Warning System and its Food Security AssistanceScheme

helps developing countries set up national food reserves.

In disasters its principal role is to assist in the re-establishment ofagricultural production.


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Organizations

Bilateral Agencies

As is the case with long-term health care,

most of the developed countries have a

governmental agency dedicated to providing

disaster relief.

USAID

The US Armed Forces also assist in disaster relief

on occasion


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Organizations

Non-Governmental Organizations

The International Red Cross and Red CrescentMovement:

is the largest and most prestigious of the world's

humanitarian NGOs. It has three components:

the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC);

the International Federation of Red Cross Society;

the International Federation of Red Crescent Society;

The seven fundamental principles of the Movementare: humanity; impartiality; neutrality; independence, i.e.

autonomy; voluntary service; unity,


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Organizations

Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF):

Provides health aid to victims of war and

natural disasters.

Unlike the Red Cross, MSF is willing to enter

war-torn areas without the permission of

authorities.

MSF, considers one of its functions to be

speaking out on human rights abuses


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International Health Regulations


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194 countries across the globe have agreed to

implement the International Health

Regulations (2005) (IHR) In response to:

The exponential increase in international travel

and trade

Emergence and reemergence of international

disease threats and other health risks This binding instrument of international law

entered into force on 15 June 2007.


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The stated purpose and scope of the IHR are:

"to prevent, protect against, control and provide a publichealth response to the international spread of disease inways which avoid unnecessary interference withinternational traffic and trade."

The IHR require States to strengthen core surveillance andresponse capacities at: The primary, intermediate and national level

Designated international ports, airports and ground crossings.

They introduce a series of health documents: ship sanitation certificates

International certificate of vaccination or prophylaxis fortravelers


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What to notify?

In 1969, States Parties were required to notifycases of cholera, plague and yellow fever toWHO

Notification is now based on the identificationof an "event that may constitute a publichealth emergency of international concern

IHR are not limited to specific diseases, butare applicable to health risks (industrial andatomic plants accidents )


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What to notify?

Two groups of diseases which raise particularconcerns:

Group 1: A single case of smallpox, poliomyelitisdue to wild type poliovirus, human influenzacaused by a new subtype and severe acuterespiratory syndrome (SARS)

Group 2: Events involving epidemic-pronediseases of special national or regional concern

which "have demonstrated the ability to causeserious public health impact and to spreadrapidly internationally


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When to notify?

Assessment and notification of events accordingto decision instrument criteria

At the national level, States Parties are requiredto assess all reports of urgent events within theirterritories within 48 hours by applying a specificalgorithm

The algorithm provides the parameters used todecide whether or not a specific event needs tobe notified to WHO


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When to notify?

(1) the seriousness of the event's public healthimpact;

(2) the unusual or unexpected nature of theevent;

(3) the risk of international disease spread;

(4) the risk that travel or trade restrictions will be

imposed by other countries. The events which must be notified are those that

meet at least any two of the criteria therein.


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When to notify?

Notifiable event must be notified to WHO

immediately(within 24 hours after assessment

Notification will include:

Details of any health measure employed in

response to the event

Accurate and sufficiently detailed public health

information available(case definitions, laboratoryresults and number of cases and deaths)


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Other reporting requirements

States Parties are required to inform WHO within

24 hours of receipt of evidence of public health

risks occurring outside their territory that maycause international disease spread.

The evidence may be manifest by imported or

exported human cases, or the identification ofinfected or contaminated vectors or

contaminated goods.


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Sudan Public Health Act

Issued in 2008:

Establishment of the National Public HealthCoordination council

Communicable diseases, declaring epidemics andnotification:

Mother and child health (immunization)

Rights of Health services users

Health research council Blood transfusion, abortion prohibition and grave

digging

international health organizations

Documents