kingdom plantae · 2019-11-06 · kingdom plantae recall from our previous lessons on taxonomy,...

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Turner College & Career High School 2018

KINGDOM PLANTAE

Overview of Plant DiversityTo Accompany the Kingdom Plantae Foldable Notes


Plant Evolution & Adaptations

Section 1:


Plant Evolution

Plants do not exist

Algae in oceans

Algae at the edges of Seas adapt to life

on land

Simple plants appear


Algae & Plants

When compared to algae, plants share 6 common characteristics.

1. Cell walls composed of cellulose.2. Cell division that includes the formation of a

cell plate.3. Chlorophyll used for photosynthesis.4. Similar genes used in ribosomal RNA.5. Food stored as starch.6. Same enzymes in cellular vessels.


Plant Adaptations

Over time, plants developed adaptations for living on land.

• Cuticle: Waxy surface on leaves to retain water.• Stomata: Allows for the exchange of gases.• Vascular Tissue: Allows for the transport of water and

nutrients throughout plant.• Reproduction: Seed covering allows for sperm to reach egg

without presence of water.• Seeds: Enable survival in harsh environments and sprout

with conditions are favorable.


Criteria for Organisms in

Kingdom Plantae

Recall from our previous lessons on taxonomy, members of this kingdom must meet certain criteria.

• Cell type: Eukaryotes.• Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose.• Cell number: Multicellular. • Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic.• Some are parasitic or saprobes.

• Carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b.

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Plant Life Cycle

All plants have a life cycle with alternation of generations, in which the haploid gametophyte phase alternates with the diploid sporophyte phase.

MEIOSIS

HaploidFERTILIZATION

Diploid


Plant Life Cycle

Alternation of Generations

Haploid (N)

• Gametophyte plant (N) • Produces either sperm or eggs.

• (gametes = reproductive cells)

Diploid (2N)

• The sperm and egg join to create the sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid.

• Egg and sperm join to create spores/seeds by meiosis.


Evolutionary Cladogram

Non-Vascular

Plants

(Bryophytes)

Seedless

Vascular Plants

(Ferns)

Cone-bearing

Plants

(Gymnosperms)

Flowering

Plants

(Angiosperms)

Embryo Protection

Vascular Tissue

Seeds

Flowers, seeds

enclosed in

fruit

Green Algae Ancestor


Plant Survival

Sunlight needed to carry out photosynthesis.

Minerals and water are needed to make new plant parts.

Gas exchange (through photosynthesis and cellular respiration) must occur without losing excessive amounts of water.

Movement of water and nutrients is required for plant energy production and growth.


Overview of the Plant Kingdom

The majority of plant life is _________________.flowering plants


Non-Vascular Plants: BryophytesMosses, Liverworts, Hornworts

Life cycles depend on water for reproduction.

Water moves through by osmosis & diffusion.

Abundant in damp, shady areas because there is no vascular tissue.

Sphagnum moss alive is used in gardening, and whencompacted (peat) it’sused for fuel.

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Typical Moss Plant

Capsule

Stalk

LeaflikeStructure

StemlikeStructure

Rhizoid

Sporophyte

Gametophyte


What happened between plant divisions 1 & 2?

Vascular tissue: specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.


Seedless Vascular Plants

Divisions include:

• Club mosses: Phylum Lycophyta• Ferns & horsetails: Phylum Pterophyta

Strobilus is a compact structure of spore-bearing arrangements which can be carried by the wind.

Found in moist, shaded forest areas.

Leaves are called fronds.

Undergound stems called rhizomes .

Fern spores on the underside of fronds are called sporangium and clusters for a sorus(sori=plural).


Typical Fern Plant


Gymnosperms:Cone Bearing Plants

Means “naked seed”.

Includes conifers (pines & spruces) and palms (cycads & ginkgoes).

Second evolutionary development: • Adapted seed to allow reproduction

without water; able survive in dry and extreme temperatures.


Diversity of Seed Plants

Vascular plants that produce seeds.

Seeds have one or more cotyledons, structures that either store food or absorb food for the tiny sporophyte.

The early growth stage of a plant embryo is called germination.

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Reproduction

Dormancy is a period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but not growing.

A cone is a structure that contains the male and female reproductive organs of gymnosperms.

Features that allow seeds to reproduce without water:

• Reproduction in cones.• Movement of gametes by pollination.• Protection of embryo in a seed.


Pollination

Transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.


Diagram of a Seed

Embryo• Growing part of seed

Endosperm• Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed.

Seed Coat• Protective outer covering of the seed.


Adaptations of Gymnosperms

Needles

Winged Seeds


Angiosperms:Flowering Plants

Dominate plant life.

Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants.

• Has ovaries (fruit) to protect the seeds.• Attracts animals which help with pollination.

Can be classified into:

1. Lifespans: annuals, biennials, perennials.2. Seeds: Monocotyledonous vs. dicotyledonous.3. Stems: herbaceous vs. woody.


Lifespans

Annuals• Complete life cycle in one year.

Biennials• Life cycle takes 2 years

• Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves.

• Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers.

Perennials• Live through many years

• May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses).

• Most have woody stems (palms, trees, honeysuckle).

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Monocots vs. Eudicots Cotyledon = Seed Chamber


Plant Cells & Tissues

Section 2:


Plant Cells:

Identification

Typical plant cell has cell wall and large vacuole.

However, adaptations help plant carry out specific functions.

• Parenchyma Cells: Most common; responsible for storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection.

• Collenchyma Cells: Elongated cells that provide structure and support.

• Sclerenchyma Cells: Lack cytoplasm and other living components, but provide support for the plant.



Plant Tissues:

Vascular Tissue

A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Vascular tissue is responsible for the movement of water, food and dissolved substances in the plant.• Xylem: moves water and nutrients throughout plant using

a tracheid.• A tracheid is specialized cell that can move fluids through

the plant body, even against the force of gravity.

• Phloem: moves carbohydrates throughout the plant through sieve tubes.


Plant Tissues:

Vascular Tissue

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Plant Tissues:

Meristematic Tissue


• Meristematic Tissue: regions of rapidly dividing cells.

• Apical meristems: Tips of roots and stems.

• Intercalary meristems: Produces new cells resulting in added stem or leaf length.

• Lateral meristems: Increaseroot or stem diameter.


Plant Tissues


• Ground Tissue: Most of the plant; the Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma Cells.

• Dermal Tissue (the Epidermis): The layer of cells that makes up the outer covering of a plant.


Plant Anatomy & Physiology

Section 3:


Plant Anatomy & Physiology

Transport

• Roots, stems, leaves.

Energy Production

• Leaves.

Reproduction

• Flowers.


Roots: Plant Transport System

Root Functions

1. Absorbs water & nutrients from the soil.

2. Transports water & nutrients to stem.

3. Anchors plant to maintain stability.

4. Stores food and water.



Root Structures

Root Hair

Water & nutrient pathways

Epidermis

Cortex Pericycle Xylem Phloem

EndodermisCasparianStrip

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Taproot: a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally.

• Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward..

• ex. Dandelion, carrot, radish, beets

Fibrous: thin, moderately branchingroots growing from the stem. Afibrous root system is universal in monocot plants and ferns.

• ex. Weeds, grasses, ferns


Root Structures

Taproot System

Fibrous Root System


Herbaceous

• Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic (turgor) pressure.

• Dandelions, zinnias, petunias.

Woody

• Thick cell walls that support the plant.• Trees, shrubs, and vines.

Stems: Plant Transport System

Stem Structures



Herbaceous Stems

The xylem and phloem of stems are grouped together in vascular bundles.

• Eudicot stems have one ring or concentric rings of vascular bundles.

• The vascular bundles in a monocot stem are scattered.

Eudicot Monocot



Function of Stems

1. Transports water & nutrients from roots to leaves.

2. Supports/produces leaves, branches, fruits/flowers.

3. Stores food.

• Tuber: swollen underground stem which stores food. Example: potato.

• Bulb (Crocus): shortened, compressed stem surrounded by fleshy leaves which store food. Example: tulip.

• Corm (Runner): composed almostentirely of stem tissue, asexual; reproduction.Ex.: airplane plant.

• Rhizome: underground horizontal stemwhich may store food, asexual reproduction.Ex.: fern.



Transport in Plants

Capillary action: the tendency of water to rise in a thin tube.

The result of the water molecules’ ability to stick to one another (cohesion) and to the walls of the tube (adhesion).

Contributes to the movement of water up the cells of the xylem tissue.


Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

• Process that plants use to produce their food.

• 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Leaf Structure

Cuticle

Epidermis

Palisade mesophyll

Vascular bundle

Xylem

Phloem

StomataGuard Cells

Lower epidermis

Spongy mesophyll


Letter Structure Color Function

A Cuticle Yellow Waxy outer surface; retains moisture.

B Epidermis Orange “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange.

C Vein (Xylem) Blue Pumps water up from soil through roots.

D Vein (Phloem) RedMoves nutrients and carbohydrates throughout the plant.

E Mesophyll Green Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs.

F Stomata PinkOutside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange.

G Guard Cells BrownControl stomata; trigger when water is scarce causing stomata to become flaccid and pores close.


Leaf Structure



Gas Exchange & Transpiration

Transpiration

• Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide.

Stomata function to open and close to allow diffusion of gases and water needed for photosynthesis.

• Stomata open automatically when supplies of water are plentiful.• Stomata close automatically when supplies of water from roots

start to dry up.• Guard cells trigger when water is scarce causing stomata to

become flaccid (limp) and pores close.



Leaf Modifications



Leaf Modifications

Cactus: spines to reduce water loss and protect plant.

Succulents: leaves that store water.

Poinsettias: leaves that change color.

Pitcher plant: leaves that fill with water and trap insects.

Poison ivy/oak: toxic chemicals that cause skin irritation.


Flowers: Plant Reproduction System

Flower Structure

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Flower Structure

Petals• Highly colored part of the flower, may contain perfume

and/or nectar glands.

Sepals• Small green structures on the base of a flower that protect

the flower bud.

Image found at: http://biology.clc.uc.edu



Male Plant Organs

Stamen contains:

• Anther: produces pollen.• Filament: upholds anther.



Female Plant Organs

Carpel/Pistil contains:

• Stigma: sticky for pollen to attach.• Style: sperm travel to ovary.• Ovary: fruit.• Ovules: eggs.



Pollination

The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation.

Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.

Pollen can’t move on its own, so insects and animals or the wind (and water in rare cases) move the pollen for plants.



Development

Ovule

1 haploid nucleus Other haploid nucleus

Undergoes mitosis three

times, producing 8 haploid

nuclei.

dies dies dies

6 of the nuclei develop membranes; one becomes the egg cell.

The 2 remaining nuclei migrate to the center of the cell and are

called polar nuclei.

Ovary

Four haploid megaspores



Fruit Development

As the spore matures, cell walls form.

The outside layers harden to form a seed coat (or shell, husk).

As it develops into a seed, changes lead to the formation of a fruit.

Fruits form primarily from the ovary wall.

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Seed Dispersal & Germination

Seeds are dispersed by:

• Wind • Water• Animal/Insects

The early growth stage of a plant embryo is called germination.

Factors that affect seed germination:

• Temperature• Moisture


Plants:

Responding to Environment

Plant hormones: chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of cell division, growth & differentiation.

• Made in one part of a plant and transported to another where they have effect.

Receptor proteins: specific sites where plant hormones work.

Auxin: One of the first plant hormones to be identified.

• A substance produced in the tip of the seeding.• Usually stimulates the lengthening, or elongation, of cells.


Plants:


Nastic response: response that causes movement that is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus.

• The movement can be due to changes in turgor pressure or changes in growth .

Tropic response: response of a plant to an environmental stimulus.

• Gravitropism: response of a plant to the force of gravity.

• Phototropism: tendency of a plant to grow towards light.

• Thigmotropism: response of plants response to stimulus of contact (twining plants and tendrils).


Plants:


Photoperiodism: the timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and growth.

Herbicides: auxin-like compounds used in high concentrations that are toxic to plants, inhibiting growth and killing the plant.

Chemical defenses: many plants defend themselves against insect attack by manufacturing compounds that have powerful effects on animals, ex. poison oak.

kingdom plantae · 2019-11-06 · kingdom plantae recall from our previous lessons on taxonomy,...

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