Kingdom Plantae

Plant Structure Size General Observations

Diversity Within the Plant Kingdom Pine Trees

What is a plant ?Multicellular Eukaryotes Perform Photosynthesis (base of all terrestrial food chains) Lack Mobility Cell wall made of cellulose.

What do plants need:

sunlight

water and minerals

gas exchange

transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body

__________________ is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert___________, normally from the sun, into ____________energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities.

Photosynthesis

Light Energy

Chemical

Bryophyte Pterophyte Coniferophyte Anthrophyte

Representative

Vascular Tissue

Size

Habitat

Water for Reproduction

Body Structures

Reproductive Adaptations

Includes mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

Bryophytes Mosses

Liverworts

Hornworts

Has no vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients.

Depends on water for reproduction (Sperm swims to meet egg)

Are low growing and found in shaded areas because they rely on osmosis to draw in water, which limits their size

In swamps, bogs, rainforests, well adapted to nutrient poor soils

Tolerant to cold temperatures - most abundant plants in polar regions

Spagnum mosses have sponge-like properties and form thick deposits of peat which can be burned as a fuel or used in gardening.

Peat Moss

Factoid- Bodies have been preserved in a mummified state, in peat bogs. This one was found in Ireland in 2003. He was probably hung as a sacrifice.

Everything has been preserved including hair, clothing and the rope they used to kill him.

Moss Structure

When you look at moss, most of what you see is _______________________.

The gametophyte grows from a _______ that has landed on soil. Moss grows in moist

conditions. All the cells in the gametophyte are haploid.

This means that they have only ______ set of chromosomes (n).

At the top of the gametophyte will grow a sex organ. This will either be the

male antheridium, or the female archegonium.

The antheridum produces sperm cells and the archegonium produces egg cells.

Gametophyte

SPORE

ONE

Phylum Pterophyta- Seedless vascular plants

Ferns Club Mosses

Horsetail

These and all later plants have vascular tissue which is a significant adaptive advantage for terrestrial life

First to display true roots, leaves and stems, which exist in all vascular plants.

Roots: underground organs that absorb water and minerals.Leaves: photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue gathered into veins.Stems: supporting structures that connect roots and leaves to carry water and nutrients.

Ferns

Most numerous seedless vascular plant (~11 000 species)

-Require little light-Need considerable moisture-Live in shadows of forest trees; undergrowth-Abundant in temperate rainforests

Where do they grow?

Reproduction: - 'plant' we recognize is the

sporophyte

- sori on underside of fronds: clusters

of sporangia

- sperm (gametophyte) must swim to

meet egg

Sori

Crash Course

Fern Structure

Seeds - embryo of a plant encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply; may remain dormant for months or years, beginning to grow only when conditions are right.

Seed Coat - protects embryo and prevents seed contents from drying out, may have specialized features to aid in dispersal

Pollen grain - contains male gametophyte structure, carried to female reproductive structure via wind, insects and animals.

Have several adaptations allowing them to reproduce without water:

Pollination - transfer of pollen from male reproductive structure to female reproductive structure

Bees are our biggest pollinators

Seeds come in various shapes

Pro’s More distribution More Created Carried through wind/water

Con’s No protectionAt mercy of the environment

Pro’s Protection Food Supply

Con’s Less created

Phylum Coniferophyta

(Gymnosperms)

Older of two groups of seed plantsGymnosperms bear seeds directly on the surfaces of Includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipersOf great commercial interest

Cones

Sequoias Cones

Redwoods

Contain the oldest living organism: bristle cone pine tree (4000+ years)

Contain the tallest living organisms: redwoods

(100+ metres)

______________ retain their ‘leaves’ throughout winter. New needles will

eventually _________ old ones.

Evergreens

Replace

Mechanisms to reduce water loss: Long thin ‘leaves’ reduce the surface area where water can be _________________Evaporated

Thick waxy layer on leaves= “cuticle” Openings for gas exchange are located in cavities below the surface of the leaves (stomata)

Phylum Anthophyta (Angiosperms)

The most abundant plant phylum. It makes up over

_____________ of plants

Have seeds which contain a protective layer

Includes grasses, flowering trees, shrubs, and flowers.

Evolutionary trait of flowers

Helps attracts animals which transport flower for flower.

90%

Flowers Flowers contain ovaries which surround and protect seeds.

After pollination, ovary develops into a fruit which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal.

Fruit - wall of tissue surrounding seed, facilitate seed dispersion over large distances.

Flower Diagrams

•1) Sepals - enclose bud before

it opens and protects developing flower; usually green and closely resembles leaves.

Flowers have four kinds of specialized leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

•2) Petals - located inside sepals; brightly colored; attract pollinators.

•3) Stamen - male reproductive

structureAnther: sac where pollen grains are produced

Filament: long, thin stalk supporting anther.

•4) Carpel (pistil) - female reproductive structure

• Ovary: contains ovules (which contain eggs).

•Stigma: sticky surface on top of style where pollen grains often land

•Style: stalk above ovary; supports

Diversity of Angiosperms

1. Monocots and Dicots

- Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons (the first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of the seed plant), in the plant embryo.

- Monocots: 1 seed leaf

(corn, wheat, lilies, palms

orchids).

- Dicots: 2 seed leaf

(roses, daises, clovers,

tomatoes).