kurukshetra february 2012

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Vol. 60 No. 4 Pages 52 February 2012 Rs. 10/-

RURAL MIGRATION



The Monthly Journal

MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Vol. 60 No. 4 Pages 52

February 2012

CONTENTS

Kurukshetra seeks to carry the message o Rural Development to all people. It serves as a orum or ree, rank and serious discussion on the

problems o Rural Development with special ocus on Rural Uplit.The views expressed by the authors i the articles are their ow. They do ot ecessarily refect the views o the govermet or the orgaizatios they

work or.

The readers are requested to veriy the claims i the advertisemets regardig career guidace books/istitutios. Kurukshetra does ot ow

resposibility.

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lRuRal IndIa: StIll FloatIng towaRdS CItIeS am Hzr 3

lCan we CHeCk MIgRatIon FRoM RuRal aReaS? dr. Hrr Rj gm 6

lRuRal eMployMent guaRantee dr. S.M J ahr

pRogRaMMe and MIgRatIon n.p. a azz 11

lMIgRatIon : IMpaCt & RelevanCe oF

ReMIttanCe on RuRal aReaS gr trh 16

lFROM THE GROUND dr. Jmsh nsir 20

MIgRatIon oF Cottage InduStRy woRkeRS Mhish ajm

(a Cs S f amrr disric) us t

lFROM THE GROUND dr. kmr amrr nri 24

IMpaCt oF RuRal MIgRatIon oF agRICultuRal

labouReRS oF bIHaR In aSSaM

ltHe RICe InnovatoR oF SIkkIM Sm gzmr 28

lIndIgenous seedKey to end AgrArIAn CrIsIs b Mrm, 29

Mh prsh

lpRoSpeCtS FoR developMent oF dr. Shhi ai kh 33

nonConventIonAl And renewAble dr. M. ahr Hsir Rhm

SouRCeS oF eneRgy FoR RuRal developMent

lRole oF geology In RuRal developMent dr. aji Sris 38

lpRe and pRobIotICS: tHe InteStInal SootHeRS dr. M.k. Rana 43

leat gRaSS FoR HealtH and long lIFe dr Rmsh Chr pri 47

dr pr kmr ghsh

CHIEF EDITORRINA SONOwAL KOULI

EDITORKAPIL KUMAR

JOInT DI RECTOR

VINOD KUMAR MEENACOVER DESIGn RAJAT NAIK

EDITORIAL OFFICEROOM NO. 661, NIRMAN BHAVANA-WING (GATE NO.5),MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT,NEW DELHI-110011

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Kurukshetra February 201222

InsIde

th r c f r i i Ii hich s 17 r c

f h i i 1951 is xc jm r 42.5 r c

f h i 2025. a his i h cs r mrs

f i rr rs fr r rs i srch f r riis.

I h s 50 rs h rr i hs crs frm 82.0 68.9 r c.

lr mrs f , ms r mi frm rr rs

r crs cs hr r fr mm riis c hm.

th sr f miri hs is s f srr s sr chir r i ricrs fmiis h i i ihm ciis i r rs. M ’

mm hrh h r cmm r rr rs.

Hr, fr h ss mri frmrs h r i cs , miri

is h chic fr iih. Miri cms s fr sr h

r frsh riis s rmics hm.

Sm ss c ir mii s cssi fr ifi

f r. Rmics ssi r i sri f fr m rr r

hshs hs csi ffici sr fr fci rsiis sch s ricr rcii h ihr riss isii f frmi ciiis.

Mrr, rmics m sr s isrc imr r cr crisis siis,

hs imii i ffcs f scri.

w iscss i his iss, c sis crri h r h

Miri s h r.

Miri is h rmr f chi sci-cmic iic ciis

h i iri s. I is s si f i isriis i cmic

sci ciis h rii sii.

e s ss hhr miri is rcmm fr rh r

, hi is fm miri-I is r cm f iqi i

h isrii f rsrcs.



Kurukshetra February 2012 33

Mia ha iica

hapi h aia cia

cmic srcrs f rr

cmmi f hi c. th iih

aci f a famii a c

fami a a icai i ii

hh a--a a iaa

mia. wih h m f r

isr h rss rc h mss

mia, a p a hii a h a

rs i rr imr hir ii srs

ach f iih ppi. th

ack f mpm ppi i h a aa

a mpm ppc a ifac

facii i h a aa ma pp

mir r rs. I h rr rs, sish

RuRal IndIa: StIll FloatIng towaRdS CItIeS

- Anupam Hazra

ricr rh imi m f h

rr -frm scr riss h icic f rr

r, mm rmm.

gi h fac ha m f h hih pci

aci a ca i h a aa -

fm a aa m a ci ih

a hp a ii iih ppia h a p ci mia a f

h iica a a ia iih cpi

sr.

Mia pimai cc ipai i

ri m. th ca f mia a

s xi si r cris,

m, sh fcrs. Sis cc

i h shr f mia i Iia - f ha

Migration primarily occurs due to disparities in regional development. The causes of migration are

usually explained by using two broad categories, namely, push and pull factors.




p, j achi a fami ic ha

h mai ph fac f -mia, hi

aaiaii f mpm ppi,

pi mia a aaiaii f caa

facii ha i a h k p

fac hi mia. t m pcic, fa Iia, p i ci h

mi sh fcr fr iirs mr

ca mia. th naa samp s

oc i i 64h hich a cai

ri J 2007 J 2008, cri

rm sm f 5,72,254 rss, cri

79,091 rr 46,487 r hshs sr

r 7921 is 4688 r cs f h

c, xp m iica f a

mia i Iia - hich ha c

hrh h fi :

as r h cmiss m

xp - mia i a f pm

i is sir hm; h is

ia i h i mia f ac

h a i -ci f ci a

mshrmi f sms. Sm ss hich hhihr ism rsrcs fr m

xpic hih i-mia; a h am m,

h cr ss i u.p, bihr, M.p, c r

xpici ha -mia. th a p

fm h a acka cmmi

a acka i ch a biha, oia, ua

prsh r fr iscs si mm

a h i cc f a, iia

pjc, cmmcia a ia cmpx

c. Hc, hr is fr c ri

m. Mr fcs fr m

Migraon in Rural India during 2007-2008:

Some Signicant Trends at a Glance

I a ma ha am a hi f Iia (i.. m 325 mii pp, f a ppa f 1.14

ii i 2008) r mirs

th mia a (pp f mia i h ppa) i h a aa (35 p c) a fa hih

ha h mia a i h a aa (26 p c); h, mia i Iia i a c

ihi h sm s. 72 rc f mir hshs i r rs 78 rc i rr rs h

mir ihi h sm s.

empm m h m impa a f mia; i a aa, 55 p c f h

hshs h mir fr mm r rss.Mia a i a aa a am h ch i (st), a 24 p c.

F a ma, mia a a (a 4 p c) am h ‘ ia’, a i a a 14

p c am h ih caa ‘aa a a’.

am h mirs i h rr rs, r 91 r c h mir frm h rr rs 8 r c

h mir frm h r rs, hrs m h mirs i h r rs, r 59 r c

mir frm h rr rs 40 r c frm r rs.

th a f mia f ma mia a mia mpm a a, i h a

r rs. nr 29 r c f rr m mirs 56 r c f r m mirs h

mir mm r rss.

A hih pca f h p f a i cmic aci a mia: f

ma h pca f k ha ica fm 51 p c f mia 63 p c amia i a aa hi f fma, i ha ica fm 20 p c 33 p c i a aa.

F a ma, f-mpm ha m a mai c mpm a mia. th ha

f f-mpm i a mia ha ica fm 16 p c f mia 27 p c

a mia, hi h ha f a mp a caa a mai am a, i h

f a a mia.

Source: Naonal Sample Survey 64th Round




ism sh i hs ss hich

r i hi i m rmrs.

di h a a, i cam i c

hh i p a ac ha h

ricr scr rr ihis i m

i ac h c ha fm

c c a ih icimia

– rh rm icis h

fc h isms h ic rimri

ma h f h iia a a

scrs, mr rc h sric scr.

naa a iaa im i aic

rr m h crsi

si. as fr s h iss f ic is ccr,

h Ii rm hs ccr hs s

i im-pii i ci, c h a

aa. Mia f a fm a a

aa i a c f mipac pm

icis; ism i cmic rh hs

is r h ci-isi r crs,

si h fc h mjri f Ii rsis i h

a aa. e h i ha i p i ia

i a i miccmic i hp

iii irs h mcr-cm f

h i s h. Fr isc, h rm

ha mpm a chm f ci;

, hr r f js hih-i s .

o h crr, fr rr Ii, hr r ri

f j ca chm f h p ha f

js r i hich r -i. aricr is

aa a ma a pi fh

js; ms is h h hr -frm

rsrcs, i frss, hich c s r

a iih ppi.

Sis iic h h css

riss f miri r h, ici h ris

f iss, ijr i s

chir sch. gi chic, mirs

scrific hir chir’s fr r hir

hh, h r cm s csh c fr hmss r hir chir

rr h h mir. th f is ih

h isii ic irm

ih miri r s. pic rsss

frm i sch mr h c h h

ms r mirs. th mhsis f ic

sh miimisi h css riss f

miri mximisi is rrs. a rs,

mirs c ccss ssiis f hrh

h pic disrii Ssm, hich rs

rsic criri; h c si ccss sschs, ch hsi r rm hh

cr. S hr is r rfrm icis

i i i hs criic isss. a h sm

im, hr is ri mirs ih

ccss ifrmi js, rs

hir rihs s s rm sf

miri, hich ics -iscrimir

isi, icis rcic rc h

hm rihs i ims f m,

m chir h mir.

S i m cc h hi rssi

h cmpx i f mia, i i impa

ak i cia h i icic

f p am h c f h a

ppa. I i m h hih f h m

c h r f is rhr h h

r f irs. virs c rich s

a ia mai p, p aac

mr isr cmmrc. th is

sr r mm fr h rr

p ii m pii a f ii iih ppi i a Iia

ssi mr.

(The author is Assistant Professor in

Department of Social Work at Assam (Central)

University, Silchar – 788 011; Assam, e-mail :

[email protected])




I Iia, 68.9 p c f h ppa i

i 6.40 h is. th shr f ricr

r gdp i Ii hs cm 14

rc, hi 66.2 rc f rr ms

81.6 rc f rr fms r i

aic a ca a. Iaqa

iica ha ak pac i a ccpa

s m 66.2 rc f rr ms 81.6

pc f a fma, p aic a

hi picipa cmic aci.th i c

mia fm h a a aa i ach

f mpm ppi a ii

aa. di h a 50 a a ppa

Can we CheCk MIgRatIon FRoMRuRal aReaS?

Dr. Harender Raj Gautam

ha ca fm 82.0 68.9 p c. Mia

frm rr r rs is frm 27.8 31.1 r

c ic 2001. I i ma ha appxima

2 mii pp a hii fm a a

rs rxim 22 mii

h mir frm rr r rs sic

2001. aricr ris h rici ms f

iih f 52 p c f ppa

hich is i h rr rs. I is rr h 57

r c f r mir hshs mir frm

rr rs hrs 29 r c f rr mir

hshs mir frm r rs. Frhr,

rxim 55 r c f h hshs i

During the last 50 years rural population has decreased from 82.0 to 68.9 per cent. Migration from

rural to urban areas is up from 27.8 to 31.1 per cent since 2001. It is estimated that approximately 2

million people are shifting from rural to urban area annually and approximately 22 million people

have migrated from rural to urban areas since 2001.




rr rs 67 r c f h hshs i h

r rs h mir fr mm r

a. l f j ppi i aic

is h rimr fcr f rii frm

ricr. arri crisis c frm h

fac ha 240, 000 -i fam cmmisici 1995 2009. thr is r

h a f mia fm a

r rs srh h ricr. ths,

h i f -fam a -fam a

mm cm rr r scr

q iih ihi h hshs f sm-

hrs -ss ricr rrs. Hihr

rh i ricr is fr ssi f

ci f h c a ih h ic

f f scri i, h fr f ris i

frhr icrs. ths, hr is srh

mpm ppi i h a aa

ssi ricr ricr s isris.

thr is rrs his r.

Rr Ii rmi h fcs f icmrs

s 10.1 r c f is r frc is m

cmr ih 7.3 r c i r rs. I rr

aa, aic c h mia

mp (52 p c), f cc

(7.2 r c), mfcri (6.7 r c),

cmmi srics (6.3 r c). ahh hris cs fr srhi -cci schms

ri miimm mm, h c

i . upai h ki f h

rr rfrc i mch h rqirms

f h mfcri srics scrs

pi m a . Aic i h m

imr cm f m i h rr

rs. aricr ccs fr 10 r c f

h xr ris ris r mri

r mr f isris. aricr i Ii

ss 52 r c f h r frc, cris 14

p c f g dmc Pc f h c.

o f h ms imr fcrs fr mm

a i h aic i maiai h hih

h a. Iia’ ppa 1.9 p

c 1990-2007 hi, f pc

ippa 1.2 p c. Iia

ricr is mjr sr s f r cm

hr is mak i m pc

ha m mpm ppi a ca.

Pci f i cp i a maj cc f

s rh r i ricr. thr is rms

cp f aii h pci f Iiaricr, i cr is frm icms,

a a iica h i ma f

fam a. Cq hih pci,

hr i ris i h rr icm hich i

ah a mpi c i h a aa.

Pc f hih a aica cp i

hr r r fr hihr icm i ricr.

th ma f hih-a cmmi ch a

fi, a, mik, ma, p a h i

icrsi fsr h fris hir m

is xc icrs mr h 100 r ci h cmi 20 rs. Icrs i m fr frm

a -fam pc a ic i ma

api h f mpm ppi i h

c. th i fc a

pima fam a -fam c f ca

mpm ppi i a aa.

Agro- Food Processing

F pci a a ai a h

mjr r rs hich c cr m i h

mpm. o c ha iz hi happ pa. F pci ca c

h h sss f Rs. 55, 000 crrs i fris,

fi a a. va ai ca

i fris, fris, s, ir rcs,

ma, p, h a micia a amac

pa. th a m f ii

i ricr hich r si ms r

i a cmic aa f h ppa. F

prcssi Isr is mm isi. I

ha ma f Iia ha f r.10

mii is, i crs 18 js irc 64

iirc i h riz scr 20 js i

h ris scr crss h s chi.

a rs f rcssi scr ms

13 mii irc 35 mii

iirc. Fr h rjc rh i h

F prcssi Isr, i is xc h h




rqirm f hm rsrc

17.8 mii i 2022. oric frmi i

a fi pc.

Need to Engage Agricultural Graduatesin Rural Areas

th Cr grm hs ch ris

schms h m ricr

aa i p f ch i

ricr scr hich i ccr

h aica pc ih h imia

f s chic h h frmrs

a pi mpm ppi akh f

hr m hs f his cr. I sch

rs, ri-ciics ri-siss crs r

h ms imr. th ri-ciics risiss

crs r is ri xr srics aic fam cppi pacc, ch

imia, cp pc fm p a

isss, mr rs rics f ris crs

i h mrs s ciic srics fr im

hah c. hich hac pci f

crs ims. aricr rs m

ch fm a a f hih pa aa i

p i a ai-

ciics ri-siss crs.

aricr rs h cm frm frmi

famii a ha a ap f aic ca

cr r cmmrci frmi

hir r s /r sish r-

isris ri-srics frm hich h c

r fr hihr icm h i sri mm.

Sci chic sr c ri hs

ricr ri-siss rrrs

hp hm achi acia f-cic a

hih icms. th Schm f ari-Ciic ari-

bsiss Crs s ch i 2002 s f-

f Fic Miisr’s sch fr 2001.

th jc f h chm i pi f-

s xsi hr srics h frmi

cmmi s cr sf-mm

ppi f aic aa. th

ricr rs r ri rii i ri-

siss m fr mhs i r

67 i i pic/pia c ca

hh h c a cia naa

I f Aic exi Mm

(MAnAge). th i a pi

hhi sr h ri rs fr

pi f a. th c f aii a

hhi is i r h grm f Ii. tri rs r xc s

ari-Ciic ari-bsiss Crs ih h h

f ak ac. th chm i i impm

ih h h f Sm Frmrs ari-bsiss

Cm (sFAC), MAnAge a naa bak

fr aricr Rr dm (nabaRd).

th rii is fr rs i ricr

a jc ai aic ik hc,

sricr, rir scics, frsr, ir,

p fami, hi, c. n h facii

hs x h h ih ricripma f a a 10+2 xamia. A

h rii, hs rs im hrs

ca a i ai-i a a p

Rs. 20 h is ri h nabaRd hr

aaiz ak f hich a 40 p c

i acia aiac. Aic aa a

ipma h i i a ch pjc

ca ak acia hp fm naa Hc

Mii, naaiz bak, nAbArd, naa

Hc ba, sa Cpa bak.

Need for Non-farm EmploymentOpportunies

I i ma ha -fam aci a

r cri 25 35 rc f

h hsh icm i rr Ii. th r

f rh f mm i h rr riz

c i iica a cmpa h

r riz scr. I is sishi h rr

mm rh i ricr is sm

(0.06 r c). th si r f rh f

h -frm scr is csi rm f rr

- a mia. Pci a paii

i h -frm scr is r hihr h

i h frm scr hs hr is fr

cmia f fam a -f rm icm h

hsh hich i ri rsiic is

a ia i ih f h c, hh




ricr is fr mr frq rsi.

I i ma ha 50 p c f ppa

i ii i h r rs if h rs

f mia f pp fm a a

aa c. thi ama ai fm h fac

ha 50 p c f h ppa i ascr hich ccs fr js 14 r c f h

cr’s r gdp. grm ic sh

im sri his r. thr i h

rr mhsis rrmms i h

Pii f ua Facii i ra Aa (Pa).

p i fc rfr i i rr rs,

smi-rr r r sm , ri hr is

cm cci, a a k

a pp ca a hahca p. th

naa Cmmii Fam, ha M s

Smih, hs ss h chi f aa a, -fam mpm iia, i

ai h -i aa a mpm

aa pamm, xpa ppi

f -fam mpm a aia icm

a f h a ppa. I ch

s h khi vi Isris Cmmissi,

h sma Fam’ Ai-i Cm,

hr is sh i. thr is

r i isris cr r f

srci f sm f hir rs jii

a aa. Ii ik a, x, ah,

cic, phamacca a ma h ca

si cr sch ifrsrcr. Hr, rr

aa ha qipp ih chica

c mr xi h r

f iia aii i i a aa ih

facii. th i ca ch

isri s ii hm sm rif i

ca a a ax. sch i a hp i

ic h mia f h pp.

Need to Promote Agri-tourism in RuralAreas

th mr f riss r i hs

risri hm rh i is xc

h his mr shr ch 1.5 ii.

trism cris 11 r c f h r

r frc 10.2 r c f h rss

mc pc. th amic h f hi

isr is i frm h fc h j

is his scr r 2.5 sc. Fri

xch ri frm rism ri 2010 r

uS $ 14.1 ii. trism i Ii cris 6.23

p c f h aa gdP a 8.78 p cf mm i h cr. ari-rism

aci ca hp i a m j i a

rs hich i h i rci h r sc

mia fm a aa. Iia im i

is ri h r f 10.1 r c. th cs

f f, accmma, ca a a i

miimm i ari-trism. this is h ris

s. th cc f ari-rism s r

im h a ppa, ii h

cp f im i c c. th

a aa ppi i hi c hac s h rr cm. thr r mr

f xamp i i a ik Mahaaha,

kr, Rjsh, Jhrh, gjr Himch

prsh hich r ri sccssf rs

hich a hpi i am h icm f h

i rr rs. I Mhrshr, i h

rr rs h frm Mhrshr S ari &

Rr trism (MaRt). thr r 150 ri-rism

crs i h s hs crs r ri

ih rm h. Hr, h s

grm hs ssiiz h ri-rismaci. I Kaa, a im ih hah

im i a ccf aac pp

frm r h r. Rjsh is s rfrr

a f h i. I Himacha Pah,

S grm is cri cr

h qi facii i hi hm i a aa

i hm f h im aci. th

sa gm i a pm a im

i h f hich i a hpi i j ca.

Rr rism hs s sccssf i gjr.

H is f h sccssf r h im

f h rjc is s h hsii r

p a ia iih ppi

f -icm a cmmi, pcia

mp h. A h a a h Hka

rsr, xc fr h mr r c irs.

th ha i ai piii ik




mic f hs, crici, s, c.

th ci a ha mp fm h

is. bsis r , f ims i

, h a mik a pc ca. th

a fc a a ki f fk ha a

msm shcsi h s f H, hichi fam f i aa a miciaPm

f ari-rism is sm mr imr

shrs m Miisr f aricr

i rms s cr rms

a fam. Pm f Ai-tim

cc crc ih Rr trism, ec-

trism, Hh trism, ar trism

cir rs. b, h rism i rr rs

ca ih h miimm a ifac

i h fm f a, cmmica a hah i

ca i h a aa. Pa aa h

i i h c i h i a f

sch rss ifrsrcr rqir i hs

rs sh srh.

Government Iniaves

th s rms sh irc hih-

ch ricr rs i h rr rs. I is

p m h ha h nha i

40 p c f hi aica p fm

j 1 p c aa pc ca

i -hss r hss. Sm s

rms i Himch prsh r i

cmma k i hi ic. gm

f Himch prsh hs ircs p.d

d kis b Smirihi yj fr rc

ca f a cp ih a a f

Rs.353 crrs i 2009 i frhr s

h a pc. sm h a ik

uakh, Maaha a Kaaaka ha a

irc sch schms. Cr grm s

am ai f h a m

i srhi h rr ifrsrcr. th

Miisr f Micr, Sm Mim erriss

ppm h f sa gm

impm h prim Miisr’s emm

ga Pamm (PMegP), a ci-ik

ssi rrmm sic 2008-09, hrh khi

vi Isris Cmmissi(kvIC) hrh

h c f a f-mpmppi hh aihm f mic

rriss ici rr r isris

aizi aia aa a mp

h, hpi i p hi mia i

icrsi hir ri cci. a h S/

ui trriris , h schm is imm

hh c f KvIC, sa/ui ti

khi vi Isris brs (kvIbs)

disric Isris Crs (dICs) ih im

f bak. u hi Pamm, ciai

c sish micr rriss ici rr r isris ii f mri m ssi

f 25 rc f rjc cs fr is i rr

aa p ciai i a

ca hich i 35 pc f ciai

i sci cris sch s sch

cs/sch ri/m hrs hrh

h impm aci a a fm bak,

c., f pjc c p r.25 akh ach i

h mfcri scr Rs.10 h ch

i h sric scr.

Ii is i rr rs hr is

mak h i cmfa a

ca. th i p m m a

cric schms hc h rr ifrsrcr

i m f map a facii ha h

rm f Mhm ghi f grm Srj is

riz i r i f h cr.

(The author is Senior Scienst, Department

of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Dr. Y.S.Parmar

University of Horculture and Forestry, Nauni-

173230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh.e-mail :

[email protected])

There is enormous scope for raising the producvity of

Indian agriculture, doubling crop yields and farm incomes, and generang signicant growth in demand for farm labour



Kurukshetra February 2012 1 111

Fr h ss mri frmrs h

r i cs , miri is h

chic fr iih. th sh risi

f c f iih is i h i

iss cr ss s h

fcrs sch s h rci f iih i h

sss. Hr i hs sish h

miri s js h ri i

r h isrss i h ss i

hs ccm ci. th hm f

miri is i h rs i h

frmh f sr rh f h 1960s. t

r r hss f crss h h

rh f h ri hir i is

i srch f f mm. Ms s

rrs i i miim i s.

aii f , r rc is h

RuRal eMployMent guaRantee pRogRaMMeand MIgRatIon

Dr. S.M Jawed Akthar and N.P. Abdul Azeez

rii frc fr miri. thh h mirs

hir hshs mih fi iii, i

is s h his iii fi ccrs h

cs f ss h rr r rs,

ci i sci fr, hrh rcri

icrs i i r sii

rs rr ri ccri f

h, icm hm ci. trii,

ricr r c isris r h

mjr rfssis i h rr rs. ths

rfssis c sr h r icrsi

i i h rr rs.

o h sis f r sm sr i

bihr, kr ur prsh, ori, prs

Sr (1989) rr h i h r

rs f h hr ss, fm mirs’ r

Public works offering relatively predictable employment opportunities are particularly effective in

slowing rural-urban migration.




ricii rs r r hihr m

Chrisis Sch Css/tri hhr

mrri r mrri iii f hih

rcii js i h rr rs c rc i-

miri h r rs. I is i cc

h m i srch f mm s

frm hihr ri – ri

chic r mr imr hir

sr f ii.

MGNREGA: An Alternative to

Migration

o f h siific jcis f h

MgnRega is rrs -miri f si,

ss r frc frm h rr rs

r rs sri

100 s f

mm ihi hir

i jrisici s

h hs r

mm c

jicis ri

iiz h ss

ss ri

isrss sss. as fr sssi, h r si is

ihi fi m ris f

h ic’s i. I cs i is , i ms

ri ihi h bc h rrs ms

i 10 rc f hir s s xr s

m h ii r ii xss.

MgnRega, , c cm “ric”

src f c mm (sic i rs

r ihi frih mi

i), hrfr rcs isrss miri. I

his rsc, MgnRega crss ih ris

mm rrmms sch s Jhr Rzr

yj r Smr grm Rzr yj.

MgnRega i h siific sii

imc ss rr-r miris

rii rr rrs ih mm ri

h ss. this i rc h rms

f xcssi i rssrs i Ii ciis

s srs rr r i fi mm i

hir is. MgnRega i s h

imc rm miris rs. whi i

is iffic scri h h xc imc i

, c ssm h h cr ifrsrcr

h icrs cii i h rr cm

icrs rchsi r i hihr

rs f rm j cri hs miii

h rc mir. bfr MgnRega, hs

ri is h i m frm

c c ri ff-fishi/ff-ricr

ss. b ih mm r schm

i c, h h

src f iih ri

rh ff-fishi

sss. th c f xc

ffici miri

is mr h sh

crrc s s s

ssi s i is qi

imr qif his

s ccr s ssi s

rr-r miri c

cm qi rm

fr h h src h sii rs.

Studies on Migration:

ahh i is r j r ssss

h rrmm r isiis hihih sm

hr imr rs. thr r s m sis

r h ffc f MgnRegS miri

hich r shs crsi r, sm

f hm r fs.

la s cc kri bhi

ashish Rj (2009) shs h mr h

hf (57 r c) f h sm rrs

s h h nRega “h hm i

miri”, simir rri (s 57

MGNREGA will have

significant positive impact

on seasonal rural-urban

migrations by providing

rural workers with

employment during the

lean season




r c) f h miri h crs i

hir is fr h nRega s ch.

as xc, hs firs r rr i

rs ih hih s f nRega mm

r hih rs f miri fr h ici

f h rrmm. Fr isc, i pi c

(Mh prsh), h f -miri

hr h nRega hs i i

, 92 r c f h sm rrs f

h miri h 88 r

c si h nRega h h hm i

miri.

laccri R. d. Mr gr (2006)

rcis rsrchrs miri

h amr Isi f Sci Rsrch,

MgnRegS hs rc miri 15-20

r c i sm is f M. Jh,

dhr diri. Fi sris

sh h his rci is s sci i

h cs f m fmiis ih mr

h r m rrs h s

hi i h xci h h i

r c. th schm hs imr h

rii r f mirs ihi

h r mr shi s.

la s drz cs (2009)

sh h nRega hs i miri

59 rc si chir sch

38 rc. Rr-r miri s

misci f r rr

r scrs i h ss h i riss

r mm, rmm

r.

lnr Chr n . (2011),

i hir s f Mrhj bsrdisric i oriss s sh h r,

69 rc f h rss h

rr h hr hs ccri i

mm riis cc f h

nRega 54 rc h si h

miri hs cm i h frmh f

immi f h schm. this cr

iics h fr h irci f

nRega, i Mrhj h imi

iih riis frci hm

mir si i r sc

h schm hs s hs

rms csir. I m hs si

h h nRega is sccssf i mi is

s jcis his i fr. th cm

is q r crss ci s

rs.

Cost of Migration

I xii miri crss sc,

ccri Hrris tr (1970), icm

iffris r s h mii fcr i

mi frm -icm rs ri

hih-icm rs. e hh i r rs

xc r is hihr h rr r,

r rc mir cs f h

cs f miri h hmrs i. th iiss

cc r i h i rfcs

h css f miri s s h xii

ciis h rrs fc s mirs.

emrc f sis drz khr, Ii Sch f wm’s Sis

dm hihihs h MgnRegS hs i

crs i isrss miri frm i,

ih rrs si h h rfrc r i

r h is, rhr h ri sci

hr cs f miri shr i srch

f r. th css f miri ic rsr

css, cri ris, hh hzrs,

hihr css f ii i r rs cmi

ih r ii ciis h r h ’h h ccis s i r

r, hr r r hih h r

isf qi fmiir h fc

hih ris cs hr is r h h

i m hrh h r. Miri

s rss i r f sci if: this is




r h i h cs f m miri

h ir fmiis mir. wh ir fmiis

mir h sii is rs: chir

h rm frm schs i i

rcris irms. wm irs

r sci r sx xii.

Frhr, r csi is cs f miri

h is r sci r. ths, MgnRegS

s crs i miri frm is, ih

i rfrc r i r hir

is, rhr h ri h sci hr

css f miri shr i srch f r

cs i ri s, cri ric

mm ihi h fi imrs hich

ri iq ri rc

frm hs hrshis.

Migration andEducation:

th irs

mir ih hir fmiis

hi h h mih

m hir chir i

ciis. this is xsi

h chir h hzrs f

chi r s i

chir ri f

sch ri h cmic r hich shs h

h miri s irc cc c f

ci fr chir. Rc fi isis

nr brr (2008)is f drr isric

s h icic f chi mir r

r ri hr ris fr r-sc

miri f chir h s f 10 14

r i h bt c fis i gjr. Chir

s mir gjr r i ric is, i

hs rshs, i xi mrs csrci sis. Discussions with villagers

revealed that there has been almost a 20 per cent

reduction in the incidence of migration amongst

children which shows reduction in child labour as

a direct result of the impact of MGNREGA. p

i s h if hr r rsii schs fr

10-14 r chir h mr rs

hir chir i sch. I s f h

sm f h irs s hir MgnRega icm

imr h qi f ci f hir rs

i h missi f, rchsi s,

rii iis, i f sch ifrm, icc

c. d h csrci f cci r,

chir r ccii sch

icc r f , chir r mr

rr i rms f i h sch. thr is

cr c f si h ii icm

fr h ci f chir. I is cs f

ihr m fr chir’s r ci.

Ms f h MgnRega fi fmiis iis

hir icm fr ccssi chir’s ci r

smi ih ii

fciiis imr h qi

f ci. this rm

ism f MgnRega

icm i i fr cci

f h fmiis fr hir r

mii. ths, rci i

h miri f h s

chir icrs

rm ri f

chir i schs r h

mjr imcs f MgnRega, ccri h

i hmss. Sr, h criics f

MgnRega r h hs r rhhi

s fr ic ic.

Effect of Migration on Agriculture:

th MgnRega icm i s hs

imsis. th fmiis i sm

ricr hich is isffici r

f scri fr h h f h r r crii srs f csh m hr sic

s, fmiis r smi ricr

icm ih icm f MgnRega. thr

r r mrs f sm hi fmiis

hi ricr rc; MGNREGA

income provides a significant value addition to

MGNREGA income provides

a signicant value addion

to meet their higher order

needs crical for their

survival or growth

and development of

their family




meet their higher order needs critical for their

survival or growth and development of their

family. thr r fmiis h r cm

ss r, fr

r i ricr scr r cii rs. I h

ff ss f ricr, sch fmiis mir

s. Cii rs i i h i

hm is r i h i if h

rs r r i h MgnRega cii rs.

e if h r fmi mmrs mir s

si rrs, mi si fmi

mmrs rfr s i h i r

r MgnRega.

this r, h r mm

r MgnRega hs rsri h s ssr miri, hich h cm h mis

f frmi i ricr rrssi, r-

sr, ss. this hs cs c shr

f r fr ricr ffci is i

h shr ss, kr, pj

h cii f r-isi crs i ric,

h src. th frmrs r frc

icr ii xss fr si mchis

r fr i frm ris hich r

rir rfrm m mirr r fr r css. Ss f rcrs cr si

hrsi mchis r rr h

ris shr s rs. Frmrs’ rizis

h cm ih ssi ssi h

h mr 100 s mm i r

sh ri ri ricr

sss. this i i-i sii fr

h frmrs frm r. whi h frmrs

i r h h i h ms, h

rrs i rmi m fr r ri i r. ahh icrs

r isrss miri frm rr r

ssi, i rs ffc h iii

f r i h ricr fis f m ss

hr s r r fr h irci

f MgnRegS icrs mr r.

Conclusion:

ahh hr hs sm ci i

h icic f miri frm h ficir

hshs, ss isrss miri

cis c. this is rimri csf h -iii f js h ,

h c f rss h is f h

risis ims r h schm

m h i ficiris f h schm.

th ffrs c hs mirs h

fis f h MgnRegS h c f rr

isf r i h imc rs h

mirs s c i hir hm ss i

fis f his schm. th sc f MgnRega

hr i c s cr rr-r miri

is cii h i is i imm

i h ri, hris, if r is si,

if s r’ i im if m is js

i sih-ff, h rrs i h

ici s miri. Hr i sh

cr h h rimr im f h ac is ri

fr fr h sci f h i h s

r h miimm - h fc h i

c s cr isrss miri is js sii

scr imc f h ac. this r s

m ss h h fcs f h ac sh

shif ri rr-r miri, i

ss hihih h i sh cm riri

imm MgnRega s ffici s ssi

cs hr r rms scr fis

frm h ac hich c r h sii

imc cmic m. thrfr, if i

c s cr rr-r miri h i

i hr fi frm his ac, hich

c c smhi ccr i r

ii rr m i h r.

(Dr. S.M.Jawed Akhtar is Associate Professor,

and N.P.Abdul Azeez is Junior Research Fellow,

Department of Economics, Aligarh Muslim

University, Aligarh, UP., e-mail : abdulazeeznp@

gmail.com.)




Rmiac a ma h mia

h mmrs f hir fmi i i. thi h c f mia a

mpm, aica pc a a

m sr ir. I is ssi

iih ca i cci h

am a hcmi f mia.

o i csirs h h r imc f rr

mia mia-i aa i a

rcmms sii icis rm

rr mm m i rr imi

ppa mm fm a aa. spp

f hi i ii h a impac f a

MIgRatIon : IMpaCt & RelevanCe oFReMIttanCe on RuRal aReaS

Gaurav Turkhade

ss i h i aa a i ip c

h c cm.

A c i ci ha mia ca

ha a pi impac pm a ca,

ia a aa . spp f hi

i ci mia a hh a

i hich cmic sci is h

mir his/hr hsh r mii.

this i mhaiz h aii fm h

af f c a aa, ch a acia

i-ki miac, a a h a

a amii f ki a ia ia.

Remittances play an essential role in ensuring food for many rural poor households and thus

constitute an efficient strategy for facing adversities such as low agricultural productivity and the

inherent risks and instability of farming activities. Moreover, remittances may serve as insurance

to improve or counter crisis situations, thus limiting negative effects on food security. Evidence

shows that the impact of remittances on agriculture is mixed and highly contextual. In some cases,

migration and remittances foster household farm investment and agricultural production, while in

others, the opposite occurs.




Iiia a cc miac ci

h ssisc -i f rr fmiis.

Ism f mir’s icm i frm -

fam aci a ica cmp

ma a ca mpm ppi ic

iirc. accri, i is rcmm h

icis si icrs h sci, cmic

a acia ik mia a hi

cmmi pac f ii. rai, h,

is mr cmx. a i r f ris – sch

a ca cx, p a x f mia a

iz f miac – iac ih a ic

h c f kfc i a aa a h

impac f acia af fm mia hi

fmi cmmi f rii. th mjr imcs

f mia a miac aic a

a mpm p ic pa f

xpi, im a a aca f

mia hh, a iic h mpi

c f miac a cha i h a,

s srics mrs. th siz & m

mi p a fac ch a h

capaci f h mia & cia & cmic pi

a h pac f mia. th ca iia

mia h a pac i j pi m

m a i mi m cmpa

hs h r hih c & c i srir

j pi.

Research Objecves :

thi pap xami h impac f miac

aic, hah & ca a p

aia a iqai i a aa.

Methodology:

this s is mi s scr src

& aa i ai fm k & p mia

& rr m.

Impact of Remiance on Agriculture:

th miac fm mia a ik

ai a icm & cmp, hich a

h pc im f h pm

& iica f aic aci & i

h r f hir fmi ii hi. I is s

pc f cpic cmp

ii xcssi r ci isi i

a aic, ih i c mpm.

ths, i icrss h rsrcs ih h

f a h pa f h cipi.

eic h ha h impac f miac

ricr is mix hih cx. I sm

ca, mia a miac f hh

fam im a aica pc, hi

i h, h ppi cc. Iia, a

aaiaii f fam a -fam pc

m crs h fmi mmrs mir,

paca if hh a a aiz

fmi r ms r c h cssr

ma hi aia a .th ia ma

cha h miac a aii. I ma

rs f Ii fr isc, h r m

rci hsh c srir gdp

p capia. rmiac a a ha f hh

icm r frm r r. Fr xm, s

f cmmi i a viaha f Mahaaha

f ha f aia fami mm hmia h Mmai a miac, h

icm f rcii fmiis rs rxim

10 rc.

I m ca, miac ca cmpa

f h a impac f mia ai

hir r rc h ricr r frc

. I h, miac ma c aica

a a pc, f xamp icai

-fam aci a imi pp’ ii

ak -pai aica aci. rcii

hh ma ch p hi aiaicm ica cmp, i

i hi, ca a hah, a a i

pia -fam aci, hi h

ma fa aica pc. Pi c

h f ism (hhr frm

-fam) a cmp pa. If

rsrcs r is i ricr -




ricr pc, c ma pi f

h aica pc a a mpm.

exms frm r h cr sm

iica ha, ak a a h, mia a

miac ha a cia ic a

-i a aica pc. I ccp pc i h ic c i h

h , m miac ha hac

h cp pci a ca accma.

Mia fm a aa ha a c

hh fam icm iia, ahh m

miac f cmpa f a,

ci hh icm a ma h

fam a -fam pc . ra miac-

cii hh a hi hi -fam

im fm cp ick pc.

dpi c i h k fc, aica

icm s sm ci s rs f mia a a icm i ii, paa a a

rs f h hihr isms i isc. I hs

s f h mmrs f hshs ih

mia i k iica f h i

aica pc.

Mia ha impac fam’ chica

cic, a mia hh i m

i pci-haci a m-ai fam

chi f cp pc. Ahh

mia ha f h ap f imp

ch, mir hshs sh aica pfmac ha -mia

hh, ca a c i h a

a im a imp

chi fm miac cip. th caci

f rrs r cmic fcrs r

mia ha a a impac aic.

I a c ha, i a cx f hih mia,

ack f ia pc chiq, c

f im iirsi, crs r

aam f fami aci h

. th a i hich mia a miac

ac aica pc a icm hi ic impac fam aci. si

rr rs i wsr Ii f h ch

mir cr r f hr js hrh

miac. th, miac ca c-

icm c ha fa p pp, h ii

si h rr cm. bh mir

-mia hh fm miac

rsfrs. Hr, i r s sr rs

f h pi c f mia ak h.

e if miac a i i aic,

h r r sms h h ccr

a iia ai f aic – f

frms f ricr h sri -fam aci. sa i iica

ha mia i hh mm a a

sr m f ricr. ois, i is

mr i h isms i ricr r m

i aa h h a m pa –

i i hich aa a i a aa

a p iz a, iia a i aaia

i ci qa, a pc aa a

c r rs hr ic ifrsrcr.

whr r iii is cri r cs

hr cisi fcrs src ricr

pc a fami if – ch a cai a

pp ih, cmpx cc a

cci maiac a a ii,

xrm sm sizs – mirs

fr ss ici is i ricr r mih

paa iha fm h c . b a

his is fc, i m s i mi h

m rr ihis mir cs h h

aa xpic aic a a -p, ik

aci, ai h pia a pic c.

Impact of Remiance on Health &

Educaonth mirs s cri h i

fa aci maki ci f h

cc f ch ii & hpia &

cmmi crs. ths mirs r h mi

rs & h i cmmi s rs

h pp ih a hp & xpca. A

h hh , miac a imp

h sr f ii. th icrs irsif

icm hsh mmrs c

mr rsrcs rii f, ccssi

hh srics si hir chir ch. opii i ai h c f

mia a miac hah a ca.

Sm rsrchrs h f h h hh

caa a f chi i mia

hh imp ih miac, hi

hrs mhsiz h h impac f mia a

aa pi a ha h cia a hma




c f f a a hih a ha

msr.

Ms sis s mr chi mri

rs irh ih s iicrs, hi

a aai hah ca . o h h,

i ha h ha miac ha a piimpac hah. I a i ha chi

mir hshs i rr rs r ss i

i i hi a a ha h ha a

hihr irh ih h hr chir. I s s

i ha h chi ha ai imp

acc mica ca, paca ic mia

ha ica hi pa a a aa

f h imrc f hh cr. Hr, i s

a f ha p hah ca, ch a

ai a accia, a cmm

am mia hh. oh i ha

ca a h a hah impac f pchica a ic i

r sc r m, s s h

pa f ifc ia ch a HIv/AIds a

ca a a chi’ hah h

h ha ih fi ia a.

th impac f miac p a

h f h hh ha, a miac

a m ik i i ca if h

r s mir fhrs mhrs. Sm

rsrchrs s f h chir frm mir

hh a m ik a ch, ha

hih cmp a a a ph chir frm -mir hshs. d

rr rs r h chir i mir

hh a m ik a

sch, h r s mr i s i sch

i h r i hich sch r rs

, h hihr cm rs i hir

a ch. nh, a cc

miac a ca ha a

sr. tchrs & hh rrs h rr

h sch rfrmc m chir frm

mia hh i p a mm

hmr r ch s.

Impact of Remiances on povertyalleviaon and inequality

th c f miac p appa

mch ss crrsi h hir imc

iqai: h m a c

ha miac c p. rmiac

r imr s src f icm

fr m hshs sci i rr rs.

th hp c ma ic, mh

cmp a cm ic i pi

f cii. th ix f miac ma ca a

icrm i rics s rs f mir

hh i i a. th iqai ma

xcr h cms ss ccssi

rr hshs mr ccr i

h hs f f . I hs i

ha h a mia a iqai

p h f ii f mia

ihi a pcic cmmi: m f pp

i i mia ma ica iqai,

hi mr riz mii s rc

iqi, s frm r sci-cmic

acc h mia .

th a impac f mia amiac p a iqai i pa

p h m f mia iia fm

i icm p (a h ic

i miac ai ppi

miac), a a h c a

a ii am i p, ici

-mir hshs. th r imc r

m fama p h iic c

aki pac i pcic cx.

Conclusion

Mirs s hir ic ih hc f rii. Mirs s crr h

hich h impa h a ppa a f

ici & pacipa i ai aci, hi

f impac f ca hich h ai

& p i hi i, hi ia a

ai h aia cia m, a h

his irc cri h m f

rr rs. ams h mirs cri h

m f h rr rs ihr cmic

cia h. th cmic ci f h

mia famii i & a ha h

famii i h ia h fm mia ha

ak pac. th, a a mia m

imr fcr i h sci & cmic

m f h rr rs.

(The author is Lecturer, Takshashila

Mahavidyalaya, Amrava – 444607 , Maharashtra,

e-mail : [email protected])




M

iri is h rmr f chi

sci-cmic iic ciis

h i iri s.I is s si f i isriis i cmic

sci ciis h rii

sii. I is r i h h

isi rcsss r h r hs

ccr h miri r, i srch f

sri, ffim r if fr hmss

hir fmiis (Hzr, 2010). Rr miri is

h hm h scris h mm f

frm hir is r rs, s

MIgRatIon oF Cottage InduStRy woRkeRS(a Cs S f amrr disric)

FROM THE GROUND

Dr. Jamshed Nasir, Mahvish Anjum and Ullas T

i srch f r iih (Si, 2002). I

Ii hr r s mr f ss rs

q s mrs f ri mrrs i rr scr, ir mii is criic

h iihs f m , sci fr

frm rr rs h r cis

srm f mirs si fr ciis. ths

mirs hir misr ii

ms r i sms h misr f

h ciis xi h r i q ci

srics i h -m

-si rfrc f h ci (nsir, 1991).

According to this survey, it was astonishing to find that there had been pract ica lly no

migration of cottage industry workers from Ambedkarnagar district. A few who have migrated

have done so far reasonsother than livelihood earning, such as religion, better environment,

housing etc…




a rs hr r m cmic ciiis

i amrr isric h mi r

f h cmic cii is shr c

isr. prs r fcss h miri

f rrs m i c isr. C

isris f amrr isric si crsrcs, ch c sis i

i miii h rm f rr

r rs.

Objecves

I h rs r m hs

m s h sii f miri

-miri f c isr rrs i

amrr isric. th mi jcis f

his s r:

l t sss h cmic cii f c

isr rrs

lt fi h css f miri fr

c isr rrs

Methodology

prs s is s rimr

cc frm h c isr rrs ih

h h f qsiir chiq. th sr

ccr 246 c isr rrs frm

9 cs. I h rs r sim rc

mh hs s fr h sis f .Fr shi h icm isrii f c

isr rrs, r irm hs rr

Discussion

amrr is f h imr

isric f ur prsh hich cri i

rii mm smr

icm 1000’s f riss, irs

ricr ri sc ricr ss.

asis shs h h mr f c

isr rrs ris frm miimm f 12 i

Rmr mximm 52 i Jr. I cs

f miri, 5-10 rc c isr

rrs r mir r r cr frm

iffr cs (t 1).

accri his miric sr, i s

sishi fi h hr h rcic

miri f c isr rrs frm

amrr isric. a f h h mir

h s fr rs hr h iih

ri sch s rii, r irm,

hsi c…

th a hi a mia i

cmic a hf, h ca f -mia

f ca i k h a a

ih cmic i.. h ai f ca k

sh s hih s hm hir

c f r. thrfr, s cc

h icm f h k mp i ca

isr r frhr cris h sis

f hir icm i hr rs i.. hih, mim

icm r (t 2).

Table 1: Block-wise distribuon of coage industry workers and number of migrang

and non-migrang workers

Blocks No. of coage

industry worker

Migrang Percentage Non-migrang Percentage

t 39 2 5.13 37 94.87

arr 48 3 6.25 45 93.75

Jr 52 2 3.85 50 96.15

Jhirj 22 1 4.55 21 95.45

khri 20 2 10.00 18 90.00

bshri 20 2 10.00 18 90.00

bhi 13 1 7.69 12 92.31

bhi 20 1 5.00 19 95.00

Rmr 12 0 ni 12 100.00

Total 246 14 5.70 232 95.30

Source: Based on Field Survey, 2010




as isr i h 2 fir 2

(41.03%) f h sm rrs

h mim icm r, (10.26%) h hih

icm r (46.15%) h icm

r i t c.

I arr c (37.5%)

icm r, (52.08%) mim icm r

(10.41%) hih icm r. I h cs

f khri, bshri, bhii, bhi Rmr,

h rc f c rrs i

hih icm r is i. th hih rc

(77.27%) f c isr rrs s

icm r is sh Jhirj.

I m mi hr h i hs

cs, icm m rr s fmi

icm cs ms f hm r rrs

i h fmi. I is i h his is h

rci s hs rrs ch

hir c f rii. effcs r, hrfr m

fi hr rs fr hir -miri.

Causes of non-migration

th r h fi fcs

-miri:

Affection for their native place: is r

hm h h rs hs ffci hisirh c. Mjri (80%) rs h h

rfr i hr h hir i

c. ths ffci fr hir i c is

f h rss fr hir -miri.

Feeling of satisfaction: th c isr

rrs i si f hir mr ris, fs

sisfi i if f imi s.

House ownership: Ms f h i h

s r r ii hr fr ris. th

h hir hs i. bcs f i

sr si rsic i hr c

h rfr mir.

Close interaction with community: this s

mr s mjr cs (>80% f rs)

f miri. ths rrs h cs

irci ih h r hm

his irci hs fi f irc .

Services and facilities: Ifr- srcr

cii f amrr isric is mr.

p s ris srcs f r fr hir

r s. Ms f hm h hir h

m s crici fcii. th cs

f amrr isric h hh fcii i..

ri hsis, rm hsi, ri

cr c. hich fcii hm sisfcri.

S hs fciiis r s f h rss frh -miri f c isr rrs s

r 75% rss.

Table 2: Block-wise income distribution of cottage industry workers

Blocks Monthly Income

Less than

3000 (Rs.)

Percentage 3000-5000

(Rs.)

Percentage More than

5000 (Rs.)

Percentage

t 19 48.72 16 41.03 4 10.26

arr 18 37.50 25 52.08 5 10.42

Jr 28 53.85 20 38.46 4 7.69

Jhirj 17 77.27 2 9.09 3 13.64khri 15 75.00 5 25.00 0 ni

bshri 12 60.00 8 40.00 0 ni

bhi 9 69.23 4 30.77 0 ni

bhi 14 70.00 6 30.00 0 ni

Rmr 8 66.67 4 33.33 0 ni

Source: Based on Field Survey, 2010




s s cr rms, ci, ngos

c. i rr m r.

Conclusion

th rs s “ Miri f C

Isr wrrs i amrr isric” hs sm irsi ccsis. th ri

f s is f h cr f c

isr i sr u.p. Ms f h isri

rrs r i sch isris. as fr s

miri is ccr, isiific mrs f

c isr rrs mir r ciis.

I si f ris h rfr

mir s h h ffci fr hir i

c r sisfi ih hir rs r.

th s s s h cr rm

sh frm sch icis hich c hrssh r f h rr rrs ssis i h

ifm f h rrii sci f h

sci.

(The authors are from Department

of Geography, A.M.U., Aligarh, e-mail:

[email protected])

whr m h rs, h fc rmis

h hr r ris c isris rii

mm h i amrr

isric frm hr miri s c.

Impact of non-migration

as h rr-r miri crs

i i h i if rm f r,

hsi, sii, i i r cr s

h sii f -miri hs i cri

h r icrsi i rssr r

cr ricr i mri i ciis. I

i s rj ji fmi ssm hich hs

is mris i h Ii cx s s

i i r srisi. ahr

imr imc h ssc f

rii rs ch cs i crri h crfs is h frm fhr s

s’s rsc i h fmi h i i

h rii.

b if i hr , his sii

f -miri f rr rrs rs

ciis hs hr sm chs fr h s

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M

ia cc h h pac f

i i a f ca cm

ha ha f h rs

ca. Mia i ifac, a f iia

cm. I is s ssi fr jss rss

h p hi aa m . di

ci ri, r sc fmi r-

sri f bihr, u.p, M.p, oriss, b

tmi n mir h ric cris i

siam, Mai, Fiji Ia a h pac a

i a f a paa. thi ha

ri r chis hir ci msrs

s h cm f h cr’s ccr.

th a i h ci.

IMpaCt oF RuRal MIgRatIon oF agRICultuRallabouReRS oF bIhaR In aSSaM

(a Cs s f Ccr disric)

Dr. Kumar Amarendra Narain

Ii Iia, , i h mi f ih

cr sch f rrs r imr h

bih cia ma f a paa i Aam

b.

I hi pap a amp ha ma

h fac pi f mia f a f

biha a fa aa f sh Aam (Cacha) a

is imc h cm f h mir rrs

f biha. th cicmic p f h a

ci ha a c hi mia.

I rr s h rm, sm f

hr bihri rrs ri i Sichr (disric

H.Q. f Cacha, sh Aam) a i i

So long as the wants remain strictly limited there is little scope of migration. The urge for

migration was absent so long as the wants were satisfied from the local sources.

FROM THE GROUND




i, aihm a cmmcia cc,

h , h sis f rsss m

hm a cica aa ha .

bihr hs xrici r sc

mia f a ppa i iia

s rr rs f b, Mhrsr, dhi,

pj Hr. ths rr rrs h s

hi i ss f assm, oriss

arch prsh. ui hr ss f gjr,

Kaa, tami na a ba h mia f a

a f biha a m c i

r crs isi h cr.

Mia f a a f biha i h

f rm s s ss i r. th

aa mia f bihai a i Aam i

ms cris s rs, rici rrs,

ic k, hi pma mia

ics rrs h rr r hrh

h r cqir hsm icm frm h

r. Sch rrs r shrm, shmrs,

hrs, rs srs, ricshs, hs,

crrirs ri rrs, FCI rrs, rrs

m i assm ecrici br hr

imr hs f sciss. ths rrs,

i r, i ih fmi i r

a imp if kpi i i hi mai m r m s i hir fmi mmrs

ii i biha. th ha i i a sicha

r hr smi-r s, rm m

h i hss f hir sis. o m

ccai, paca i fa h cm

hi a pac a a h ih hi

fami. simia, h ccai ik m

f maia imia ia fc h cam

hi pac, a a ai ch fc h

rr c h cs f mm.

Causes of Migraon

S s h s rmi sric imi

h i i cp f mia. th f

mia a a a h a

a fm h ca c. th fa c

if ih i cac ih i kp h

ic k ik ‘F i h ’. th

ci i ac, hai ca chi,

p hi ci ih miimm f

maia cmf. sq aia cha

risi f chs i if s rh

f mm ciiia hich pa h a fmia f a a f biha a

ris crs f b assm.

thh ssisc cmis f h s

h fr icic f hih irh rs,

h rs c. h q hih h

icic f mics i Chr, Sm px

hih ifa mai. th ppa f ch

cmi a pacca aa. u ch

circmscs rm hr rs r fr h

mir. Frhr ssisc cmi chaaci f ma. th

ac f a p cah-x h

pa mia ih ki capia qi

f cmp, xpi a m h c

f rsic.

th r sci-cmic css srcr

f a aaia ci ha pa a a

pf cai h mia f ppa.

th aica f h ci a ca ih

impma f ii ac hi i

ic h cp f mia i h ma

c. th ma f p aach ifi

ca pa a pma haicap h

mm i ch cmmi f -

mia. Fh h m f a , h

hha, ca ih imp faciia mia

i rri sci. th ss ss

aica k ha h p

mia i a pac f maia ai.

ahh ris fcrs sch s

rrir, rmic f ricr s src f

iih, cs ssm chsiss f i if

c. h i s, r s rf csris

i a, h p f ca, mai

isri xsi schm h ss

h aa m icca h pii

f ss m h f Ii, r sm




f h ms hich cr

mia i h p-ip pi. th

c f ch pm ia mia

i m aac pm, h impac f hich

cm f h sis is rms.

‘Ph’ a ‘P’ fac a m impa

pa f a mia f ki a mp

k f Iia i a a biha i paca.

emm ri is shrii rhr

ica i ppa, ci i haica,

s ricr cm sc f

isri rh hich rs i r sc

aa mia fm biha. Fhm, h

ic f kihip ac a m pf fac

ma hi a a a fi a a

cm cs hr sch rrs r ria ai hh hi pii .

dic i ci-cmic pa i

aica pi f mia i Iia. M

f h mirs i bihr assm r

r c f h ci (ta I) h

a h icm f xpia f a

i frmrs. th mrhic rssr c

ih fami, a aa cci

fai f m i h p ca f mia.

thi fc h ak c f ci m

ih hr rss r i

j. bi ma h i k fm

fm if f ica i a hamf xpia,

i ch f sch cs cr css

cmmi mir assm (t I).

th rs s is m h ss

rrs f bihr ri i Cchr hr siz

k a mp i i i, hp

s hr ri ccrs. th s

c ha 60% f h k a iia, 20%

r -mric, 10% mric rmii

10% r rrs rs. th

psi, Chmr, dhi, ds, Mh, Msims,

khr.

Table I Labour Migrants of Bihar in Cachar (South Assam)

Numbers of

workers

Caste Place of inhabitants Monthly

income

Monthly

expenditure

Savings

1. Ricsh prs 8 psi, dsh Mzffrr, Hzir

vishi

10,080 3,950 6,130

2. wshrm

(r)

6 dhi Chmr 9,000 4,570 4,430

3. th Hrs 15 krmi/ ahir Smsir/

Mzffrr

27,000 7,000 20,000

4. krs Hrs 15 krmi psi/dsh vishi 7,950 4,000 3950

5. FCI rs 24 psi/Chmr/ahir/

krmi

vishi 72,000 12,000 60,000

6. Ri rrs 20 krmi/dsh Smsir 48,000 12,00 36,000

7. Fr Mi rrs 27 Mh/ds krmi vishi 56,700 16,500 40,200

8. wrs 16 Msims pr/kishj 40,800 7,500 33,300

9. p s 16 Mh vishi/Smsir 1,08000 12,000 96,000

10. Ic crm srs 18 psi/Mh kri/

khr

vishi 40,500 12,500 29,500

11. bric rrs 33 br, psi rs vishi 99,000 12,500 86,500

t 200 5,19030 1,03020 416010

Source: Personal interview with Migrant workers of Cachar.




br, krmi, ahir kri cs f

. th s frhr rs h h

h mir frm h isrics f vishi, S

msir, Mzffrr, Chmr, pr

kishj. I hir i cs h r fci

c fici crisis r crrfici r f hir fmiis. thir fmi

ss s hih, hc h f hsii

f hir is i srch f mri

is.

th sm sr f h ss miri

f bihr (t I) cr rfcs h h r h

i rrs i i, ric mi,

r rs, crri th, ricsh,

si f rs, p Ms, khii, ic-crm

si h r si r hr simir rs.Sch rs, i h ii f h c f

Cchr r hir ss sr, s

h r sci ci cscis f

hir sii , h hsi r sch

rs. as rs, hs si mirs fi

si r fr hir ris. ai Hssi,

r f kishj ifrm m h h s

Sichr ih hr rrs i h

mh f ocr r r ss hr fr

r six mhs. er h s

si f r Rs. 150 r r . I

fc sch m rrs hr r

ischr hir is ii hs

h h cfic f h c

hir rs.

th rrs, i r, rmi hr

ih fmi ih ii r m

sh i hir i cs i rr

rchs r i hss, rchs cs

m hr fmi xss ci,

mrri f chir cr csr s.

H Chr Sih, Ri prr ifrm m

h his rs r ri r r

h mr hf f h rr.

afr rrii hr ri s ri rr

h cr ff h s mr

s i his ssssi. t m, i is sr

r hr s ri rr cs m chir

r ri i eish mim schs. Frm h

sr i rs h hs mir rrs r

sisfi ih hir js hir fici

sii hs rs imr hir

sci-cmic sii hs cm s. Hh rmi hm, hir cmic sii

h rmi s. th h

rmi s , rmi frm i

c zr i srch f r i h frm r i h

csrci r s hr. I is hir miri

frm hir i cs is cs f assm

hich hs s hir cmic sii.

thir sc frm i hs i v-imc

ricr ciiis h iii f

srs r. I fc, h ss miri

f srs rrs f f r sri

isrics f h bihr hs ris

h cmic sc f h mirs. th c

f Cchr r q fi h

rsc f sch mirs h r si

fr sch f rs. th c ihis s

ifrm Sh bhchr, h h

c sissm, shrs crcrs

s sm fci f hir icm r

m rs is c hm s rfi.

ths i is h rffic r m.

I fi, i c si cc h

h miri (ss rm) f

ricr rrs hs rs imr

h scicmic sii f h mirs

f bihr. thir hs ch hir

rci f rr s cs

sci s hs s ch fr h . th

h rci xsr mr ciiis if

hir irmii ih h c sci

f sci f Cchr hs i hir mhriz. this, i h r, i imr h

sci-cmic fcs f h mirs s s

h s s h.

(The author is a P.G., Deptt. Of Economcs,

R.N. College, Hajipur ( Bihar), e-mail : anarain.

[email protected])




kish R Mr, rrssi frmrfm sikkim, ha ciz a ‘ric

Ir’ h dircr f Ric

Rsrch, Rjr nr i Hr. H

rci his rcii fr iis i ric

ciai i h ‘Iai ric Fam

M 2011’ h i as Hr hich

s 26 rssi frmrs f iffr

Ss f h cr.

Mr his frm Ch Sim, Srms h

rci fr his ii rcm

f ‘Ka nia dhaa’ i pac f ca c

ri fr hih i, frrc fix ccr rs. wih 20 rs f xric i

fami, Maa a hi pai ‘Ka

ni dh’ ri h m Hr.

‘Ka nia dhaa’, a c ic cia a

firs rh frm rrssi frmr f M

bzr, Jiri is c rci f c

ric ri dh tsi.

Mr s frmi i 3 crs

s sis f Rs. 20,000 r m h

irc his ri f ric s r

ii 3 s f s frm rrssi frmr

f Jiri. H s h ss si h Ssm

f Ric Isifici chiq ih ic

frm krishi vi kr (kvk), Srms r

Ii Cci f aricr Rsrch (ICaR). th

rci s 4 qis f ric hich srris

him s i s fr ims mr s cmr h

hr c riis.

Mr s h rc Rs. 8000 r

qi. H s s c ri Rs. 2200-

2500 r qi. this r, Mr is xci

hrs f 16 qis f ric frm 6 s f s.

H xpai ha h ‘Ka nia dhaa’ pahs 25-28 irs r hi ih ics f 20-20 cm

156 ris r ic. n h ric,

h sr f his ri is hih m s i

hs riis is s s fr fr

c.

Mr i h m frmrs h

i ricr icrsi r

the RICe InnovatoR oF SIkkIM

Suman Gazmer

css. Frmrs h h sm his c fr his ri f ric hich is mch rfi,

h si. this c f rcics is sriz

h frmrs h cir is i

frmrs f iffr is f h es disric.

th m f k ni Ric is r hih i

hr Ss s h frmrs frm Mmi, dhi,

Hr r m him fr ss,

h r.

Mr’s hr r is imi

ricr s h s s hricr cii

c, cifr, brcci, b Cr

hr s. H hs s b

Cr rc rh Rs. 11,000. H is ri Rs.

1.5 hs r m hrh frmi.

th frmr is s ficir f drm

f bich prjc f h kvk. H s

ri ss f ir lr Crmm f

iss cr h kvk. His frmi mhs r

i mir h kvk hich s xs

chic sr s mri him.

(PIB Feature)




Ii, fr sr rs rmi sms aic h c a ii

ih m ha 60 pc f i ppa

i i. erir, r frmrs r

r rs f mifs f iis ss

hich i i ia aac p

iica fa, hih i a a

ii i a. Fam aia

mhs f frmi. khi, Ji, Mi pissi,

R pissi, whi pissi, bsi, bsi Shri

r h i c (dsi) h ss hikrh, Jh, bh mch, ki Mch,

br, kshri, li, bh c. r h c

pa . simia, h i p

f shm, Chaa, l, g l a C

Ss i i h mr.

wih h a f g , Iia

c mhs cm sf

IndIgenouS Seed-key to end agRaRIan CRISIS

Baba Mayaram, Madhya Pradesh

ci i f pc a ba Fami.Hih-ii ai f a h ica

f fiz a iia ic

sr isrics f Ii ih Hsh f

Mh prsh i f hm. t rjc

s ch ih h, hri

ai k h ii . F ma

a, h hi ai pc a i

h ia ha cmp a.

ufr, si f rri h ih

hih qa f fi, h pc a ii a h fa. Fam, iappi,

ha a cmmi ici c i h

ca h h fam cmmi ici i

Hsh disric ihi fr s.

this, i , is h f r

. thi a h imi f miac

gM ss (gca Mi s) hich a




i pc a a aa h g

r. th , if , i pc

mr issrs csqcs.

rc, xc ai h

cr f S i ris rs f h isric.

th aa pc f hi cp a 20 k

2 qia. Fam fah cmmi

ici (t fam cmmi ici i

Hsh’s dri ths i Sii

M ths).

b I i, h r rm hs

cm s h “firs”

f frmr sicis. I si

f i r ss

his rc mr,

rm is ri hr

ri i h gM ss

rc mh

s ich.

Rc i bh, able-ag

(aricr gr f h

asscii f bich

l erriss) ris

mi i hich gM ss

fr S r rs.

“Birra” and “Utera”Farming (Mixedfarming)

I h s, cmi

frmi f ch h

s qi r. ers f h hs h

Chapa f hi mix. Cmi fami ik

ur r Sjr h srh i h ri

hi 4-5 cp a i h am . sch

pacc ah i f f h c.

th f hi f fami i ha if cr fis, h hr cms fr i i

h Cah Cp. I ca f a aack f ic a

mi a aa ia ak pac, h

cr s ri s s h cs f S cr

his r. th ss i h sch f mix frmi

i ca p h taa dam iia facii,

h s r h crs hich r

i h rai a Khaif pi, pc.

accri J Sih p f Jm

vi - “erir, frmrs s s dsi r

c ss. th s s sm ris frm

h cr s s ss h x si

ss r rr sm frm h ihri

frmrs. wm s i r i

sri rsri h ss. as cmr

h iis ss, hich r i

fr fr, frmrs h fr h crss-r

ss. th frmrs hm h ir ni

s cm

criic

h cmis h

rm cis.

”dsi ss h h

cci fih is

iss fmi. d

friisrs s h

sm

h si ih

f irrii. Cm

m h crs s

r h cs. b ,

cis sri f h iscicis ics

ih s f r

hs cm h rii

hich hs rs

ffc h frii f h

si. th r sis i r is

s i ixic hich i r is rs

ffci h i, hm im if.

M ris h rr h h f irs

i cc, h i fr i ixic

ris.

Threat of Seed The

th r fms cr R.H. Richri,

frm n, Hsh cc 17,000

iis ss ih frs i

sm, hih ii cci r s.

”Desi seeds had the capacity

to ght against disease and

famine. Dung ferlisers used to

be the only supplement added

to the soil with no need of

irrigaon. Complete damage to

the crops was never the case.

But now, connuous spraying

of the inseccides and tonics

along with supply of water has

become the tradion which has

adversely aected the ferlity

of the soil.




th hr h h f c Ii ss

is i frm h fc h m f hs cc

ss h r crss h rrs, si.

th ca f -h

cm ih i h r 2002

h S- MnC

Rir aricr uirsi

si scr rm

hi h a ha

h ah f

iis ss cc

d. richaia h fm. A

ppi h am,

fr, s i .

Rich Biodiversity in Countries with

Warm Climate

C “cr” ss i rris? n.

Cris i Ii chrcris rm cim,

r h r f sr cris hich

h fm ch f a a c

hm pc hi ai. la, h

hs hri ss s hihr rs.

A ii hi pa h ,

naa a a Iaa cmpai ha

s m hri h rs i

hm h ms is h frmr, h ’ mi

hi f ack a c f hi if.

I h ii, h rm rm

h chmic frmi rii ssi,

i hs c s. th cs f frmi hs

ica a cmpai a maki h p.

Jc nihm, h rsrs rsfrms

ss, is f h ii h h c si r

s h rfc fr iis ss.

accri Srsh kmr Sh, h rc

rr hm fr si r, “th

Ii frmr frci ss his cr ri

chr r, r rchss ri fr himsf

hihr ric. I i if frmrs s

crs ccri hir c csm

i c.”

GM Seeds – a

beginning to the end?th xric f gM

ss hs issf.

th r f sicis sr

ih h fam f bt C

i hir is. ecmis

Si, rir ih xsi

fcs ricr ss,

“M h c fam

a cmmi ici.

gca mi ca ica h

pc f a cp, a ih ha i a

icrss h ris fcr cs.” dms fr

i gM Ss h i mmm i

sr cris. Rc i Ii, bt brij s

a a faci i ppi fm h

frmrs h ic.

Development that ensures

Sustainability

thi i h m ak p a

ssi m f ricr

ap fam aci ih ca a

fi. I i h pi f h h a

h ifi f h cr, h frmrs, r i

hi i. Ii i a fi

h i rr is s . th

i mak aica ac af, c-fi

hi icai h pc a. lik pa,

pc f ha ca a ica hh

Mscr Ssm. I s h i is ,

a h, i a a h

sm iss – F scri. w scr r

fam ; hi i amaca fa

i c.

Charkha Features

The threat to the wealthof local Indian seeds is

evident from the fact that

many of these collected

seeds have already

crossed the borders,

silently.




I Ii, r is mix cmiif cmmrci rii srcs.

trii r srcs sch s imss

im s ffi 30 rc s f

r i h cr. I rs ims, sm f

h mjr xsi s -ci

srcs f r ics i, is, sr -

hrm h, iss ici frm im

s s s hm xcr. ths srcs

r r, ixhsi, r s

s ixsi i r. ths, his r f

pRoSpeCtS FoR developMent oF non-ConventIonaland Renewable SouRCeS oF eneRgy FoR

RuRal developMent

Dr. Shahid Ali Khan and Dr. Md. Akhtar Hasinur Rahaman

fr is c i si h i rmsf r s i criz mr

hi i ssii cr irm. n-

r, -ci r is fs cchi

h imii f h rm i Ii.

Siific, Ii hs h i

fr ri f r frm r r

srcs. I hs rjc h r m

cc fr 5 6 rc f Ii’s r mix

2031-32. dri h s cs, Ii’s

Non- conventional sources of energy are cost- effective, sustainable and eco-friendly. In due

course of high cost environmental degradation, these renewable sources of energy have become

increasingly important in last few decades. However, a new paradigm of energy security is

needed in rural India to address the development goals as a removal of poverty which remains

an immediate imperative. This would imply not only an assured supply of energy to vast

population but energy at affordable prices which is environmental friendly and can lead to

sustainable development




r r rrmms h r i

m mjr xsi s iss i

ciiis frm 1980s rs, fcsi r-

sc msri ssi-ri xsi

ciiis mi i rii r srcs

rr rs hrh is, imr ciss sr r.

ais sim r r

i f 80,000 ms frm

cmmrci xi srcs, mr h

4,000 ms hs hrss .

Frhr iss sr ihi ssm h

rch 3.5 mii 1 mii hshs

rsci m chis f

r r crr h hrsh f

cmic iii. Ii fcs mjr chf rii r mr h 600,000

hm sms s r 300,000 sqr

imrs-ih i f 1 ii hich is

si ri x siiz r

1.6 ii ri x 40 50 rs r s.

I his cx, ch i h r

scr is ri ccss Iis’ s rr

i. If chi ssiii i

rr m ih mhsis iihs

h ms f hci h cmic

i f h r hshs, i is cssr h

ffr ccss r is ri hs

hs hs. th rimr is ir

m m sr s r

imr hh, ci, rii

cmic ciiis f rr h hshs.

accri r xrs, Ii’s -

ci r i is sim

1,9500Mw. a sims 31 rc

f his i cms frm s,30 rc

frm c hrm, 26rc frm i-f

13 rc frm i. dri h s cs sr r r chis

h crss rr

rs i h cr. ths chims f fr

rchi csqc r i i (t n-1)

ih sim i. n f hs

r r i m si fr

ri-irci r fr chic cmic

rsrchs. Frhr, sim xcs i

fr sr r, hich is fr

m h mih m sr ch

cs-cmii fr ri- irci r

ri icis, gri irci r

src s fr i Ii r sr, i,

sm hr i-r m.

Some of the non convenonal sources of energy in

India are as follows:

Solar Energy: Ii rcis

r frm h s cs f is ci i h

qri s f h rh. I is irs,

ms cis ixhsi src f rhich hs h i i rmi

-ci r s i h cr.

Ii rcis sr r qi r

5,000 rii h r r hich is fr mr h

h r csmi f h cr.

th i r f sr r ici r

Ii ris frm 4 7 h/m2 i

h ci. Hrssi f sr r c

hrh h h hrm hic

rs fr ri f ici i ci,

r hi, ri f frm rc, rmi, hm sr ihi, r

ri fr mi criz rqirms

i vis, Schs, Hsis c. prs f

khir pis, Mhrshr, kr,

ahr prsh, Mh prsh, ws b,

Jhrh, bihr, urrsh, Hr




Table No-1: Details of estimated Renewable Energy Potential and Cumulative Achievement in the

Country as on 30.09.2007 are as under:

SL. No. Sources/Systems Esmated Potenal Cumulave Achievements as

30.09.2007

1. pr Frm Rs

A. gi-iac ra P.

1 bi-P (A i& Paa) 16,881 560.30Mw

2 wi pr 45,195 7,660.20Mw3 Sm Hr r( 25Mw) 15,000 2,014.66Mw

4 Ca-aa 5,000 692.33Mw

5 ws er (ur& Isri) 2.700 55.75Mw

6 Sr pr - 2.12Mw

t(i Mw) 84,7760 10985.36Mw

b. Cap/CHP/dii ra P

7. bimss/C (-s) 59.00Mw

8. bima gai 86.53Mw

9. er Rcr frm ws 20.21Mw

t 165.74Mwq.

II rm via ecica 3332/830 i/hms

III dcris er Ssm ----------

10 Fmi bis ps 120 h 39.40 h

11 Sr phic rrmm ---------

i. sa lih m 61,321 s

ii. Hm lih sm 3,63,399 s

iii. Sr lr 5,64,931 s

i. Sr pr ps. 2.18 Mw

12 Sr thrm prrmm --------

i. sa wa Ha sm 140 sq.m ccr

r

2.00 mii sq.m

ccr r

ii. Sr Crs 6.17 h

13 wi pms 1180 s

14 ar-rr/Hri Ssm 608.27 k

15 Sr ph vic pms. 7068

Source: Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy and Resources.

pj h r ssiiiis f hrssi

sr r. o h hr h, s xs

f h thr sr c r h isii

f i h is sr r hs f h

r. ths, Ii is fs cmi sr

mfcri h, ih sm f h mjrmfcrs fi sr r ri

mrs i er. a , i i f is s

sr r i, h cr hs

c ici schm fr sr r

ri i Ii. I i is s ric h

i is i h r f fr h fssi

fs, m c i, xhs.




c a 219 i mii a ci

13 ss i rriris. Frhr,r h

rcss f i rsrc ssssm rrmm;

i miri, i mi, cri 800

a i 24 a ih 193 i mii

a a i pa. th a iaaf i ris i cr s fr hs i

M pri (k kmri, tmin)

ih r cci f 425Mw, his

p f h a cca f i

fm capaci a a i ca x ha f

Cifri (uSa).

Biomass Energy: Ii ric cr

ih aa hi a ai i i

a ia im f ima pc. wih

a ma 350 mii f cp irc r r c s m r

. th ma pa f bima a

a p i Iia a a f.

bimss er 16,00Mw

bia C-ga 3,500 Mw

t 19,500

biss r rjcs f 650-wM cci,

a cm f cp i a a-

isri s hs s . ar frm his,

sr s r f 900Mw cci isi xr h ri frm ss rjc.

thi aa a c-a f p i

f paca iicac i h aa f ia

a p a. I ha ma

ha a 3,500 Mw f aia p ca

rc if f h 430 sr mis i Ii c

ich m chiq f ca.

a h imss ch crsi rs-

cm, ca a aica-a i

pm, a ppi i ca

f p a fm p ima

ricr rsis. ths, imss r is

a impa aa f pii i h

a c. th ih aaa i iza

f ima a ha mpm ppi a

ca f ca, cc, apa

sr f imss.

Wind Energy: Ii is r s “i

srr” ih r is cci

f 7660.2 Mw s 30.9.2007.this cmriss 225

kM 1650 kw i cci. Frm srcs f

r r cci f r1300 Mw,

mjr crii f 9000 Mw hs cm frmi r. Ii rs frh i h r i

i r is cci. Ii hs s i

i i frms hich h mr

s i i ih h cm f i

ch i hcr. 216 i sis

hi m i r si f 200

/sqr mr r 50 mri h

iifi hich sms csir

si fr isi f i r rjcs.

S is chic rss i r i

i t-2 fir 1.

Table- 2: State-Wise Details of Potential Site

in the Country:

Sl. No. State Potenal

Site (No).

1 ahr prsh 32

2 gjr 38

3 kr 26

4 kr 17

5 Mh prsh 7

6 Mhrshr 31

7 oriss 6

8 tmi n 41

9 Rjsh 7

10 uaacha 1

11 ws b 1

12 am & nicr 1

13 lsh 8

Total 216

Source: Ministry of Non-Convenonal Energy Sources.

ar ih cs hih s is r

si fr h rs f i r r.

th s f gjr, tmi n, Mhrshr,

oriss, ahr prsh, ws b s rs

f Maha Pah a rajaha a pac

i rr his r. o m i r

i a ha 150 a qa m ha




Small hydro power: ga f cici

frm sm siz hrr srcs is cs,

irm fri r src f

r.this cmmrci cmic i

r hs rciz s isrm i

impi h pi i pa f hcr, sci i rr, rm iccssi

rs.

th c ha a ma ma h

pa (sHP) f a 15,000 Mw. th aaa

fr SHp rjc cr r

e c ic 4233 pa i

ih r cci f 10324 Mw.

a h f 9h , h is

cci f SHp rjcs s 1438.89 Mw.a

cci f 80.39 Mws ri 2002-03.

sma h pa pjc ih a a capaci

f 84.04 Mw r cmmissi ri h r

2003-04, i h is cci 1603

Mw.a h f Smr 2007 h cci

icrs 2015 Mw. th Miisr f

r r hs rs f Rs 10.4

mii fr h 11h ri frm 2007-2012 fr

h m.

Tidal Energy: this is hr imi

ixha c f i a ar i h cr.th gf f khmh is h

i aa ih a 7000 Mw pa f

a . thi i f gf f Kch(1000

Mw) sr (100Mw), rfr si

i crici fr h r rc hih

a i i ck.

Ocean Thermal energy: Ii’s c hrm

i ma a 50,000Mw. th

fr c hrm r crsi ih

capaci f 100 Mw c a rs 750 c ipp p h ca f tami na.

Wave Energy: wa pa i Iia

i ma a a 40,000 Mw. Caa aa

a pac i hi ca. A a

ih mximm 150 kw hs is

vZhijm r h thirhrm. nx

f r is i s i h am

nicr iss.

Geothermal Energy: Iia ha a pai

f i xii hrm r.

g h cc xsi sr fr h

m f hrm r fr irc h

r ri. th i sis f -

hrm r r Jmm kshmir, Himch

prsh, urch, Jhrh Chhisrh.

Summing Up: Ii is ss ih irs

r rsrcs i sr, i, r imss

hich is irm fri c

ssi m. ths rs

c hrss m h ri

r rqirm i rs cm hrh

h s f iis rsrcs sricii hi cri mm

cmic riis. Mr imr, Ii

hs r r cci f r 1300Mw,

hich is 8 rc f h is

cci i h cr cris 3

rc f h crici mix. th mmm

r s fr i h m f r

is i mii hc i

h sri cs.

a icrs i h rri f r

r i ri rsfrmi

ch sr rh s h

i r riz h m

s. accss criic rmisi c

r r chis h

cr h h r rsrc

m sh h i h r

irm . thrfr h

rss fr icrri rr r i i h

i r ic csq, h iiis

i h mi ri sfficir c fr rr hsh m i

cmic i rsii.

(The authors are Research Fellows at

Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim

University. Aligarh U.P., e- mail- akhtar 34@

gmail.com)




F aa pm, p i h

h r rr scrs is . thr

is cs i rr m

a a aa pm; ih ca

i i ia. ra, i c

m i h r scr hs h

mch mr h h is. or Fi-yr s

ha a i ia. of a, ‘ra dpm’ ha

am a a, pcia am h

pi a. A c ik Iia h

70% f h i i h rr rs hs r

iicac. sa chm fma a

ipc. of h, h ‘g M F

Campai’ (1949), achi f h ‘Cmmi

dpm Pamm’, ‘gh C- ba

dpm’, ‘ra Ii Pjc’, ‘sma

Role oF geology In RuRal developMent

Dr. Ajai Srivastava

Fam dpm Ac’, ‘Ia ra

dpm Pamm’ a h-mi.

Picipa scic Ai h gm f

Iia shi r.Chiamaam pi ha a iia

Cr f Rr tch

Ac gp (rtAg), hich ha fm f

h rsfr f ch rr rs. H si h

rtAg ha c ih a jc

k ih -m aiza (ngo)

hih ch. dcii rtAg a a pam f

a c ifac ci a pp

ii i rr rs, h si h h r Rtag

a i i h uaakha, Chai, gaha

a Khap. A naa t f Fam ih a

crs f f Rs.25,000 crr ri 7

r c h frmrs hs s s .

The vital role of geology in the rural development programme has not yet been fully realized.Needless to say that the two bases of agriculture-soil and water, the mainstay of our life, are

natural resources intimately connected with geologic processes. Proper management of our

natural resources calls for a concerted and coordinated efforts from geologists, which will

enable us to lead our villages on the road of progress & prosperity.




as rs f hs rrmms hr hs

i m i h rr rs

cii h m ap h p ha

ah iiica. F h a pm

i is sh cmi h s f scic &

ch ih hm si fr hci f aa c i a ia

mr.

th appica f (-a gk

rs; g mi h rh s mi

iscrs; hich s ih h s f rh

is rcsss) i r i hs i ims

r h s fr cs. b h i r f

i rr m rrmms hs

f riz. nss s h h

ss f ricr-si r (hich r

s h mis f r if)-r r rsrcs

ima cc ih ic pc

(Mhrr, 1989). th iss h

hir r i mi h hs rsrcs.

th i ca ha ai qai h jici

f mia i (fiz) ha h

rr mm f r i i

ci h haza f a h. th

appica f ica k ca miimiz

h ia c f ahqak,

cs, sis, c. hich h rr

r rris r q r.

or r rsrcs- ir, r frs

pp a f i. I i ma

h 30 r c h rr rs r

s ih mirs. thir mir sis c

r ih sim mchir

sm isms. th m i ris sm sc

isris ihr iii rrrs

r crr is. ths i ci h

imr h sr f ii f h rr msss

i s s x h rm f

mm. bsis, h r sc i h

a Iia i ima. th cmp f

r ci is mch ss h h i r rs.

as, mjr r f h r is i frm

-, c-, hma a aima p,

hi h ic r srcs-c, rm

s r ssiir.

Our natural resources

t ss f r ricr-si r-

r r rsrcs, ima cc ih

h ic rcsss. th frmr is h

ahi f ck hi h a c

h hric cc. u, iss

c h iica ci i h

mm f r si, i h fr rmi

rhqs, cs sis, i ssi

h f f a h, a i amia

h ci-cmic ci f h ia

ci f ca a ma ca ii

s i mir rsrcs.

th s g Mii drm hs

f r sis f mirs, r r

ss i ris isrics f h cr risf ua Pah—bhka a Pacha;

i h ri f rc rh hr

aa h c . A cmp

rimir sr i h vih Mis

ri frm lir i h s Shr i

h s, iss h f r sis f

im, pam, , chia ca, ca, ick,

chmim ,iam a i. b xpi h

rsrcs cmmrci, h S grm i

i c, a cha h cmi

f h h ris.

ar frm i, iscr f h ims i h

bhi rir si r kir i h b isric

hs h hsism f h iss.

am rf hs f h h r s f

u.p r s imifrs i h r f

h jc p isric, Mh prsh. t

m h-a mia –pam a

rr frm I grr, h i s

is c i h lir isric; hs is

i c h a aa.

th qai f pam pi a Ikaa ha

chc h Ii br f Mis, hich

hs i qi sm i. dsis f

r f frm h srfc i grr i.

gi i ha a a qa f

si s ri rr. th f r

rsr f ims i grm ph is




i shaa iic. I ramah a bai

rs f Shr isric, h rm hs

iscr 100 mii s f chi c. o.n.g.C,

oi Ii limi Cirs er h

i a icc f xpa f pm a

r ss i ri r f h rch i hisrics c bi piihi. th

appica f ica i i h bkha

rch ris mih r ih hs

fr h hr rc rs f r cr. I c

s h m h 7 isrics f bh

ri, J, Mh Hmirr r h s

h h fam ha aa h . th

iia caa i ca h a iia

h . bf hi, hi i fac 10 a f

imi h ci. b h acka

cr ris c s cm j i hcr f u.p.’

Water Management

wr is ixir f if sm f ri.

I is h sis fr ssc f if. thr is

if ih wr. thr is f r h

rh srfc, h frsh r, hr is imi.

o 2.7 r c f h c f

rxim 1.4 ii cic imr is frsh

si fr hm s. th hric cc

is cri lr vici, h r Ii

rchic. a r f r is i s c,

h rs f i is s hr i, h

i. Frhr, r r f h r

i camia. I i p mp i ai

siss f ii. th irs mch

, s r is, hich h r

a c f a f mc, aic a

r hr rss. Hr, ms f hs r

is h imiish frm h m f h

is. th ci h rs h

cssm, sch r is i h

is s s csr h rir rchr

h a. thf, h i a ci

f h rcmm rm rs r

s cci. I r cr 90 r c

f h a cm i iz f iia a

h maii f mc a isri rss.

I is rr rsrcs

ah ha i m iia k.

a hr r sr s, .. ss

pa, f apapia, a

iii r h c f rqirm. excss

r ih q ri rss i r-

i a f a f aa h pa r. Sci rfrc m m h ri

rs hich cr r 15 r c f h

rhic r csis f 7.5 r c

f h a ppa. th - xpia f h

a pa i h aa, a cmpa

h h i, immia a

i pmm h ia pp. th

a ik i p h aa

h wHo. th a aa a ih

ha h a m. Qai ciia ha

i ih rrs h r s fr

i pp- iia, iki, hi,

ca, c. I ca f iia ,h a fm

i cc ri

mi mrr s s h r f h

si, -ri r i-ri. th ischr f

a a i h ha ca m

hrm h , .. ki dir is

i vrsi isric h qi rh f s

ha a ac (pa a).

bi, im p i a aqac

mii a a. th ah ha cm h rsc f xic ms-cr,

, zic, ic, chrmim, mrcr, c

rsic i h sims f h rir vrsi,

hich r qi fir hihr h hir crrsi

hrsh s, chmic cr .

wh h a a h i,

phic-chmica ac a aki pac, a

a a pa f h a

hr r r sr h rir sims. th xic

ms sr i h sims rs irc

a cm a a h a h

h im. bi a, im

ac a a a-pa i h aqac cm

aa xic ma i h aqac im.

o h hr h, ch i hsic-chmic

ci a a cca, cha

i h x ci, i f pH, ica

f aa a hc cmpxi a




a micia aci a , h immiiz a

sr xic ms m ss r h r

frm h sims r mih

x h i m s sf fr

hr rss. Sm rmi msrs r

im p a i f h im cri hm ih imris mris, chmic

cca, ai, aiiza, cmpxa

(Sris, 2008).

Soil Management

si c ai h ‘ f ii

if’. I is -rc f h hri f rcs.

I a a cmpi mai p p

h p, cmpi, x a c f

h rcs. th hr imr fcrs rssi

f h fma f h i a: if f h aa,cim, s ims. a hs r i

imrc h ic scs, hr, h

pai h a h , i pi f

h fc h 90 r c f h r ssc f h

aa i i iaic mia ma cmpii

chi h iica f A, F, Ca, M, c. a f

siic. t ricris, h si is h hi r f

h rms r f h rh’s crs hich h

rs his crs. b is c sr h

i fm i ca p hich ma x p

sr mrs. H sscis h si ih h rc(s)h xc hr i is rsr r hr h

r rc hs isr hi

ha i ca ‘ihi i’. th k a

h i z-i, i, ah pc

a pa ck- i a i p f f

mm f crs. th s f h hri

f h mia f h pa ck() i iica

f i m f h pm f i fi a

cp pc. I ma pi ha i h

p ci h ia f h i

mia ih fc a aica pacc,

cppi pa a a i i pacc,

hi i r cr sch f h r is i

is ifc, s ims. th rsi mirs

i.. h hich mai a h phica a

chmic hri f h r rcs, frm h

mir rsrs r src f h ‘i

ca’ a f pa h. th a

pi cha chmica m ch a Ca, K,

n, M, F mr f mir ms. dri

chmic hri h r rs i h si

fm hich h a xac th pa

rs. Hr h s f h c mirs f h si

acqi a impa pi. th ca Mia ..kaii,ii mmii i i hi phica

a chmica pp, pcia h ca

xch cci (CeC).th CeC fr ii

(4 mq/100 ) i am 5 m ha h f

ii a chi a am 30 m ha ha

f mmrrii. th crci r f CeC is

rrs h chi rcss. th si r rich

ih ris ms rs , if his rcss

c h ih ip i

cri sr rh. th qc f h

i i h i pm cp pc. wihach cp th fi f h i p. t maiai

cp pc, i i ca mak h

sss f h mjr mir ris f h si.

th fi, h, ca h f

chmica fiz, aic ma c. thi mih

i ica f pc. A jici

f fiz pi p h p f h i

i s s ss chi, fr

iac h ‘chzm’ qi fiz

s h i is ih hm hrs

‘aci’ i. vai pc ch a

i, ca, aiiza a akaiiza

c. ci i aa. th ac

rh 50 r c f h r rs. ersi

is r rcss. I s 6000 rs h

m sr ch his r irm. th

ai c f fa i i ihic m

a ic h h ic f ma a ha

ica i mic pi ih m. si i

a ac h pc f mch i

n2Co

3 nHCo

3(akaiiza) a

i nC n2

So4

(aiiza). th fm mak

h i a cmpac a ih a a

f kaka. I h a ca h xc f a i

h i cm xic f pa a

c hi aii a a. dca,

ci f ca a i a ac,

is h cm f r-rzi, -ca,

fa, c. si p, mch ik a




a ai p ha aac i a ca

i s ss i i c a immi.

th ai fiz, icci a pci,

hich r, i , i ccmims

f ‘ ’, a h a ipa hich

m s ci iss ric cms rha ma, ac h i. thi i ac a,

h, f a m m ca f h

i capaci f h i. th pa ma

rm h chi f cmi si

hi happ a a ca ca f

a a f mm. Ia i

s rrmm is crri

am f i ci a ai h

mrhiss, simiss, miriss,

r r iss c.

Other Hazards and Role of Geologydh i a pa f cimac pa. I i

mai iaqa pcipia, i.. h

apapia xc pcipia. th a

is r h r r f ,

i h cs rs si icrsis m h

a -pa. A a f i h ia

h i i i a a qa f

sims r rsr sr r h

ca a. th fam i a cp

h si is hs ri f his mi iih.

F-r i h cr is r 40 mh.

th a c i i h aa i h

cchms/rsh r. w m s

hi f rhqs, cs sis,

hich s cs rri sss f if rr.

Ci a ai i i, a h Iia ia

h m f h i a m cc.

oi, h ak c f ci i h

icm. w ma h appica f aa

cms f ic sis i hs hzrs .

Epiloguea 70% f h i i mr h

5,50,000 is, h rmir i mr h

200 a ci (ppa i Iia a a

0:00 hrs 1s Mrch 2001; s si .

Iichi.cm).ghi ji s aa, ‘h

f Iia i i ia’. ra, h f a

pp c pi i pi f h

sr rjcs ch h cr s

m ( p.ci.). t imp h ci

f a fk i i impa mp h p

f m cic a ch. th ca

ach f cic, i.. i ima ikih r sci. giss c r rss

am a fk h iz h aaia

aa c pp. th i ach

f g i.. simr , chmisr,

hr, iri , mrh,

cmic mih hir s i h

maam f h a cmpi f aa

i. gi ca mak iica

ci i h maam f i a a

rsrcs. t sf h cmm m

i ha ha hi xp ih hrs f sci. th h c h h f

ifma fm cmpica ica map

imp , hich l (1975, 1987) ca a

‘map f aa ima pa’ ch a

ms shi h rs hr si ri

r rc is rsi, rif rs

hr rii r sh rc, ris

f mia ca, a pa a , c.

a f ch a ak h c-pa f xp fm

hr r isciis is cssr.

ois, rr mm f r rsrcsca f a cc, cia fm

iss, hich i s r is

h a f p & ppi. I i h hih m

ha i h fmiza f pici aim a

rr m, h i r f ms

mhsiz. th iss sh i i s

mch f h pai, maai, a impm

f pici a pi. th ah f ifma

h c cqir frm ic m sh

f h f h a c, a

r h r rsrcs ccrri hri. Iis cssr fr iss cm i i

h pic cii f pim f a fk a i

icp.

(The author was a Pool Scienst (Council

of Scienc and Industrial Research, New Delhi ,

e-mail: [email protected])




thr is icrsi ic irs i fs

f cms rm hh

a h ik f h -ifc

h csi isss h r r ssci

ih i hm ifs, ih h

am c f hah ca h pp a

ki f aa appach h p

rm f ims.

I c cris h

irs i h i f

riics s hris ri s

sic riics c f r s i sch

ciis ihr hrh irc cmii

pRe and pRobIotICS: the InteStInal SootheRS

Dr. M.K. RANA

ih hs r h shsis f scific

icri r iir cms. or

isi f riics hs cm

i sr rrs rc h ri f

ifcis isss h sri f

cris. th i f riics ri

sch hh fis c c ih h

i f ricr i risms i h frm

f frm fs, i cr r; h

hh rmi frs f hs xs

i risms, ms scis f cic ci

cri (lab), r js crs ih h

rfci cis f isi fr.

Starch is the only naturally occurring food polysaccharide, which can be digested by the

intrinsic digestive enzymes. Earlier it was thought that starch digestion in small intestine got

completed since a very little of starch was noticed in faeces, but later the extensive studies

demonstrated that an ample proportion of the starch escapes in the large bowel.




Pic a pp ai i i f

pama ch a c f caiaca

hr iss ris. th mchism fr sch hh

i ca i i i ha

a a ma pp f i aim

sris ss hrh h smch sm

i a ciz h a i.

Historical Concepts of Probiocs

as s s m is r, h cms hi

f i mica, a a h aia

rc, h mcs mmrs h si

cm h i f mica, h, a

hs micrrisms i hh iiis r

ii a mm f, h,

pic acia a a ai f hmarii csir -hic. th rii

f cr ir rcs is hh s s

h i f ciiiza a i f m

i h scr s f His h bi.

nm aia mik c

ai pc ch a k, kmi, , ,

a c p a hapca

fr h xisc f cri s cm.

b h 1950, c a -

aih h aac f a a p

a f aic a aia

p ci ch a cpa, iaha,

ppia, c, chic ca ci, mc

ci, a ma.

I h ii f 20h C, pcic

acia pm cia hma

hh. I “The Prolongaon of Life” ,

ish i 1907, h hr hhsiz h h

cri (Lactobacillus bulgaricus Streptococcus

thermophilus) i i h fma f

pp h pfac fma

f ia a, a per se i f

pa a iica i maiaii hah.

uia, h ah f hi k ai h

p if f baia hi cmp f

r f f Lactobacillus pci. biacia

i a-f ifa a pa a k i

p a ccp ha pcic acia pa a i

maiaii hah, a iacia ipac

h hic cri i h . th frm

mi rcs cii L. acidophilus cri

ha hapc c, pcia a i c

i, hi ciza a h i

hma a f c.

th rm probiocs, h cmm

accp i, i appi i pahic

micia f ppm ha faa ic

h ia micia aac a ci

h hah f h h. A pmm mica

aac i ci i hich cia

acia ch a h gam-pi acacii

a iacia pmia pa

iji acia. th pic ha a a

i a hp h h h aai i

a aim a cia f hma,

h, f h cia c, h pic

cri ms h h ii ciz i hm

, ah ia c, i acii a

i xici, iz rs hs, i

aic ac, p hah-

a a hi f af i hma i. Pic

acia ha af a h ciia a m,

i.., Lactobacilli, Bidobacterium, Streptococcus

thermophilus; sm f hs risms s

s friendly-bacteria r designer bugs r

cmmrci i i h frm f r

mix crs.

Prebiocs

Pic a h -i pa f

h f ha h pic ma

h maim f f. th f h ciaacia a mif h cmpi f ia

mica a a h pic ca

pmia. th a ccp f pic

ia h f -i caha,

rmi iscchris rh

fac, hich a pcic a imi m f




acia pci fm h cic mica. th

r si fr h rifri cii

f sf cri ihii h cii f

hrmf cic cri. priics r h

cmx crhrs-iscchris sch

s ii shr chi srs, hich r i

xsi s. th ss is frm h

r isi h c hr fici

cri csm hm, rsi imis

hr ris. th m s cr h rh

f f hic cri sch s Salmonella

Campylobacter chi h cic

irm.

Prebiotics as Supportive to Probiotics

priics r h rh ssrs frfici cic cri, i -

isi f iri h riics ffc

h hs fici simi h rh

cii f mr f cic cri,

per se imr h hh f h hs. a riic

cs sim h rh f micrfr i h

r , hr, his cc fis ic

h fc h siics h h hh i,

h icrsi h mrs h cii

f is risms ihi h c

hci hir sri s h ss hrh h

hsi irm f h r srisi

rc i h h sm ffc s simi

rh f r risms i h r . a

cs cii riics c riic

if i icrss h i f fr

risms i h r .

priics r iffr frm cic fs

i h h r sr s r f fr

s cic micrfr, hs, riih hs ih r, mic ssrs

ssi micrris. priics,

i.., iscchris, rici h frc-

iscchris c-iscchris

r s iisi hm isi

zms h -cm ffcs

h r- micrfr. ahh h r

cssifi s cic fs h s sisf

h criri fr riics, hr, hr f

iris cms rr frmr

s cic fs, .., ri hrz r

m, r rm h is f

riics. o ir cm shi

r i s riic cic f

is rsis srch, hich is mri s mjr

fcr i h cri c f h .

Starch

Srch, hich ffrs mr h 50% f

h i r i r frm ris, is

siz r f hm is, hr, i ff

sciis, hr irs i riics riics is rs, h r csmi

is mch r, ssi s i s 25% f h

i r i. Srch is h r

ccrri f scchri, hich c

is h irisic isi zms.

erir i s hh h srch isi i

sm isi cm sic r i

f srch s ic i fcs, r h

xsi sis msr h m

rri f h srch scs i h r

. this sc srch s m s rsis

srch s fi s h sm f srch

rcs f srch ri sr

h sm isi f hh iiis.

Srch m is s i h sm

isi if h r f ss f h f is

sffici s, isi m cm

rsis srch, hich ics iscchris

hr rcs f sm isi srch

hrsis, i f is.

I fsffs, h rsis srch xiss

cs f ri f rss. R srchs

i ri hr srch fris r

is r, hr, hir isiii c

hc ci, sci i r hich

iizs h r srch ii rr ccss




α-ama zm. dipi f f c

ihr mii r chi s hcs

isi cii h zms i i

isi f f. thh ci icrss srch

isiii ssq ci f c

f s h frmi f crsis h

r s rsis isi. this rcss is

rm rr-ri h rsis srch

c f fs rs icrs h h

r sjc icrsi mr f hi

ci ccs. Chmic srcr is imr

fcr i srch isiii, sci ms

(mci). Ms f srchs r h

70% mci, fr isi

h rmir is ms.

th rr h c f

ms, h mr iffic

h srch is iiz

h mr ssci rr-

ri. uiiz hih-

ms srchs (60-70% f

h srch) r rsis

msis r s

cmmrci s iri

ris h rsis srch

c f rcss fs. th fcrs sch s

chi m s h imc h m

f rsis srch i f, s chi ics

h ric siz f is f, ih hih

msic fs hi smr ric siz.

lr rics r mr ri hrh h

h smr s s rr msici

xc icrs isiii.

Sis h sh h h isiii f fi

r ric is rr h h f crs ric,

hr, scis f rsis srch

h h simir ffcs, sci s riics

micrfr i h r-.

th frmi f cmx crhrs

h micrfr rs i r- is

imr fr hm hh. th mic

rcs, sci shr-chi f cis (SCFa)

h mr s imr mic fs fr

ccs s s hi scific cis

h rm rm cic fci.

Inclusion of Prebiotics in InfantFormulas

th frms i f i riics

if frms is m h isi

micrfr, h r im is rm

-rm ffcs h hh f ifs. th

c-iscchris i frm cs

zmic rci r icrr i

if frms. Hm mi iscchris

r mifc, h iic ffcs f

riics i ifs c

ssci ih his mixr

f iffr iscchri

srcrs, hs, mixr

f hih-mcr-ih

f r c - i s c c h r i s

-mcr-ih

c-iscchris is

if frms,

th if frm

cii mis i frm h

frmi f mi ih Bifidobacterium

breve Streptococcus thermophilus rs

h ci cms sim h

rh f bifidobacteria, hich r csir

s rii riics h fcrs

h rc fici ffcs isi

micrfr if hh. I s, h

isi f frc-iscchris c-

iscchris sim h i f

bifidobacteria lactobacilli i fc

sh simir cis i ifs.

(The author is Associate Professor,

Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana

Agricultural University, Hisar- 125 004 (Haryana),

e-mail ID: [email protected])

Raw starche in unripe

banana and other starchy

fruits are digested poorly,

however, their

digesbility can be enhanced

by cooking, especially

in water




us h c rss. th g,

h hm isi ssm hs

si is sch i f hih

firs s. ohris, h h

ri hs ic ims f f hir

s fs, s h xi hm r

s h csm hs i m hrr rsrcs. Hr, h ii m

hs s i. H hs rcss rss f

ris hs fr ris rss, frm xrci

f ri hr ris micis. I

rc s hrss, f f, r rss

c., hr s “cr rsss” h

f sf. ths r h

shs f sr ris r srcs

eat gRaSS FoR health and long lIFe

Dr Ramesh Chandra Parida and Dr Pranab Kumar Ghosh

f chrh hrss xrc hs

icm s “iqi chrh”. thrfr,

--s hs rss i r hrss

(Triticum aestivum), i ricr r frq

rscri fr ris is. ths r si

h mr f cri s s ri

rris. bsis, hrss is jic s

ss hh h fih m chric isss

i mi, mi, si rsh, rms,

crs c.

lc, crs h iscr h

chrh is r hr. whrss is sci

rich i i (70%). dri 1940s, a wimr f bs

ma xi h hai pp f

A p ilot study conducted by Memorial Sloan Ketter ing Cancer Centre suggests that wheatgrass juice therapy signif icantly reduce rectal b leeding and overall d isease activity. I t is also claimed

that it helps blood flow, digestion and general detoxification of the body.




rsss. Sh f h hrss is h s m

hs i his rsc. thrfr, r sh sr h

A wim I a h a pac pa

rss hrss.

th rs f hrss cim h i hs

a f hah pp fm pm f a

i cac p a ha ma

xica. Ahh h caim a

aa afaci, h i m ic

i pp f cia c f chph i

i sch s ri h r f c ccr. a

pi cc Mmia sa Ki

Ccr Cr sss h hrss jic hr

iica c ca i a a

ia aci. I i a caim ha i hp

, i a a xica f h .

I chir ih hssmi, h i 100 m f

hrss jic i, h fr fsi hs

f rc hf. bsis, i s

ha h cha c, hich m xic ha

ma fm . simia, a cac pa

h csm hrss jic i h sh

crs fr - -mrr ii

mica i chmhap.

th ia a f haa i

cmr ih rcci, hr h

ha p c hma hah, a fm

p c f cac a ha pm c.

(t 1).

Table 1: Nutrient comparison of 28.35g (loz) of

wheatgrass juice and broccoli

nris whrss brcci

pri 860 m 800 m

b cr 120 Iu 177 Iu

vimi e 880 mc 220 mc

vimi C 1 m 25.3 m

vimi b12 0.30 mc 0 mc

phshrs 21 m 19 m

Ccim 7.2 m 13 m

Ir 0.66 m 0.21 m

pssim 42 m 90 m

bsis, s f hrss jiccis js 10-15 cris, f r chsr,

8 mc Ii, 3.5 mc Sim, 62 mc Zic

ma h mia a ih f qa

f vimi a, b1, 2,3,5,6,8 12 k. Imr

zm hai iica a-xia pp

r s rs i i. thrfr, hrss is

csir rfc fr irs, hs hs

h h hh imm ssm.

[Dr Ramesh Chandra Parida is rered Professor,

Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,124/2445, Khandagiri Vihar, Bhubaneshwar – 751

030. Dr Pranab Kumar Ghosh is Research Ocer,

Council for Advancement of People’s Acon and

Rural Technology (CAPART), India Habitat Centre,

Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003. e-mail: pkghosh

[email protected].]

Wheatgrass Plants



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