listen to the music! how rock ‘n’ roll provides touchstones for...
TRANSCRIPT
10/25/2018
1
Listen to the Music!
How Rock ‘n’ Roll Provides Touchstones for Occupational Health
Lauralynn Taylor McKernan ScD CIH
Acknowledgements
Dawn Castillo
Sophia Chiu
Kevin L. Dunn
Eric Glassford
Rebecca Guerin
T.J. Lentz
Pranav Rane
Len Zwack
10/25/2018
2
Music has always had the ability to move people
It tells the story of our time
10/25/2018
3
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/9835/safe‐work‐in‐the‐21st‐century‐education‐and‐training‐needs
1935 Social Security Act of 1935 provided funds for state industrial programs.
1936 Walsh‐Healey Act for worker health and safety standards sets safety and health standards for employers receiving federal contracts over $10,000.
Godfrey publishes on the need for public health involvement in accident prevention in the American Journal of Public Health.
1937 The Council on Industrial Health of the American Medical Association is created.
1938 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists is formed.
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) 1938 limited the types of jobs teens aged 14 ‐ 17 are allowed to perform; also the number of hours and timing ( age 14 and 15)
10/25/2018
4
Preparing the Emerging Workforce for Safe and Healthy Employment
Rebecca J. Guerin, PhD, CHESResearch Social [email protected]
Paul Schulte, PhD, Manager
Rebecca Guerin, PhD, CHES, Coordinator
Lauren Menger‐Ogle, PhD, Assistant Coordinator
Devin Baker, MEd, Social Scientist
10/25/2018
5
Young Worker Injuries
In the United States, adolescents:
16‐19 had the third highest incidence rate among all age groups (101.9/10,000 FTEs) of nonfatal occupational injuries/illnesses (BLS, 2017)
15‐17 are ~ 2x more likely as adults (over 24) to be seriously hurt at work
Job injuries for youth (< 19) have an estimated cost of $5 billion/year (Miller & Waeher, 1998).
4.36
4.75
4.53
4.18
3.883.79
3.26
3.473.35
3.12 3.132.99
1.851.99
1.84 1.79 1.781.66
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
15‐19 20‐24 ≥25
Source: NIOSH NEISS Work‐RISQS
NIOSH Safe Skilled Ready Workforce (SSRW) program
Before joining the U.S. workforce for the first time, or starting a new job, all workers will have the foundational knowledge and skills they need to stay safe at work and to contribute to a safe, healthy, and productive workplace.
10/25/2018
6
Contributing Factors
Physical development and cognitive maturational factors (Sudhinaraset & Blum, 2010)
Adolescent sensation‐seeking, risk‐taking (Steinberg, 2008)
Exposure to physical hazards (Mardis & Pratt, 2003)
Inexperience; lack of job control; lack of supervision and training (Tucker & Turner, 2013; Zierold, & Anderson, 2006)
Lack of understanding of legal protections
NIOSH Young Worker Curriculum
Free, fun & interactive
Teaches Core Competencies
Aligned with: National Health Education Standards, Common Career Technical Core, Common Core
Customized for each state and U.S. territory − 54 versions (& Spanish); Six 45‐minute lessons
Has an online assessment, digital badge
Evidence and theory‐based
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/talkingsafety/
10/25/2018
7
Building the Evidence Base
Miami‐Dade Public Schools
Intervention/translation research
Scores aligned with theory (Ajzen, 1991)
Students (N ≈ 4,300) had significant increases in workplace safety knowledge, attitude, self‐efficacy, behavioral intention (& norms) (Guerin et al., 2018)
Dose/response relationship between teacher implementation and student outcomes
• Linking implementation fidelity to outcomes a “gold standard” in translation research for training/curricula (O’Donnell, 2008) M-DCPS Superintendent, Alberto Carvahlo (center),
and the Board of Education
Building the Evidence Base
Oklahoma
Passage of SB262; signed into law April 1, 2015 by Gov. Mary Fallin
Conduct 4‐year intervention/translation study in OKCPS on Talking Safety integration, ~8,000 high school students
• Conduct randomized controlled trial (RCT). The gold standard for demonstrating training effectiveness (Flay et al., 2005; Gottfredson et al., 2015)
Preliminary results: statistically significant shifts in OSH knowledge
Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin signs SB262
10/25/2018
8
1968 President Lyndon Johnson calls for a federal occupational safety and health law.
Mine Safety and Health Act becomes law.
The Construction Safety Act is passed into law.
1969 Board of Certified Safety Professionals, which certifies practitioners in the safety profession, is established.
1970 Occupational Safety and Health Act is passed into law.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are established.
1969
10/25/2018
9
Additive Manufacturing
LCDR Kevin L Dunn MS, CIHEric Glassford MS, CIH
Nanotechnology and Advanced Manufacturing
• NTRC Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Field Studies Team• Conducted over 130 assessments (83 sites) related to nanotechnology
• Expanding now to advanced and additive manufacturing
• Attempting to fill knowledge gap on what is being used, how, and real‐world potential worker exposures
10/25/2018
10
Thermoplastic 3D printing field studyLiterature reviews report billions of particles/ minute generation rates as well as detection of VOCS and asthmagens. (Azimi et al. 2016; Mendes et al. 2017; Stefaniak et al. 2017; Steinle 2015)
• ‐20 fused filament fabrication (FFF) printers running in office environment
Chamber set up
• ‐8 cubic foot (ft3) portable chamber
• ‐High‐efficiency particulate air (HEPA)‐filtered portable floor fan
• ‐Integrated air sampling and direct‐reading instruments including condensation particle counters, aerosol photometers, optical particle counters, nanoscan
10/25/2018
11
Findings• Emission rates in the chamber aligned with published rates from other studies
• We did not see anticipated buildup of particulates or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in office space equipped with general ventilation using 20 printer simultaneously
• VOCs were detected in quantifiable amounts
• Emission rates changed due to filament type
• NIOSH recommendations ‐ Rack system for multiple printer use local exhaust ventilation with HEPA/charcoal‐filter
1980 First population‐based and emergency room‐based injury surveillance system is implemented in the United States (Massachusetts and Ohio).
1985 Injury in America: A Continuing Public Health Problem is published by the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine.
1988 Occupational Safety and Health Administration hires its first occupational health nurse.
10/25/2018
12
NIOSH Robotics Workgroup
Dawn Castillo (DSR,TIP,TWU)
HeeSun Choi (DSR)
Jim Collins (DSR, 80s work)
Scott Earnest (CON)
Alberto Garcia (DART,MNF)
Chuck Geraci (EID, NTRC)
Frank Hearl (OD)
Hongwei Hsiao (DSR,TIP)
Brad Husberg (AFF)
Brian Lowe (DART, MUS, CDRST)
Krystal Mason (WSD)
Tom McDowell (HELD, MUS)
Vladimir Murashov (OD)
John Sammarco (PMRD)
Naomi Swanson (HWD)
Chris Wendt (EID, PtD)
10/25/2018
13
• 12% annual growth
• Breakthrough in human robot collaboration
• Compact and easy to use collaborative robots will drive market
• Increased use by small and medium companies
• Robots will do tedious, dangerous, dirty and unsafe work
Source: International Federation of Robotics, World Robotics 2016 Industrial Robots http://www.ifr.org/industrial-robots/statistics/
Robot growth projections, 2016‐2019
NIOSH Center for Robotics Research
• Will address emerging robotic technologies, such as:
• Collaborative robots
• Co‐existing or mobile robots
• Wearable robotics or powered exoskeletons
• Remotely controlled or autonomous vehicles and drones
• Future robots using advanced artificial intelligence
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/robotics/aboutthecenter.html
10/25/2018
14
• Decades of experience
• Established safety measures that keep human workers separate from robots
Traditional robots
Designed to work alongside and in conjunction with human workers
New types of robots: Collaborative
10/25/2018
15
• Cases likely to increase as prevalence of robots increases
• Since new types of robots are just entering the market, there will be a lag before cases appear in national data
Anticipated trends in robot deaths/injuries
19992010
2013
10/25/2018
16
Potential occupational exposure to opioids among first responders
Sophia Chiu, MD, [email protected](513) 841‐4289
10/25/2018
17
America is currently in the midst of an opioid epidemic
Americans died each day from an opioidoverdose in 2016115
10/25/2018
18
Illicit fentanyl is a currently a key factor in opioid overdose deaths
Fentanyl and its analogues are more potent
Fentanyl is 50–100 times more potent than morphine
Carfentanil is 10,000 times more potent than morphine
10/25/2018
19
Number of reported law enforcement fentanyl encounters increased from 2014 to 2015
More than doubled nationally
13 states reported increase of >100 encounters
Northeast, Midwest, South
https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/fentanyl‐le‐reports.html
Concern about potential exposures among first responders
Media reports of first responders developing symptoms after exposure
10/25/2018
20
Concern about potential exposures among first responders
Questions remain
Are health effects consistent with opioid toxicity?
What are the routes of exposure?
How can first responders be protected?
Recommendations Work with 911 dispatchers
– Communication improvements?
Interim NIOSH guidance
– Training
– Work practices
– Personal protective equipment
– Decontamination
Encourage employees to report exposures and health effects
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/fentanyl/risk.html
10/25/2018
21
NIOSH guidance: training
How to recognize and determine the quantity of the suspected fentanyl and other drugs
What the potential exposure routes are for fentanyl and its analogues
How to recognize the signs and symptoms of opioid exposure
When and how to seek medical help
Personal protective equipment
– When and what to use
– How to properly put on, use, take off, properly dispose of, and maintain
– Limitations
10/25/2018
22
Chemical Exposures at a Vape Shop
Leonard Zwack, ScD
Lead Industrial Hygienist
What is vaping?
• The process in which e‐liquid is heated by an atomizer housed in an electronic nicotine delivery system (e‐cigarette)
• The process involves heat, a metal coil, and a cotton wick
• The liquid becomes an aerosol (vaporized), and is inhaled by the user
10/25/2018
23
Why are we concerned about vaping?
• E‐liquid is largely unstudied• Many chemicals associated with vaping
– Flavorings• Diacetyl• 2,3‐pentanedione
– Nicotine– Glycols– Formaldehyde– Other VOCs– Metals– Ultrafine particles
• Not really any studies on real‐world exposures
10/25/2018
24
Vaping Tricks
10/25/2018
25
Conclusions• Employees were exposed to detectable levels
of diacetyl and 2,3‐PD in the air while working in the vape shop
• None of the airborne concentrations of any chemical measured (nicotine, formaldehyde, propylene glycol, VOCs) were above applicable OELs– Few customers vaping, but employees vaped throughout the day
• Employees need to be trained on proper chemical handling procedures and PPE use– Stock nicotine solution was stored in a refrigerator used for food
10/25/2018
26
Occupational Exposure Banding
Stephen J. Gilbert, M.S.
George Holdsworth, Ph.D.
Thomas J. Lentz, Ph.D.,
Andy Maier, Ph.D., CIH, DABT
Lauralynn Taylor McKernan, Sc.D., CIH
Pranav Rane, M.P.H
Melissa Seaton, M.S.,
Christine Whittaker, Ph.D.
We don’t always have all the information we need, but we still need to make risk management decisions
10/25/2018
27
A mechanism to quickly and accurately assign chemicals into “categories” or “bands” based on their health outcomes and potency.
A B C D E
>100 ppm
>10 mg/m3
< 0.1 ppm
< 0.01 mg/m3
It’s not more work. It’s a new approach and a more efficient use of resources
10/25/2018
28
It’s not more work. It’s a new approach and a more efficient use of resources
Helpful OEB Tools can be found here:
10/25/2018
29
40
10/25/2018
30
Take Home Message
1. Pay attention to pop culture, it provides clues
2. Use the basics to solve novel problems
3. Learn as much as you can now, your problems haven’t always been invented yet
4. Look for the connections between the sciences
10/25/2018
31
Why Rock Music today?
• Expression whether music, art or science reflects society
• Music can sway people
• Occupational Health can be poetry but needs to resonate
• Stories move people