melodic - deans community high · pdf filemelodic minor * scale sharing the same key signature...

Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG
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MELODIC
Words in this section describe what is happening in the melody or tune.
The melody can move in a variety of ways:-
ASCENDING Moving in an upward direction
DESCENDING Moving in a downward direction
STEPWISE Moving by step to the note directly above
or below
LEAPING Jumping between high notes and low notes
The melody can move in patterns:- REPETITION Musical idea heard more than once in exactly
The same way by exactly that same
Instrument / voice
IMITATION Musical idea played by one instrument / voice
And then repeated exactly the same way by
another instrument / voice
SEQUENCE A pattern of notes repeated higher or lower
PHRASE Short musical idea, part of the melody
THEME A clear recognisable melody which is the
main idea for a composition
QUESTION An opening phrase in a melody
ANSWER Reply to an opening phrase or musical answer

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The melody can be measured in distance:-
INTERVAL The distance between 2 notes
SEMITONE The shortest distance in music half a tone
C to C# or B to Bb, etc
TONE An interval of 2 semitones, eg from
C to D or F to G etc
BROKEN CHORD Notes of the chord played separately
MICROTONE * An interval smaller than a semitone. Used
in Eastern European music and also Indian
Music. Sometimes found in music of the
20th Century.
TRITONE * Interval made up from three whole tones
Eg: F - B
The melody can be decorated in order to make it more interesting:-
VARIATION When the main theme is developed by
adding extra notes or changing the speed or
tonality
ORNAMENT A decoration added to the melody using
different or additional notes
GRACE-NOTE A type of ornament played quickly before
the note. Used mainly as a decoration

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TRILL A rapid repeated movement between
2 notes
TURN * An ornament 4 notes turn around the main
Note.
Played as : the note above the main note
the note below the main note again.
MORDENT * An ornament.
Played as : the main note the note above
the main note again.
(inverted mordent mordent)
ACCIACCATURA * An ornament which sounds like a
crushed note. The note is played very quickly
on or before the note.
APPOGGIATURA * An ornament which sounds like a leaning note.
It takes on half the value of the main note
that follows it.
Eg 1 minim becomes 2 crotchets.

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Melodies can be played using different scales:- MODE * Usually refers to an early form of scale or
in reference to a major mode (major key) or
minor mode (minor key).
MAJOR SCALE A row of notes built on an order of tones
and semitones. Major scales can be
described as bright and happy
MINOR SCALE A row of notes built on an order of tones
and semitones. Two main types
Melodic Minor and Harmonic Minor.
Minor scales can be described
as sad and dull.
HARMONIC MINOR * Scale sharing the same key signature as its
relative major but raises the 7th note by one
semitone.
MELODIC MINOR * Scale sharing the same key signature as its
relative major but raises the 6th and 7th notes
by one semitone ascending and similarly lowers
them when descending.
CHROMATIC A scale built entirely on semitones
PENTATONIC A scale based on 5 notes. Very popular in folk Music

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WHOLE TONE SCALE A scale built entirely on tones. Popular in 20th
Century music and sometimes sounds strange
to the ear.
BLUES SCALE A scale used in BLUES music. In the scale of
C the main blues scale uses the notes C, Eb, F,
Gb, G, Bb, and high C.
TONAL Music based on a Major or Minor key.
ATONAL Music based on no particular key. Sounds
dissonant and is hard to listen to.
Very popular in 20th Cent.
MODULATING Moving from a higher key to a lower key and
vice versa
RELATIVE MAJOR A change from a minor key to the major
key with the same signature. The major
key is found 3 semitones higher
eg, D Minor to F Major
RELATIVE MINOR A change from the major key to the minor
key with the same key signature. The minor
key is found 3 semitones lower
eg, C Major to A Minor

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TONE ROW * The 12 notes found in a chromatic octave
are arranged in a particular order appearing
once only in the row. Each note is as important
as the other. Found in Serialism.
In vocal music we can describe the word setting of melodies as follows:- SYLLABIC One note for each syllable.
MELISMATIC Several notes sung to one syllable
WORD PAINTING The music can illustrate the word or the
phrase, eg the words running down the hill
may be sung as a descending scale
SCAT SINGING Nonsense words and sounds made up by a
singer usually found in JAZZ music.

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HARMONIC
Words in this section describe what is happening in the harmony
Harmony can be split into two areas of TONALITY:-
MAJOR The music sounds in a major key bright and
happy sounding
MINOR The music sounds in a minor key sad and
dull sounding
POLYTONALITY * Two or more keys played at the same time.
Eg : 1 part in C Major / 1 part in F Major.
Sounds strange to the ear!
Harmony is built in the following way:- CHORD Two or more notes sounding together
CHORD CHANGE Moving from 1 chord to a different chord
DISCORD A chord in which certain notes clash producing
an unpleasant sound. Popular in 20th Century
music
CONSONANCE Notes which sound well together, pleasant on
the ear
DISSONANCE Notes which do not sound pleasant when
played together
INTERVAL The distance between 2 notes

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SUSPENSION An effect created when a note from 1 chord is
held over to the next chord creating a discord.
The note is then resolved
PASSING NOTE A note moving between 2 notes from the
same chord,
eg D is the passing note between C and E
VAMP A rhythmic accompaniment with a bass
note played on the strong beat and a chord
played off the beat.
Chords :- DOMINANT 7th * Chord built upon the dominant (5th) note of
the key which adds the 7th note above the root
(the 7th note of the scale).
Eg In the scale of F Major (C-E-G-Bb)
DIMINISHED CHORD * A chord built from two Minor 3rd intervals.
Sometimes used as a scary effect!
Eg C-Eb-Gb
DIMINISHED 7th * A chord built from three Minor 3rd intervals
one on top of the other. The interval between
the lower note and the top note is a
diminished 7th.
AUGMENTED CHORD * Chord formed from the Major chord where the
5th is raised a semitone.
Sometimes used as a suspence effect!

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ADDED 6th * Chord made up from a Major chord with the
6th note added to the top.
Sometimes gives a jazzy effect!
Harmony changes in the following way:- MODULATION A change of key
MODULATION TO THE A change from the major key to the minor
RELATIVE MINOR key with the same key signature. The minor
key will be 3 semitones lower
eg C Major to A Minor
Concepts affecting harmony are:- PERFECT CADENCE 2 chords at the end of a phrase.
Chord V to chord I the dominant to the tonic.
PLAGAL CADENCE * 2 chords at the end of a phrase.
Chord IV to chord I. Sounds finished and is
known as the Amen effect.

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IMPERFECT CADENCE 2 chords at the end of a phrase.
Chord I to chord V the tonic to the dominant.
This cadence has an unfinished feel
INTERRUPTED CADENCE * 2 chords at the end of a phrase.
Chord V to chord VI (minor chord). Known as
the surprise cadence as it interrupts the flow
of the music. (always ends in a minor chord!)
TIERCE DE PICARDIE The final chord in a piece of music played in
the minor key is changed to major
DRONE One note held on or repeated in the bass.
Commonly found on a bagpipe.

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RHYTHMIC
Words in this section describe what is happening in the rhythm and tempo
Rhythm falls into 2 areas:- SIMPLE TIME Music with 2, 3 or 4 beats in the bar.
Each beat is usually 1 crotchet
COMPOUND TIME Each beat is di

melodic - deans community high · pdf filemelodic minor * scale sharing the same key signature...

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